Uncontrolled vaping and restraint strategies: A qualitative study.

INTRODUCTION: Little is known about uncontrolled vaping, defined as vaping more than the user prefers. We sought to understand e-cigarette users' experiences with uncontrolled vaping and how they restrain their vaping. METHODS: Participants were 24 US adult e-cigarette users recruited in 2021. We conducted semi-structured qualitative interviews about uncontrolled vaping and restraint strategies and analyzed findings based on behavioral categories described in the Process Model of Self-Control. RESULTS: While most participants (21 of 24) described experiences of uncontrolled vaping, some expressed ambivalence about how much they vaped. To restrain vaping, willpower was rarely used and was not perceived as effective. Distraction, deployment of attention away from the urge to vape, and reappraisal, thinking differently about vaping such as reminding oneself of health consequences, were common and helped some participants limit use in the moment of wanting to vape. Participants described using both situation selection, choosing to be in situations where e-cigarette use was less possible, and situation modification, modifying their circumstances to restrict opportunities to vape. DISCUSSION: Uncontrolled vaping is not yet a well-defined concept for many e-cigarette users. E-cigarette users employed proactive situational strategies that required planning ahead to restrain use and found these strategies more effective compared to reactive strategies. Tobacco control programs and interventions should consider leveraging restraint strategies that people who vape are naturally using and perceive to be effective.

Psychometric properties of the BALCI Turkish version

The present study aimed to adapt and validate the Beliefs About Losing Control Inventory (BALCI) in the non-clinical Turkish emerging adults sample. The study group consisted of 549 participants from three study phases and aged between 18 and 28 years and mainly women. According to the results of the confirmatory factor analysis (CFA), the BALCI Turkish Version (BALCI-TV) confirmed 21 items in three factors. The network analysis findings showed that the items including the factors were together. The results indicated that configural, metric, scalar, and strict invariance across the gender. Cronbach's α and McDonald's ω of the total BALCI-TV were .90. Test-retest correlation result was .89. All results indicated that the BALCI-TV had good psychometric properties. The BALCI-TV can be provided to measure control and beliefs related to control within obsessive-compulsive disorder for Turkish academics and mental health practitioners.

The relationship between physical activity and interpersonal distress in college students: the chain mediating role of self-control and mobile phone addiction

Objective of the study Interpersonal relationships, as an important variable afecting the physical and mental health and future development of individuals, were used to construct a structural equation model between physical activity and interpersonal relationships in order to help college students better adapt to society and achieve a high level of mental health. Methods SPSS 27.0 software was used to statistically analyze the data, and Amos 28.0 software was used to construct the model between variables. The results showed that physical activity directly predicted the interpersonal relationship status of college students (ß= −0.108, 95% CI [−0.210,−0.005]), and the chain mediating efect of physical activity→self-control→mobile phone addiction tendency→interpersonal relationship distress was signifcant (ß= −0.012, 95% CI [−0.033,−0.003]). The results of this study suggest that physical activity may be viewed as an efective intervention strategy to mitigate the interpersonal challenges that college students may face in the future.

Inteligencia emocional en residentes de Cirugía General: análisis de una encuesta nacional / Emotional intelligence among residents in general surgery: analysis of a national survey

RESUMEN Antecedentes: la inteligencia emocional (IE) es la capacidad de reconocer nuestros propios sentimientos y los de los demás, de motivarnos y de manejar adecuadamente las relaciones interpersonales. La IE se ha relacionado con muchas competencias no técnicas necesarias entre los médicos en formación. Objetivo: describir las características psicométricas de la IE en médicos residentes de Cirugía General de la Argentina y analizar los efectos que ejercen sobre ella la edad, el sexo, el ámbito de desempeño y el año de residencia. Material y métodos: estudio prospectivo, analítico de corte transversal; se utilizó la encuesta anónima y autogestionada Trait Emotional Intelligence Questionnaire Short Form (TEIQue-SF v1.5) respondida en línea durante el mes de marzo de 2020. Se aplicó la prueba de Kolmogorov-Smirnov para variables cuantitativas, pruebas T y la prueba ANOVA (IC 95%, p estadística α 0,05). Resultados: fueron respondidas 156 encuestas, de las cuales 105 (67,3%) corresponden a mujeres y 51 (32,7%) a hombres. Edad promedio: 29,02 ± 3,69 años. El promedio global de la prueba fue de 4,58 ± 0,89. El análisis ANOVA demostró que existen diferencias estadísticamente significativas de la dimensión bienestar entre los diferentes años de residencia (p = 0,002) así como en puntajes globales de IE (p = 0,0001). Conclusión: la IE es un modelo atractivo y eficaz para definir y capacitar a los futuros cirujanos generales en competencias no técnicas. Estos hallazgos son importantes para generar nuevas propuestas de formación.

ABSTRACT Background: Emotional intelligence (EI) is the ability to recognize our own feelings and those of others, to motivate us and properly manage relationships. EI encompasses many non-technical skills that are important for physicians in training. Objective: The aim of this study was to describe the psychometric characteristics of EI among residents in general surgery in Argentina and to analyze the effects of age, sex, scope of practice and postgraduate year level on it. Material and methods: We conducted a prospective, cross-sectional analytic study using the Trait Emotional Intelligence Questionnaire Short Form (TEIQue-SF v1.5), a self-report and anonymous survey that was answered on-line during March 2020. The statistical analysis was performed by using the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test for quantitative variables, Student's t-test and ANOVA (95% CI, p statistic α 0.05). Results: The survey was responded by 156 physicians; 105 (67.3%) were women and 51 (32.7%) were men (mean age: 29.02 ± 3.69 years). Mean global score was 4.58 ± 0.89. ANOVA showed statistically significant differences in the well-being dimension and global scores of EI across the different postgraduate year levels (p = 0.002 and p = 0.0001, respectively). Conclusion: EI is an attractive and effective model for defining and training future general surgeons in non-technical skills. These findings are important for generating new proposals for training.

Understanding the Associations Among Perceived Stress, Self-Control Skills, and Overeating in Asian Adolescents.

OBJECTIVE: Built on Rosenbaum's self-control theory, this study aimed to examine the mediating role of self-control skills in the relationship between perceived stress and overeating patterns among adolescents from an Asia-Pacific region. METHODS: A cross-sectional study was used with a school-based, nonclinical sample of 195 adolescents. Participants completed self-report measures assessing study variables and demographic information such as body mass index (BMI) status for adolescents and their parents. Mediation analyses were conducted with Hayes' PROCESS macro modeling tool to assess self-control skills as the mediator of the relationships between perceived stress and each overeating pattern based on the regression-based bootstrapping method, adjusting for potential covariates. RESULTS: The prevalence of overweight and obesity was approximately 18% in the current sample of adolescents. While controlling for age, sex, and standardized BMI, self-control skills mediated the effects of stress on emotional and external eating, but not on restrained eating; in addition, self-control skills partially mediated the relationship between perceived stress and an overall overeating tendency. CONCLUSION: Consistent with Rosenbaum's self-control theory, self-control skills were found to mediate the relationship between perceived stress and emotional and external eating. This study highlights the importance of prevention treatments developed to impart adolescents with self-control skills, decrease their perceived stress, and consequently, reduce their overeating patterns during this intense developmental period.

Psychometric properties of the portuguese self-monitoring scale: a reduced item version / Propriedades psicométricas da escala portuguesa de self-monitoring: uma versão reduzida / Propiedades psicométricas de la escala portuguesa de self-monitoring: una versión reducida

This study aimed to contribute to the adaptation of the Self-Monitoring Scale for a Portuguese sample and the examination of the possibility of reducing the scale's length. Considering the psychometric inconsistency of the scale reported in the literature, several analysis criteria to identify the number of factors to be retained were considered. The study included 791 Portuguese men and women aged 17 to 61 years. Data analysis included descriptive statistics, confirmatory factor analysis to assess construct validity, Cronbach's alpha to assess internal consistency, and fit indices (based on IRT). The results indicate a two-dimensional structure with a reduction to 9 items, which shows good values for validity and fit. This study proposes a reduced version of the self-monitoring scale for a Portuguese sample, considering that the use of this method is valuable to identify how individuals differ in the way they present themselves in social situations. (AU)

Este estudo tem como objetivo contribuir para a adaptação da Self-Monitoring Scale numa amostra Portuguesa e análise da possibilidade de reduzir o tamanho da escala. Além disso, e considerando a inconsistência psicométrica da escala relatada na literatura, foram considerados vários critérios de análise para identificar o número de fatores a reter. O estudo abrangeu 791 homens e mulheres Portugueses com idades entre os 17 e os 61 anos. A análise dos dados incluiu estatística descritiva, validade de construto (Análise Fatorial Confirmatória), consistência interna e índice de ajustamento (TRI). Os resultados apontam para uma estrutura bidimensional com uma redução para 9 itens, mostrando bons valores de validade e ajustamento. Este estudo propõe uma versão reduzida da escala de self-monitoramento para uma amostra Portuguesa, considerando que a utilização deste método é uma mais-valia para identificar como os indivíduos diferem na forma como se apresentam em situações sociais. (AU)

Este estudio tiene como objetivo contribuir a la adaptación de la Self-Monitoring Scale en una muestra portuguesa y analizar la posibilidad de reducir el tamaño de la escala. Además, teniendo en cuenta la inconsistencia psicométrica de la escala reportada en la literatura, se consideraron varios criterios de análisis para identificar el número de factores a retener. El estudio incluyó a 791 hombres y mujeres portugueses de entre 17 y 61 años. El análisis de los datos incluyó estadística descriptiva, validez del constructo (Análisis Factorial Confirmatorio), consistencia interna e índice de ajuste (TRI). Los resultados apuntan a una estructura bidimensional con una reducción a 9 ítems, mostrando buenos índices de validez y ajuste. Este estudio propone una versión reducida de la escala de automonitoramento para una muestra portuguesa, mientras que el uso de este método es particularmente valioso para identificar cómo los individuos se diferencian en la forma en que se presentan en situaciones sociales. (AU)

Stable and momentary psychosocial correlates of everyday smoking: An application of Temporal Self-Regulation Theory.

Smoking is one of the leading causes of non-communicable disease mortality and morbidity. Smoking behaviour is determined by both stable, person-level (e.g., motivation, nicotine dependence) and variable, situation-level factors (e.g., urges, cues). However, most theoretical approaches to understanding health behaviours so far have not integrated these two spheres of influence. Temporal Self-Regulation Theory (TST) integrates these person-level and situation-level factors, but has not yet been comprehensively applied to predicting smoking behaviour. We use Ecological Momentary Assessment to examine the utility of TST in predicting daily smoking. 46 smokers reported individual and environmental cues right after smoking and at random time points during the day. Cognitions, self-control, past behaviour, and nicotine dependence were assessed at baseline. Multi-level logistic regressions show that smoking is largely guided by momentary cues, but individual motivation can buffer their influence. This suggests that TST is a useful integrative approach to understand modifiable determinants of smoking and thus intervention targets.

Current Status and Cardinal Features of Patient Autonomy after Enactment of the Life-Sustaining Treatment Decisions Act in Korea.

PURPOSE: The main purpose of the Life-Sustaining Treatment Decisions Act recently enacted in Korea is to respect the patient's self-determination. We aimed to investigate the current status and features of patient self-determination after implementation of the law. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Between February 2018 and January 2019, 54,635 cancer deaths were identified from the National Health Insurance Service (NHIS) database. We analyzed the characteristics of decedents who complied with the law process by self-determination compared with decedents with family determination and with decedents who did not comply with the law process. RESULTS: In multivariable analysis, patients with self-determination were younger, were less likely to live in rural areas, were less likely to belong to the highest income quintile, were less likely to be treated in general hospitals, and were more likely to show a longer time from cancer diagnosis compared with patients with family determination. Compared with patients who did not comply with the law process, patients with self-determination were younger, lived in Seoul or capital area, were less likely to belong to the highest income quintile, were treated in general hospitals, were less likely to have genitourinary or hematologic malignancies, scored higher on the Charlson comorbidity index, and showed a longer time from cancer diagnosis. Patients with self-determination were more likely to use hospice and less likely to use intensive care units (ICUs) at the end-of-life (EOL). CONCLUSION: Decedents with self-determination were more likely to be younger, reside in the Seoul or capital area, show a longer time from cancer diagnosis, and were less likely to belong to the highest income quintile. They utilized hospice more frequently, and received less ICU care at the EOL.

The role of executive functioning on the intention-behaviour relationship of health behaviours: a temporal self-regulatory perspective.

OBJECTIVE: The current study employed the Temporal Self-Regulation theory (TST) to determine if self-regulatory capacity and prepotent behaviour moderate the relationship between intention and health behaviours (i.e., physical activity, and healthy eating) in college students. DESIGN: 220 students were surveyed across two time points to assess past/intended behaviour (Time 1) and follow-up behaviour (Time 2). MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: To address limitations in previous research, self-regulatory capacity was assessed using an ecologically valid rating scale (Barkley Deficits in Executive Functioning Scale). Multi-item assessment measures were utilised for physical activity (International Physical Activity Questionnaire) and healthy eating (All-Day Screener) behaviours. RESULTS: A link between intention and follow-up behaviour was established and executive functioning (EF) and past behaviours were positively associated with follow-up behaviour. EF had no unique moderation effects on health behaviours, but combinations of Low, Moderate, and High levels of past behaviour and EF demonstrated moderation for physical activity and healthy eating. CONCLUSION: This study demonstrated the utility of the TST in predicting health behaviour and emphasised the mutual necessity of EF and past behaviour in understanding the intention-behaviour relationship. Findings can be used to formulate studies and interventions that reduce barriers to health behaviours, therefore, lessening the need for high self-regulatory abilities.

Efeitos da terapia floral sobre o estado de ansiedade em mulheres no climatério / Effects of floral therapy on the state of anxiety in climacteric women

Introdução: O climatério corresponde ao período de vida da mulher onde ocorre a transição do ciclo reprodutivo para o não reprodutivo. Ocorre habitualmente entre os 40 e 65 anos, constituindo-se por um período de inúmeras mudanças. O uso da terapia floral nesta fase de vida pode ser visto como terapêutica única ou complementar ao tratamento convencional. Objetivos específicos: analisar as queixas clínicas de mulheres no climatério sob acompanhamento e sua relação com os indicadores do Diagnóstico de Enfermagem Ansiedade; avaliar os efeitos da terapia floral no autocontrole do estado de ansiedade em mulheres vivendo o climatério. Método: Intervenção clínica individualizada, quase- experimental, comparativo, do tipo antes-depois, com abordagem quantitativa, aprovado por Comitê de Ética em Pesquisa, tendo respeitado todos os preceitos éticos de pesquisas com seres humanos. O campo da pesquisa foi o Núcleo de Atenção em Práticas Integrativas e Complementares de Saúde (NAPICS), da Rede de Atenção Básica do município de Maricá/RJ. As participantes foram mulheres na faixa etária compreendida entre 40 e 65 anos, independentemente de estarem, ou não, em uso de terapia hormonal, selecionadas por conveniência. A coleta de dados foi realizada no período de março a novembro de 2019, através de consulta de enfermagem individual, com acompanhamento por seis meses seguidos, sendo um encontro a cada mês. Adotou-se a entrevista individual, guiada por um roteiro semiestruturado, seguido da aplicação da escala tipo Likert para classificação dos resultados de enfermagem relacionados ao Autocontrole da Ansiedade, empregada em todas as consultas. Os frascos contendo os florais foram preparados pela pesquisadora e entregues às mulheres a partir da terceira consulta. Todas as consultas foram gravadas em meio magnético e transcritas na íntegra para posterior análise. O programa utilizado para análise foi o IBM SPSS Statistics version 24. Descrição apresentada na forma de frequência observada, porcentagem, valores mínimo e máximo, medidas de tendência central e de variabilidade. O teste não paramétrico de Friedman comparou os escores do autocontrole da ansiedade entre as consultas. O nível alfa de significância utilizado foi de 5%. Adotou-se conceitos da Teoria de Martha Elizabeth Rogers como sustentação da terapia implementada. Resultados e Discussão: Todas as consultas de enfermagem seguiram os preceitos de acolhimento e integralidade no cuidado em saúde, preconizados pelo SUS. Os resultados confirmam o perfil das mulheres que substancialmente procuram a rede básica de saúde: baixa renda familiar, ocupações compatíveis a pouca escolaridade e, ainda, desemprego. Não realizam atividadfísica 79,37% das participantes. Além da ansiedade, as mulheres apresentam tristeza (100,00%); fadiga/cansaço (98,41%); dor nas articulações (96,83%); fogachos/ondas de calor (95,24%), insônia (93,65%), cefaleia (88,89%) e dormência (88,89%). No âmago das tecnologias de cuidado no climatério, a terapia floral vem angariando espaço, vez que atende aos princípios de integralidade da mulher, elevando sua autoestima e bem-estar. Conclusão: Os resultados da investigação após o desenvolvimento de três consultas 'pré intervenção' e três consultas 'pós intervenção', constataram que a terapia floral proporcionou às participantes responderem ao DE Ansiedade de forma satisfatória, quando se compara as consultas pré e pós intervenção. Portanto, houve redução dos níveis de ansiedade das participantes do estudo com o uso da terapia floral, deferindo o desfecho pretendido.

Introduction: O climacteric corresponds to the life period of the woman where the transition from the reproductive cycle to the non-reproductive cycle occurs. It usually occurs between 40 and 65 years, constituting for a period of numerous changes. The use of floral therapy in this phase of life can be seen as a single therapy or complementary to conventional treatment. Specific objectives: to analyze the clinical complaints of women in the climacteric under follow-up and their relationship with the indicators of the Anxiety Nursing Diagnosis; evaluate the effects of floral therapy on self-control of anxiety status in women living in climacteric. Method: Individualized, almost experimental, comparative clinical intervention, of the type before-after, with quantitative approach, approved by the Research Ethics Committee, having respected all ethical precepts of research with human beings. The field of research was the Center for Attention in Integrative and Complementary Health Practices (NAPICS), of the Primary Care Network of the municipality of Maricá/RJ. The participants were women between 40 and 65 years old, regardless of whether or not they were using hormone therapy, selected for convenience. Data collection was performed from March to November 2019, through individual nursing consultation, with follow-up for six months in a row, being a meeting each month. The individual interview was adopted, guided by a semi- structured script, followed by the application of the Likert scale to classify nursing outcomes related to Self-Control Anxiety, used in all consultations. The vials containing the florals were prepared by the researcher and delivered to the women from the third consultation. All consultations were recorded in magnetic medium and transcribed in full for further analysis. The program used for analysis was IBM SPSS Statistics version 24. Description presented in the form of observed frequency, percentage, minimum and maximum values, measures of central tendency and variability. Friedman's nonparametric test compared anxiety self-control scores between appointments. The alpha level of significance used was 5%. Concepts of Martha Roger's Theory were adopted as support for the implemented therapy. Results and Discussion: All nursing consultations followed the precepts of reception and integrality in health care, recommended by the SUS. The results confirm the profile of women who substantially seek the basic health network: low family income, occupations compatible with low schooling and also unemployment. 79.37% of the participants did not perform physical activity. In addition to anxiety, women present sadness (100.00%); fatigue/tiredness (98.41%); joint pain (96.83%); hot flashes (95.24%), insomnia (93.65%), headache (88.89%) and numbness (88.89%). At the heart of climacteric care technologies, floral therapy has been gathering space, since it meets the principles of integrality of women, raising their self-esteem and well-being. Conclusion: The results of the research after the development of three 'pre- intervention' consultations and three 'post-intervention' consultations found that floral therapy allowed participants to respond to ED Anxiety satisfactorily when com commencing pre- and post-intervention consultations. Therefore, there was a reduction in the anxiety levels of the study participants with the use of floral therapy, deferring the intended outcome.

Violência doméstica e autocontrole com consequências aversivas atrasadas e prováveis / Domestic violence and self-control with delayed and probabilistic aversive consequences / Violencia doméstica y autocontrol con consecuencias aversivas retrasadas y probables

Visando avaliar a relação entre histórico de violência doméstica e autocontrole, 53 homens e 82 mulheres realizaram escolhas em contextos hipotéticos de violência doméstica e de perda de dinheiro, em um programa de computador. No contexto de violência, escolheram entre prisão, para os homens, imediata por um ou seis meses, e prisão após um ano ou com 50% de chance. Com dinheiro, escolheram entre perder R$100,00 imediatamente e perdas com 50% de chance ou após um ano. O tempo de prisão e a perda de dinheiro atrasados/prováveis eram aumentados para avaliar equivalência com as prisões e perdas imediatas. Mulheres e homens sem histórico indicaram menores tempos de prisão atrasados que os homens com histórico. Com dinheiro, os homens com histórico preferiram perdas atrasadas maiores que as mulheres, mas o contrário com probabilidade. Esses dados são compatíveis com maior evitação de consequências imediatas aversivas pelos homens com histórico, um indicativo de maior nível de impulsividade. AU

To assess the relationship between historic of domestic violence and self-control, 53 men and 82 women made choices in hypothetical contexts of domestic violence and money loss using a computer program. In the context of violence, they chose between immediate detention for men for one or six months and detention after one year or with a 50% chance. With money they chose between losing $100 immediately and losses with a 50% chance or after one year. Delayed/probable detention duration and loss of money were increased to assess equivalence with immediate detentions and losses. Women and men without historic violence indicated shorter delayed detention durations than men with historic violence. With money, men with historic violence preferred higher losses than the women, however, presented the opposite regarding probability. These data are compatible with greater avoidance of immediate aversive consequences by men with a history of violence, indicative of a higher level of impulsivity. AU

Con el intuito de evaluar la relación entre el historial de violencia doméstica y el autocontrol, 53 hombres y 82 mujeres tomaron decisiones en contextos hipotéticos de violencia doméstica y pérdida de dinero en un programa de ordenador. En el contexto de violencia para hombres, eligieron entre prisión inmediata por uno o seis meses y prisión pasado un año o 50% de probabilidad. Con dinero, eligieron entre perder R$100,00 de inmediato y pérdidas con una probabilidad del 50% o después de un año. El tiempo de prisión y la pérdida de dinero retrasado/probable se incrementaron para evaluar la equivalencia con las prisiones y las pérdidas inmediatas. Las mujeres y los hombres sin antecedentes indicaron tiempos de prisión más cortos que los hombres con antecedentes. Con el dinero, los hombres con antecedentes prefirieron mayores pérdidas que las mujeres, sin embargo, con la probabilidad justo lo contrario. Estos datos son compatibles con una mayor evitación de consecuencias aversivas inmediatas por parte de hombres con antecedentes de violencia, lo que indica un mayor nivel de impulsividad. AU

Mental health, loss of control eating, and cognitive functioning in adolescents undergoing bariatric surgery.

Bariatric surgery is an effective treatment for severe obesity in adolescence. Nevertheless, much remains to be understood regarding the impact of surgery on mental health, eating behaviors, and cognition. We review the findings related to mental health both before and after surgery as well as long-term changes in psychopathology, including suicide risk. Overall, adolescents with and without a history of psychopathology lose weight at similar rates. At the same time, there is an increased risk for suicide that requires further study. Regarding alcohol and substance use, this population reports lower rates of consumption than age related non-obese cohorts. Nevertheless the impact of altered anatomy and metabolism on alcohol ingestion in a population at risk for substance use is concerning. Eating behaviors, specifically loss of control eating, are discussed. Finally, we include discussion of the cognitive changes occurring perioperatively and considerations for adolescents with cognitive impairments. Clinical recommendations and suggestions for future research are discussed.

A Qualitative Exploration of Prostate Cancer Survivors Experiencing Psychological Distress: Loss of Self, Function, Connection, and Control.

PURPOSE: To explore the experiences of men with prostate cancer identified as having psychological distress and to identify factors influencing distress. PARTICIPANTS & SETTING: 28 men with prostate cancer diagnosed 18-42 months earlier, identified as having psychological distress on survey measures. METHODOLOGIC APPROACH: Semistructured telephone interviews were conducted. Thematic analysis using a framework approach was used. FINDINGS: Men with psychological distress had strong perceptions of loss toward self (identity, sexuality/masculinity, self-confidence), function (physical activities), connection (relational, social, community), and control (future, emotional). Psychological vulnerability appeared heightened in particular groups of men. Maladaptive strategies of emotional concealment, help-seeking avoidance, and withdrawal appeared to contribute to distress. IMPLICATIONS FOR NURSING: Distress in men with prostate cancer is multifaceted. Men with distress should be identified and offered support. Nurse- or peer-led interventions are required.

The Assessment of Problematic Internet Pornography Use: A Comparison of Three Scales with Mixed Methods.

The primary aim of this study was to compare different screening tools for problematic internet pornography use (IPU) and identify the most accurate measure. The reliability and validity of three scales, namely, the Problematic Pornography Consumption Scale (PPCS), Problematic Pornography Use Scale (PPUS), and Short Internet Addiction Test Adapted to Online Sexual Activities(s-IAT-sex), were examined using three homogeneous groups, respectively. A total of 972 adults (mean age = 24.8) from 28 provinces/regions in China participated in the quantitative part (QUAN). The Brief Pornography Screener served as the reference standard. The PPCS demonstrated stronger reliability and validity, including criterion validity, as well as greater sensitivity and acceptable specificity; therefore, it was considered to be the more accurate screening instrument. In the qualitative part (QUAL), we interviewed 22 volunteers and 11 therapists (who had worked with individuals with problematic IPU) to examine their perspectives on the core features of problematic IPU and dimensions of the PPCS. Almost all the interviewees endorsed the structure of the PPCS. These findings encourage the use of the PPCS in future research studies and underscore its screening applications because of its ability to classify IPU as problematic or nonproblematic.

Attachment, Parenting, and Obesogenic Behavior: A Dyadic Perspective.

Pediatric obesity is a growing health concern afflicting the United States. The treatment for pediatric obesity, as a health epidemic, costs billions of dollars to our nation, leaving providers and researchers searching for effective and sustainable ways to better manage the biological, psychological, and social health of individuals and families. While many assessments and interventions continue to emerge, researchers have predominately focused on intra-individual concerns among white non-Hispanic populations. This quantitative study was grounded in a relational theory (attachment theory), with a dyadic and primarily Hispanic sample. Evidence from our study supported that child attachment predicted child obesogenic behavior and that this relationship was mediated by child self-regulation. Children with insecure attachments had more obesogenic behaviors and lower self-regulation of eating than those with secure attachments. Family therapists should be on the frontlines of relational research and clinical interventions that interface with biopsychosocial health across diverse cultures and families.

Comparative impact of fear appeals and induced hypocrisy advertising in encouraging intent to quit smoking: Applying self-construal theory to consumers' attitudes.

This study examined the effect of induced hypocrisy as a new anti-smoking advertisement approach on smokers' attitudes toward advertisements and their attitudes and intentions toward smoking cessation. It also comparatively analysed the effects of this tactic against those of the fear appeals that have traditionally been used in anti-smoking campaigns. The findings showed highly positive effects from induced hypocrisy on smoker attitudes and intentions toward cessation. Comparison of fear appeals and induced hypocrisy advertising on cessation showed stronger effects from the former on cessation intentions, although not to a statistically significant degree. When smokers were categorised according to self-construal, stronger cessation attitudes and intentions were found among those belonging to the 'interdependent self' group than among those in the 'independent self' group. Theoretical and practical implications for anti-smoking advertising are also discussed.

Effects of a naturally occurring stressor on health behaviors and their psychosocial correlates.

Demands of a university semester and approaching final academic examinations could induce increased anxiety and fatigue, which might prompt deteriorations in health behaviors. Female undergraduate nursing and health promotion students (Mage = 23.8 years) with overweight/obesity (n = 30) and without overweight/obesity (n = 62) completed validated measures just prior to final exams, and after recalling behaviors and perceptions at semester start. There were significant increases in tension, fatigue, anxiety-related emotional eating, and sweets; and significant decreases in eating- and exercise-related self-regulation, fruit/vegetable intake, and physical activity. Overweight/obese participants had significantly more reductions in self-regulation, and increases in sweets. Self-regulation significantly mediated relationships between changes in tension and the consumption of both fruits/vegetables and sweets, and change in anxiety-related emotional eating was not a significant moderator of the mood-behavior change relationships. Change in self-regulation significantly mediated the relationship between increase in fatigue and reduction in physical activity. Changes in fruit/vegetable intake, sweets consumption, and physical activity significantly predicted weight change during the semester when participants' initial BMI was entered into the regression equation. Results suggested that the mood-related changes in fruit/vegetable intake, sweets consumption, and physical activity were largely through changes in participants' self-regulatory processes. Possible interventions were suggested.

An online randomised controlled trial of mental contrasting with implementation intentions as a smoking behaviour change intervention.

Objective: We assessed the effectiveness of mental contrasting with implementation intentions (MCII), an established self-regulatory strategy, as a brief online smoking behaviour change intervention. We expected that MCII would enhance smoking reduction among the highly cigarette dependent because MCII is most effective for challenging pursuits. Design: Participants interested in reducing or quitting smoking were recruited online via Amazon Mechanical Turk. At Time 1, we assessed cigarette dependence using the Cigarette Dependence Scale (CDS-5), then administered one of two brief self-help interventions: MCII (n = 172) or a government-promoted control strategy (n = 174). Participants were invited to complete an online follow-up survey 4 weeks later (Time 2). Main Outcome Measure: At Time 1 and Time 2, we measured recent cigarette smoking with a retrospective, self-report questionnaire. We used these reports to compute smoking reduction scores, with an intent-to-treat approach. Results: MCII increased smoking reduction compared to the control strategy at high, but not low, levels of cigarette dependence. Conclusion: We found preliminary evidence consistent with MCII, delivered as a brief online intervention, as an effective smoking reduction strategy for highly dependent cigarette smokers. Further research is needed on MCII as a smoking behaviour change intervention.

ERP correlates of cognitive control and food-related processing in normal weight and severely obese candidates for bariatric surgery: Data gathered using a newly designed Simon task.

Although there have been suggestions that altered cognitive control and food reward sensitivity contribute to overeating in obese individuals, neurophysiological correlates of these mechanisms have been poorly investigated. The current study investigated event-related potentials (ERP) in 24 severely obese and 26 normal weight individuals in fasting condition, using a novel Simon task with food and object distractors. The study showed that conflict in the Simon task for the food distractor increased with hunger in both groups but was larger with respect to a neutral condition only in the obese individuals. ERP showed higher N1amplitudes in both groups for food distractor, reflecting early food processing. The P2 latency was delayed and the effect of distractors on N2 amplitude was smaller in the obese subjects, reflecting altered neural mechanisms associated with selective attention and cognitive control, all contributing hypothetically to delay response selection of these individuals faced with food distractor.

Escala Breve de Autocontrole (BSCS): adaptação e validação no contexto brasileiro / Item Brief Self-Control Scale (BSCS): psychometric properties of the Brazilian version / Escala Breve de Autocontrol (BSCS): adaptación y validación en el contexto brasileño

A Escala Breve de Autocontrole (BSCS) foi desenvolvida para avaliar diferentes níveis de autocontrole, uma capacidade individual de ativamente alterar os próprios desejos, comportamentos, emoções e pensamentos. Apesar da estabilidade do modelo unidimensional no estudo original, sua replicabilidade estrutural não foi corroborada pela literatura posterior. O presente estudo teve por objetivo oferecer informações sobre validade de construto em amostra brasileira, incluindo avaliação de modelos bidimensionais alternativos. A amostra foi composta por 405 indivíduos (61,2% mulheres) com idades entre 18 e 46 anos (M = 22,32 DP = 4,782). Foram realizadas análises fatoriais exploratórias (AFE) e confirmatórias (AFC), e a adequação do modelo foi avaliada por meio de índices de ajuste. Apenas um modelo emergiu satisfatoriamente. Os resultados são discutidos com base na literatura vigente e na relação da escala com outros instrumentos que fazem uso de diversas medidas do construto de autocontrole (Adiamento de Gratificação e Impulsividade). (AU)

The Brief Self-Control Scale (BSCS) was developed to measure the individual self-control spectrum, as a cognitive skill to actively alter one's own desires, behavior, emotions and thoughts. In the original validation, the BSCS displayed adequate psychometric properties for its unidimensional structure. However, this structure was difficult to replicate in subsequent studies. This study aimed to adapt and to assess evidence of validity of the measure for a Brazilian sample. The sample was composed of 405 individuals (61.2% women) with ages ranging from 18 to 46 years (M = 22.32 SD = 4.782). Exploratory (EFA) and confirmatory (CFA) factor analysis were conducted, and the adequacy of the model was assessed by means of model fit indexes. Only one model was found to be appropriate. The results are discussed based on recent scientific data and the relations between the scale and other instruments that evaluate diverse self-control measures (Delaying Gratification and Impulsivity). (AU)

La Escala Breve de Autocontrol (BSCS) fue desarrollada para evaluar diferentes niveles de autocontrol, una capacidad individual alterar activamente la propia voluntad, comportamientos, emociones y pensamientos. En su estudio de validación, el instrumento presentó buenas propiedades psicométricas en su modelo unidimensional. No obstante, tal estructura no fue encontrada en investigaciones posteriores. El presente estudio tuvo como objetivo proporcionar información sobre la validez de constructo en una muestra brasileña, incluyendo la evaluación de modelos bidimensionales alternativos. Participaron de la muestra 405 individuos (61,2% mujeres) con edades entre 18 y 46 años (M = 22,32 DS = 4,782). Se realizaron análisis factoriales exploratorios (AFE) y confirmatorios (AFC). Se evaluó la adecuación del modelo por medio de índices de ajuste. Solo un modelo obtuvo resultados satisfactorios. Los resultados se discuten con base en la literatura vigente y en la relación de la escala con otros instrumentos que hacen uso de diversas medidas del constructo de autocontrol (Aplazamiento de la Gratificación e Impulsividad). (AU)