[Primary care medicine in Germany at the crossroads]. / Primärmedizinische Versorgung in Deutschland am Scheideweg.

In addition to the existing social law options for primary care under medical responsibility for those with statutory health insurance, there are several projects to supplement the service structures: healthcare kiosks, primary care centers and community health nursing as well as general practitioner outpatient clinics in hospitals. These new projects amount to an institutionalization of services that were previously based at outpatient offices and partially to the transfer of medical services that were previously the responsibility of doctors to the responsibility of non-physician healthcare professionals, with additional financial outlay but without creating new care capacities. The constructs considered do not appear to be suitable for making a relevant contribution to compensating for the gap in doctors specialized in general or internal medicine and in other medical professionals in a demographically induced capacity phasing out process that is forecast to last until around 2036. The further development of German social law on primary care should instead focus on increasing the efficiency of resources which are becoming scarcer through guided and graduated access to doctors according to medical criteria.

[National health systems, legislation, and social determinants: a comparative study of Brazil, Spain, Portugal, and Italy]. / Sistemas nacionais de saúde, legislação e seus determinantes sociais: um estudo comparativo entre Brasil, Espanha, Portugal e Itália.

This is a documentary, exploratory, descriptive study, which is part of a multicenter international study assessing the national health systems with a care model based on primary health care of Brazil, Spain, Italy, and Portugal, funded by the Brazilian National Research Council (CNPq, acronym in Portuguese). It aims to identify the basic health legislation, the right to health, and the doctrinal and organizational principles of each country with a focus on the impact of social determinants of health on the national health systems. The results showed these countries have similar legislation and doctrinal principles, with a constitutional right to health, based on primary health care, and with a care model of the family health type. The challenges identified were low birth rate and high life expectancy at birth in European countries and criteria for access to medication and care financing. Based on our findings, the countries with higher investment in a structural basis, ensuring more dignified, solid, and vigilant socioeconomic and sanitary conditions, provide an important differentiation in responsiveness and sustainability of the national health system and direct impact on the quality of life.

Trata-se de uma pesquisa documental, exploratória, descritiva, partindo de um estudo multicêntrico e internacional entre Brasil, Espanha, Itália e Portugal sobre sistemas nacionais de saúde com modelo de atenção baseado na atenção primária à saúde e financiado pelo Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) do Brasil. Tem como objetivo identificar as legislações de base da saúde, o direito à saúde e os princípios doutrinários e organizativos de cada país selecionado com ênfase no impacto dos determinantes sociais de saúde sobre os sistemas nacionais de saúde. Os resultados revelaram países com legislações e princípios doutrinários semelhantes, com direito à saúde constitucional, ancorados na atenção primária à saúde, e com modelo assistencial de acesso do tipo saúde da família. Os desafios encontrados foram a baixa natalidade e elevada expectativa de vida ao nascer em países europeus e critérios para acesso a medicamentos e financiamento assistencial. Com base nos nossos achados, os países que tiveram maior investimento em base estrutural, perpassando por assegurar condições socioeconômicas e sanitárias mais dignas, sólidas e vigilantes, garantiram importante diferenciação na capacidade de resposta e sustentabilidade do sistema nacional de saúde e no impacto direto na qualidade de vida das pessoas.

Se trata de una investigación documental, exploratoria, descriptiva, parte de un estudio multicéntrico, internacional entre Brasil, España, Italia y Portugal sobre los Sistemas Nacionales de Salud con un modelo de atención basado en la atención primaria de salud y financiado por el Consejo Nacional de Desarrollo Científico y Tecnológico (CNPq) de Brasil. Tiene como objetivo identificar la legislación de base de la salud, el derecho a la salud y los principios doctrinales y organizativos de cada país seleccionado con énfasis en el impacto de los determinantes sociales de la salud sobre los sistemas nacionales de salud. Los resultados revelaron países con legislaciones y principios doctrinales similares, con derecho a salud constitucional, anclados en la atención primaria de salud y con un modelo asistencial de acceso del tipo salud de la familia. Los desafíos encontrados fueron la baja tasa de natalidad y la alta esperanza de vida al nacer en países europeos y criterios para el acceso a medicamentos y financiación asistencial. Con base en nuestros hallazgos, los países que tuvieron mayor inversión en base estructural, asegurando condiciones socioeconómicas y sanitarias más dignas, sólidas y vigilantes, garantizan una diferenciación importante en la capacidad de respuesta y sostenibilidad del sistema nacional de salud y en el impacto directo en la calidad de vida de las personas.

[Effects of parliamentary amendments on municipal financing of primary health care in the Brazilian Unified National Health System]. / Efeitos das emendas parlamentares no financiamento municipal da atenção primária à saúde do Sistema Único de Saúde.

This study aims to analyze the effects of the expansion of the federal transfer of parliamentary amendments for municipal financing of primary health care (PHC) in the Brazilian Unified National Health System (SUS), from 2015 to 2020. A longitudinal study was conducted using secondary data on transfers of parliamentary amendments from the Brazilian Ministry of Health and expenditure of municipalities' own resources on public health actions and services and PHC. The effect of the transfer of parliamentary amendments on municipal financing was verified in a stratified way by population size of the municipalities, using generalized estimating equation models. The transfer of parliamentary amendments for PHC showed a large discrepancy in per capita values among municipalities of different population sizes. No correlation with municipal spending on public health actions and services was observed in municipalities with more than 10,000 inhabitants, and the association with spending on PHC (p < 0.050) was inverse in all municipalities. Therefore, the increase in the transfer of parliamentary amendments by the Brazilian Ministry of Health favored a reduction in the allocation of municipal revenues to PHC, which may have been directed to other spending purposes in the SUS. These changes seem to represent priorities established for municipal budget expenditure, which have repercussions on local conditions for guaranteeing stable funding for PHC in Brazil.

O objetivo deste artigo é analisar os efeitos da ampliação do repasse federal de emendas parlamentares no financiamento municipal da atenção primária à saúde (APS) do Sistema Único de Saúde (SUS), no período de 2015 a 2020. Foi realizado estudo longitudinal com dados secundários de transferências por emendas parlamentares do Ministério da Saúde e de despesas com recursos próprios dos municípios, aplicadas em ações e serviços públicos de saúde e na APS. O efeito do repasse de emendas parlamentares no financiamento municipal foi verificado de forma estratificada por porte populacional dos municípios, por meio de modelos de equações de estimativas generalizadas. O repasse de emendas parlamentares para a APS apresentou grande discrepância de valores per capita entre os municípios de diferentes portes populacionais. Observou-se inexistência de correlação com a despesa municipal em ações e serviços públicos de saúde nos municípios com mais de 10 mil habitantes e associação inversa com a despesa em APS (p < 0,050) em todos os grupos. Conclui-se que o aumento do repasse de emendas parlamentares pelo Ministério da Saúde favoreceu a redução da alocação de receitas municipais com APS, que podem ter sido direcionados para outras finalidades de gasto no SUS. Tais mudanças parecem refletir prioridades estabelecidas para a despesa orçamentária dos municípios, que repercutem sobre as condições locais para a garantia da estabilidade do financiamento da APS no Brasil.

El artículo tiene como objetivo analizar los efectos de la ampliación de la transferencia de recursos federal de enmiendas parlamentarias sobre el financiamiento municipal de la atención primaria de salud (APS) en el Sistema Único de Salud brasileño (SUS), en el período del 2015 al 2020. Se realizó un estudio longitudinal con datos secundarios de transferencias de recursos por enmiendas parlamentarias del Ministerio de Salud y de gastos con recursos propios de los municipios, aplicados a acciones y servicios públicos de salud y a la APS. El efecto de la transferencia de recursos de enmiendas parlamentarias sobre el financiamiento municipal se verificó de forma estratificada por tamaño de población de los municipios, utilizando modelos de ecuaciones de estimaciones generalizadas. La transferencia de recursos de enmiendas parlamentarias para la APS mostró una gran discrepancia en los valores per cápita entre municipios de diferente tamaño poblacional. No hubo correlación con el gasto municipal en acciones y servicios públicos de salud en aquellos con más de 10.000 habitantes y asociación inversa con el gasto en APS (p < 0,050) en todos los grupos de municipios. Se concluye que el aumento en la transferencia de recursos de enmiendas parlamentarias por parte del Ministerio de Salud favoreció la reducción de la asignación de ingresos municipales a la APS, que pueden haber sido dirigidos a otros fines de gasto en el SUS. Tales cambios parecen reflejar prioridades establecidas para el gasto presupuestario municipal, que repercuten en las condiciones locales para garantizar la estabilidad del financiamiento de la APS en Brasil.

Monitoramento e avaliação dos atributos da Atenção Primária à Saúde em nível nacional: novos desafios / Monitoring and evaluation of Primary Health Care attributes at the national level: new challenges

Resumo A partir da criação de uma Secretaria de Atenção Primária à Saúde (SAPS) no Ministério da Saúde em maio de 2019, cinco novos desafios foram trazidos para a gestão federal do SUS: a) ampliação do acesso da população às unidades de saúde da família, b) definição de um novo modelo de financiamento baseado em resultados em saúde e eficiência, c) definição de um novo modelo de provimento e formação de médicos de família e comunidade para áreas remotas, d) fortalecimento da clínica e do trabalho em equipe multiprofissional, e) ampliação da informatização das unidades de saúde e uso de prontuário eletrônico. Esse ensaio discute esses elementos à luz de um novo modelo avaliativo que, ao mesmo tempo, seja capaz de orientar o novo processo de financiamento da Atenção Primária à Saúde (APS) no Brasil. Este baseia-se na correção de distorções distributivas e também busca orientar maior efetividade e eficiência no investimento público e qualidade do serviço prestado à população. Através de estudos dos melhores exemplos internacionais e discussão com os representantes do Conselho Nacional de Secretários Estaduais de Saúde (CONASS) e do Conselho Nacional dos Secretários Municipais de Saúde (CONASEMS) e com apoio técnico do Banco Mundial, foi elaborada a proposta de novo modelo avaliativo e de financiamento da APS.

Abstract Five new challenges were brought to the federal management of SUS from the establishment of the Primary Health Care Secretariat (SAPS) in May 2019, as follows: a) to expand people's access to health facilities; b) to define a new financing model from health outcomes and efficiency; c) to define a new model of provision and training of family and community doctors for remote areas; d) to strengthen clinic and multi-professional teamwork; e) to expand computerization of health facilities and use of electronic medical records. This essay discusses these elements in light of a new evaluation model that also guides a new process of financing the Brazilian Primary Health Care (PHC). It builds on the correction of distributive distortions, and also seeks to guide greater effectiveness and efficiency in public investment and quality of service provided to the population. The proposal for a new PHC evaluation and financing model was elaborated through studies of the best international examples and discussion with representatives of the National Council of State Health Secretaries (CONASS) and the National Council of Municipal Health Secretaries (CONASEMS), and with technical support from the World Bank.

Saúde no Brasil: provocações e reflexões / Health in Brazil: provocations and reflections

O Conselho Nacional de Secretários de Saúde (Conass) foi criado, em 1982, por Adib Jatene, notável médico e gestor público. Sua intenção era que os posicionamentos técnicos e políticos dos gestores estaduais fossem fortalecidos a partir da agregação dos diferentes saberes e da troca de experiências. A estratégia mostrou-se adequada, levando o Conass a integrar o que viria a ser o Sistema Único de Saúde (SUS), na representação da gestão estadual do sistema público de saúde.Nas mais de três décadas de sua existência, o Conass coleciona a participação de gestores de memorável formulação técnica e compromisso com o sistema público de saúde, revelados pelos esforços contínuos em tornar o SUS técnica e financeiramente sustentável, além de socialmente compreendido e defendido. Nessa esteira é que nos foi desvelada a oportunidade de apresentar o livro escrito pelo ex-secretário de saúde do estado de São Paulo, Dr. José Aristodemo Pinotti, médico, gestor e professor universitário, falecido em 2009. É um livro em primeira pessoa, cuja narrativa desperta diferentes emoções e para o qual o adjetivo 'visceral' aplica-se muito bem. Neste livro, o Dr. Pinotti revela suas impressões sobre o sistema de saúde em sua (in)completude. Discorre sobre a organização do SUS desde seu nascedouro, expõe as agruras vividas pelos gestores públicos, reforça a necessária interface com o sistema de ensino, distingue as especificidades da saúde da mulher e, principalmente, apresenta as relações do SUS com o Congresso Nacional, do qual foi integrante e viveu os bastidores. O livro chegou ao Conass pelas mãos do ex-presidente José Sarney, que, conhecendo seu conteúdo e sua inegável relação com os interesses da gestão estadual do SUS, sugeriu-nos avaliar a possibilidade de publicação. É um livro que, segundo Marianne Pinotti, foi motivador para seu pai: Ele escreveu e publicou sobre saúde pública desde que foi secretário de saúde de estado, entre 1987-1991. Mas a construção dos programas e dos textos, imagino, levou quase 30 anos. Ele viveu intensamente organizando o livro em seu último ano, de julho de 2008, até seu falecimento, em julho 2009. Com a permissão da família Pinotti, a quem de pronto agradecemos, foram tomadas as iniciativas de adequação do livro aos formatos que ora apresenta. Nossa pretensão é que a leitura seja capaz de influenciar o leitor a perceber que a escrita do 'Professor Pinotti' apresenta a doutrina e a prática, seus estudos e sua experiência, em uma relação responsável entre as melhores evidências e o 'fazer'. Pretendemos que o leitor compreenda o presente o livro como uma obra iniciada pelo Dr. Pinotti e que, propositadamente, não foi encerrada, de modo a imbricar a todos nós na construção ininterrupta do SUS. Sugerimos que seja entendido como um relato sobre um sistema público de saúde em formação e em constante luta para sobreviver e se aperfeiçoar. O livro é uma conversa entre o autor e cada um de seus leitores. É um convite para rememorar o passado e fundamentar a avaliação dos progressos e dos desafios que o SUS nos impõe.

Community and family nurse: Present keys, future challenges. / Enfermería Familiar y Comunitaria: claves de presente, retos de futuro.

It is the mission of the Community and Family Nurse through an integral and holistic approach to accompany people from cradle to death in developing their health potential, and promote different family, work and social environments to facilitate this development. Throughout history, various international, European and national organizations have regulated the figure of the Community and Family Nurse, and now their functions, powers and professional performance are fully regulated. The Community and Family Nurse can respond to the needs of a changing population and take on new responsibilities in management and research. Their extensive basic and advanced skills gathered under a rigorous training programme, benefit the health system, the nursing profession, citizenry and its communities. Many challenges remain for the Health Departments of each Autonomous Region to make it possible for this specialty to develop its full potential for improving care.

Ethical and Legal Considerations in End-of-Life Care.

In caring for dying patients, family medicine practitioners intentionally adopt care plans that affect the manner and timing of death. These decisions are morally weighty. This article provides guidance regarding the ethical and legal appropriateness of practitioner decisions near the end of life. Topics include surrogate decision making, advance care planning, medical nutrition and hydration, double effect, futile care, physician-assisted death, voluntarily stopping eating and drinking, palliative sedation to unconsciousness, and cultural humility.

Towards national health insurance: Alignment of strategic human resources in South Africa.

BACKGROUND: South Africa is implementing national health insurance (NHI) and primary health care (PHC) re-engineering, and has concomitantly introduced the Human Resources for Health (HRH) Strategy. These policies are underpinned by the National Development Plan (NDP), which aims to address widespread inequality and inequity. AIM: The aim of this study was to analyse the alignment of national HRH-related policies to implement NHI and PHC re-engineering and determine knowledge gaps and research needs. METHOD: A narrative review of the NDP, PHC re-engineering, HRH and NHI strategies was carried out, supplemented by key HRH reports, data and articles. RESULTS: Current policies stress NHI and PHC re-engineering without effectively addressing shortages and maldistribution of HRH across the provincial and public-private divides. In line with PHC re-engineering, the HRH Strategy emphasised strengthening of community health workers (CHWs), professional nurses (PNs), mid-level workers (MLWs), medical practitioners (MPs) and clinical specialists (CSs). Four of these, CHWs, MLWs, MPs and CSs, are varyingly still in absolute shortfall, as well as being inequitably distributed across the provincial and public-private divides. The seeming adequacy in the absolute number of PNs may disguise provincial and public-private sector disparities. Although expedited HRH development and equitable deployment are crucial, it is also vital to resolve extant education and accreditation challenges delaying HRH policy implementation. CONCLUSION: The current lack of alignment of HRH policies does not portend well for the successful implementation of NHI and PHC re-engineering. Knowledge gaps include the need for further clarification of ideal multi-disciplinary team compositions and responsibilities.

A practice framework to enhance the implementation of the Policy on Integration of Mental Health Care into primary health care in KwaZulu-Natal province.

BACKGROUND:  Mental health care at primary health care (PHC) still remains a challenge despite the Policy on Integration of Mental Health Care into PHC which was developed in 1997 at the time when the White Paper for the Transformation of the Health System in South Africa was published. The White Paper made provision for a new health care system based on the principles of the PHC approach to care. This was followed by the promulgation of the Mental Health Care Act No. 17 of 2002 which is based on the principle that mental health care should be integrated into PHC; however, there have been challenges with regard to the implementation of this policy. AIM:  This study aimed to analyse the implementation of Policy on Integration of Mental Health Care into PHC with the ultimate aim of developing a practice framework for PHC nurses to enhance such implementation in KwaZulu-Natal (KZN). SETTING:  The study took place in selected health districts in KZN, namely, Ugu, eThekwini, iLembe and uMgungundlovu. METHODS:  A qualitative approach using grounded theory design was used to develop a practice framework to enhance the implementation of Policy on Integration of Mental Health Care into PHC. A theoretical sampling method was used to select the sample from PHC managers, operational managers and professional nurses for the collection of data. The sample consisted of 42 participants. Data were collected by means of one-on-one interviews and focus group interviews. Strauss and Corbin's approach of data analysis was used for analysing data. The paradigm model was used as a guide to develop a practice framework to enhance the implementation of the Policy on Integration of Mental Health Care into PHC in KZN. RESULTS:  This study found that integration of mental health care into PHC is understood as a provision of comprehensive care to mental health care users using either a supermarket approach or a one-stop-shop approach at PHC clinics. Strategies that are used at PHC clinics in KZN ensure that the integration of mental health care into PHC is implemented, includes the screening of all patients that come to the PHC clinic for mental illness, fast tracking of mental health care users once they have been assessed, and found to be mentally ill and management of all mental health care users as patients with chronic diseases. CONCLUSION:  The practice framework developed identifies comprehensive mental health care being offered to mental health care users using either a supermarket approach or a one-stop-shop approach, depending on the availability of staff with a qualification in psychiatric nursing science.

Assistência à saúde das pessoas privadas de liberdade provisória: análise da efetividade do plano nacional de saúde do sistema penitenciário / Health assistance for imprisoned people: analysis of the effectiveness of the national health plan for the penitentiary system

O Brasil apresenta a terceira maior população carcerária do mundo com 726.712 pessoas encarceradas. Verifica-se um déficit de 358.663 vagas no sistema prisional. A Constituição Brasileira de 1988 garante o direito à saúde as pessoas privadas de liberdade. Como estratégia para efetivar ações de saúde no âmbito prisional, em 2003, foi instituído o Plano Nacional de Saúde do Sistema Penitenciário no SUS. Durante 10 anos a sua execução buscou garantir cuidado de saúde à população carcerária. Trata-se de uma pesquisa qualitativa, do tipo descritiva e exploratória. O objetivo principal foi compreender a assistência à saúde das pessoas residentes no CDP, na cidade de Pau dos Ferros/RN/Brasil. Participaram da pesquisa profissionais de saúde (n=4) e da justiça (n=9). Como instrumento de coleta de dados utilizou-se a entrevista semiestruturada, que após transcrição foram analisadas e interpretadas pelo método da Análise Temática. Ao final, quatro categorias emergiram: Conhecimento dos Trabalhadores da Saúde e da Justiça sobre a garantia da Saúde no Sistema Prisional. As ações de saúde realizadas para atender as necessidades e problemas das pessoas privadas de liberdade. O diálogo entre as instituições de saúde e da justiça no sentido de garantir o direito à saúde. A efetivação do direito à saúde no sistema prisional: limites e possibilidades. O estudo demonstrou o quanto é carente a assistência em saúde aos homens em situação de detenção provisória e, como é cogente a aplicação na prática dos princípios do SUS, somente assim, há de se conquistar a quimera que é o diálogo entre a saúde e a justiça para a real operacionalização da Política Nacional de Atenção Integral da Saúde Prisional, resultando assim numa melhoria da situação de saúde vivenciada no sistema prisional.

Brazil has the third largest prison population in the world with 726,712 people incarcerated. There is a deficit of 358,663 places in the prison system. The Brazilian 1988 Federal Constitution guarantees the right to health to persons deprived of their freedom. As a strategy to implement health actions in prison, in 2003, the National Health Plan of the Penitentiary System in the Single Health System was established. For 10 years, its execution sought to guarantee health care to the imprisoned population. This study presents a descriptive, exploratory qualitative research, where the main objective was to understand the health care provided to people living in CDP, in the city of Pau dos Ferros in the state of Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil. Health professionals (n = 4) and justice professionals (n = 9) participated in the research. A semi-structured interview was used as a data collection instrument, which, after transcription, was analyzed and interpreted by the Thematic Analysis method. In the end, four categories emerged: Knowledge of Health and Justice Professionals about Health Care in the Prison System. Health actions taken to address the needs and problems of persons deprived of their freedom. Dialogue between health and justice institutions in order to guarantee the right to health. The right to health accomplishment in the prison system: limits and possibilities. The study demonstrated the lack of health care for men in custody and, as the practical application of the SUS principles is required, it is the only way to conquer the chimera that is the dialogue between health and justice for the real operationalization of the National Policy of Integral Prison Health Care resulting in an improvement of the health situation experienced within the prison system.

Waiting for common-law solutions for the most vulnerable populations' healthcare access.

BACKGROUND: The state of populations' health is linked to their access to quality healthcare. Best achieving this primary condition - a health, social and humanitarian condition - is an ongoing public policy objective. Although significant effort goes into this, do public policies sufficiently take into account the state of health of the most vulnerable populations? In France, reducing the non-take-up (NTU) of healthcare is a priority in current national health insurance policy. Under the local plans to tackle non-take-up, lack of understanding and exit from the system (PLANIR), national health insurance is currently rolling out a regional and partnership-based intervention framework in order to prevent NTU of healthcare by welfare clients. This social investment is unprecedented, yet the impact of the framework on the most vulnerable populations still seems to be limited. METHOD: The study of this example is based on monitoring of the framework's general implementation. This task was entrusted to the research team co-founded by the author, ODENORE (Observatory for the Non-take-up of Social Rights and Public Services). It is organized in four parts: quantitative monitoring of the detection and addressing of non-take-up situations (n=160,000 questionnaires); analysis of the results through qualitative interviews with beneficiaries and individuals who rejected the framework (n=365 interviews); analysis of the framework's implementation, using qualitative interviews and participant observations at the services in charge of the framework's implementation (n=18 collective interviews across three sites), and an analysis of the partnership through collective interviews with all the actors in the areas involved in the framework (three sites). RESULTS: The analysis shows that the integration of the most vulnerable populations' state of health into a common-law framework for intervention is hindered by three limitations: the framework's neutrality regarding public decisions and non-decisions that exacerbate social and regional health inequalities; its organizational design, which does not take into account the need for long-term medical-psycho-social care; and the absence of regulation capable of bringing together and coordinating the actors working towards healthcare access locally but with different populations. CONCLUSION: The difficulties of integrating the most vulnerable populations into a common-law framework such as the one proposed by the national health insurance do not seem insurmountable-provided, that is, that the regulatory authority (the regional health agencies) are willing and able to make it a strategic organizational objective at local level.

Federal management of the More Doctors Program: the role of the Ministry of Education / Gestão federal do Programa Mais Médicos: o papel do Ministério da Educação / Gestión federal del Programa Más Médicos: el papel del Ministerio de la Educación

Abstract The More Doctors Program (PMM) has three axes of action and is grounded on the pedagogical guidelines of Permanent Education. Considering the Program's scope, which ranges from the emergency supply of doctors to the expansion of the number of seats in undergraduate and medical residency courses, its management is interministerial, as the Ministry of Health and the Ministry of Education share responsibilities for its full operation. This article reports on the construction of the Ministry of Education's experience of managing PMM, which includes the structuring of a new Directorate and new ways of doing management in this Ministry. It also points out the main difficulties and facilities throughout the process, and reflects on the perspectives and challenges for the Program's continuity and sustainability.(AU)

Resumo O Programa Mais Médicos (PMM) possui três eixos de atuação e é fundamentado pelas diretrizes pedagógicas da Educação Permanente. Considerando a abrangência do programa, que vai do provimento emergencial de médicos até a ampliação do número de vagas em cursos de graduação e residência em Medicina, sua gestão é interministerial, na qual o Ministério da Saúde (MS) e o Ministério da Educação (MEC) compartilham responsabilidades para seu pleno funcionamento. O presente trabalho relata a construção da experiência de gestão do PMM por parte do MEC, que inclui a estruturação de uma nova diretoria e de novos modos de fazer gestão nesse ministério. Também aponta as principais dificuldades e facilidades durante todo o processo, além de sinalizar importantes reflexões sobre as perspectivas e desafios para a continuidade e sustentabilidade do programa.(AU)

Resumen El Programa Más Médicos (PMM) posee tres ejes de actuación y está fundamentado por las directrices pedagógicas de la Educación Permanente. En el marco del Programa, que va desde la provisión de emergencia de médicos hasta la ampliación del número de plazas en cursos de graduación y residencia en Medicina, su gestión es interministerial, en donde el Ministerio de Salud (MS) y el Ministerio de Educación (MEC) comparten responsabilidades para su pleno funcionamiento. El presente trabajo relata la construcción de la experiencia de gestión del PMM por parte del MEC, que incluye la estructuración de una nueva Dirección y de nuevos modos de realizar la gestión en este Ministerio. También señala las principales dificultades y facilidades durante todo el proceso, además de mostrar importantes reflexiones sobre las perspectivas y desafíos para la continuidad y sostenibilidad del Programa.(AU)

Tuberculosis pulmonar y métodos diagnósticos laboratoriales actuales / Pulmonar tuberculosis and latest diagnosis laboratory methods

La tuberculosis es una enfermedad altamente contagiosa, causada por Mycobacterium tuberculosis o bacilo de Koch. Puede tener repercusiones mortales en caso de no ser tratada oportunamente, siendo responsable de 1.3 millones de muertes a nivel mundial en el año 2016. Afecta al ser humano sobre todo a nivel pulmonar, manifestándose con tos crónica, producción de esputo, anorexia, pérdida de peso, fiebre, sudoración nocturna y hemoptisis; también puede producir enfermedad extrapulmonar. En los últimos 20 años se han desarrollado nuevos métodos para diagnosticar tuberculosis latente y activa, como ser los ensayos de liberación de interferón-gamma y GeneXpert® Objetivo: recopilar información actualizada sobre tuberculosis pulmonar, epidemiología y métodos diagnósticos.Material yMétodos: se utilizaron buscadores como Google académico, PubMed. Se seleccionaron 42documentos, entre estos: artículos originales, normas nacionales, guías de manejo, informes anuales de organizaciones reconocidas. Criterios de inclusión: publicaciones menores a 5 años, tanto en español, como en inglés. Conclusión: el diagnóstico oportuno de la tuberculosis disminuye la estadística de morbilidad y mortalidad debida a la enfermedad, por tanto, es de suma importancia conocer los métodos diagnósticos actuales existentes en el país, así como las ventajas, desventajas, sensibilidad yespecificidad...(AU)

The Politics of Primary Care Expansion: Lessons From Cancer Survivorship and Substance Abuse.

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY: The purpose of this study is to understand the perspectives of primary care innovators treating patient populations not traditionally considered to be within the purview of primary care. Data were obtained from the 2015 Working Conference for PCMH (Patient-Centered Medical Home) Innovation funded by the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality. The conference convened representatives from 10 innovative primary care practices and content experts to discuss experiences with integrating care for two nontraditional populations: patients with substance abuse issues and cancer survivors. Transcripts of the conference, one-on-one interviews, and written summaries of practice innovations were coded in NVivo (QSR International) and analyzed by means of an immersion/crystallization approach to identifying thematic patterns. Our study findings suggest that the politics surrounding entrenched professional identities contributed to barriers faced by conference participants in their efforts to provide innovative care for these nontraditional populations. Specifically, obstacles surfaced in relation to sharing patients across disciplinary boundaries, which resulted in issues of possessiveness, a questioning of provider qualifications, and a lack of interprofessional trust. Though support is increasing for primary care expansion and care integration, policy change may precede the identity transformations necessary for medical practitioners to embrace new primary care-centered models. For this reason, it is important that the formation and entrenchment of professional identities be critically considered as part of future efforts to transform primary care practice.

Breaking bread: examining the impact of policy changes in access to state-funded provisions of gluten-free foods in England.

BACKGROUND: Coeliac disease affects approximately 1% of the population and is increasingly diagnosed in the United Kingdom. A nationwide consultation in England has recommend that state-funded provisions for gluten-free (GF) food should be restricted to bread and mixes but not banned, yet financial strain has prompted regions of England to begin partially or fully ceasing access to these provisions. The impact of these policy changes on different stakeholders remains unclear. METHODS: Prescription data were collected for general practice services across England (n = 7176) to explore changes in National Health Service (NHS) expenditure on GF foods over time (2012-2017). The effects of sex, age, deprivation and rurality on GF product expenditure were estimated using a multi-level gamma regression model. Spending rate within NHS regions that had introduced a 'complete ban' or a 'complete ban with age-related exceptions' was compared to spending in the same time periods amongst NHS regions which continued to fund prescriptions for GF products. RESULTS: Annual expenditure on GF products in 2012 (before bans were introduced in any area) was £25.1 million. Higher levels of GF product expenditure were found in general practices in areas with lower levels of deprivation, higher levels of rurality and higher proportions of patients aged under 18 and over 75. Expenditure on GF food within localities that introduced a 'complete ban' or a 'complete ban with age-related exceptions' were reduced by approximately 80% within the 3 months following policy changes. If all regions had introduced a 'complete ban' policy in 2014, the NHS in England would have made an annual cost-saving of £21.1 million (equivalent to 0.24% of the total primary care medicines expenditure), assuming no negative sequelae. CONCLUSIONS: The introduction of more restrictive GF prescribing policies has been associated with 'quick wins' for NHS regions under extreme financial pressure. However, these initial savings will be largely negated if GF product policies revert to recently published national recommendations. Better evidence of the long-term impact of restricting GF prescribing on patient health, expenses and use of NHS services is needed to inform policy.

Processo de implantação do e-SUS Atenção Básica em Sobral ­ CE / The process of implementation of the e-SUS AB (primary health care) in Sobral ­ CE / Proceso de implantación del e-SUS AB (atención primaria de salud) en Sobral ­ CE

Criado pelo Ministério da Saúde (MS), o e-SUS AB vem com a finalidade de reorganizar os dados da atenção básica e reestruturar os sistemas de informação em saúde. O objetivo do estudo que fundamenta este artigo foi conhecer os desafios da implantação do e-SUS Atenção Básica no programa Estratégia de Saúde da Família do município de Sobral ­ CE. Caracteriza-se como uma pesquisa exploratória e descritiva com abordagem qualitativa, realizada com seis equipes do programa Estratégia de Saúde da Família no município de Sobral por meio de entrevistas semiestruturadas aplicadas em trinta profissionais de saúde. Para a realização da análise de dados, foi utilizada a estratégia do discurso do sujeito coletivo. Os resultados da pesquisa evidenciaram que o e-SUS AB contribui positivamente para a gestão e a assistência no sistema de saúde, mas que existem diversos obstáculos para que o sistema tenha perfeita funcionalidade e concretização. Contudo, ainda existem aspectos restritivos para um funcionamento satisfatório dessa ferramenta.(AU)

Created by the Ministry of Health (MS) of Brazil, the e-SUS AB has the purpose of reorganizing the data of primary health care and restructuring the health information systems. This article bases on a study that has aimed to know the challenges to carry out e-SUS AB on the programme Estratégia de Saúde da Família (family health strategy) which offers health care to the population of Sobral, CE, Brazil. It is characterized as an exploratory and descriptive research using a qualitative approach carried out in six teams of the programme Estratégia de Saúde da Família in Sobral through semi-structured interviews with thirty health professionals. For the data analysis the the discourse of the collective subject method was used. The results of the research evidenced that e-SUS AB contributes positively to the management and the assistance in the health system, but that there are different obstacles for the system to have perfect functionality and can materialize. However, there are still constraints to the satisfactory operation of this tool.

El e-SUS AB ha sido creado por el Ministerio de Salud (MS) de Brasil y viene con la finalidad de reorganizar los datos de la atención primaria de salud y reestructurar los sistemas de información en salud del MS. El objetivo del estudio que fundamenta este artículo fue conocer los desafíos de la implantación del e-SUS AB en el programa Estratégia de Saúde da Família (estrategia de salud de la familia) del municipio Sobral, CE, Brasil. El estudio se caracteriza como una investigación exploratoria y descriptiva con abordaje cualitativo centrada en seis equipos del programa Estrategias de Salud de la Familia en el municipio de Sobral por medio de entrevistas semiestructuradas realizadas con treinta profesionales de salud. Para el análisis de datos se utilizó la estrategia del discurso del sujeto colectivo. Los resultados de la investigación evidenciaron que el e-SUS AB contribuye positivamente al éxito de la gestión y de la asistencia en el sistema de salud, pero que existen diversos obstáculos para que el sistema tenga perfecta funcionalidad y concretización. Sin embargo, todavía existen aspectos restrictivos para el funcionamiento satisfactorio de esta herramienta.

Legal duties, professional obligations or notional guidelines? Screening, treatment and referral of domestic violence cases in primary health care settings in South Africa.

BACKGROUND: Since 2013, approximately 4400 women have been murdered by their partners in South Africa. This is five times higher than the per capita global average. Domestic violence is known to be cyclical, endemic and frequently involves multiple victims. It also becomes progressively more dangerous over time and may lead to fatalities. In 2012, the Health Professions Council of South Africa released a domestic violence protocol for emergency service providers. This protocol, or screening guidelines, includes assessing future risk to domestic violence, providing physical and psychosocial care, documentation of evidence of abuse and informing patients of their rights and the services available to them. The extent to which these guidelines have been circulated and implemented, particularly by general health care practitioners (HCPs), is unknown. AIM: We review international treaties to which South Africa is a signatory, as well as national legislation and policies that reinforce the right to care for victims of domestic violence, to delineate the implication of these laws and policies for HCPs. METHOD: We reviewed literature and analysed national and international legislation and policies. RESULTS: The 'norms' contained in existing guidelines and currently practiced in an ad hoc manner are not only compatible with existing statutory duties of HCPs but are in fact a natural extension of them. CONCLUSION: Proactive interventions such as the use of guidelines for working with victims of domestic violence enable suspected cases of domestic violence to be systematically identified, appropriately managed, properly referred, and should be adopted by all South African HCPs.