Multigenerational association between smoking and autism spectrum disorder: findings from a nationwide prospective cohort study.

Animal studies have shown that exposure to cigarette smoke during pregnancy can induce neurobehavioral anomalies in multiple subsequent generations. However, little work has examined such effects in humans. We examined the risk of grandchild autism spectrum disorder (ASD) in association with grandmother's smoking during pregnancy, using data from 53 562 mothers and grandmothers and 120 267 grandchildren in Nurses' Health Study II. In 1999, Nurses' Health Study II participants with children reported on their mothers' smoking. Grandchildren's ASD diagnoses were reported by the mothers in 2005 and 2009. Among grandmothers, 13 383 (25.0%) smoked during pregnancy, and 509 (0.4%) grandchildren were diagnosed with ASD. The adjusted odds ratio for ASD for grandmother smoking during pregnancy was 1.52 (95% CI, 1.06-2.20). Results were similar with direct grandmother reporting in 2001 of her smoking during pregnancy from the Nurses' Mothers Cohort Study subgroup (n = 22 167 grandmothers, n = 49 917 grandchildren) and were stronger among grandmothers who smoked ≥15 cigarettes per day during pregnancy (adjusted odds ratio = 1.93 [95% CI, 1.10-3.40]; n = 1895 grandmothers, n = 4212 grandchildren). Results were similar when we adjusted for mother's smoking during pregnancy. There was no association with grandfather's smoking as reported by the grandmother. Our results suggest a potential persistent impact of gestational exposure to environmental insults across 3 generations.

Exploring grandparents' psychosocial responses to childhood cancer: A qualitative study.

OBJECTIVE: A childhood cancer diagnosis is a traumatic experience for patients and their families. However, little is known about the effect on grandparents. We aimed to investigate the negative psychosocial impact, coping strategies, and positive outcomes of grandparents of childhood cancer patients in Switzerland. METHODS: We collected data using a semi-structured interview guide and applied qualitative content analysis. RESULTS: We conducted 20 interviews with 23 grandparents (57% female; mean age = 66.9 years; SD = 6.4; range = 57.0-82.4) of 13 affected children (69% female; mean age = 7.5 years; SD = 6.1; range = 1.0-18.9) between January 2022 and April 2023. The mean time since diagnosis was 1.0 years (SD = 0.5; range = 0.4-1.9). Grandparents were in shock and experienced strong feelings of fear and helplessness. They were particularly afraid of a relapse or late effects. The worst part for most was seeing their grandchild suffer. Many stated that their fear was always present which could lead to tension and sleep problems. To cope with these negative experiences, the grandparents used internal and external strategies, such as accepting the illness or talking to their spouse and friends. Some grandparents also reported positive outcomes, such as getting emotionally closer to family members and appreciating things that had previously been taken for granted. CONCLUSIONS: Grandparents suffer greatly when their grandchild is diagnosed with cancer. Encouragingly, most grandparents also reported coping strategies and positive outcomes despite the challenges. Promoting coping strategies and providing appropriate resources could reduce the psychological burden of grandparents and strengthen the whole family system.

Promoting Self-Care in Palliative Care: Through the Wisdom of My Grandmother.

In the post COVID-19 pandemic period, targeted efforts are needed more than ever to improve frontline nurses' well-being. In the field of palliative care, there is recognition of the importance of self-care, but the concept itself remains nebulous, and proactive implementation of self-care is lacking. Reflective writing has been noted to have positive impacts on health care providers' well-being. This piece brings to light the author's interest and work in reflective writing, sharing a personal account that provides a source of happiness and an opportunity to better understand her palliative care practice. Beyond the individual level, organizations are also encouraged to invest in their nurses' overall well-being.

Grandparents' Experiences of Childhood Cancer: A Qualitative Study.

A child's cancer diagnosis has a significant impact on the lives of grandparents. Grandparents experience the stress of worrying about both their adult children and their grandchildren. Our study aimed to explore the lived experience of grandparents of children diagnosed with cancer. A qualitative design involving semi-structured interviews was used and data were analyzed using reflexive thematic analysis. Twenty grandparents aged 41 to 77 years were interviewed. Six themes were identified: (a) Diagnosis: changing everything; (b) Aspects of treatment: A different world; (c) Sandwich generation; (d) Family: Worrying about everyone; (e) Balancing work; and (f) It's like suddenly a door opens. Our study demonstrates the life-changing impact of having a grandchild diagnosed with cancer. It expands on existing knowledge and shows that, due to an aging population and demographic changes, some grandparents must juggle the demands of caring for aging family members and working while supporting adult children and grandchildren.

An Integrative Review of Grandparents' Experiences in Childhood Cancer.

Background: While it is generally accepted that childhood cancer has a profound impact on the family unit, there has been little focus on the experiences of grandparents who are affected by the diagnosis. Grandparents play an integral role throughout the child's illness trajectory as they are called upon to provide support physically, spiritually, emotionally, and at times financially. This integrative review examines the current research specific to grandparents' experiences of childhood cancer. Method: CINAHL, PubMed, and Web of Science were searched using the key terms "grandparent*" AND "experience*" AND "child*" AND "cancer." Inclusion criteria used for this review were as follows: electronic full text, peer-reviewed, and published in English between 2012 and 2022. Results: Grandparents of children with cancer experience an emotional whirlwind, a double-whammy effect, the giving and receiving of support, a balancing act, and attempt to find meaning throughout the diagnosis. They feel unacknowledged and unsupported by the health care team. Discussion: It is difficult to deny the emotional and familial impact the child's cancer diagnosis has not only on the child and immediate family but also on grandparents. While the reports of grandparents are consistent across studies, there have been lackluster attempts to mitigate the suffering experienced by this group. Pediatric oncology nurses, with their family-centered care approach, are in a unique position to uncover and meet the specific needs of grandparents of children diagnosed with cancer.

El cuidado de niños y adolescentes negros con problemas de salud mental en la interseccionalidad entre género y raza / The care provided to black-skinned children and adolescents with mental health problems in the intersection between gender and race / O cuidado de crianças e adolescentes negros com problemas de saúde mental na interseccionalidade entre gênero e raça

Objetivo: caracterizar el perfil sociofamiliar de niños y adolescentes negros con problemas de salud mental y describir desde un enfoque interseccional quién es responsable de su cuidado. Método: estudio exploratorio descriptivo de enfoque cualitativo, llevado a cabo en un Centro de Atención Psicosocial Infantil y Juvenil de la región norte del municipio de São Paulo. La recolección de datos se realizó con 47 familiares de niños y adolescentes negros, con el soporte de un guion con variables predefinidas, sometidas a análisis estadístico. Resultados: se realizaron 49 entrevistas, 95,5% con mujeres, con edad promedio de 39 años, 88,6% madres, 85,7% negras. La renta familiar procede del salario para el 100% de los cuidadores hombres y el 59% de las mujeres. Entre las cuidadoras negras, 25% tienen casa propia y, entre las pardas, 46,2%. Del total de cuidadores, el 10% vive en casas ocupadas, el 20% vive en viviendas cedidas, el 35% tiene casa propia y el 35% alquila. La red de contención social es mayor entre los blancos (16,7%), seguidos por los pardos (3,8%) y está ausente entre los negros (0%). Conclusión: las responsables por el cuidado de niños y e adolescentes negros atendidos en el CAPSij, son, casi en su totalidad mujeres, "madres o abuelas" negras (o mulatas), con acceso desigual a educación, trabajo y vivienda, derechos sociales constitucionales en Brasil.

Objective: to characterize the sociofamily profile of black-skinned children and adolescents with mental health problems and to intersectionally describe who assumes responsibility for their care. Method: a descriptive and exploratory study with a quantitative approach, developed in the Psychosocial Care Center for Children and Adolescents from the North region of the municipality of São Paulo. The data were collected from 47 family members of black-skinned children and adolescents, using a script with predefined variables submitted to statistical analysis. Results: a total of 49 interviews were conducted: 95.5% women with a mean age of 39 years old, 88.6% mothers and 85.7% black-skinned. Family income comes from wages for all the male caregivers and for 59% of the women. Among the black-skinned female caregivers, 25% live in their own house, whereas this percentage is 46.2% among the brown-skinned ones. Of all the caregivers, 10% have a job, 20% live in transferred properties, 35% in houses of their own and 35% in rented places. The social support network is larger among white-skinned people (16.7%), followed by brown-skinned (3.8%), and absent among black-skinned individuals (0%). Conclusion: those responsible for the care of black-skinned children and adolescents monitored by the CAPS-IJ are almost entirely women, black-skinned (black or brown) "mothers or grandmothers", with unequal access to education, work and housing, constitutional social rights in Brazil.

Objetivo: caracterizar o perfil sociofamiliar de crianças e adolescentes negros com problemas de saúde mental e descrever interseccionalmente quem se responsabiliza por seus cuidados. Método: estudo descritivo exploratório de abordagem quantitativa, desenvolvido em um Centro de Atenção Psicossocial Infantojuvenil da região norte do município de São Paulo. Os dados foram coletados com 47 familiares de crianças e adolescentes negros, utilizando um roteiro com variáveis pré-definidas, submetidas à análise estatística. Resultados: foram realizadas 49 entrevistas, sendo 95,5% com mulheres, média de idade de 39 anos, 88,6% mães, 85,7% negras. A renda familiar é proveniente de salário, para 100% dos cuidadores homens e para 59% das mulheres. Dentre as cuidadoras pretas, 25% possuem casa própria, sendo que, dentre as pardas, 46,2%. Do total de cuidadores, 10% vivem em condições de ocupação, 20% habitam moradias cedidas, 35% casas próprias e 35% alugadas. A rede social de suporte é maior entre os brancos (16,7%), seguido pelos pardos (3,8%) e ausente entre os pretos (0%). Conclusão: as responsáveis pelo cuidado de crianças e adolescentes negros acompanhados pelo CAPSij, são na quase totalidade mulheres, "mães ou avós" negras (pretas ou pardas), com acesso desigual à educação, trabalho e moradia, direitos sociais constitucionais no Brasil.

Acute and long-term psychosocial consequences in grandparents when a grandchild is diagnosed with cancer - the GROKids Project: a population-based mixed-methods study protocol.

BACKGROUND: Grandparents play a crucial role in providing their families with love, support, and wisdom, often also supporting them in practical and financial ways. The psychosocial effects experienced by grandparents when a grandchild is diagnosed with an illness can be significant, including increased stress, anxiety, grief, and disruptions in their own lives. Yet, the experience of grandparents is often overlooked in the literature. METHODS/DESIGN: The GROKids Project aims to investigate how grandparents are affected by a grandchild's cancer diagnosis. It employs a mixed-methods approach and consists of three studies: a longitudinal cohort study (Study 1) and a qualitative study (Study 2) involving grandparents of children with a recent cancer diagnosis, and a cross-sectional study (Study 3) of grandparents of childhood cancer survivors. Study 1 covers four time points over two years after the cancer diagnosis, while Study 2 explores the lived experiences of a subsample of these grandparents. Study 3 collects data from grandparents of childhood cancer survivors diagnosed 3 to 10 years ago. Participants are recruited across eight pediatric oncology centers in Switzerland, and through patient advocacy and support groups. Eligibility criteria include having a grandchild diagnosed with cancer and being fluent in German, French, or Italian. Study procedures involve requesting grandparents' contacts from eligible families, and later contacting grandparents, providing study information, obtaining informed consent, and sending out questionnaires by post or online. Reminder calls and mails are used to improve response rates. Data analysis includes multilevel regression (Study 1), thematic analysis (Study 2), and regression analyses (Study 3). Various validated questionnaires are used to assess physical health and overall well-being, psychological health, internal, and external factors. DISCUSSION: This project addresses the gaps in understanding the psychosocial effects on grandparents having a grandchild diagnosed with cancer. It utilizes a comprehensive approach, including multiple methodologies and considering the broader family context. The project's strengths lie in its mixed-methods design, longitudinal approach, and inclusion of the perspectives of the sick children, siblings, and parents, besides grandparents. By gaining a more profound understanding of grandparents' experiences, researchers and healthcare professionals can develop targeted interventions and support services to address grandparents' unique needs.

Implicações da prática profissional no acolhimento institucional de crianças: perspectiva de cuidadoras / Implications of professional practice in children's institutional sheltering: caregivers' perspective / Implicaciones de la práctica profesional en el alojamiento institucional de niños: perspectiva de cuidadoras

Este estudo qualitativo teve como objetivo compreender, a partir da teoria de bioecológica de desenvolvimento, as implicações da prática profissional no processo de acolhimento de crianças em uma casa-abrigo, na perspectiva de cuidadoras. As participantes foram 10 profissionais de uma casa-abrigo localizada na região sul do Brasil. Utilizou-se a entrevista semiestruturada e a organização e análise dos dados sustentou-se na Grounded Theory, com auxílio do software Atlas.ti 8.4.14. Os resultados evidenciaram uma centralização das ações de acolhimento e atenção em torno dos cuidados físicos das crianças. As ações para promover suporte e cuidados emocionais dentro da casa-abrigo eram delegadas às profissionais da equipe técnica da instituição. Observou-se que as dificuldades encontradas pelas cuidadoras diziam respeito à falta de segurança e preparação para responder e acolher as demandas emocionais das crianças, as quais estão presentes em diversos momentos do processo de acolhimento. Percebeu-se que as práticas institucionais afetaram decisivamente tanto as ações de acolhimento das participantes e o suporte emocional oferecido às crianças na passagem pela casa-abrigo quanto as cuidadoras, no sentido de vivenciarem no trabalho sentimentos de insegurança. Os resultados tensionam ecologicamente a interação nos processos proximais presentes no desenvolvimento humano. Advoga-se pela reflexão sobre as implicações das práticas institucionais de uma casa-abrigo e o desenvolvimento infantil, visando o cuidado integral dos acolhidos.(AU)

Based on the developmental bioecological theory, this study analyzes the implications of professional practice in children's user embracement at a shelter from the caregivers' perspective. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with 10 professionals from a shelter located in southern Brazil. Data organization and analysis was performed based on Grounded Theory using the Atlas.ti 8.4.14 software. Results showed that embracement and attention focus on the physical care of children. Support and emotional care activities were delegated to the institution's technical team. Caregivers faced difficulties regarding the lack of security and preparation to respond to and accept the children's emotional demands, which arise at different moments in the embracement process. The institutional practices decisively affected both user embracement actions and the emotional support offered to the children, as well as the caregivers, in the sense of experiencing feelings of insecurity. These findings ecologically tension the interaction in the proximal processes present in human development. Further reflections on the implications of institutional shelter-based practices for child development are needed to provide comprehensive care.(AU)

Este estudio cualitativo tuvo como objetivo comprender, desde la perspectiva de la teoría bioecológica del desarrollo, las implicaciones de la práctica profesional en el proceso de acogida de niños en una institución infantil desde la perspectiva de las cuidadoras. Las participantes fueron 10 profesionales de una institución de acogida infantil ubicada en la región Sur de Brasil. Se utilizó la entrevista semiestructurada, y para la organización y análisis de datos se aplicó Grounded Theory, con el uso del software Atlas.ti 8.4.14. Los resultados mostraron que las acciones de recepción y atención se centran en el cuidado físico de los niños. Las acciones de promoción de apoyo y cuidado emocional dentro del alojamiento se asignaron a los profesionales del equipo técnico de la institución. Se observó que las dificultades encontradas por las cuidadoras estaban relacionadas con la falta de seguridad y preparación para responder y aceptar las demandas emocionales de los niños, las cuales se encuentran presentes en diferentes momentos del proceso de acogida. Se notó que las prácticas institucionales afectaron decisivamente tanto las acciones de acogida de las participantes como el apoyo emocional que la institución brinda a los niños durante su paso, así como a las cuidadoras en el sentido de experimentar sentimientos de inseguridad en el trabajo. Estos resultados tensan ecológicamente la interacción en los procesos proximales presentes en el desarrollo humano. Se aboga por reflexionar sobre las implicaciones de las prácticas institucionales en los alojamientos institucionales y el desarrollo infantil, apuntando a la atención integral de los acogidos.(AU)

Apropriação dos espaços urbanos na infância e na velhice em Brasília (DF) / Occupation of urban spaces in childhood and old age in Brasilia, Brazil / Apropiación de espacios urbanos en la infancia y en la vejez en Brasília, Brasil

Os estudos sobre as relações mútuas entre as pessoas e o ambiente buscam subsidiar melhorias no contexto urbano a partir de métodos e técnicas pautados na compreensão do uso de espaços públicos e privados. A crescente demanda pela promoção de ambientes amigáveis para idosos e crianças nos cenários urbanos direcionou esta pesquisa e elencou dois componentes: o panorama relativo à população local e o arcabouço teórico da psicologia ambiental. Para tanto, buscou-se identificar as principais atividades realizadas por crianças e idosos em seus respectivos locais de moradia. Foram avaliados os principais usos e atividades desses dois grupos, em duas vizinhanças, diferenciando-os de acordo com suas especificidades em termos de demandas individuais e ambientais. As observações sistemáticas a partir da técnica de mapeamento comportamental centrado no lugar (MCCL) ocorreram na cidade de Brasília, Distrito Federal (DF) e permitiram compreender o processo de apropriação dos espaços na infância e na velhice e suas repercussões em termos da congruência pessoa-ambiente. Cada um destes setores organizados a partir de elementos específicos direciona as ações dos participantes para determinados tipos de comportamentos, observados de maneira a compor um roteiro em que a brincadeira (lazer ativo) surge como central na infância e a caminhada (circulação) como mais potente para a população idosa. Os resultados demonstram que o diálogo entre a psicologia ambiental e a ciência do desenvolvimento humano tem sido bastante profícuo e tem contribuído para a compreensão de aspectos da relação pessoa-ambiente em diferentes momentos do ciclo de vida.(AU)

Studies on the mutual relations between people and the environment seek to support improvements in the urban context from methods and techniques based on understanding the use of public and private spaces. The growing demand for the promotion of friendly urban environments for older people and children guided this research, with two notable components: the panorama related to the local population and the theoretical framework of Environmental Psychology. Therefore, we sought to identify the main activities carried out by children and older people in their respective dwellings. The main uses and activities of these two groups were evaluated in two neighborhoods, differentiating them according to their specificities in terms of individual and environmental demands. Systematic observations using the place-centered behavioral mapping technique took place in the city of Brasília, Federal District, and allowed us to understand the process of appropriation of spaces in childhood and old age and its repercussions in terms of person-environment congruence. Each of these sectors, organized from specific elements, directs the participants' actions towards certain types of behavior, observed in order to compose a script in which playing (active leisure) emerges as central in childhood and walking (circulation) as more potent for the older people. The results demonstrated that the dialogue between environmental psychology and the science of human development has been very fruitful and has contributed to the understanding of aspects of the person-environment relationship at different times in the life cycle.(AU)

Los estudios sobre las relaciones mutuas entre las personas y el medio ambiente buscan aportar mejoras en el contexto urbano mediante métodos y técnicas basados en la comprensión del uso de los espacios públicos y privados. La creciente demanda de la promoción de ambientes amigables para las personas mayores y los niños en entornos urbanos guio esta investigación y enumeró dos componentes: el panorama relacionado con la población local y el marco teórico de la Psicología Ambiental. En este contexto, buscamos identificar las principales actividades que realizan los niños y las personas mayores en sus respectivas viviendas. Se evaluaron los principales usos y actividades de estos dos grupos en dos barrios, diferenciándolos según sus especificidades en cuanto a las demandas individuales y ambientales. Las observaciones sistemáticas utilizando la técnica de mapeo conductual centrado en el lugar (MCCL) ocurrieron en la ciudad de Brasília, Distrito Federal (Brasil) y nos permitieron comprender el proceso de apropiación de espacios en la infancia y la vejez y sus repercusiones en la congruencia persona-ambiente. Cada uno de estos sectores, organizados a partir de elementos específicos, orienta las acciones de los participantes hacia determinados comportamientos, observados para componer un guion en el que el juego (ocio activo) emerge como central en la infancia y el caminar (circulación) como el más potente para las personas mayores. Los resultados demuestran que el diálogo entre la Psicología Ambiental y la ciencia del desarrollo humano ha sido muy fructífero y ha contribuido a la comprensión de aspectos de la relación persona-entorno en diferentes momentos del ciclo de vida.(AU)

Food abundance in men before puberty predicts a range of cancers in grandsons.

Nutritional conditions early in human life may influence phenotypic characteristics in later generations. A male-line transgenerational pathway, triggered by the early environment, has been postulated with support from animal and a small number of human studies. Here we analyse individuals born in Uppsala Sweden 1915-29 with linked data from their children and parents, which enables us to explore the hypothesis that pre-pubertal food abundance may trigger a transgenerational effect on cancer events. We used cancer registry and cause-of-death data to analyse 3422 cancer events in grandchildren (G2) by grandparental (G0) food access. We show that variation in harvests and food access in G0 predicts cancer occurrence in G2 in a specific way: abundance among paternal grandfathers, but not any other grandparent, predicts cancer occurrence in grandsons but not in granddaughters. This male-line response is observed for several groups of cancers, suggesting a general susceptibility, possibly acquired in early embryonic development. We observed no transgenerational influence in the middle generation.

Pais e filhos: uma rua de mão dupla / Parents and children: a two-way street / Padres e hijos: una calle de dos sentidos

Neste artigo são discutidos alguns aspectos da relação pais-filhos, focados na importância do filho no desenvolvimento dos pais. A relação filho-adulto e pais é abordada tanto em seu sentido criativo como complicado, gerador de patologia. A relação filhos-pais é associada a outra mão da mesma rua onde a psicologia bastante tem discutido a relação pais-filhos. Daí o título: "Pais e filhos: uma rua de mão dupla". A compreensão simbólica do ditado popular "filho criado, trabalho dobrado" é buscada. Esse "maior trabalho" dado pelo "filho criado" é associado ao trabalhoso processo de recolhimento necessário que os pais precisam fazer da depositação-projeção dos papéis parentais arquetípicos de filho, Fm e Fp, sobre os filhos. Também são discutidos a função da idealização cruzada e o consequente jogo de poder cruzado entre filhos e pais. Algumas complicações desse processo de retirada das depositações-projeções pelos pais sobre os filhos são enfocadas pela sua importância clínica, a saber: os riscos dos avós, o risco da inversão de papéis entre pais e filhos e a adolescência tardia. É chamada a atenção para a importância do tema, uma vez que, com o aumento da vida média, a população com mais idade cresceu e sua problemática precisa ser mais bem compreendida.

The author discusses some aspects of parents-children relationship, the so called "double way street". She emphasizes the importance of this theme because psychology has discussed enough parents-children relationship but children-parents relationship has been put aside. Archetypal parental-roles and crossed projections between children and parents are discussed as being an important aspect of the complexity of this issue, due to their clinical importance. Some process disorders are focused like: grand-parents' risks, archetypal parental roles inversion between parents and children and tardy adolescence. The symbolic understanding of the popular saying "Raised children, hell breaks lose" is sought in this article. The troubles with the "raised child" is linked to the painful process parents have to go through with projection archetypal parental roles of the child, Cm Cf over the children.

En este artículo se discuten algunos aspectos de la relación padre-hijo, enfocándose en la importancia del niño en el desarrollo de los padres. Se aborda la relación hijo-adulto y padres tanto en su sentido creativo como en su sentido complicado, generador de patologías. La relación padre-hijo está asociada con otra mano en la misma calle donde la psicología ha discutido durante mucho tiempo la relación padre-hijo. De ahí el título: "Padres e hijos: una calle de dos sentidos". Se busca la comprensión simbólica del dicho popular "hijo criado, trabajo duplicado". Este "trabajo mayor" dado por el "hijo criado" está asociado al laborioso proceso de recolección necesaria que los padres deben hacer a partir del depositación-proyección de los roles parentales arquetípicos del hijo, Hm e Hp (hijo de la madre e hijo del padre), en sus hijos. También se discute el papel de la idealización cruzada y el juego de poder cruzado resultante entre hijos y padres. Se destacan, por su importancia clínica, algunas complicaciones de este proceso de eliminación de depositaciones-proyecciones de los padres sobre sus hijos, a saber: los riesgos de los abuelos, el riesgo de inversión de roles entre padres e hijos y la adolescencia tardía. Se llama la atención sobre la importancia del tema, ya que, con el aumento del promedio de vida, la población de mayor edad ha crecido y es necesario comprender mejor sus problemas.

Smoking During Pregnancy and Risk of Attention-deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder in the Third Generation.

BACKGROUND: Animal experiments indicate that environmental factors, such as cigarette smoke, can have multigenerational effects through the germline. However, there are little data on multigenerational effects of smoking in humans. We examined the associations between grandmothers' smoking while pregnant and risk of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in her grandchildren. METHODS: Our study population included 53,653 Nurses' Health Study II (NHS-II) participants (generation 1 [G1]), their mothers (generation 0 [G0]), and their 120,467 live-born children (generation 2 [G2]). In secondary analyses, we used data from 23,844 mothers of the nurses who were participants in the Nurses' Mothers' Cohort Study (NMCS), a substudy of NHS-II. RESULTS: The prevalence of G0 smoking during the pregnancy with the G1 nurse was 25%. ADHD was diagnosed in 9,049 (7.5%) of the grandchildren (G2). Grand-maternal smoking during pregnancy was associated with increased odds of ADHD among the grandchildren (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] = 1.2; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.1, 1.2), independent of G1 smoking during pregnancy. In the Nurses' Mothers' Cohort Study, odds of ADHD increased with increasing cigarettes smoked per day by the grandmother (1-14 cigarettes: aOR = 1.1; 95% CI = 1.0, 1.2; 15+: aOR = 1.2; 95% CI = 1.0, 1.3), compared with nonsmoking grandmothers. CONCLUSIONS: Grandmother smoking during pregnancy is associated with an increased risk of ADHD among the grandchildren.

Human transgenerational observations of regular smoking before puberty on fat mass in grandchildren and great-grandchildren.

Previously, using data from the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children (ALSPAC) we showed that sons of fathers who had started smoking regularly before puberty (< 13 years) had increased fat mass during childhood, adolescence, and early adulthood. We now show that if the paternal grandfather had started smoking pre-puberty, compared with later in childhood (13-16 years), his granddaughters, but not grandsons, had evidence of excess fat mass at two ages: mean difference + 3.54 kg; (P with 1-tailed test) = 0.043 at 17 years, and + 5.49 kg; (P1 = 0.016) at age 24. When fathers of maternal grandfathers had started smoking pre-puberty, their great-granddaughters, but not great-grandsons, had excess body fat: + 5.35 kg (P1 = 0.050) at 17, and + 6.10 kg (P1 = 0.053) at 24 years. Similar associations were not found with lean mass, in a sensitivity analysis. To determine whether these results were due to the later generations starting to smoke pre-puberty, further analyses omitted those in subsequent generations who had smoked regularly from < 13 years. The results were similar. If these associations are confirmed in another dataset or using biomarkers, this will be one of the first human demonstrations of transgenerational effects of an environmental exposure across four generations.

How active can preschoolers be at home? Parents' and grandparents' perceptions of children's day-to-day activity, with implications for physical activity policy.

BACKGROUND: The importance of physical activity in early childhood for establishing long-term health is well understood, yet with the exception of recent WHO guidelines, public health initiatives rarely focus on children below school age. Moreover, little is known about how domestic spaces and day-to-day caring activities influence preschool-age children's physical activity. To examine this, we explore caregivers' perceptions of young children's activities within and outside the home, and we consider how lived experiences of caregiving align (or not) with current physical activity policy. METHODS: Semi-structured interviews with 49 parents and grandparents from 16 families were conducted in Oregon, USA; each family had a child aged 3-5 years. Questions focused on caregivers' perceptions of and involvement with children's body weights, activities, and food practices. The interviews were analysed using thematic analysis. Our analysis drew on a materialities framework, attending to relationships between children, caregivers, spaces in and around the home, and everyday activities. RESULTS: Four themes were developed: appropriateness of outside versus inside spaces for physical activity; making accommodations for physical activity in the home; active spaces of care, referring to relationships among space, activity type, and caregiver attention; and mundane movement, or the low-intensity movement of everyday life. Together, the results highlight that children's day-to-day activities cut across a spectrum of movement, mediated by available spaces and caregiving affordances. CONCLUSIONS: Attending to the full spectrum of children's movements highlights how children's activities interlink with family routines, available indoor and outdoor spaces, and the intended uses of these spaces. These interplays between space, care, and physical activity enacted at the household level should inform an integrated, systems-level public health approach to increasing health and well-being for preschool-age children. Suggestions for improvement include coordinating policy development across multiple fields (e.g., housing design, urban planning) that structure the activities of children and their caregivers across 'home' and 'outside' spaces.

Quando édipo encontra Lábdaco: Sobre o complexo de édipo entre um avô e uma neta à luz da psicanálise vincular / When oedipus meets Lábdaco: About the oedipus complex between a grandfather and a granddaughter in the light of Links Psychoanalysis / Cuando edipo encuentra Lábdaco: Sobre el complejo de edipo entre un abuelo y una nieta a la luz de Psicoanálisis Vincular

O complexo de Édipo é até hoje um dos conceitos mais centrais no campo da psicanálise e se refere a uma dada situação familiar prototípica que supostamente atravessa todo sujeito no decorrer de seu desenvolvimento emocional. Tendo o conceito passado por diversas revisões, complementações e críticas ao longo do tempo, e, embora tenha perdido seu caráter universal, não ocorrendo necessariamente entre pai, mãe e criança, como acreditava Freud, ainda assim tem sua importância. Entretanto, são poucos os trabalhos que abordam outras dinâmicas relacionais na família, para além do relacionamento pais e filhos. Este artigo se propõe a contribuir para o estudo específico do vínculo entre avós e netos, por meio de um relato de caso bastante particular acerca de um complexo edípico envolvendo esse tipo de dupla. O aporte teórico da psicanálise vincular foi eleito por ser um referencial que enfatiza o âmbito intersubjetivo e o todo familiar, podendo, assim, melhor abarcar uma reflexão aprofundada sobre essa temática.

The Oedipus complex is to this day one of the most central concepts in the field of psychoanalysis and refers to a given prototypical family situation that supposedly crosses every subject in the course of his emotional development. Since the concept has undergone several revisions, complements and criticisms over time, and although it has lost its universal character, not necessarily occurring between father, mother and child, as Freud believed, it still has its importance. However, few studies deal with other relational dynamics in the family, in addition to the relationship between parents and children. This article proposes to contribute to the specific study of the bond between grandparents and grandchildren, through a very particular case report about an oedipal complex involving this type of pair. The theoretical contribution of the links psychoanalysis was chosen because it is a reference that emphasizes the intersubjective scope and the family, and, therefore, better to include a deep reflection on this theme.

El complejo de Edipo es hasta hoy uno de los conceptos más centrales en el campo del psicoanálisis y se refiere a una determinada situación familiar prototípica que supuestamente atraviesa a todo sujeto en el transcurso de su desarrollo emocional. Con el concepto pasado por diversas revisiones, complementaciones y críticas a lo largo del tiempo, y, aunque ha perdido su carácter universal, no ocurriendo necesariamente entre padre, madre y niño, como creía Freud, todavía tiene su importancia. Sin embargo, son pocos los trabajos que abordan otras dinámicas relacionales en la familia, además de la relación padres e hijos. Este artículo se propone contribuir al estudio específico del vínculo entre abuelos y nietos, por medio de un relato de caso bastante particular acerca de un complejo edípico envolviendo ese tipo de doble. El aporte teórico del psicoanálisis vincular fue elegido por ser un referencial que enfatiza el ámbito intersubjetivo y el todo familiar, pudiendo así mejor abarcar una reflexión profundizada sobre esa temática.

Validation of the Generative Acts Scale-Chinese Version (GAS-C) among Middle-Aged and Older Adults as Grandparents in Mainland China.

The current study examined the psychometric properties of the 20-item Generative Acts Scale-Chinese version (GAS-C) among middle-aged and older adults as grandparents in mainland China. A total of 1013 grandparents (mean age = 58.32 years; 71.9% female) of children from 12 kindergartens were recruited using multistage cluster random sampling. A four-factor pattern of domestic, agentic, communal, and civic generative acts were identified by exploratory factor analysis and further verified by confirmatory factor analysis (CFA). Subsequently, multigroup CFA was performed to test the measurement invariance across gender, age group and hukou status at the configural, metric, and scalar levels. The Cronbach's alpha value of the total (0.923) and subscales (range from 0.897 to 0.953) was satisfactory, indicating high internal consistency. Additionally, the significant gender differences in the domestic (male = 3.565, female = 3.718, p < 0.05), communal (male = 2.786, female = 2.591, p < 0.01), and civic subscales (male = 2.112, female = 1.864, p < 0.001) and the significant correlations between the GAS-C total scale and subscales with caregiving intensity (r = 0.433, p < 0.01), positive affect (r = 0.397, p < 0.01) and life satisfaction (r = 0.328, p < 0.01), supported concurrent validity. Overall, this study addressed the knowledge gap by validating a reliable and valid instrument to measure grandparents' generative acts in mainland China, contributing to generativity studies cross-culturally in research and practice.