The network structures of depressive and insomnia symptoms among cancer patients using propensity score matching: Findings from the Health and Retirement Study (HRS).

OBJECTIVE: Both depression and insomnia are found to be more prevalent in cancer patients compared to the general population. This study compared the network structures of depression and insomnia among cancer patients versus cancer-free participants (controls hereafter). METHOD: The 8-item Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale (CESD-8) and the 4-item Jenkins Sleep Scale (JSS-4) were used to measure depressive and insomnia symptoms, respectively. Propensity score matching (PSM) was used to construct the control group using data from the Health and Retirement Study (HRS). In total, a sample consisting of 2216 cancer patients and 2216 controls was constructed. Central (influential) and bridge symptoms were estimated using the expected influence (EI) and bridge expected influence (bridge EI), respectively. Network stability was assessed using the case-dropping bootstrap method. RESULT: The prevalence of depression (CESD-8 total score ≥ 4) in cancer patients was significantly higher compared to the control group (28.56 % vs. 24.73 %; P = 0.004). Cancer patients also had more severe depressive symptoms relative to controls, but there was no significant group difference for insomnia symptoms. The network structures of depressive and insomnia symptoms were comparable between cancer patients and controls. "Felt sadness" (EI: 6.866 in cancer patients; EI: 5.861 in controls), "Felt unhappy" (EI: 6.371 in cancer patients; EI: 5.720 in controls) and "Felt depressed" (EI: 6.003 in cancer patients; EI: 5.880 in controls) emerged as the key central symptoms, and "Felt tired in morning" (bridge EI: 1.870 in cancer patients; EI: 1.266 in controls) and "Everything was an effort" (bridge EI: 1.046 in cancer patients; EI: 0.921 in controls) were the key bridge symptoms across both groups. CONCLUSION: Although cancer patients had more frequent and severe depressive symptoms compared to controls, no significant difference was observed in the network structure or strength of the depressive and insomnia symptoms. Consequently, psychosocial interventions for treating depression and insomnia in the general population could be equally applicable for cancer patients who experience depression and insomnia.

Associations between pulmonary function and cognitive decline in the middle-aged and older adults: evidence from the China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study.

BACKGROUND: Studies observing the relationship between pulmonary function and the risk of cognitive impairment in middle-aged and older adults was increasing, but the results were inconsistent. To date, evidence from longitudinal data is scarce and further research is urgently needed. METHODS: We used data from the China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study. Participants were enrolled in 2011/2013 and followed up in 2013, 2015 and 2018. Pulmonary function was assessed via peak expiratory flow (PEF). Cognitive function, measured by episodic memory and mental status, was assessed through a face-to-face interview in each survey. RESULTS: A total of 8,274 participants (52.86% males; mean age, 56.44 years) were included. The scores of global cognition (12.46 versus 11.51, P < 0.001) of men were significantly higher than women at baseline, with a total of 5096 participants (61.59%) declining during the follow-up. Higher baseline PEF was associated with lower absolute decline in global cognition (OR per 1-SD difference 0.921; P = 0.031) and mental status (OR per 1-SD difference 0.9889; P = 0.002) during follow-up in men, and significant associations between higher baseline PEF and a lower absolute decline in the episodic memory were both found in men (OR per 1-SD difference 0.907; P = 0.006) and women (OR per 1-SD difference 0.915; P = 0.022). Second analysis showed that the significant associations between positive PEF variation and a lower rate of 4-year decline in global cognition, mental status and episodic memory were all only found in men. In subgroup analyses, higher PEF at baseline was significantly associated with a lower absolute decline of global cognition among male individuals >60 years. Significant associations between higher PEF at baseline and lower absolute decline in global cognition and episodic memory during follow-up were only found in never-smokers, while higher PEF was related to lower absolute decline in mental status among non-smoking and smoking males. CONCLUSIONS: Pulmonary function correlates with cognitive functions in middle-aged and older people, especially males. Additional studies characterizing early and long-term PEF changes are needed.

Age Diversity Management in Organizations Scale: development and evidence of validity / Escala Gestão da Diversidade Etária nas Organizações: desenvolvimento e evidências de validade / Escala Gestión de la Diversidad de Edades en las Organizaciones: desarrollo y evidencias de validez

This study aimed to develop the Age Diversity Management in Organizations scale for the Brazilian context and verify its evidence of validity. The process included five steps: proposal of its definition and development of the items according to the literature; content and semantic validity by judges; semantic validity by the target population; exploratory factorial analysis (EFA); and confirmatory factorial analysis (CFA). The EFA sample consisted of 674 workers from different organizations and the CFA of 722 workers. The final version of the scale was composed of 20 items (α =.91), divided into four factors: retirement preparation practices (5 items, α =.93); equal treatment for workers of different ages (6 items, a=.85), training to promote age diversity (5 items, α =.81), and management practices for older workers (4 items, α =.72). The theoretical and practical implications as well as the limitations of this measure are discussed. (AU)

Este estudo objetivou desenvolver e identificar os indícios de validade da escala Gestão da Diversidade Etária nas Organizações (GeDEO) para o contexto brasileiro. Esse processo incluiu cinco etapas: proposição do conceito e redação dos itens à luz da literatura; validade de conteúdo e semântica por juízes; validação semântica pelo público-alvo; análise fatorial exploratória (AFE) e análise fatorial confirmatória (AFC). A amostra da AFE foi composta por 674 trabalhadores de diversas organizações e, a da AFC, por 722. A versão final possui 20 itens (α = 0,91), com quatro fatores: práticas de preparação para aposentadoria (5 itens, α = 0,93); tratamento equânime a trabalhadores de diferentes idades (6 itens, α = 0,85); treinamento para promoção da diversidade etária (5 itens, α = 0,81) e práticas de gestão de pessoas a trabalhadores mais velhos (4 itens, α = 0,72). As implicações teórico-práticas e as limitações desta medida são discutidas. (AU)

El objetivo fue desarrollar e identificar las evidencias de validez de la escala de Gestión de la Diversidad de Edades en las Organizaciones para el contexto brasileño. Este proceso incluyó cinco pasos: propuesta del concepto y desarrollo de los ítems; validez de contenido y semántica por los jueces; validez semántica por parte de la población objetivo; análisis factorial exploratorio (AFE) y análisis factorial confirmatorio (AFC). La muestra de AFE consistió en 674 trabajadores de diferentes organizaciones, y la de AFC, en 722. La versión final contiene 20 ítems (α = 0,91), divididos en cuatro factores: prácticas de preparación para la jubilación (5 ítems, α = 0,93); igualdad de trato pata los trabajadores de diferentes edades (6 ítems, α = 0,85), capacitación para promover la diversidad de edades (5 ítems, α = 0,81) y prácticas de gestión para trabajadores mayores (4 ítems, α = 0,72). Se discuten las implicaciones teóricas y prácticas, así como las limitaciones de esta medida. (AU)

Gender differences and determinants of late-life depression in China: A cross-sectional study based on CHARLS.

BACKGROUND: Literature related to within-gender differences in depression among older individuals in China is sparse, and often limited to specific provinces. METHODS: We analyzed data on 8104 participants from the fourth waves of the China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study (CHARLS). Using logistic regressions, we identified the correlates of depressive symptoms among older individuals, both in the aggregate and along gender lines. Additionally, we examined the interaction between other covariates and gender. RESULTS: The prevalence of late-life depression symptoms among females was 45.79%, which was higher than among males (31.13%, P < 0.01). Living in a rural area, earned income, education level, tobacco use and number of chronic diseases were correlated with depression in both genders (P < 0.05), with no interaction (Pint > 0.050). Social activities were correlated with depression in males but not in females (Pint = 0.373), inverse in their 70s (Pint = 0.020) group. The correlation between daily sleep duration and depression is stronger in females than in males (Pint ≤ 0.020). Female who drunk <1 per month decreased their prevalence of depression, but it increased in males (Pint = 0.001). Taking part in LTPA and being a religious believer were correlated with depression in females (P < 0.05), but not in males (P(LTPA)int = 0.009; P(religious believers)int = 0.033). LIMITATIONS: Since only analyzed one wave of data, we could not conclude that there was causation. CONCLUSIONS: Geriatric depression is a serious mental health issue in China. There is, an urgent need for prevention and intervention activities for older individuals, and these needs diverge along gender lines.

Ajustamento à aposentadoria: relações com saliência de carreira e realização de carreira / Retirement adjustment: relations with career salience and career achievement / Ajuste a la jubilación: relaciones con la prominencia de carrera y la realización laboral

A aposentadoria requer a reorganização de prioridades, atividades e papéis de vida. A teoria da continuidade considera que essa reorganização será maior quando a carreira profissional é uma prioridade pessoal ou quando objetivos de carreira não foram alcançados. Medidas de saliência de carreira, realização de carreira, ajustamento na aposentadoria, percepções de saúde, recursos financeiros e senso de domínio foram respondidas por 454 aposentados, com idade média de 64 anos, 66% mulheres, ativos e inativos. Realização e saliência de carreira explicaram o ajustamento para além dos dados demográficos e dos recursos financeiros e de saúde. A realização de carreira elevou o ajustamento em aposentados inativos e o prejudicou em aposentados ativos. Houve efeito supressor da saliência de carreira sobre a influência da realização de carreira no ajustamento. Conclui-se que a saliência e a realização de carreira são variáveis a serem levadas em consideração no planejamento de programas de preparação para a aposentadoria (AU).

Retirement is a transition that requires reorganizing priorities, routines, activities, and life roles. The continuity theory considers that this reorganization will be all the greater when the professional career is a priority or when career goals have not been achieved. Measures of career salience, career achievement, retirement adjustment, perceptions of health, financial resources, and mastery were answered by 454 retirees, with a mean age of 64, active and inactive, of which 66% were women. Career achievement and career salience explained the adjustment beyond demographic data and financial and health resources. Career achievement increased the adjustment in inactive retirees and impaired it in active retirees, revealing a moderating effect of post-retirement activity. There was a suppressive effect of career salience on the influence of career achievement on adjustment. It is concluded that salience and career achievement are variables to be taken into account when planning retirement preparation programs (AU).

La jubilación es una transición que requiere la reorganización de prioridades, rutinas, actividades y roles vitales. La teoría de la continuidad considera que esta reorganización será aún mayor cuando la carrera laboral sea una prioridad o cuando no se hayan alcanzado los objetivos profesionales. Medidas de prominencia de carrera, realización laboral, ajustamiento a la jubilación, percepciones de salud, recursos financieros y dominio fueran respondidas por 454 jubilados, con una edad media de 64 años, 66% mujeres, activos e inactivos. Realización y la prominencia de carrera explican el ajuste más allá de los datos demográficos y de los recursos financieros y de salud. La realización laboral aumentó el ajuste en los jubilados inactivos y lo perjudicó en los jubilados activos. Hubo un efecto supresor de la prominencia de carrera en la influencia de la realización laboral en el ajuste. Se concluye que la realización y la prominencia de carrera son variables a tener en cuenta al planificar los programas de preparación para la jubilación (AU).

Planejamento Financeiro para a Aposentadoria: Uma Revisão Sistemática da Literatura Nacional sob o Viés da Psicologia / Financial Planning for Retirement: A Systematic Review of National Literature / Planificación Financiera para la Jubilación: Una Revisión Sistemática de la Literatura Nacional Bajo el Sesgo de la Psicología

O envelhecimento populacional é uma realidade tanto a nível global quanto nacional. No que diz respeito à aposentadoria, o planejamento financeiro para esta etapa da vida é um dos responsáveis por viabilizar o envelhecimento saudável. O objetivo deste estudo é descrever e analisar o estado da arte nacional sobre o planejamento financeiro para aposentadoria, sob o escopo da Psicologia. Foi realizada a busca pelas palavras-chave "planejamento" ou "preparação" e "aposentadoria", em cinco indexadores. A princípio, foram encontrados 270 artigos que, ao passar pelos critérios de inclusão e exclusão, foram reduzidos para 40 artigos. Os mesmos foram analisados a partir de sete categorias: ano de publicação, abordagem metodológica, setor, público investigado, instituição, elaboração de escalas e forma de abordar o planejamento financeiro. Ao final, foi constatada a necessidade de desenvolver novos estudos e políticas organizacionais que conduzam ao planejamento financeiro para a aposentadoria, fundamental para envelhecer com qualidade. Além do âmbito acadêmico, ações estratégicas precisam ser traçadas principalmente pela área de Recursos Humanos, a fim de sensibilizar os trabalhadores quanto ao planejamento financeiro como medida que deve acompanhar toda a trajetória profissional, para promover bem-estar dentro e fora do trabalho. (AU)

Population aging is a reality at both global and national levels. With regard to retirement, financial planning for this stage of life is one of the responsible for enabling healthy aging. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to describe and analyze the state of the art on financial planning for retirement, under the scope of Psychology. For the present systematic review of the literature, the search for the keywords "planning" or "preparation" and "retirement" was carried out in five indexers. At first, 270 articles were found that, when passing through the inclusion and exclusion criteria, were reduced to 40 articles. They were analyzed from seven categories: year of publication, methodological approach, sector, investigated public, institution, elaboration of scales and approach to financial planning. It was verified the need to develop further studies and organizational policies that lead to financial planning for retirement, fundamental to aging with quality. In addition to the academic scope, strategic actions need to be traced mainly by the Human Resources area, in order to sensitize workers about financial planning as a measure that must accompany the entire professional trajectory, to promote well-being inside and outside work. (AU)

El envejecimiento de la población es una realidad tanto a nivel global como nacional. Con respecto a la jubilación, la planificación financiera para esta etapa de la vida es una de las responsables por posibilitar un envejecimiento saludable. El propósito de este estudio es describir y analizar el estado del arte nacional sobre la planificación financiera para la jubilación, en el ámbito de la Psicología. La búsqueda de las palabras clave "planificación" o "preparación" y "jubilación" se llevó a cabo en cinco indizadores. Al principio, se encontraron 270 artículos que, al pasar por los criterios de inclusión y exclusión, se redujeron a 40 artículos. Se analizaron siete categorías: año de publicación, enfoque metodológico, sector, público investigado, institución, elaboración de escalas y manera de abordar la planificación financiera. Se verificó la necesidad de desarrollar más estudios y políticas organizacionales que conduzcan a la planificación financiera de la jubilación, fundamental para el envejecimiento con calidad. Mas allá del ámbito académico, las acciones estratégicas deben ser rastreadas principalmente por el área de Recursos Humanos, con el fin de sensibilizar a los trabajadores sobre la planificación financiera como una medida que debe acompañar toda la trayectoria profesional, para promover el bienestar dentro y fuera del trabajo. (AU)

Adaptação e validação brasileira da escala Older Workers' Intentions to Continue Working / Brazilian adaptation and validation of the Older Workers' Intentions to Continue Working Scale / Adaptación y validación brasileña de la escala Older Workers' Intentions to Continue Working

Este artigo apresenta a adaptação e validação da escala Older Workers' Intentions to Continue Working (OWICW) em uma amostra de trabalhadores mais velhos de uma instituição de ensino superior do nordeste brasileiro. Participaram 283 servidores com idades entre 48 e 69 anos (M = 56,8; DP = 5,1) com média de tempo de trabalho de 34 anos (DP = 4,4). Os dados foram submetidos à análise fatorial exploratória resultando em seis fatores com estrutura similar a cinco fatores do estudo original. As propriedades psicométricas sugerem a adequação da escala, que pode ser um instrumento útil à gestão de trabalhadores com mais idade que desejam continuar trabalhando. Sugere-se a continuidade dos estudos com outras populações. (AU)

This article presents the adaptation and validation of the scale Older Workers' Intentions to Continue Working (OWICW) in a sample of older workers from a northeastern Brazilian higher education institution. The study was conducted with 283 federal employees with ages between 48 and 69 years (M = 56.8; SD = 5.1) with an average working time of 34 years (SD = 4.4). The data were submitted to exploratory factor analysis resulting in six factors with a structure similar to five factors of the original study. The psychometrics properties suggest the adequacy of the scale, which can be a useful instrument to the management of older workers who wish to continue working. We suggest further studies with other populations. (AU)

Este artículo presenta la adaptación y validación de la escala Older Worker's Intentions to Continue, Working )OWICW) en una muestra de trabajadores mayores, de una institución de Enseñanza Superior, del nordeste brasileño. Participaron 283 funcionarios públicos con edades entre 48 y 69 años (M = 56,8; DP = 5,1) con promedio de trabajo de 34 años (DP = 4,4). Los datos fueron sometidos a análisis factorial exploratorio, resultando seis factores con estructura similar a cinco factores del estudio original. Las propiedades psicométricas indicaron la adecuación de la escala, que puede ser un instrumento útil para la gestión de trabajadores con más edad, que desean seguir trabajando. Se sugiere la continuidad de los estudios con otras poblaciones. (AU)

Association between employment status and risk of all-cause and cause-specific mortality: a population-based prospective cohort study.

BACKGROUND: Unemployment has been reported to be associated with an increased risk of mortality. While most available studies focused on the effects of temporary unemployment on mortality, it remains unclear whether similar trends can be found in subjects who were never employed or are retirement. Therefore, this study examined the associations between temporary unemployment, never employed and retirement, integrating the risk of all-cause and cause-specific mortality in US adults. METHODS: Data from the National Health Interview Survey from 2001 to 2013 Linked Mortality files through 31 December 2015 were used. A total of 282 364 participants aged 18 to 65 years were included. Their employment status was categorised into four groups: employed, never employed, temporary unemployed and retired. RESULTS: During the mean follow-up time of 8.2 years, 12 645 subjects died from a variety of causes. Compared with employed participants, temporary unemployed, never employed or retired participants faced an increased risk of mortality for all-cause (temporary unemployed HR 1.76, 95% CI 1.67 to 1.86; never employed HR 1.63, 95% CI 1.47 to 1.81; retired HR 1.27, 95% CI 1.17 to 1.37). Cause-specific mortality analysis showed that compared with employed participants, temporary unemployed or never employed participants faced a significantly increased risk of mortality from cancer, cardiovascular disease, chronic lower respiratory disease, diabetes and kidney disease. CONCLUSION: This study showed that retired, temporary unemployed and never employed participants aged 18 to 65 years were strongly associated with higher mortality, indicating that both temporary and long-term unemployment are associated with a higher risk of mortality and adversely affect longevity.

Associations of cardiovascular disease and depression with memory related disease: A Chinese national prospective cohort study.

BACKGROUND: Association of cardiovascular disease (CVD) or depression and memory has been studied. But hardly any studies on the association of coexistence of CVD and depression and memory. METHODS: This is a prospective cohort study of a nationally representative sample of 12,272 adults aged 45 years and more who participated in the China health and retirement longitudinal study 2011 to 2015. All Variables were acquired by self-reporting questions. The associations between coexistence of CVD and depression with memory related disease (MRD) were investigated by using Cox proportional hazards regression models. RESULTS: Among the 12,272 participants (mean age 65.69 years; 46.8% male) in this study, 56.9% no CVD or depression and 6.7% coexistence of CVD and depression. After adjustment for age, sex, marriage, living place, registered permanent residence, education level, smoking status, alcoholic intake, sleep status, nap status, social communication, health before 15 years, life satisfaction, cognitive function, and 11 chronic diseases risk factors, depression alone was significantly high risk for MRD (HR:1.64; 95% CI: 1.09-2.49); coexistence of CVD and depression increased the risk for MRD significantly higher (HR: 4.72; 95%CI: 2.91-7.64). LIMITATIONS: Diseases were all self-reported and we couldn't adjust for all the potential confounders, which might be prone to information error and residual confounding. CONCLUSIONS: In a nationally representative cohort with median 4 years of follow-up, depression alone and coexistence of depression and CVD could significantly increase the risk of MRD. Our study supports the idea of prevention of memory disease from a psycho-cardiology aspect.

Preparação para a aposentadoria: relato de uma intervenção clínica na abordagem da psicologia positiva / Preparation for retirement: report of a clinical intervention in a positive psychology approach / Preparación para lajubilación: relato de una intervención clinica en el enfoque de la psicología positiva

O processo de aposentadoria representa um momento crítico dentro do processo de desenvolvimento. O objetivo deste estudo de caso foi o de descrever e analisar uma experiência de atenção psicológica desenvolvida em um Programa de Preparação de Aposentadoria (PPA) de uma universidade pública federal voltada especificamente para profissionais da educação básica, a partir da abordagem da Psicologia Positiva. Foram realizados 13 encontros individuais com uma professora de 45 anos de idade, nos quais foram trabalhadas as questões envolvendo o reconhecimento de limites, a necessidade de organização e planejamento, bem como a reflexão sobre atividades laborais gratificantes. Concluiu-se que o acompanhamento psicológico na preparação para a aposentadoria não pode se dar de modo dissociado da compreensão crítica acerca das atuais condições de trabalho, motivo pelo qual o adoecimento pelo trabalho pode e deve ser um disparador para que se pense em estratégias de ampliação dos conceitos de saúde e bem-estar.

The retirement process represents a turning-point of development procedure. The main goals of this report were to analyze and describe a psychology attention experience. Developed by a public university, the Retirement Preparation Program uses positive psychology throughout the retirement period of basic education employees. A 45 years old teacherprovided basics information for this report by participating in 13 individual meetings. During those sessions, topics such as, limits recognition, planning and organization necessities, and the reflection of rewarding work activities were discussed. The psychology attention on a preparation of retirement has been concluded as an activity directly related to the work conditions. Often, those work conditions are reasons for illness so, that fact should be a step for a change in concepts of health and wellness.

El proceso de jubilación representa un momento crítico en el proceso de desarrollo. El objetivo de este estudio fue describir y analizar una experiencia de atención psicológica desarrollado en un Programa de Preparación la Jubilación de una universidad pública federal dedicada específicamente para profesionales de lo enseñanza primaria, desde el enfoque de la Psicología Positiva. Fue realizado 13 encuentros individuales con una profesora de 45 años, con la que trabajaron temas relacionados con el reconocimiento de los límites, la necesidad de organización y planificación, así como la reflexión sobre las actividades de trabajo gratificantes. Se concluyó que el acompañamiento psicológico en la preparación para la jubilación no puede ocurrir disoció del comprensión crítica de las condiciones de trabajo actuales, razón por lo que la enfermedad en el trabajo puede y debe ser un disparador para hacer pensar en estrategias de expansión de los conceptos de salud y bienestar.

Influence of retirement on health conditions and quality of life / Influência da aposentadoria nas condições de saúde e qualidade de vida

Introduction: Life expectancy is an important variable for retirement planning. The pension system and the importance of this period have lately been the focus of studies in Brazil. Objective: To evaluate the health conditions and quality of life (QoL) of retirees. Methods: Data collection was performed using the 36-item Short-Form Survey (SF-36), the Brazilian Economic Classification Criteria and a structured questionnaire. We verified the absence of normal data through the Shapiro-Wilk test, and then applied the Mann-Whitney U test in order to compare the groups (retirees who worked and those who did not). The significance level for the statistical tests was 5%. Results: Among the 205 retirees, we observed that the most prevalent diseases were hypertension (50.3%) and depression (37.0%). In addition, retirees who continued working after retirement had better health conditions and QoL. Conclusion: It is suggested that retirement planning may be an important alternative to minimize the development of psychosocial diseases and their aggravating factors.

Introdução: A expectativa de vida é uma variável essencial para o planejamento previdenciário. O sistema previdenciário e a importância desse período têm sido, ultimamente, foco de estudos no Brasil. Objetivo: Avaliar as condições de saúde e qualidade de vida (QV) dos aposentados. Métodos: Para a coleta de dados, aplicou-se o Questionário Genérico de Qualidade de Vida (SF-36), o questionário de Classificação Social Brasileira e um questionário estruturado. A partir do teste de Shapiro-Wilk, verificou-se a ausência de normalidade dos dados. Usou-se o teste U de Mann-Whitney para comparar os grupos (aposentados que trabalhavam e os que não trabalhavam), considerou-se nível de significância de p <0,05 para todas as análises. Resultados: Nos 205 aposentados, as doenças mais prevalentes foram hipertensão (50,3%) e depressão (37,0%). Além disso, os aposentados que trabalhavam após a aposentadoria apresentaram melhores condições de saúde e QV. Conclusão: Sugere-se que o planejamento da aposentadoria é uma importante alternativa para minimizar o desenvolvimento de doenças psicossociais e seus agravantes.

Changes in Smoking During Retirement Transition: A Longitudinal Cohort Study.

Aims: We examined the effect of retirement transition on changes in smoking, identified trajectories of smoking around the retirement transition, and investigated factors predicting the membership in the trajectories. Methods: This longitudinal cohort study included 1,432 current or former smokers who entered into statutory retirement in 2000-2011 and who filled out two to four questionnaires sent at four-year intervals. Effect of retirement on smoking was analysed as a non-randomized pseudo-trial in which we compared the likelihood of quitting and relapsing smoking between two subsequent survey waves among those who retired and did not retire. We used latent class analysis to identify trajectories of smoking status and smoking intensity (low: <10 cigarettes/day or high: ⩾10 cigarettes/day), and multinomial logistic regression models to assess pre-retirement factors associated with smoking trajectories. Results: Retirement transition was associated with 1.7-fold odds of quitting smoking (95% confidence intervals 1.3-2.2) compared with no retirement transition. We identified three smoking status trajectories: 'sustained non-smoking' (61% of the participants), 'sustained smoking' (23%) and 'decreasing smoking' (16%). For 489 baseline smokers, we identified three smoking intensity trajectories: 'sustained high intensity smoking' (32% of the participants), 'sustained low intensity smoking' (32%) and 'decreasing high intensity smoking' (35%). Living outside an inner urban area predicted membership in the 'decreasing smoking' versus 'sustained smoking' trajectory. Conclusions: Smokers are more likely to quit smoking during transition to retirement than before or after it. Characteristics of the smoking environment may affect smoking behaviour around retirement.

Da realização pessoal ao descanso merecido: representações sociais de idosos jovens sobre trabalho e aposentadoria / Personal fulfillment to the well-deserved rest: social representations of young seniors about work and retirement

Introdução: o modo como o trabalho e a aposentadoria são percebidos pelo indivíduo está conectado à sua história e projeto de vida, mantendo uma relação com as mudanças historicamente ocorridas na sociedade e no mundo do trabalho, além da importância atribuída ao convívio, rotina e papéis desempenhados dentro e fora do ambiente laboral. Objetivo: identificar e analisar os significados de trabalho e aposentadoria para o idoso jovem. Método: estudo prospectivo, observacional e exploratório de abordagem quanti-qualitativa, que empregou as Representações Sociais como referencial teórico e seguiu as orientações do Consolidated Criteria for Reporting Qualitative Research (COREQ). Foram selecionados para este estudo idosos jovens, ou seja, com idade entre 60 e 70 anos, aposentados ou não, residentes em dois munícipios selecionados, de ambos os sexos, com qualquer nível de instrução, capazes de responder a entrevista e que aceitassem participar da pesquisa mediante assinatura do Termo de Consentimento Livre e Esclarecido. O formulário utilizado para a coleta de dados foi elaborado em duas partes: a primeira contendo questões sobre as características socioeconômicas, condições de saúde e trabalho e, a segunda, questões norteadoras que tinham o objetivo de promover reflexões dos participantes e colher seus depoimentos sobre os significados do trabalho e aposentadoria. Para conhecer a capacidade funcional e cognitiva dos participantes e a presença de quadro depressivo foram empregados três instrumentos consagrados e validados: Mini Exame do Estado Mental, Escala de Lawton e Escala de Depressão Geriátrica (EDG-15). Os dados socioeconômicos, de trabalho e de saúde foram armazenados e tabulados em planilha do Microsoft Excel®, analisados por meio de estatística descritiva. Os discursos dos idosos jovens foram transcritos na íntegra e analisados por meio do referencial de Análise de Conteúdo de Bardin. Resultados: o perfil socioeconômico e as condições de trabalho e saúde mostraram uma população de idosos com funcionalidade, cognição e humor preservadas, majoritariamente feminina, com uma boa auto percepção de saúde e de capacidade para o trabalho. Além disso, eram idosos com hábitos de vida saudáveis, que participavam de diferentes atividades sociais e de lazer. Pelos discursos o trabalho foi associado à necessidade e ao senso de utilidade individual e coletivo. A tomada de decisão entre permanecer ativo no trabalho foi percebida como dificuldade, uma vez que expressam o desejo de continuar trabalhando em rotinas mais flexíveis, independente da comunidade onde residiam. A aposentadoria foi vista como descanso merecido e prêmio por terem atingido os requisitos necessários para sua concessão. O período de transição para a aposentadoria dos idosos favoreceu a adoção de estratégias para adaptação à nova rotina de vida. Conclusão: os resultados encontrados mostram que mesmo com boa saúde e capacidade para o trabalho auto percebidas, a decisão entre aposentar e continuar trabalhando está relacionada à forma como cada idoso compreende trabalho e aposentadoria

Introduction: the way in which work and retirement are perceived by the individual is connected to his / her life history and project, maintaining a relationship with the changes that have occurred historically in society and in the world of work, besides the importance attributed to social interaction, routine and roles within and outside the working environment. Objective: to identify and analyze the meanings of work and retirement for the young seniors. Method: A prospective, observational and exploratory quantitative-qualitative study that used the Social Representations as a theoretical reference and followed the guidelines of the Consolidated Criteria for Reporting Qualitative Research (COREQ). For this study, we selected young seniors, aged 60 to 70 years old, who were either retired or not, living in two selected municipalities, of both sexes, with any level of education, able to respond to the interview and who accepted to participate in the study by signing the Term of Free and Informed Consent. The data collection form was drawn up in two parts: the first containing questions on socioeconomic characteristics, health and work conditions, and the second, guiding questions that were intended to promote reflection on the participants and to collect their testimonies about the meanings of work and retirement. In order to know the functional and cognitive capacity of the participants and the presence of depressive symptoms, three validated instruments were used: Mini Mental State Examination, Lawton Scale and Geriatric Depression Scale (GDS-15). Socioeconomic, work and health data were stored and tabulated in a Microsoft Excel® worksheet, analyzed using descriptive statistics. The discourses of the elderly youth were transcribed in full and analyzed through the Bardin Content Analysis framework. Results: socioeconomic profile and working and health conditions showed a population of elderly people with preserved functionality, cognition and humor, mostly female, with a good self perception of health and work capacity. In addition, they were elderly people with healthy living habits, who participated in different social and leisure activities. Through the discourses the work was associated with the need and the sense of individual and collective utility. Decision making between staying active at work was perceived as difficult, as they expressed the desire to continue working in more flexible routines, regardless of the community where they lived. Retirement was seen as a well-deserved rest and award for having achieved the necessary requirements for its concession. The transition period for the retirement of the elderly favored the adoption of strategies to adapt to the new routine of life. Conclusion: the results show that even with good health and self-perceived ability to work, the decision between retiring and continuing to work is related to the way each elderly person understands work and retirement

Multicomponent positive psychology intervention for health promotion of Brazilian retirees: a quasi-experimental study

Abstract This study evaluated the effects and impact of a multicomponent positive psychology program for health promotion of retirees. A quasi-experimental longitudinal design was used, and the baseline and end of intervention evaluations were analyzed. The intervention consisted of six weekly group sessions for 2 h each. Eighty-eight retirees (females = 72) aged 49-86 ( M = 65.66, SD = 7.53) from South Brazil took part in the study, 54 (females = 48) in the experimental group ( M = 66.37 years old, SD = 7.42), and 34 (females = 24) waitlist controls ( M = 64.53 years old, SD = 7.68). The instruments used were a sociodemographic questionnaire and the Brazilian version of the scales: Interpersonal Reactivity Index; 12-item General Health Questionnaire; Life Orientation Test-Revised;14-item Perceived Stress Scale; Resilience Scale; and Satisfaction with Life Scale. Mixed factorial ANOVA models revealed significant decrease in depression and anxiety symptoms and perceived stress levels, whereas improvement in life satisfaction and resilience was detected in the experimental group at the end of the program. No main effect was found for empathy and optimism. Interaction effects yielded significant difference between groups for measures of empathy, optimism, depression, and anxiety symptoms after the program. There was no significant interaction effect for the other outcome variables. The usefulness and applicability of this model of intervention to aid future health practices and policies are discussed. Contextual issues in the fields of health promotion and disease prevention in Brazil are also problematized.

Social validity of a contextual behavioral science-based intervention for retirement education

Abstract The literature shows that retirement can bring both positive and negative effects. However, there are few tested interventions for preparing workers for this transition and avoiding or minimizing its negative impacts. This paper presents a study with multiple groups that examined the social validity of an intervention for retirement education grounded in contextual behavioral science and acceptance and commitment therapy. Twenty-seven workers aged 29 to 65 divided into three intervention groups participated (group 1, N = 15; group 2, N = 9; group 3, N = 3). According to the participants' evaluations, the intervention provided socially valid goals, socially acceptable procedures, and socially important effects. However, some improvements are still needed, such as the use of more dynamic methods, better formatted printed material, and increased fidelity between the content's implementation and the prescribed activities. The positive results indicate that contextual behavioral science may bolster the development of interventions whose components possess evidence for their social validity. The further evaluation of the intervention via a clinical trial study will offer more robust evidence for its effectiveness. It is hoped that by increasing the availability of theory-based interventions in this area, the present study will promote valid strategies to facilitate better adjustment to retirement.

O processo de desligamento laboral: vivências narradas por casais aposentados / The process of retiring: experiences narrated by retired couples / El proceso de desvinculación laboral: experiencias narradas por parejas de jubilados

Este artigo analisa as vivências relacionadas ao processo de desligamento laboral na perspectiva de casais aposentados. Trata-se de um estudo qualitativo, no qual participaram 06 casais que encontravam-se aposentados há, pelo menos, um ano. Os dados foram coletados por meio de entrevistas semiestruturadas, e, posteriormente, organizados e analisados, seguindo os princípios da Grounded Theory. Os resultados mostraram que o contexto de vida dos participantes foi um fator determinante na decisão de aposentadoria, visto que as referências por eles apresentadas transitavam pelas experiências de amigos, colegas de trabalho e do cônjuge se aposentando, além do cansaço relacionado às atividades profissionais e as implicações das situações de violência social. Observou-se diferentes concepções e ideias sobre os significados da aposentadoria, as quais demonstraram tanto a possibilidade de usufruir do tempo livre do trabalho e expandir as redes de contato e convivência familiar e social, quanto posicionamentos que retrataram perdas a partir do desligamento laboral e suas consequências à vida do indivíduo. Por fim, destaca-se a importância de considerar o contexto relacional do trabalhador e do aposentado na intervenção com esses públicos, com a finalidade de constituir uma apreensão abrangente das condições potencialmente facilitadoras e/ou dificultadoras da adaptação a esse período.(AU)

The present article analyzes the experiences related to retirement from the perspective of retired couples. It is a qualitative study consisting of 6 participating couples who have been retired for at least one year. Data was collected through semi-structured interviews and, further on, organized and analyzed according to the principles of Grounded Theory. The results have shown that the participants life context was a determinant factor for their decision to retire, considering the references presented by them ranged from friends, co-workers and spouses retiring experiences, added to the fatigue from the professional life and the implications of situations of social violence. Different conceptions and ideas of the meaning of retirement were observed, which demonstrate both the possibility of enjoying free time away from work and expanding social and family contact networks, as well as a more negative view concerning retirement and its consequences to the life of an individual. Last, it is important to consider the relational context of the active worker and the retiree during interventions with both groups, aiming to construct a broad apprehension of the potentially facilitator and/or hindering conditions of this period.(AU)

Este artículo analiza las experiencias relacionadas con el proceso de desvinculación laboral desde la perspectiva de parejas de jubilados. Se trata de un estudio cualitativo, que involucró a 06 parejas que llevan, por lo menos, un año de jubiladas. Los datos fueron recolectados a través de entrevistas semi-estructuradas, y posteriormente organizados y analizados siguiendo los principios de la Teoría Fundamentada. Los resultados mostraron que el contexto de vida de los participantes resultó un factor determinante en la decisión de la jubilación, ya que las referencias que presentaron, se refirieron a las experiencias de amigos, compañeros de trabajo y cónyuges que se encontraban jubilándose, además de la fatiga relacionada con las actividades profesionales y las implicancias de las situaciones de violencia social. Se observaron diferentes concepciones e ideas sobre el significado de la jubilación, que demostraron tanto la posibilidad de disfrutar del tiempo libre y de ampliar las redes de contacto y de convivencia en la familia y la vida social, como posturas que expresaron pérdidas a partir de la desvinculación del trabajo y sus consecuencias para la vida del individuo. Por último, se destaca la importancia de considerar el contexto relacional del trabajador y del jubilado en la intervención con esos públicos, con el fin de constituir una aprehensión integral de las condiciones que potencialmente facilitan o dificultan la adaptación a ese período.(AU)

Involvement in activities, work satisfaction and retirement expectations of Brazilian federal employees / Participación en actividades, satisfacción de trabajo y expectativas de jubilación de empleados federales brasileños

INTRODUCTION: The decision for retirement is an important event in the life of people and may be influenced by several factors such as health problems, work satisfaction and repertoire of daily activities. Aim: to describe the involvement in activities, to assess work satisfaction and to compare these variables between workers who are close to retire ment. METHODS: 72 servers of public university were evaluated through a demographic and occupational social data; Diversity Sum in Time Allocation and Work Satisfaction Questionnaire. RESULTS: Most were women (59.7%) with an 56 years old. Regarding the deci sion of retiring, 58.3% did not want to retire. The work satisfaction showed moderate to high values and there was no difference between the groups. Participants presented a balanced involvement in daily activities, with greater allocation of time to personal and home care. The group intending to retire indicated little expectation of changes in their activities. Workers who intend to postpone their retirement are planning transitions in almost all areas of activities and relationships. CONCLUSIONS: Poor involvement in activities and workers who want to retire indicated few expectations of changes in daily activities. In contrast, workers who intend to delay retirement have expectations of changes in most of the activities.

RESUMEN: Introducción: La decisión de jubilarse es un evento importante en la vida de las personas y puede verse influido por varios factores, como los problemas de salud, la satisfacción laboral y el repertorio de actividades diarias. OBJETIVO: describir la participación en las actividades, evaluar la satisfacción laboral y comparar estas variables entre los trabajadores que están cerca de la jubilación. MÉTODOS: se evaluaron 72 servidores de universidades públicas a través de datos sociales demográficos y ocupacionales; Sumario de diversidad en asignación de tiempo y cuestionario de satisfacción laboral. RESULTADOS: la mayoría eran mujeres (59,7%) con 56 años. Respecto a la decisión de retirarse, el 58.3% no quiso retirarse. La satisfacción laboral mostró valores moderados a altos y no hubo diferencias entre los grupos. Los participantes presentaron una participación equilibrada en las actividades diarias, con una mayor asignación de tiempo para la atención personal y domiciliaria. El grupo que pretendía retirarse indicó pocas expectativas de cambios en sus actividades. Los trabajadores que pretenden posponer su jubilación están planeando transiciones en casi todas las áreas de actividades y relaciones. CONCLUSIONES: la poca participación en las actividades y los trabajadores que desean jubilarse indicaron pocas expectativas de cambios en las actividades diarias. En contraste, los trabajadores que pretenden retrasar la jubilación tienen expectativas de cambios en la mayoría de las actividades.