Karate Kata training: A promising intervention for behavioral problems in elementary school children.

Behavioral issues frequently arise in primary school children, affecting their academic performance, social interactions, and general welfare. These concerns encompass challenges related to attention, concentration, aggression, oppositional behavior, and social maladaptation. The purpose of the current study was to examine the impacts of karate Kata training on extrinsic behavioral problems of elementary school students. The Achenbach Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL) questionnaire was given to all fourth- to sixth-grade students from a male elementary school, totaling 241 students, in Mashhad, Iran. A total of 76 eligible school-aged children with a total score of 65 and above in attention, aggression, oppositional defiance, and social maladaptation issues were selected and randomly assigned to an exercise group (n = 38) or a no-exercise control group (n = 38). Participants in the exercise group were instructed to engage in Kata training, which consists of a series of choreographed movements designed to enhance physical and mental discipline, for a duration of 12 60-min sessions, whereas the participants in the control group followed their daily activities. The CBCL from the Achenbach System of Empirically Based Assessment was used to assess dependent variables such as attention and concentration, aggression, oppositional defiance, and social maladaptation at baseline and post-intervention. The repeated-measures analysis of variance indicated that Kata training results in significant improvements in attention and concentration and significant reductions in aggression, oppositional defiance, and social maladaptation among elementary school students (all ps < .001). These results highlight the potential benefits of incorporating Kata training into interventions aimed at improving the behavioral outcomes of children.

Effectiveness of Karate in Oncology Patients: A Quasi-Experimental Study.

Cancer is a global health concern and affects patient quality of life, anxiety, depression, and sleep. Physical exercise shows promise in alleviating these effects. Karate is a holistic intervention that could be used to improve several outcomes related to cancer disease, but to date its effect remains unexplored. This quasi-experimental pre-/poststudy evaluated the effects of a 6-month karate program conducted twice a week for 60 minutes each session on quality of life, anxiety, depression, sleep quality, and psychosomatic symptoms in 22 patients with posttherapy oncology. Significant improvements in quality of life (P = .006), anxiety (P < .001), depression (P < .001), and sleep quality (P = .011) were observed. Multidimensional psychophysical evaluation showed significant reductions in symptoms (P < .05). High participant satisfaction was reported across all dimensions. This pilot study shows the potential benefits in oncology patients, but more research is necessary to confirm these findings.

Percepção dos alunos do ensino médio em relação a uma proposta de ensino das lutas nas aulas de Educação Física / Perception of high school students in relation to a proposal for teaching martial arts in Physical Education classes / Percepción de estudiantes de secundaria en relación a una propuesta de enseñanza de lucha en las clases de Educación Física

O objetivo do estudo foi analisar a percepção dos alunos do Ensino Médio em relação às lutas enquanto unidade temática nas aulas de Educação Física. Para tanto, a pesquisa se caracterizou como de natureza aplicada, do tipo descritiva, com a participação de 17 alunos do Ensino Médio. A pesquisa foi realizada em dois momentos, sendo o primeiro referente ao desenvolvimento de uma intervenção pedagógica do conteúdo de lutas, e o segundo a partir da aplicação de um questionário. Os resultados apontaram que 82% dos participantes usufruíram de uma prática positiva e prazerosa e 94% dos participantes afirmaram ausência de violência. Assim, compreende-se que as lutas na escola se configuram como um mediador na transformação das apreciações de concepções pelos participantes (AU).

The aim of the study was to analyze the perception of high school students in relation to martial arts as a content in Physical Education classes. Therefore, the research was characterized as being of an applied nature, of the descriptive type, with the participation of 17 high school students. The research was carried out in two moments, the first one referring to the development of a pedagogical intervention on the content of martial arts, and the second one based on the application of a questionnaire. The results showed that 82% of the participants en-joyed a positive and pleasant practice and 94% of the participants stated that there was no violence in the classes. Thus, it is understood that the development of martial arts at school was configured as a mediator in the transformation of the appreciation of conceptions by the participants (AU).

El objetivo del estudio fue analizar la percepción de los estu-diantes de secundaria en relación a las peleas como unidad temática en las clases de Educación Física. Por lo tanto, la investigación se caracterizó por ser de carácter aplicada, de tipo descriptiva, con la participación de 17 estudiantes de secundaria. La investigación se realizó en dos momen-tos, el primero referido al desarrollo de una intervención pedagógica so-bre el contenido de las peleas, y el segundo a partir de la aplicación de un cuestionario. Los resultados mostraron que el 82% de los participantes disfrutaron de una práctica positiva y agradable y el 94% de los pantes afirmó que no hubo violencia en las clases. Así, se entiende que el desarrollo de las luchas en la escuela se configuró como un mediador en la transformación de la apreciación de las concepciones por parte de los participantes (AU).

Capacidades Físicas y Composición Corporal de los Practicantes Recreativos de Tang Soo Do y de Karate: Una Revisión Sistemática / Physical Abilities and Body Composition of Recreational Practitioners of Tang Soo Do and Karate: A Systematic Review

El Tang Soo Do es un arte marcial versátil que destaca por el uso de la cadera para sus gestos técnicos. El karate es una de las artes marciales más atractivas alrededor del mundo. Tanto karate como Tang Soo Do comparten un estilo firme en sus técnicas y combate. Sin embargo, algunas de las formas en Tang Soo Do poseen un estilo suave similar al kung fu y al tai chi. Por ello, es interesante describir y comparar las capacidades físicas y la composición corporal de los practicantes de Tang Soo Do y karate a nivel recreativo. Para ello, se realizó una búsqueda en Medline® y Web of Science® durante enero de 2021. Se escogieron 10 estudios, organizando sus datos según composición corporal, fuerza muscular, resistencia muscular, flexibilidad y VO2max. Se encontraron 2 estudios en practicantes recreativos de Tang Soo Do y 8 en karate a nivel mundial, por lo que no existen suficientes estudios que permitan describir y comparar adecuadamente las capacidades físicas y la composición corporal entre sus practicantes a nivel recreativo; sin embargo, los resultados encontrados indican que es importante realizar más investigaciones que midan estas variables, con la finalidad de considerar en base a la evidencia alTang Soo Do como una importante opción para el bienestar físico y mental de sus practicantes. Las investigaciones futuras pueden evaluar estos datos en distintos grupos etarios, localización, tiempo de entrenamiento o tipos de competiciones según formas, combate o mixto. Además, se pueden realizar estudios comparativos en los practicantes de Tang Soo Do que permita a este arte marcial ser desde la evidencia una importante opción de práctica en colegios y universidades, así como un estilo de vida para sus practicantes.

SUMMARY: Tang Soo Do is a versatile martial art that stands out for the use of the hip for its technical gestures. Karate is one of the most attractive martial arts around the world. Both karate and Tang Soo Do share a firm style in their techniques and combat. However, some of the forms in Tang Soo Do possess a gentle style similar to Kung Fu and Tai Chi. Therefore, it is interesting to describe and compare the physical abilities and body composition of recreational Tang Soo Do and karate practitioners. A search was carried out in Medline® and Web of Science® during January 2021. Following the search 10 studies were chosen, organizing their data according to body composition, muscular strength, muscular resistance, flexibility and VO2max. Two studies were found on recreational Tang Soo Do practitioners and eight on karate worldwide, hence, there are not enough studies to adequately describe and compare physical abilities and body composition among recreational practitioners; However, the results found, indicate that it is important to conduct further research to measures these variables, in order to consider Tang Soo Do as an important option for the physical and mental well-being of its practitioners. Future research can evaluate these data can be evaluated in different age groups, location, training time or types of competitions according to forms, combat or mixed. In addition, comparative studies can be carried out on Tang Soo Do practitioners that allow this martial art to become an important option for practice in schools and universities, as well as a lifestyle for its practitioners.

Smaller Hippocampal Volume Is Associated With Reduced Posttraumatic Stress Symptoms in Children With Cancer and Survivors Following a Brief Novel Martial Arts-Based Intervention.

PURPOSE: Children with cancer and survivors frequently report posttraumatic stress symptoms (PTSS), which are associated with volumetric changes in stress-sensitive brain regions, including the hippocampus. METHODS: We examined the impact of a novel, 4-week martial-arts-based meditative intervention on cancer-related PTSS in 18 pediatric patients and survivors and whether baseline hippocampal volumes correlate with PTSS severity and/or PTSS changes over time. RESULTS: Overall, PTSS did not significantly change from baseline to post-intervention. Smaller hippocampal volume was correlated with more severe re-experiencing PTSS at baseline, and greater reductions in PTSS post-intervention. CONCLUSIONS: Together, hippocampal volume may be a biomarker of PTSS severity and intervention response. Identifying hippocampal volume as a potential biomarker for PTSS severity and intervention response may allow for more informed psychosocial treatments.

Eye Trauma in Mixed Martial Arts and Boxing.

PURPOSE: To evaluate and compare eye and face trauma in mixed martial arts (MMA) and boxing. DESIGN: Retrospective cohort study. METHODS: Data from boxing and MMA competitions were extracted from the Nevada Athletic Commission (NAC) between 2000 and 2020. Details of competitions, contestants, outcomes, and injuries were extracted. RESULTS: In total 1539 boxing injuries (from 4313 contests) and 1442 MMA injuries (from 2704 contests) were identified. Boxing had higher eye injury rates compared to MMA ( p < 0.0001), with an odds ratio of 1.268 (95% CI, 1.114-1.444). Eye trauma represented 47.63% of boxing injuries and 25.59% of MMA injuries, with periocular lacerations being the most common eye injury in both. Orbital fractures represented 17.62% of eye injuries in MMA and 3.14% in boxing contests. However, 2%-3% were retinal in both sports, and 3.27% were glaucomatous in boxing. MMA contestants had an odds ratio of 1.823 (95% CI, 1.408-2.359) for requiring physician evaluation following an eye injury compared with boxing. MMA contestants also had a higher rate of face ( p < 0.0001) and body ( p < 0.0001) injuries. For both sports, an increased number of rounds and being the losing fighter were associated with increased odds of eye and face injury. CONCLUSION: Although boxing has a higher rate of eye injuries, MMA eye injuries are more likely to require physician evaluation. MMA contestants also have a higher rate of orbital fractures and face and body trauma. A detailed postfight examination and long-term follow-up of ocular injury in combat sports will be vital in proposing reforms to prevent eye trauma.

Screening for Inflammatory Markers Identifies IL-18Rα as a Potential Link between Exenatide and Its Anti-Inflammatory Effect: New Results from the Combat-JUDO Randomized Controlled Trial.

INTRODUCTION: Obesity is associated with chronic inflammation. Chronic inflammation has also been linked to insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes, metabolic associated fatty liver disease, and cardiovascular disease. Glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) receptor analogs (GLP-1RA) are clinically used to treat obesity, with known anti-inflammatory properties. How the GLP-1RA exenatide effects inflammation in adolescents with obesity is not fully investigated. METHODS: Forty-four patients were randomized to receive weekly subcutaneous injections with either 2 mg exenatide or placebo for 6 months. Plasma samples were collected at baseline and at the end of the study, and 92 inflammatory proteins were measured. RESULTS: Following treatment with exenatide, 15 out of the 92 proteins were decreased, and one was increased. However, after adjustment for multiple testing, only IL-18Rα was significantly lowered following treatment. CONCLUSIONS: Weekly injections with 2 mg of exenatide lowers circulating IL-18Rα in adolescents with obesity, which may be a potential link between exenatide and its anti-inflammatory effect in vivo. This contributes to exenatide's pharmaceutical potential as a treatment for obesity beyond weight control and glucose tolerance, and should be further studied mechanistically.

Effects of Complex Pain Control Programs on Taekwondo Athletes with Recurrent Low Back Pain: A Case Study.

Background and Objectives: Practitioners of martial arts such as Taekwondo are likelier to experience back pain during training or competition. As the back pain of taekwondo athletes shows various symptoms depending on the athlete's characteristics, such as technique and movement, a case study was conducted to verify the intervention effect suitable for individual traits. We examined the effects of a complex pain control program on pain, mechanosensitivity, and physical function in a Taekwondo athlete with recurrent low back pain (LBP). Materials and Methods: A Taekwondo athlete with LBP was recruited from D University, Busan. The intervention program was performed for 45 min twice a week for 3 weeks, and the patient was followed up with after 2 weeks. The numerical rating pain scale (NRPS), pain pressure threshold, mechanosensitivity, and Oswestry Disability Index (ODI) scores were measured before and after the intervention. Therapeutic massage and nerve stimulation therapy were performed. Lumbar flexion, extension, and rotation were performed in the movement control exercise group, whereas the sliding technique, a neurodynamic technique of the tibial nerve, was applied in the neurodynamic technique group. This effect was verified by comparing the average measured values before and after the intervention. Results: Pain (NRPS) and mechanosensitivity reduced, range of motion and tactile discrimination abilities improved, and physical function (ODI) improved. The effect of the improved intervention lasted 2 weeks. Conclusions: These results indicate that application of complex pain control programs considering the four aspects of pain mechanisms for 3 weeks can be an effective intervention in Taekwondo athletes with recurrent LBP.

Motivos en la práctica de ejercicio y condición física en deportistas marciales adolescentes en nueva normalidad / Motives in the practice of exercise and physical condition in adolescent martial athletes in the new normality / Motivos na prática do exercício e condição física em adolescentes atletas marciais na nova normalidade

El objetivo de la presente investigación consiste en determinar los motivos en la práctica de ejercicio físico y relación con la condición física -agilidad, flexibilidad, fuerza explosiva- en deportistas marciales adolescentes en la nueva normalidad. La muestra está constituida por 56 deportistas de taekwondo y 18 de kárate. Se utilizó el Autoinforme de Motivos para la Práctica de Ejercicio Físico (AMPEF) y los test de: Illinois, sit and reach y salto vertical cuantificaron la agilidad, flexibilidad de musculatura isquiotibial y fuerza explosiva de tren inferior. Se cumplió análisis estadístico -coeficiente de correlación de Pearson- entre motivaciones y condición física. Los principales factores motivacionales de los adolescentes marciales fueron: Prevención y salud positiva (M=8,9; DE=1,69), desafío (M=8,9; DE=1,8), diversión y bienestar (M=8,6; DE=1,9). Los test físicos evidencian excelentes resultados en agilidad y flexibilidad, la fuerza explosiva está por debajo de la media. Existen correlaciones positivas entre las capacidades de agilidad (0.86 en hombres y 0.80 en mujeres), fuerza (0.90 en hombres y 0.84 en mujeres) y sus correspondientes factores motivacionales, y una correlación negativa entre la flexibilidad (-0.88 en hombres y -0.90 en mujeres) y su motivación respectiva. Se concluye que los resultados del cuestionario AMPEF y niveles de agilidad, flexibilidad y fuerza explosiva se correlacionan ya sea positiva o negativamente, con valores altos en el coeficiente de Pearson, significa que los adolescentes marciales están conscientes de sus capacidades físicas y mostraron motivación para mejorar sus habilidades.

The objective of this research is to determine the reasons in the practice of physical exercise, and its relationship with the physical condition -agility, flexibility, explosive strength- of adolescent martial art athletes in the new normal. The sample is made up of 56 taekwondo athletes and 18 karate athletes. The Reasons to Practice Physical Exercise Self-report (AMPEF, for its name in Spanish) was used, as well as the tests of Illinois, sit and reach and vertical jump quantified agility, flexibility of the hamstring muscles and explosive strength of the lower body. Statistical analysis-Pearson's correlation coefficient-was performed between motivations and physical condition. The main motivational factors of the adolescent athletes were prevention and positive health (M=8.9; SD=1.69), challenge (M=8.9; SD=1.8), and fun and well-being (M=8.6; SD=1,9). Physical tests showed excellent results in agility and flexibility but explosive strength was below average. There were positive correlations between the abilities of agility (0.86 in men and 0.80 in women), strength (0.90 in men and 0.84 in women), and their corresponding motivational factors, as well as a negative correlation between flexibility (-0.88 in men and -0.90 in women) and their respective motivation. It is concluded that the results of the AMPEF questionnaire and levels of agility, flexibility, and explosive strength are correlated either positively or negatively, with high values in Pearson's coefficient. This means that teenage martial athletes are aware of their physical abilities and show motivation to improve their skills.

O objetivo desta pesquisa é determinar os motivos da prática de exercício físico e sua relação com a condição física - agilidade, flexibilidade, força explosiva - em atletas marciais adolescentes na nova normalidade. A amostra é composta por 56 atletas de taekwondo e 18 de caratê. Foi utilizado o Autorrelato dos Motivos para a Prática de Exercício Físico (AMPEF) e os testes de: Illinois, sentar e alcançar e salto vertical quantificaram agilidade, flexibilidade dos músculos isquiotibiais e força explosiva da parte inferior do corpo. A análise estatística -coeficiente de correlação de Pearson- entre motivações e condição física foi concluída. Os principais fatores motivacionais dos adolescentes marciais foram: Prevenção e saúde positiva (M=8,9; DE=1,69), desafio (M=8,9; DE=1,8), diversão e bem-estar (M=8,6, DP=1,9). Os testes físicos apresentam excelentes resultados em agilidade e flexibilidade, a força explosiva está abaixo da média. Existem correlações positivas entre habilidades de agilidade (0,86 em homens e 0,80 em mulheres), força (0,90 em homens e 0,84 em mulheres) e seus correspondentes fatores motivacionais, e uma correlação negativa entre flexibilidade (-0,88 em homens e -0,90 em mulheres); mulheres) e suas respectivas motivações. Conclui-se que os resultados do questionário AMPEF e os níveis de agilidade, flexibilidade e força explosiva estão correlacionados positiva ou negativamente, com altos valores no coeficiente de Pearson, significa que os adolescentes marciais estão cientes de suas habilidades físicas e demonstraram motivação para melhorar suas habilidades.

Perfil antropométrico de judocas de elite argentinos / Anthropometric profile of Argentine elite Judokas

Introducción: el judo es un deporte de combate cuya clasificación competitiva depende del peso corporal, lo cual está destinado a promover competencias parejas y equitativas en cuanto a capacidades físicas se refiere. El avance de las ciencias del entrenamiento y de la nutrición deportiva generó una mejora de la composición corporal en los deportistas, redundando en un aumento de los valores de masa muscular y en una disminución de la masa adiposa. El objetivo del estudio fue estimar la composición corporal de las personas que practican Judo participantes del campeonato nacional argentino del año 2021. Materiales y métodos: se realizó un estudio transversal descriptivo a los/as participantes del campeonato nacional de judo del año 2021. Fueron evaluados un total de 183 judocas (51 mujeres y 132 varones), según el protocolo de medición de la ISAK. Para la determinación de la composición corporal se utilizó el método de fraccionamiento anatómico de cinco componentes de Kerry Ross. Resultados: el promedio de las judocas fue de 30,5% para la masa adiposa y de 44,5% para la masa muscular; no se encontraron diferencias estadísticamente significativas en los distintos grupos de edad. Los varones obtuvieron un valor promedio de 22,4% para la masa adiposa y 49,1%para la masa muscular; en este caso se encontraron diferencias significativas entre los distintos grupos de edad, tanto para la masa adiposa como para la muscular y la masa ósea. Discusión: se necesitan más estudios con grupos estratificados en función de la división de peso corporal para poder establecer patrones de referencia específicos para el trabajo en ciencias del ejercicio y la nutrición. Conclusión: la optimización de la composición corporal de las personas que practican Judo redunda positivamente en la mejora de las capacidades físicas específicas. Los datos presentados constituyen una referencia específica de utilidad para la evaluación y seguimiento de las personas que practican Judo. La estratificación por grupos etarios y división de peso corporal permitirá delimitar mejor aún los valores de cada categoría de edad. Se considera relevante vincular la composición corporal con las pruebas físicas y los resultados deportivos, a fin de establecer un mejor perfil del judoca argentino. (AU)

Introduction: judo is a combat sport whose competitive classification depends on body weight, intended to promote even and equitable compe-titions in terms of physical abilities. Advances in the sciences of training and sports nutrition have led to an improvement in the body composition of athletes, resulting in an increase in muscle mass and a decrease in adipose mass. This study aimed to estimate the body composition of judo fighters participating in the 2021 Argentine National Championship. Materials and methods: we conducted a descriptive cross-sectional study of participants of the 2021 national judo championship. We evaluated 183 judokas (51 women and 132 men) applying the ISAK measurement protocol. We used the Kerry Ross five-component fractional anatomic method to determine body composition. Results: the average for female judo players was 30.5% for adipose mass and 44.5% for muscle mass; we found no statistically significant diffe-rences in the different age groups. The average value for males was 22.4% for adipose mass and 49.1% for muscle mass; in this case, we found significant differences between the different age groups for adipose mass and muscle and bone mass. Discussion: there is a need for more studies with stratified groups according to body weight division to establish specific reference standards for the work in exercise science and nutrition. Conclusion: the optimization of the body composition of female and male judo players has a positive effect on the improvement of specific physical capacities. The data presented constitute a relevant reference for the evaluation and follow-up of judokas. The stratification by age groups and body weight division will allow a better delimitation of the values of each age category. Linking body composition with physical tests and results is considered relevant to obtain a better profile of the Argentinian judo player. (AU)

Postactivation Potentiation for Muay Thai Kicking Performance.

ABSTRACT: Brown, L, Doyle, G, Bruce-Low, S, Domingos, S, Anthony, K, Rowan, F, and Galbraith, A. Postactivation potentiation for Muay Thai kicking performance. J Strength Cond Res 37(10): 2032-2037, 2023-The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of postactivation potentiation (PAP) on Muay Thai kicking performance based on 3 different rest intervals. Aiming to quantify and indicate timing protocols for conditioning coaches when training athletes using PAP. 17 male (25.3 ± 3.6 years old; 179.3 ± 2.3 cm; 78.0 ± 5.2 kg), experienced Muay Thai fighters completed a standardized warm-up, including a 10-minute cycle on the Wattbike at 60 watts and 30 body mass squats for a dynamic stretch. Subjects then completed a baseline test by striking a PowerKube using the roundhouse and Teep kick techniques. PAP exercise consisted of 4 squat repetitions to maximum effort, followed by a rest period of 2, 5, or 8 minutes. Subjects then struck the PowerKube again using the roundhouse and Teep kick techniques. Rest periods were presented in a randomized order on separate days, with 72 hours between conditions. The level of significance was set at α = 0.05. Significant increases in both roundhouse (χ 2 (3) = 38.51, p < 0.05) and Teep kick (χ 2 (3) = 26.33, p < 0.05) striking power were observed when compared with baseline. For the roundhouse kick, significant differences and large effect sizes were present between all conditions except baseline and 2-minute rest. For the Teep kick, significant differences and large effect sizes were present between baseline and 5-minute rest and baseline and 8-minute rest. This indicates that PAP with 5- or 8-minute rest increased roundhouse and Teep kick power. This research reports that a PAP stimulus from a 4RM squat exercise, followed by a 5- or 8-minute rest period, enhances kick power in trained Muay Thai fighters. This technique provides a readily available, time-efficient method to enhance performance that can be built into the warm-up procedure of athletes before training or competition.

Intersecções entre lazer e esporte performance: uma análise das práticas de lazer dos atletas olímpicos de taekwondo do Brasil / Intersections between leisure and performance sport: an analysis of the leisure practices of olympic taekwondo athletes in Brazil

Esta pesquisa se pautou em analisar o esporte, a partir do campo do esporte performance, e o lazer, a partir da compreensão dos estudos contemporâneos. O objetivo geral consistiu em analisar em medida as competições esportivas se constituem em um momento para a diversificação das práticas de lazer do atleta olímpico de taekwondo. Foi utilizada a abordagem qualitativa, tendo como técnica de coleta a entrevista semiestruturada, seguida da análise de conteúdo de Bardin (2016). A pesquisa constatou que os atletas olímpicos compreendem o lazer como uma atividade desvinculada ao trabalho, o que torna as práticas de lazer raras ou nulas durante o período da competição. As características e os fundamentos olímpicos do taekwondo foram descritos como fatores de influência das práticas de lazer dos atletas, fosse na preparação para as competições ou no período de ocorrência das mesmas.

This research was based on analyzing sport, from the field of sport performance, and leisure, from the understanding of contemporary studies. The general objective was to analyze in measure the sports competitions that constitute a moment for the diversification of the leisure practices of the Olympic taekwondo athlete. A qualitative approach was used, using the semi-structured interview as a collection technique, followed by Bardin's (2016) content analysis. The survey found that Olympic athletes understand leisure as an activity unrelated to work, which makes leisure practices rare or null during the competition period. The characteristics as well as the Olympic fundamentals of taekwondo, were described as factors influencing the athletes' leisure practices, whether in preparation for competitions or during the period of their occurrence.

Anthropometric variability of European taekwondo champions / Variabilidad antropométrica de los campeones europeos de taekwondo

SUMMARY: World Taekwondo (WT) as an Olympic sport gained much more attention than before, and there is a growing need for precise and specific profiles of successful taekwondo competitors. Aim of this investigation was to determine body composition, somatotype, and selected anthropometric parameters/indexes of elite taekwondo champions and medal winners on the most demanding taekwondo tournaments in the World. The sample for this research consisted of n=16 (n=4 male; n=12 female) elite taekwondo champions, n=8 juniors and n=8 seniors, who were European (n=13), and World (n=3) champions of European descent. Data was collected longitudinally for seven years since 2015. Obtained results revealed specific (absolute) phenotype of taekwondo champions, following: PI (11.50 female; 11.85 male), HWR (43.96 female; 44.47 male) and BMI (19.96 female; 22.04 male). Further analysis shows that champions have greater values of body height, and have slightly greater ectomorphy and mesomorphy values in regard to other elite competitors. Presented research is the first publication of referent values for the general anthropometric dataset, and such results represent the anthropometric variability of European WT champions.

World Taekwondo (TW) como deporte olímpico ha logrado una mayor importancia, y existe una creciente necesidad de contar con perfiles precisos y específicos de competidores exitosos de TW. El objetivo de esta investigación fue determinar la composición corporal, el somatotipo y parámetros/índices antropométricos seleccionados de campeones de TW de élite y los ganadores de medallas en los torneos de TW más exigentes del mundo. La muestra para esta investigación consistió en n=16 (n=4 hombres; n=12 mujeres) campeones de TW de élite, n=8 juniors y n=8 seniors, que eran europeos (n=13) y mundiales (n=3), campeones de ascendencia europea. Los datos se recopilaron longitudinalmente durante siete años desde 2015. Los resultados obtenidos revelaron un fenotipo específico (absoluto) de los campeones de TW, a continuación: PI (11,50 mujeres; 11,85 hombres), HWR (43,96 mujeres; 44,47 hombres) e IMC (19,96 mujeres; 22,04 hombres). Un análisis más detallado muestra que los campeones tienen mayores valores de altura corporal y tienen valores de ectomorfia y mesomorfia ligeramente mayores con respecto a otros competidores de élite. La investigación presentada es la primera publicación de valores de referencia para el conjunto de datos antropométricos generales, y dichos resultados representan la variabilidad antropométrica de los campeones europeos de TW.

Perfil de dor e cinesiofobia em atletas de judô da categoria master / Pain profile and kinesiophobia in judo athletes of the master category

INTRODUÇÃO: Atletas de contato estão sujeitos a lesões musculoesqueléticas devido às técnicas repetitivas aplicadas durante treinos e campeonatos. Isso pode levá-los a apresentar dores agudas e crônicas, e, a depender da técnica aplicada, diferentes regiões do corpo podem ser acometidas. Estudos nesta área focam na descrição da lesão ou trauma, no entanto, a presença de cinesiofobia nesta população é uma lacuna a ser investigada. OBJETIVO: Descrever o perfil de dor e cinesiofobia em atletas de Judô da categoria master. MÉTODO: Estudo observacional, descritivo, de corte transversal, realizado com 29 atletas de judô master inscritos na Federação Baiana. Para descrição da dor, foram utilizados o Inventário Breve de Dor (IBD) e Doleur Neuropathique Questionnaire (DN4) e a Escala de Cinesiofobia de Tampa (ECT). Os dados foram tabulados e analisados descritivamente através do software Excel for Windows® utilizando valor absoluto ou média (desvio padrão). RESULTADOS: Os dados do IBD mostraram que a média geral de dor foi de 5,1 ± 1,8, o tratamento optado foi majoritariamente o farmacológico e a região mais acometida foi a face anterior do joelho. Dos 29 participantes, 9 (31%) apresentavam o escore ≥3, indicando presença de dor neuropática e cinesiofobia leve com média geral de 33,8 ± 6,7 no escore da ECT. CONSIDERAÇÕES FINAIS: Os atletas apresentaram dor moderada com pouco impacto na vida pessoal e as regiões com maior incidência foram os joelhos. Cinesiofobia leve esteve presente em mais da metade dos participantes e um terço apresentou dor neuropática.

INTRODUCTION: Contact athletes are subject to musculoskeletal injuries due to repetitive techniques applied during training and championships. This can lead to acute and chronic pain, and depending on the technique applied, different regions of the body may be affected. Studies in this area focus on the description of injury or trauma, however, the presence of kinesiophobia in this population is a gap to be investigated. OBJECTIVE: To describe the profile of pain and kinesiophobia in judo athletes of the master category. METHOD: An observational, descriptive, cross-sectional study conducted with 29 judo master athletes enrolled in the Bahia Federation. For pain description, the Brief Pain Inventory (BPI) and Doleur Neuropathique Questionnaire (DN4) and the Tampa Scale for Kinesiophobia (TSK) were used. The data were tabulated and analyzed descriptively through the software Excel for Windows® using absolute or mean value (standard deviation). RESULTS: The BPI data showed that the overall pain mean was 5.1 ± 1.8, the treatment chosen was mostly pharmacological and the region most affected was the anterior knee. Of the 29 participants, 9 (31%) had score 3, indicating the presence of neuropathic pain and mild kinesiophobia with an overall mean of 33.8 ± 6.7 on the TSK score. FINAL CONSIDERATIONS: The athletes presented moderate pain with little impact on personal life and the regions with the highest incidence were the knees. Mild kinesiophobia was present in more than half of the participants and one third presented neuropathic pain.

Atletas de Taekwondo apresentam desequilíbrio muscular entre os músculos flexores e extensores do joelho: achados preliminares / Taekwondo athletes have muscle imbalance between knee flexors and extensions: preliminary findings / Los atletas de Taekwondo presentan un desequilibrio muscular entre los flexores y los extensores de la rodilla: hallazgos preliminares

Durante a prática de taekwondo com movimentos repetitivos, sistematizados e com certa sobrecarga de treino, o indivíduo pode gerar possíveis adaptações orgânicas que resultam em problemas posturais com grandes chances de desencadear desequilíbrio muscular. Objetivo: Verificar a presença de desequilíbrio entre os grupos musculares agonistas e antagonistas da articulação do joelho e entre membros dominantes e não dominantes de praticantes de taekwondo por meio da dinamometria isocinética. Método: Estudo transversal, observacional e descritivo realizado com nove praticantes de taekwondo do sexo masculino. Utilizou-se um dinamômetro isocinético para investigar o pico de torque, pico de torque por peso corporal, trabalho total, potência média, relação agonista/antagonista e índice de fadiga. Os dados dos membros dominante e não dominante foram comparados por meio do teste t-student para amostras pareadas. Foram calculados o intervalo de confiança de 95% da diferença média, o tamanho de efeito e o poder das análises. Resultados: Os músculos extensores dos membros dominante e não dominante apresentaram diferença média significante de 15,49 Nm (IC95% 7,27; 23,70; p=0,002) para pico de torque e de 22,64% (IC95% 11,83; 33,46; p=0,001) para pico de torque por peso corporal a 60°/s, representando tamanho de efeito médio. Conclusão: Os atletas de taekwondo apresentaram maior pico de torque e maior pico de torque por peso corporal dos músculos extensores do joelho a 60º/s no lado dominante. A relação agonista/ antagonista foi inferior a 60% e mais da metade dos atletas apresentaram uma diferença maior que 10% no pico de torque flexor no lado não dominante.

During taekwondo practice with the repetitive motions, systematized and with certain training overload, the person can generate possible organic adaptations that result in postural problems with a great chances of triggering muscle imbalance. Objective: To verify the presence of imbalance between agonist and antagonist muscle groups of knee joint and between dominant and non-dominant limbs through isokinetic dynamometry. Methods: Cross-sectional, observational and descriptive study realized with nine male taekwondo practitioners. An isokinetic dynamometer was used to investigate the peak torque, peak torque by body weight, total work, average power, agonist/antagonist ratio and fatigue index. Data from the dominant and non-dominant limbs were compared by t-student test for pared samples. The 95% confidence interval of the mean difference, the effect size and the power of analyses power were calculated. Results: The extensor muscles of the dominant and non-dominant limbs showed mean difference of 15,49 Nm (IC95% 7,27; 23,70; p=0,002) for peak torque and of 22,64% (IC95% 11,83; 33,46; p=0,001) for peak torque by body weight at 60°/s, representing average effect size. Conclusion: The taekwondo athletes had higher peak torque and higher peak torque by body weight of the knee extensors muscles in the dominant side. The agonist/ antagonist ratio was less than 60% and more than half of the athletes showed a difference greater than 10% in the peak flexor torque on the non-dominant side.

Durante la práctica de taekwondo con los movimientos repetitivos, sistematizados y con cierta sobrecarga de entrenamiento, la persona puede generar posibles adaptaciones orgánicas que deriven en problemas posturales con grandes posibilidades de desencadenar desequilibrios musculares. Objetivo: Verificar la presencia de desequilibrio entre grupos musculares agonistas y antagonistas de la articulación de la rodilla y entre miembros dominantes y no dominantes mediante dinamometría isocinética. Métodos: Estudio transversal, observacional y descriptivo realizado con nueve practicantes masculinos de taekwondo. Se utilizó un dinamómetro isocinético para investigar el par máximo, el par máximo por peso corporal, el trabajo total, la potencia media, la relación agonista/antagonista y el índice de fatiga. Los datos de las extremidades dominantes y no dominantes se compararon mediante la prueba t- student para muestras de pared. Se calcularon el intervalo de confianza del 95% de la diferencia media, el tamaño del efecto y la potencia de los análisis. Resultados: Los músculos extensores de los miembros dominantes y no dominantes mostraron una diferencia media de 15,49 Nm (IC95% 7,27; 23,70; p=0,002) para el par máximo y de 22,64% (IC95% 11,83; 33,46; p=0,001) para el par máximo por peso corporal a 60°/s, lo que representa el tamaño medio del efecto. Conclusiones: Los atletas de taekwondo presentaron un mayor par máximo y un mayor par máximo por peso corporal de los músculos extensores de la rodilla en el lado dominante. La relación agonista/antagonista fue inferior al 60% y más de la mitad de los atletas mostraron una diferencia superior al 10% en el pico de par flexor en el lado no dominante.

Characteristics of Facial Trauma in Professional Mixed Martial Arts.

Background: Injuries are common in mixed martial arts (MMA) competitions. However, the risk factors for facial injury have not been delineated. Objective: Identify the facial injuries and associated risk factors of professional MMA fights. Methods: The Nevada State Athletic Commission medical injury reports from all professional Ultimate Fighting Championship bouts from 2010 to 2020 was reviewed. Fighter characteristics, details of the competition, and injuries sustained were collected. Binary logistic regressions determined significant predictors of facial injury. Results: A total of 1462 fighters were included. Most participants were male (91.0%) with mean age of 29.5 ± 4.1 years. Most fights took place between 135 and 185 lbs., lasted ≥3 rounds (59.4%), and resulted in judges' decision (50.5%) or knockout (31.2%). The facial injury rate was 15.8%, which were predominantly lacerations (12.0%) and fractures (3.6%). Multivariate regression revealed being male (p = 0.026), heavier weight (p = 0.028), more rounds fought (p = 0.019), losing (p < 0.001), and nonsubmission outcome (p = 0.017) predicted facial injury. Conclusion: Facial injuries are common in MMA fighting. The risks should be iterated to participants in this sport.

Itinerários de combate da federação paraense de luta marajoara / Combat itineraries of the paraense federation of marajoara wrestling

RESUMO O objetivo deste artigo foi analisar os primeiros passos da recém-criada Federação Paraense de Luta Marajoara (FPLM), e compreender quais os possíveis impactos de sua governança na escolarização e esportivização desta luta. Nesta pesquisa, de cunho qualitativo, a técnica utilizada para a reunião dos dados foi a entrevista não diretiva. Os participantes da pesquisa foram dois membros da FPLM. Constatou-se que a FPLM como instituição autoreguladora estrutura suas propostas de escolarização e esportivização em um contexto de governança esportiva centralizada, estabelecendo-se como detentora de um monopólio sobre a Luta Marajoara ao idealizar intenções voltadas ao impulsionamento local e regional dessa luta brasileira. Contudo, a pesquisa conclui que o longo caminho de "combate" da FPLM se dará entre sua concepção prática autoreguladora em contraste ao sentido crítico e democrático para o reconhecimento da Luta Marajoara.

ABSTRACT The aim of this article was to analyse the first steps of the recently created Paraense Federation of Marajoara Wrestling (FPLM), and to understand the possible impacts of its governance on the schooling and sportivization of this practice. In this qualitative research, the technique used to gather the data was a non-directive interview. The research participants were two members of the FPLM. It was found that the FPLM as a self-regulating institution structures its proposals for schooling and sportivization in a context of centralized sports governance, establishing itself as the holder of a monopoly on the Marajoara Wrestling by idealizing intentions aimed at the local and regional boost of this Brazilian wrestling. However, the research concludes that the FPLM's long "combat itineraries" will take place between its self-regulating practical conception in contrast to the critical and democratic sense for the recognition of the Marajoara Wrestling.

Análise técnico-tática da capoeira competitiva de alto rendimento / Technical-tactical analysis of high-performance capoeira / Análisis técnico-táctico de la capoeira de alto rendimiento

Introdução: A Capoeira é uma luta afro-brasileira criada por escravos para se defender e atacar, sendo, portanto, considerada uma atividade delituosa até ser reconhecida e integrada a Confederação Brasileira de Pugilismo em 1933. Atualmente, a capoeira apresenta competições de níveis municipais a internacionais. Em campeonatos mundiais regidos pela Federação Mundial de Capoeira (WCF) os competidores são avaliados pelas suas qualidades técnicas. Suas qualidades são pontuadas a partir de quatro categorias: categoria "A", Jogo e Ritmo, categoria "B", Técnicas, categoria "C", Chutes e Golpes, esta categoria atribui pontos específicos para cada golpe e chutes assertivos, e a categoria "D" que avalia os aspectos físicos e éticos do competidor. Apesar da ascensão e estabelecimento dos critérios de competição, é incipiente a análise técnico-tático da Capoeira competitiva na literatura. Objetivos: Este estudo teve como objetivo identificar os golpes e movimentos utilizados na capoeira competitiva de alto rendimento. Foi utilizado o Software FRAMI® específico para escalonamento das ações técnico-táticas em esportes de combate (VIANNA, 2020). Metodologia: Conceituou-se os movimentos e golpes utilizados na capoeira. A seguir foi observado todos os combates do Campeonato Mundial de Capoeira Masculino de 2018. Resultados e Discussão: Dentre os principais achados, a ginga, meia lua de compasso, step, negaça e aú são os movimentos mais executados, por outro lado não foram identificadas a execução das técnicas tombo da ladeira e aú com cabeça apoiada em nenhuma das cinco categorias de peso. Os floreios correspondem como grupo de mais de 50% dos movimentos realizados nos combates e apresentaram um aumento progressivo nas categorias pesadas. Conclusão: Esses achados podem contribuir para caracterização técnico-tática da capoeira competitiva de alto rendimento.

Introduction: Capoeira is an Afro-Brazilian fight created by enslaved people to defend and attack. It was therefore considered a criminal activity until it was recognized and integrated into the Brazilian Boxing Confederation in 1933. Currently, capoeira presents competitions from municipal levels to international. In world championships governed by the Mundial de Capoeira Federation (WCF), competitors are evaluated on their technical qualities. Its qualities are scored from four categories: category "A", Game and Rhythm, category "B", Techniques, category "C", Kicks and Strikes; this category assigns specific points for each blow and accurate kicks and the category "D" which evaluates the physical and ethical aspects of the competitor. Despite the rise and establishment of competition criteria, the technical-tactical analysis of competitive Capoeira in the literature is incipient. Objectives: This study aimed to identify the strokes and movements used in high performance competitive capoeira. The specific FRAMI® Software was used to schedule technical-tactical actions in combat sports (VIANNA, 2020). Methodology: The movements and blows used in capoeira were conceptualized. Next, all 2018 Men's World Capoeira Championship matches were observed. Results and Discussion: Among the main findings, ginga, meia lua de compasso, step, negaça and aú are the most performed movements, on the other hand, the most performed movements were not identified. Execution of the techniques tombo da ladeira and aú with the head supported in none of the five weight categories. The floreios correspond to more than 50% of the movements performed in combats and showed a progressive increase in the heavy categories. Conclusion: These findings can contribute to the technical-tactical characterization of high-performance competitive capoeira.

Introducción: La Capoeira es una lucha afrobrasileña creada por esclavos para defenderse y atacar. Actualmente, la capoeira presenta competencias desde niveles municipales hasta internacionales. En los campeonatos mundiales regidos por la Federación Mundial de Capoeira, los competidores son evaluados por sus cualidades técnicas. Sus cualidades se puntúan a partir de cuatro categorías: categoría "A", Juego y Ritmo, categoría "B", Técnicas, categoría "C", Patadas y Golpes, esta categoría asigna puntos específicos por cada golpe y patadas asertivas, y la categoría "D" que evalúa los aspectos físicos y éticos del competidor. A pesar del surgimiento y establecimiento de criterios de competencia, el análisis técnico-táctico de la Capoeira competitiva en la literatura es incipiente. Objetivos: Este estudio tuvo como objetivo identificar los golpes y movimientos utilizados en la capoeira competitiva de alto rendimiento. Se utilizó el Software específico FRAMI® para programar acciones técnico-tácticas en deportes de combate (VIANNA, 2020). Metodología: Se conceptualizaron los movimientos y golpes utilizados en la capoeira. A continuación, se observaron todos los partidos del Campeonato Mundial de Capoeira Masculino 2018. Resultados y Discusión: Entre los principales hallazgos, a ginga, meia lua de compasso, step, negaça y aú son los movimientos más realizados, por otro lado, los movimientos más realizados no fueron identificados ejecución de las técnicas tombo da ladeira y aú con la cabeza apoyada en ninguna de las cinco categorías de peso. Las floreios corresponden en conjunto a más del 50% de los movimientos realizados en los combates y muestran un aumento progresivo en las categorías pesadas. Conclusión: Estos hallazgos pueden contribuir a la caracterización técnico-táctica de la capoeira competitiva de alto rendimiento.

O que pode o corpo-capoeira na contemporaneidade: Sobre as facetas dessa manifestação cultural e seus respectivos campos de expressão e atuação / What the capoeirabodycan do in contemporary times: about the facets of this cultural manifestation and theirrespective fields of expression and action / Qué puede hacer el cuerpo-capoeiraen la época contemporánea: sobre las facetas de esta manifestación cultural y sus respectivos campos de expresión y acción

O presente texto configura-se como um ensaio que abrange o corpo-capoeira na contemporaneidade, bem como seus desdobramentos nos campos de expressão e atuação que a Capoeira pode abarcar.Assim, objetivou-se compreender o estado de arte da produção em pesquisas sobre a Capoeira em diferentes âmbitos. Como consequência, surgiram quatro temáticas,nas áreas de:Ciências Humanas(Antropologia e Sociologia), Gênero, Ciências Biológicas e Educação.Apresentamos os resultados capoeristicamente em forma de jogo, com quatro "Pequenas Rodas" de discussão desses temas,além de duas "Papoeiras", valorizando as vozes de corpos experientes nesse universo. Dessa forma,pretendemos contribuir para futuras pesquisas que valorizem saberes advindos de manifestações de matrizes africanas, para pensar as concepções de corpo na Educação

The present text is configured as an essay that covers the capoeira body in contemporaneity, as well as its unfolding in the fields of expression and action that Capoeira can encompass. Thus, the objective was to understand the state of art of the production in research on Capoeira in different areas. Consequently, four themes emerged in the areas of Human Sciences (Anthropology and Sociology), Gender, Biological Sciences and Education. We present the results capoeristically in the form of a game, with four "Pequenas Rodas" of discussion of these themes, in addition to two "Papoeiras", valuing the voices of experienced bodies in this universe. In this way, we intend to contribute to future research that values knowledge coming from manifestations of African matrices, to think about the conceptions of the bodily knowledge in Education.

El presente texto se configura como un ensayo que abarca el cuerpo-capoeira en la contemporaneidad, así como su despliegue en los campos de expresión y acción que la Capoeira puede abarcar. Así, el objetivo fue comprender el estado del arte de la producción en la investigación sobre la Capoeira en diferentes áreas. Como consecuencia, surgieron cuatro temas en las áreas de: Ciencias Humanas (Antropología y Sociología), Género, Ciencias Biológicas y Educación. Presentamos los resultados de manera capoerística en forma de juego, con cuatro "Pequenas Rodas" de discusión de estos temas, además de dos "Papoeiras", valorando las voces de los cuerpos experimentados en este universo. De esta manera, pretendemos contribuiren futuras investigaciones que valoren los conocimientos surgidos de las manifestaciones de las matrices africanas, para pensar las concepciones del cuerpo en la Educación.

Saberes acerca do floreio na Capoeira: A voz do corpo experiente / Knowledge about floreioin Capoeira: The voice of the experienced body / Conocimientos sobre el floreio en Capoeira: La voz del cuerpo experimentado

Introdução: A concepção do objeto de estudo floreio na Capoeira vem sendo compreendida por meio de diversos modos de saber. Esse manuscrito explora o modo de saber a partir da voz do corpo experiente. Objetivo: Ampliar e adensar a compreensão sobre o floreiona Capoeira por meio da voz da experiência, oriunda demestrese mestrade Capoeira, contribuindo para a concepção desse objeto de estudo. Metodologia: Foi realizada uma pesquisa de campo, de cunho descritivo exploratório, com técnica de entrevista não estruturada, interpretadas por meiode análise de conteúdo. Resultados e discussão: a interpretação dos discursos culminou na elaboração de três categorias,a saber: a) As belezas do floreio; b) Floreio como Fundamento ou técnica, c) Estilos de Capoeira e floreios. Cada mestre/mestra trouxe uma concepção de beleza ao tratar sobre o floreio na Capoeira, comlinguagensdiferentes, principalmente a partir de metáforas, imagens, ou outras comparações. Os colaboradores também estabeleceram relações entre fundamento, técnica e modos de ensino, além derelacionaremo objeto de estudo às especificidades de suas respectivas linhagens de Capoeira. Considerações finais: As vozes desses corpos experientes contribuíram de forma exponencial para a concepção de floreio na Capoeira, sobretudono que tange à subjetividade e conhecimento específico da área. Ademais, apontam para a valorização de identidadese matrizes africanasna educação brasileira.

Introduction: The conception of the object of study floreioin Capoeira has been understood through several ways of knowing. This manuscript explores the way of knowing from the voice of the experienced body. Objective: To broaden and deepen the understanding of flourish in Capoeira through the voice of experience, coming from Capoeira masters, contributing to the conception of this object of study. Methodology:A field research was carried out, of an exploratory descriptive nature, with an unstructured interview technique, interpreted through content analysis. Results and discussion: the interpretation of the discourses culminated in the elaboration of three categories, namely: a) The beauties of the floreio; b) Floreioas a Fundamental or technique, c) Capoeira styles and floreios. Each master brought a conceptionof beauty when dealing with floreioin Capoeira, with different languages, mainlyfrom metaphors, images, or other comparisons. The collaborators also established relationships between foundation, technique, and modes of teaching, in addition to relating the object of study to the specificities of their respective Capoeiralineages. Final considerations: The voices of these experienced bodies contributed exponentially to the conception of floreioin Capoeira, especially regarding subjectivity and specific knowledge of the area. In addition, they point to the valorization of African identities and matricesin Brazilian education.

Introducción: La concepción del objeto de estudio floreioen la Capoeira ha sido comprendida a través de diversas formas de conocimiento. Este manuscrito explora la forma de conocer a partir de la voz del cuerpo experimentado. Objetivo: Ampliar y profundizar la comprensión del floreioen Capoeira a través de la voz de la experiencia, proveniente de maestrose maestrade Capoeira, contribuyendo a la concepción de este objeto de estudio. Metodología: Se realizó una investigación de campo descriptiva exploratoria, con técnica de entrevista no estructurada, interpretada a través del análisis de contenido. Resultados y discusión: la interpretación de los discursos culminó con la elaboración de tres categorías, a saber: a) Las bellezas del floreio; b) Floreio como Fundamentoo técnica, c) Estilos y floreios de Capoeira. Cada maestro aportó una concepción de la belleza a la hora de tratar elfloreioen Capoeira, con diferentes lenguajes, principalmente a partir de metáforas, imágenes yotras comparaciones. Los colaboradorestambién establecieron relaciones entre fundamento, técnica y modos de enseñanza, además de relacionar el objeto de estudio con las especificidades de sus respectivos linajes de Capoeira. Consideraciones finales: Las voces de estos cuerpos experimentados contribuyeron exponencialmente a la concepción del floreiode la Capoeira, especialmente en lo que se refiere a la subjetividad y al conocimiento específico del área. Además, apuntan a la valorización de las identidades y matrices africanasen la educación brasileña.