Urinary catheter use in patients with hip fracture: Are current guidelines appropriate? A retrospective review.

BACKGROUND: Guidelines for urinary catheterization in patients with hip fracture recommend limiting catheter use and using intermittent catheterization preferentially to avoid complications such as urinary tract infection (UTI) and postoperative urinary retention (POUR). We aimed to compare current practices to clinical guidelines, describe the incidence of POUR and UTI, and determine factors that increase the risk of these complications. METHODS: We retrospectively reviewed the charts of patients with hip fracture who presented to a single large tertiary care centre in southeastern Ontario between November 2015 and October 2017. Data collected included comorbidities, catheter use and length of stay. We compared catheter use to guidelines, and investigated the incidence of and risk factors for POUR and UTI. RESULTS: We reviewed the charts of 583 patients, of whom 450 (77.2%) were treated with a catheter, primarily indwelling (416 [92.4%]). Postoperative urinary retention developed in 98 patients (16.8%); however, it did not affect length of stay (p = 0.2). Patients with indwelling catheters for more than 24 hours after surgery had a higher incidence of POUR than those who had their catheter removed before 24 hours (65/330 [19.7%] v. 10/98 [10.2%]) (odds ratio [OR] 2.2, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.06-4.38). A UTI developed postoperatively in 62 patients (10.6%). Catheter use was associated with a 6.6-fold increased risk of UTI (OR 6.6, 95% CI 2.03-21.4). Patients with indwelling catheters did not have a significantly higher incidence of UTI than those with intermittent catheterization (57/416 [13.7%] v. 2/34 [5.9%]) (p = 0.2). Patients who developed a UTI had significantly longer catheter use than patients who did not (p < 0.002). CONCLUSION: Indwelling catheters were used frequently, which suggests low compliance with clinical guidelines. Longer duration of catheter use led to higher rates of UTI and POUR. Further investigation of the reasons for the common use of indwelling rather than intermittent catheterization is needed.

Antimicrobial Prophylaxis for Postoperative Urinary Tract Infections in Transurethral Resection of Bladder Tumors: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.

PURPOSE: The administration of antimicrobial prophylaxis for postoperative urinary tract infections following transurethral resection of bladder tumors is controversial. We aimed to systematically review evidence on the potential effect of antimicrobial prophylaxis on postoperative urinary tract infections and asymptomatic bacteriuria. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We conducted a systematic search in Embase®, Medline® and the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials. Randomized controlled trials and nonrandomized controlled trials assessing the effect of any form of antimicrobial prophylaxis in patients with transurethral resection of bladder tumors on postoperative urinary tract infections or asymptomatic bacteriuria were included. Risk of bias was assessed using RoB 2.0 or the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale. Fixed and random effects meta-analyses were conducted. As a potential basis for a scoping review, we exploratorily searched Medline for risk factors for urinary tract infections after transurethral resection of bladder tumors. The protocol was registered on PROSPERO (CRD42019131733). RESULTS: Of 986 screened publications, 7 studies with 1,725 participants were included; the reported effect sizes varied considerably. We found no significant effect of antimicrobial prophylaxis on urinary tract infections: the pooled odds ratio of the random effects model was 1.55 (95% CI 0.73-3.31). The random effects meta-analysis examining the effect of antimicrobial prophylaxis on asymptomatic bacteriuria showed an OR of 0.43 (0.18-1.04). Risk of bias was moderate. Our exploratory search identified 3 studies reporting age, preoperative pelvic radiation, preoperative hospital stay, duration of operation, tumor size, preoperative asymptomatic bacteriuria and pyuria as risk factors for urinary tract infections following transurethral resection of bladder tumors. CONCLUSIONS: We observed insufficient evidence supporting routine antimicrobial prophylaxis in patients undergoing transurethral resection of bladder tumors for the prevention of postoperative urinary tract infections; our findings may inform harmonization of international guidelines.

Comparison of Different Rectal Cleansing Methods for Reducing Post-Procedural Infectious Complications After Transrectal Ultrasound-Guided Prostate Biopsy.

PURPOSE: To compare the efficacy of three different rectal cleansing methods for reducing post-procedural infectious complications after transrectal ultrasound (TRUS)-guided prostate biopsy. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A total of 451 consecutive patients who underwent TRUS-guided prostate biopsy were prospectively included in this study. All patients received targeted antimicrobial prophylaxis and underwent bowel preparation through laxative administration. The patients were divided into three groups on the basis of the method of rectal cleansing immediately before the procedure. Group I patients (n=165) underwent cleansing of the perianal skin using povidone-iodine cotton balls; group II patients (n=116) received an injection of povidone-iodine solution (0.1 g/mL) into the anal and lower rectal canals; and group III patients (n=170) received direct manual cleansing of the mucosal surface of the anus and lower rectum using povidone-iodine cotton balls. The three groups were compared regarding the incidence of post-procedural infectious complications, re-hospitalization rates, and mean length of hospital stay using one-way ANOVA, the Chi-square test, and multiple logistic regression analysis. RESULTS: Post-procedural infectious complications occurred in 21.8%, 11.2%, and 6.5% of groups I, II, and III, respectively (P < .001). The incidence of overall infectious complications was significantly lower in group II (95% CI: 0.232-0.958, OR = 0.472, P = .038) and group III (95% CI: 0.129-0.555, OR = 0.267, P < .001) than in group I. Re-hospitalization rates were 9.7%, 2.6%, and 0.6% in groups I, II, and III, respectively (P < .001). The incidence of re-hospitalization was significantly lower in group II (95% CI: 0.070-0.869, OR = 0.247, P = .029) and group III (95% CI: 0.007-0.421, OR = 0.055, P = .005) than in group I. The mean length of hospital stay was significantly longer in group I than in group III (P = .009). CONCLUSION: Combined with targeted antimicrobial prophylaxis, direct manual cleansing of the mucosal surface of the anus and lower rectum using povidone-iodine cotton balls was most effective in preventing post-procedural infectious complications among the three different rectal cleansing methods.

Urinary tract infection prevention after midurethral slings in pelvic floor reconstructive surgery: A systematic review and meta-analysis.

INTRODUCTION: Synthetic midurethral slings are the most common procedures currently performed for stress urinary incontinence in women. Infection is a frequent complication of urogynecologic surgery. We performed a systematic review and meta-analysis to identify interventions that successfully prevent infections, including urinary tract infection (UTI) and/or bacteriuria, compared with no intervention, in women undergoing midurethral sling surgery with or without concomitant pelvic reconstructive procedures for prolapse. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The primary outcome was the development of any infection post-midurethral sling placement in women. MEDLINE, Embase, CINAHL and the Cochrane Library were searched for comparative studies from inception to July 2017, with no language restrictions. We used search terms related to midurethral sling, infections and infection-reduction interventions. Two independent reviewers abstracted data and assessed study quality. Pooled effect size estimates were calculated. We conducted meta-analysis of eligible studies. A protocol for this review has been registered and can be accessed online (http://hdl.handle.net/2429/64731). RESULTS: We identified seven eligible studies of infection risk-reducing interventions; all focused on UTIs. Only one study assessed preoperative antibiotics with midurethral sling alone and was halted early because of low UTI rates. All other studies (three randomized control trials and three observational studies) examined whether postoperative antibiotics decrease UTI/bacteriuria rates after midurethral sling with or without reconstructive procedures for pelvic organ prolapse and using bladder catheterization postoperatively. Due to considerable clinical heterogeneity, we only combined four studies for meta-analysis. Postoperative oral prophylactic nitrofurantoin showed no significant benefit in reducing UTI/bacteriuria in women post-midurethral sling with or without concomitant reconstructive pelvic surgery and the need for bladder catheterization, when compared with the reference group (pooled relative risk 0.73, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.42-1.25). CONCLUSIONS: Based on the best available evidence, postoperative oral nitrofurantoin is not effective at reducing UTI/bacteriuria rates in catheterized women after midurethral sling with or without concomitant pelvic reconstructive surgery for prolapse. For midurethral sling alone, preoperative antibiotic prophylaxis may not be needed for UTI prevention.

Antibiotic prophylaxis prior to urodynamic study in patients with traumatic spinal cord injury. Is there an indication?

ABSTRACT Study design: Retrospective cohort of patients with traumatic spinal cord injury (SCI) that have been hospitalized for physical-functional rehabilitation purposes. Objectives: To compare the incidence of urinary tract infection (UTI) after urodynamic study (UDS) in three hospitals that adopted different protocols with regard to the preparation of patients. Setting: Sarah Network of Rehabilitation Hospitals, Brazil. Materials and Methods: Between 2014 and 2015, 661 patients from three units of the same hospital network, one of which does not use antimicrobial prophylaxis independently of urine culture results, were evaluated after having undergone UDS. The results were compared in both univariate and multivariate analyses (logistic regression). Results: The global rate of UTI after UDS was that of 3.18% (IC 95% 2.1-4.8), with no differences between the units. In the univariate analysis the only variable that was associated with UTI after UDS was that of T6 injuries or above (P = 0.029). The logistic regression has confirmed this result, with an adjusted odds ratio of 3.06 (IC 95% 1.01 to 9.26; P = 0.0476). The use of antimicrobial prophylaxis did not alter that risk. Conclusions: This study has demonstrated that the use of antimicrobials does not prevent UTI after UDS. Patients with T6 traumatic SCI or above have got three times more chance of developing UTI after UDS if compared to those with a T7 injury or below, independently of the use of antimicrobials. Even in these patients the use of antimicrobials would not be justified.

Prospective examination of the changes in the urinary microbiome induced by transrectal biopsy of the prostate using 16S rRNA gene analysis.

OBJECTIVES: To prospectively examine the changes in microbiota within the urinary tract after transrectal prostate biopsy. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Data, urine, and fecal samples prospectively collected from 30 patients before and after transrectal biopsy of the prostate. DNA was extracted from urine collected after a prostate massage before and after prostate biopsy, and from fecal samples collected before the biopsy. We sequenced DNA using the bacterial 16S rRNA high-throughput next-generation sequencing and analyzed changes in microbial profiles for taxonomy comparison between samples. RESULTS: Pre-biopsy urinary microbial profiles contained Lactobacillus and Staphylococcus bacteria. Post-biopsy urinary microbial profiles included lower levels of Lactobacillus and higher levels of Prevotella bacteria. Bacteroides bacteria were predominant in fecal samples. We identified two clustering patterns containing both pre- and post-biopsy urine samples. Cluster 1 had a urine cluster pattern that was distinct from fecal, whereas cluster 2 was similar to fecal. We observed two different modes of microbial changes, 11 patients had both of their urine (pre and post) samples associated with a particular cluster group, whereas others (n = 15) had movement between clusters 1 and 2 following the biopsy procedure. Four patient's post-biopsy urine microbial profiles clustered very tightly to the fecal microbial profile. CONCLUSIONS: We describe two models of change in the urinary tract microbiota after prostate biopsy using 16S RNA gene analysis. Further research to determine what controls changes in the urinary microbiota after prostate biopsy can help us understand why some patients are more susceptible to develop post-biopsy infections.

Evaluation of perioperative prophylaxis with fosfomycin tromethamine in ureteroscopic stone removal: an investigator-driven prospective, multicenter, randomized, controlled study.

PURPOSE: To compare efficacy, safety, and cost-effectiveness of fosfomycin tromethamine with other standard-of-care antibiotics in patients undergoing ureteroscopic lithotripsy. METHODS: This study was a prospective, multicenter, randomized, controlled trial. Eligible patients scheduled for ureteroscopic lithotripsy were randomly assigned to receive either fosfomycin (fosfomycin group, N = 101 patients) or standard-of-care antibiotic therapy as prophylaxis (control group, N = 115 patients). The incidence of infectious complications and adverse events was analyzed between the two groups, as well as the cost-benefit analysis. RESULTS: The incidence of infections following lithotripsy was 3.0% in the fosfomycin group and 6.1% in the control group (p > 0.05). Only asymptomatic bacteriuria was reported in fosfomycin group. In the control group was reported asymptomatic bacteriuria (3.5%), fever (0.9%), bacteremia (0.9%), and genitourinary infection (0.9%). The rate of adverse events was very low, with no adverse event reported in the fosfomycin group and only one in the control group (forearm phlebitis). The average cost per patient of antibiotic therapy with fosfomycin was 151.45 ± 8.62 yuan (22.7 ± 1.3 USD), significantly lower compared to the average cost per patient of antibiotics used in the control group 305.10 ± 245.95 yuan (45.7 ± 36.9 USD; p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Two oral doses of 3 g fosfomycin tromethamine showed good efficacy and safety and low cost in perioperative prophylaxis of infections following ureteroscopic stone removal.

Incidence of Bacteriuria after Urodynamic Study with or without Antibiotic Prophylaxis in Women with Urinary Incontinence / Incidência de bacteriúria após estudo urodinâmico com ou sem profilaxia antibiótica em mulheres com incontinência urinária

Abstract Introduction The presence of bacteria in urine is called bacteriuria, which may be symptomatic or asymptomatic. The manipulation of the urinary tract during urodynamic study (UDS), which is an invasive procedure, can result in urinary tract infection (UTI). Studies on the use of prophylactic antibiotics for UDSs are contradictory. Some investigators concluded that they were valuable and others did not. The objective of this study is to evaluate the efficacy of antibiotic prophylaxis before UDS. This is a placebo-control randomized double-blind study. Methods Two-hundred and seventeen women affected by urinary incontinence were eligible for this study. All patients had presented negative urine culture previous to the UDS. They were randomized in four groups: group A received placebo, group B received 500 mg of levofloxacin, group C received 80 mg trimethoprim and 400 mg sulfamethoxazole and group D received 100 mg of nitrofurantoin. A urine culture was performed 14 days after the UDS. Results We observed asymptomatic bacteriuria after the UDS in five patients in group A, one in group B, one in group C and one in group D. Only one patient on group A had symptomatic bacteriuria.We didn't observe statistical difference between the groups. When we recategorized the patients in two groups, the incidence of bacteriuria was significantly higher in the placebo group compared with the antibiotic group. Conclusion The conclusion is that antibiotic prophylaxis before the UDS did not reduce the incidence of UTI in women within the target population.

Resumo Introdução A presença de bactéria na urina é denominada bacteriúria, que pode ser sintomática ou assintomática. A manipulação do trato urinário pelo estudo urodinâmico (EUD), que é um procedimento invasivo, pode resultar em infecção do trato urinário (ITU). Os estudos sobre o uso de profilaxia antibiótica para EUD são contraditórios. Alguns investigadores concluíram que era necessário e outros não. O objetivo deste estudo é avaliar a eficácia da antibióticoprofilaxia antes da realização do EUD. Trata-se de um estudo randomizado duplo-cego. Métodos Duzentas e dezessete mulheres comqueixa de incontinência urinária foram recrutadas para este estudo. Todas as pacientes apresentaram urocultura negativa antes do EUD. As pacientes foram randomizadas em quatro grupos: o grupo A recebeu placebo, o grupo B recebeu 500 mg de levofloxacina, o grupo C recebeu 80 mg de trimetoprim e 400 mg de sulfametoxazol e o grupo D recebeu 100 mg de nitrofurantoína. Uma urocultura foi realizada 14 dias após o EUD. Resultados Observamos bacteriúria assintomática após o EUD em cinco pacientes do grupo A, uma no grupo B, uma no grupo C e uma no grupo D. Apenas uma paciente do grupo A apresentou bacteriúria sintomática. Não observamos diferença estatística entre os grupos. Quando recategorizamos as pacientes em dois grupos, a incidência de bacteriúria foi significativamentemaior no grupo placebo emcomparação como grupo antibiótico. Conclusão A conclusão deste estudo é que a antibióticoprofilaxia antes do EUD não reduz a incidência de ITU nesse grupo de mulheres.

Procedural povidone iodine rectal preparation reduces bacteriuria and bacteremia following prostate needle biopsy.

INTRODUCTION: To determine if a povidone iodine rectal preparation (PIRP) reduces rates of bacteriuria and bacteremia following transrectal ultrasound guided prostate needle biopsy (TRUS PNB). MATERIALS AND METHODS: Men undergoing TRUS PNB were prospectively enrolled in a study comparing the impact of PIRP versus standard of care (two pills of ciprofloxacin 500 mg). Urine, blood, and rectal cultures were obtained 30 minutes post-procedure with colony forming units (CFUs) determined after 48 hours. Patients were called 7 and 30 days post-procedure to evaluate for infections. RESULTS: A total of 150 men were accrued into this study including 95 receiving PIRP and 55 the standard of care. Two-thirds of patients were undergoing an initial biopsy, 19% used antibiotics within the previous 6 months, and median number of biopsy cores was 14. There were no differences between the two cohorts with respect to baseline or biopsy characteristics. In the PIRP cohort, rectal cultures before and after PIRP administration noted a 97.2% reduction in microorganism colonies (2.4 x 10 5 CFU/mL versus 6.7 x 10³CFU/mL, p < 0.001). Mean urine bacterial counts following TRUS PNB were 1 CFU/mL for PIRP versus 7 CFU/mL for standard cohort (p < 0.001). Mean serum bacterial counts following TRUS PNB were 0 CFU/mL for PIRP versus 3 CFU/mL for standard of care (p = 0.01). One patient in the PIRP cohort (1.1%) developed post-biopsy sepsis while 3 (5.5%) in the standard cohort had an infectious complication (1 UTI, 2 sepsis). CONCLUSION: A PIRP regimen reduced bacteruria and bacteremia following TRUS PNB.

Antibiotic Prophylaxis in Radical Prostatectomy: Comparison of 2-Day and More than 2-Day Prophylaxis.

The efficacy of antibiotic prophylaxis in radical prostatectomy (RP) remains to be established. We retrospectively compared the occurrence of perioperative infections after RP between the 2 different antibiotic protocols. This study involved 428 cases of laparoscopic radical prostatectomy (LRP). After excluding patients who had no perioperative urine culture data, 313 consecutive patients who underwent LRP for prostate carcinoma were classified into 2 groups according to the duration of antimicrobial prophylaxis. To group 1 (153 patients), a second-generation cephalosporin was administered for less than 2 days, whilst the remaining 160 patients in group 2 were administered the drug for more than 2 days. The overall incidence of postoperative bacteriuria was 50.8%, being significantly higher in group 1 (56.9%) than in group 2 (45%). The incidence of surgical site infection (SSI) was significantly higher in group 1 (5.2%) than in group 2 (0.6%). Multivariate analysis revealed that old age, duration of antibiotics for more than 2 days, and duration of Foley catheter placement were independently associated with postoperative infectious complications (all, P < 0.05). Multivariate analysis revealed that duration of antibiotics for more than 2 days, duration of Foley catheter placement, and duration of surgical drain placement were independently associated with postoperative SSI (all, P < 0.05). The incidence of postoperative bacteriuria and SSI were higher in patients who received antibiotics for a short duration. Based on our results, we demonstrated that the outcome of postoperative infectious complications is dependent on old age, short antibiotic administration duration, and prolonged Foley catheterization. Prolonged drain placement is associated with SSI, whilst a longer duration of antibiotics use and prolonged Foley catheterization are associated with a decrease in the incidence of SSI.

The Effect of Antibiotic Prophylaxis on Post-Operative Infection in Patients Undergone Flexible Cystos-copy.

PURPOSE: The aim of this study is to determine whether antibiotic prophylaxis is required in this outpatient procedure. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A non-randomised, prospective observational study that included 184 patients subjected to flexible cystoscopy divided into three groups: - Group 1:60 patients with prophylaxis of 500 mg of ciprofloxacin;- Group 2:62 patients with prophylaxis of 3 g of phosphomycin; and Group 3:62 without antibiotic prophylaxis. Prior to inclusion in the study, absence of infection was checked by means of a urine culture obtained 7 days before the procedure. An analysis was made of urinary infection after 7 days, the cystoscopy indications and its diagnosis, the presence of comorbidities, and the urinary symptoms during the following 7 days. RESULTS: The mean age of the patients in Group 1 was 65.3 (SD: 12.5) years, 66.7 (10.8) years in Group 2, and 66.9 (10.8) years in Group 3 (P = .7). Bacteriuria was present in 15% of the patients in Group 1, compared to 22.6% in Group 2, and 12.9% in Group 3, with the differences not statistically significant. In multivariate analysis, it was observed that there was no association with the appearance of bacteriuria between the groups for age (P = .8), diabetes (P = .2), smoking (P = .4), lower urinary tract symptoms (P = .7), or immunosuppression (P = .6). CONCLUSION: The use of ciprofloxacin or phosphomycin as prophylaxis does not appear to be indicated in flexible cystoscopy in our health area.

[Epidemiology, diagnostics, therapy, prevention and management of uncomplicated bacterial outpatient acquired urinary tract infections in adult patients : Update 2017 of the interdisciplinary AWMF S3 guideline]. / Epidemiologie, Diagnostik, Therapie, Prävention und Management unkomplizierter, bakterieller, ambulant erworbener Harnwegsinfektionen bei erwachsenen Patienten : Aktualisierung 2017 der interdisziplinären AWMF S3­Leitlinie.

BACKGROUND: Update of the 2010 published evidence-based S3 guideline on epidemiology, diagnostics, therapy and management of uncomplicated, bacterial, outpatient-acquired urinary tract infections in adult patients. The guideline contains current evidence for the rational use of antimicrobial substances, avoidance of inappropriate use of certain antibiotic classes and development of resistance. METHODOLOGY: The update was created under the leadership of the German Association of Urology (DGU). A systematic literature search was conducted for the period 01 January 2008 to 31 December 2015. International guidelines have also been taken into account. Evidence level and risk of bias were used for quality review. RESULTS: Updated information on bacterial susceptibility, success, collateral damage and safety of first- and second-line antibiotics was given. For the treatment of uncomplicated cystitis the first line antibiotics are fosfomycin trometamol, nitrofurantoin, nitroxoline, pivmecillinam, trimethoprim (with consideration of the local resistance rates). Fluoroquinolones and cephalosporins should not be used as first choice antibiotics. In the case of uncomplicated pyelonephritis of mild to moderate forms, preferably cefpodoxime, ceftibuten, ciprofloxacin or levofloxacin should be used as oral antibiotics. CONCLUSION: The updated German S3 guideline provides comprehensive evidence- and consensus-based recommendations on epidemiology, diagnostics, therapy, prevention and management of uncomplicated bacterial outpatient acquired urinary tract infections in adult patients. Antibiotic stewardship aspects have significantly influenced the therapeutic recommendations. A broad implementation in all clinical practice settings is necessary to ensure a foresighted antibiotic policy and thus t improve clinical care.

Cranberry capsules to prevent nosocomial urinary tract bacteriuria after pelvic surgery: a randomised controlled trial.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate whether cranberries are able to prevent postoperative urinary bacteriuria in patients undergoing pelvic surgery and receiving transurethral catheterisation. DESIGN: Randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. SETTINGS: French tertiary Care centre, University Hospital. POPULATION: A total of 272 women undergoing pelvic surgery aged 18 or older. METHODS: Participants undergoing pelvic surgery were randomised to 36 mg cranberry (proanthocyanidins, PAC) or placebo once daily for 10 days. Statistical analysis was performed by a chi-square test. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: The primary and secondary outcomes were postoperative bacteriuria, defined by a positive urine culture, within the first 15 and 40 days, respectively. RESULTS: Two hundred and fifty-five participants received the intended treatment: 132 (51.8%) received PAC and 123 (48.2%) received placebo. There were no significant differences in baseline demographics, intra-operative characteristics or duration and type of catheterisation between the two groups. PAC prophylaxis did not reduce the risk of bacteriuria treatment within 15 days of surgery [27% bacteriuria with PAC compared with 25% bacteriuria with placebo: relative risk 1.05, 95% CI 0.78-1.4, P = 0.763). The same result was observed on day 40. Bacteriuria occurred more often in older women with increased length of catheterisation. CONCLUSION: Immediate postoperative prophylaxis with PAC does not reduce the risk of postoperative bacteriuria in patients receiving short-term transurethral catheterisation after pelvic surgery. TWEETABLE ABSTRACT: PAC prophylaxis does not reduce the risk of postoperative bacteriuria in patients undergoing pelvic surgery.

[Bacteriuria and Symptomatic Urinary Tract Infections during Antimicrobial Prophylaxis in Patients with Short-Term Urinary Catheters - Prospective Randomised Study in Patients after Joint Replacement Surgery]. / Bakteriurie a symptomatický mocový infekt pri antimikrobiální profylaxi krátkodobe zavedených mocových katétru ­ prospektivní randomizovaná studie u pacientu po implantaci kloubní náhrady.

PURPOSE OF THE STUDY A very serious complication following joint replacement surgery is periprosthetic joint infection that can be caused by a urinary tract infection. Insertion of an indwelling urinary catheter constitutes a risk factor that may result in urinary tract infections. The aim of this prospective randomised study was to compare the occurrence of significant bacteriuria and symptomatic urinary tract infections during antibiotic prophylaxis at the time of removal of an indwelling urinary catheter by cotrimoxazole in two doses and with no administration of antibiotics. We also monitored the incidence of potential periprosthetic infection following the endoprosthesis implantation. The findings of preoperative urine tests were compared with the declared negative preoperative examination. MATERIAL AND METHODS The study included patients indicated for a total hip or knee replacement with a negative urine culture as a part of the preoperative testing. Where leukocyteria was detected, urine culture by mid-stream clean catch urine was obtained. The second part included patients, in whom an indwelling urinary catheter had to be inserted postoperatively for urine retention and/or monitoring of fluid balance and who were divided into two groups on a rota basis. No antibiotics were administered to the first group, whereas Cotrimoxazol 960 mg tablets p.o. was administered to the second group, 14 and 2 hours before the removal of the catheter. The urine culture test was performed 4 hours after the removal of the indwelling urinary catheter, in both the groups. The test was repeated after 14 days and a questionnaire was filled in to report urinary tract complications. Considered as significant bacteriuria by urinalysis was the laboratory finding of > 10x4 CFU/ml in case of a single pathogen or > 10x5 in case of multiple pathogens. The results were statistically processed by Fischer's exact test with the level of significance = 0.05. RESULTS In the first part of the study leukocyturia was detected by a test strip in 112 of the total of 478 patients. In 10 women, significant bacteriuria was found. Altogether 50 women and 50 men were randomly assigned to the second part of the study. The indwelling urinary catheter was in place for 4 days on average. In men, no statistically significant difference was detected in significant bacteriuria findings, in women a statistically significant difference of p = 0.00162 was found after the removal and after 14 days the borderline of statistical significance of p = 0.0507 was achieved, but no symptomatic urinary tract infection was present. In the period from 20 to 32 months following the total joint replacement, no periprosthetic infection caused by urinary tract infection was reported. DISCUSSION There is enough evidence to prove the correlation between the symptomatic urinary tract infection and periprosthetic infection. On the other hand, asymptomatic bacteriuria is a common finding in patients before the planned hip of knee joint replacement and its treatment is not recommended. No consensus has been achieved as yet regarding the method of antibiotic prophylaxis for an inserted urinary catheter. Antibiotics are administered throughout the period of catheterisation by an indwelling urinary catheter, during its removal, or are not administered at all. In our study antibiotics were administered during the removal of an indwelling urinary catheter and a statistically significant difference was found in women. It concerned, however, only a higher incidence of asymptomatic bacteriuria not treated by antibiotics, which in the next follow-up period did not lead to periprosthetic infection. CONCLUSIONS Despite the negative pre-operative urine culture, frequent incidence of leukocyturia and symptomatic urinary infections were detected in a fairly high number of cases. Therefore, we recommend asking the patients during the hospital admission process specifically about the urinary infection symptoms. The results of our study show that antibiotic prophylaxis during the removal of indwelling urinary catheters placed for a short-term is unnecessary. Key words: endoprosthesis, urinary catheter, bacteriuria, urinary tract infection.

Prostate Biopsy-related Infection: A Systematic Review of Risk Factors, Prevention Strategies, and Management Approaches.

A systematic review to identify risk factors for prostate biopsy-related infection, preventative strategies, and optimal management of infectious complications was conducted. Significant risk factors for postbiopsy infection include urogenital infection, antibiotic use, international travel, hospital exposure, bacteriuria, previous transrectal biopsy, and resistance of fecal flora to antibiotic prophylaxis (especially fluoroquinolones). Patients at risk may benefit from an adjusted biopsy protocol comprising transrectal biopsy under targeted prophylaxis, and/or the use of rectal disinfection techniques or using a transperineal approach. Management of biopsy-related infection should be based on individual risk and local resistance profiles with input from multiple specialties.

Discontinuation of peri-operative gentamicin use for indwelling urinary catheter manipulation in orthopaedic surgery.

BACKGROUND: Gentamicin has historically been used prior to insertion and removal of indwelling urinary catheters (IDCs) around elective joint replacement surgery to prevent infection; however, this indication is not recognized in the Australian Therapeutic Guidelines: Antibiotic and the paradigm for safe use of gentamicin has shifted. METHODS: The antimicrobial stewardship team of a 500 bed tertiary regional hospital performed a retrospective clinical study of gentamicin IDC prophylaxis around total hip and knee arthroplasties. Results were presented to the orthopaedic surgeons. A literature review identified no guidelines to support gentamicin prophylaxis and only a very low risk of bacteraemia associated with IDC insertion/removal in patients with established bacteriuria. Consensus was reached with the surgeons to discontinue this practice. Subsequent prospective data collection was commenced to determine effectiveness, with weekly feedback to the Department Head of Orthopaedics. RESULTS: Data from 137 operations pre-intervention (6 months) were compared with 205 operations post-intervention (12 months). The median patient age was 72 years in both groups. Following the intervention, reductions in gentamicin use were demonstrated for IDC insertion (59/137 (42%) to 4/205 (2%), P < 0.01) and removal (39/137 (28%) to 6/205 (3%), P < 0.01). No gentamicin use was observed during the final 40 weeks of the post-intervention period. There were no significant differences between the groups for pre-operative bacteriuria, surgical site infections or acute kidney injury. CONCLUSION: A collaborative approach using quality improvement methodology can lead to an evidence-based reappraisal of established practice. Regular rolling audits and timely feedback were useful in sustaining change.

What is the role of catheter antibiotic prophylaxis for patients undergoing joint arthroplasty?

BACKGROUND: Antimicrobial prophylaxis at the time of urinary catheter insertion and removal is commonly administered in patients undergoing joint arthroplasty, despite the lack of evidence to support this practice. The rationale is the theoretical risk of prosthetic joint infection arising from bacterial seeding from the urinary tract at the time of catheterization. In an era of antimicrobial stewardship, further assessment is warranted. METHODS: This study aimed to investigate the incidence of catheter-associated (CA) bacteriuria and bacteraemia in patients undergoing total joint arthroplasty and to assess the antimicrobial susceptibility of any isolated microorganisms. This prospective observational study undertaken over a 6-month period (May to October 2014) included 99 patients undergoing elective primary hip and knee arthroplasty at St Vincent's Hospital, Melbourne. Urine specimens were collected at insertion and removal of urinary catheters along with blood cultures upon urinary catheter removal. RESULTS: Overall 98% of the cohort received catheter antimicrobial prophylaxis for urinary catheter insertion and removal; the majority of patients received gentamicin (94%). Bacteriuria on catheter insertion had an incidence of 4.4%. The incidence of CA bacteriuria was 1.3%. All cultured organisms were sensitive to commonly used antibiotics including cephazolin. There were no cases of bacteraemia with urinary catheter removal. Increasing age, American Society of Anesthesiologists status and female gender were associated with the development of bacteriuria. CONCLUSION: The incidence of CA bacteriuria and bacteraemia with antimicrobial prophylaxis is low. This study provokes discussion about the requirement of catheter prophylaxis in this surgical context and the utility of preoperative urine screening.

Comparison of different antibiotic protocols for asymptomatic bacteriuria in patients with neurogenic bladder treated with botulinum toxin A.

Intravesical botulinum toxin A (BoNTA) injection has been widely used for the treatment of detrusor overactivity in patients with neurogenic bladder due to spinal cord injury who do not respond to conventional treatment. There is no consensus about antibiotic prophylaxis for this procedure. We conducted a retrospective analysis of medical records of adult patients with spinal cord injury who underwent detrusor BoNTA injection between January of 2007 and December of 2013 in a rehabilitation hospital. Occurrence of symptomatic urinary tract infection (UTI) was assessed in 3 groups in accordance with their use of antibiotics (prophylactic dosage, 3 days, more than 3 days) for the treatment of asymptomatic bacteriuria. All patients were performing self or assisted clean intermittent bladder catheterization and underwent a rigid cystoscopy, under general or regional anesthesia with sedation, and the drug used was Botox®. A total of 616 procedures were performed during the study period. There were 11 identified cases of UTI (1.8%) with a trend to a higher rate in the group that used antibiotics for longer time. This report shows that a single dose of antibiotics before the detrusor BoNTA injection is enough to prevent UTI. Randomized clinical trial should be conducted for definitive conclusions.

Practice variation in treatment of suspected asymptomatic bacteriuria prior to cardiac surgery: are there differences in postoperative outcome? A retrospective cohort study.

OBJECTIVES: It is unclear whether postoperative infections can be prevented by treating asymptomatic bacteriuria, or whether, on the other hand, such treatment will increase the risk of more serious infection by pathogenic bacteria different from the ones causing bacteriuria. This study aimed to support future treatment decisions for preoperative cardiothoracic surgery patients with asymptomatic bacteriuria, by examining current preoperative practice, in relation to postoperative outcome. METHODS: A retrospective cohort study was conducted. All patients who underwent cardiothoracic surgery in 2011-2013 using extracorporeal circulation in St. Antonius Hospital Nieuwegein, and who preoperatively had nitrituria and/or leucocyturia were included. Exclusion criteria were C-reactive protein level higher than 10 mg/l, emergency surgery, critical preoperative state and/or antibiotic treatment because of other infections. Outcomes were postoperative infections and length of stay. Furthermore, we compared culture results of preoperative urine with postoperative infection sites in order to study the hypothesis of haematogenous spread. RESULTS: One thousand and two patients with leucocyturia or nitrituria were eligible, of whom 3.9% had been treated with antibiotics preoperatively (AB+). Of the 96.1% of patients who had not been treated (AB-), 8.3% had an infection postoperatively, compared with 5.1% in the treatment (AB+) group. This was not statistically significant {odds ratio, corrected for EuroSCORE, 0.53 [95% confidence interval (CI) 0.12-2.24, P = 0.39]}. Length of stay, corrected for EuroSCORE, between the treated (AB+) and the non-treated (AB-) group did not differ, with a hazard ratio of 1.05 (95% CI 0.63-1.75, P = 0.85). As regards bacterial culture results, none of patients not treated with antibiotics preoperatively (AB-) seemed to have a postoperative infection due to haematogenous spread of bacteria from the urinary tract present preoperatively. CONCLUSIONS: The risk of haematogenous spread of bacteria seems to be non-existent in this large cohort of non-treated patients, under our local clinical practice. Based on this current, best available evidence, it seems therefore safe not to treat patients with asymptomatic bacteriuria prior to cardiothoracic surgery. This could also imply that it is safe not to perform routine preoperative urine testing.

Urinary tract infection and indwelling urinary catheters: prospective study in gynecological surgery with antibiotic prophylaxis / Infecção do trato urinário e cateter vesical de demora: um estudo prospectivo em cirurgia ginecológica com antibioticoprofilaxia

ABSTRACT CONTEXT AND OBJECTIVES: Urinary tract infections are the most common cause of hospital-acquired infections, and the use of indwelling urinary catheters is a predisposing factor for their development. The aims of this study were to estimate the frequency of pre and postoperative bacteriuria, identify the microorganisms involved, count the colony-forming units, determine the antibiotic sensitivity profile and compare the results from pre and postoperative urinalyses among women undergoing gynecological surgery with implantation of a urinary catheter. DESIGN AND SETTING: Non-controlled prospective observational single-cohort epidemiological study carried out at a university hospital. METHODS: Urine samples were collected before and 24 hours after catheterization for urinalysis, culturing and antibiotic sensitivity testing. Pre and postoperative urinalyses were compared using Wilcoxon and McNemar non-parametric tests. RESULTS: Fifty-one women participated in the study. Escherichia coligrew in six preoperative samples (11.8%) and Klebsiella pneumoniae in one (1.9%), but bacterial growth did not occur in any postoperative sample. Urinalysis showed lower number of pus cells in the postoperative urine samples (P < 0.05). There were no differences in red blood cell counts or in the nitrite and leukocyte esterase tests, between the samples. CONCLUSION: Bacteriuria was found in 13.7% of the preoperative samples. Gram-negative bacteria sensitive to most antibiotics were identified. In the postoperative samples, no bacterial growth was observed. Urinalysis only showed significant reduction of leukocyturia in the postoperative period.

RESUMO CONTEXTO E OBJETIVOS: As infecções urinárias são a causa mais comum de infecções hospitalares, e o uso de cateteres de demora é fator predisponente para o seu desenvolvimento. Os objetivos deste estudo foram estimar a frequência de bacteriúria pré e pós-operatória, identificar os germes encontrados, a contagem de unidades formadoras de colônias e o perfil de sensibilidade aos antibióticos, além de comparar os resultados dos exames de urina pré- e pós-operatórios em mulheres submetidas a cirurgias ginecológicas com cateterismo vesical. TIPO DE ESTUDO E LOCAL: Estudo epidemiológico, observacional, de coorte única, prospectivo, não controlado, realizado em hospital universitário. MÉTODOS: Amostras de urina foram colhidas antes da cateterização e após 24 horas para urinálise, cultura e antibiograma. Os resultados da urinálise no pré- e pós-operatório foram comparados utilizando-se os testes não paramétricos de Wilcoxon e McNemar. RESULTADOS: Participaram do estudo 51 mulheres. Houve crescimento de Escherichia coli em seis amostras pré-operatórias (11,8%) e deKlebsiella pneumoniae em uma (1,9%), mas não houve crescimento bacteriano em nenhuma amostra pós-operatória. A urinálise mostrou menor quantidade de piócitos na amostra de urina pós-cirúrgica (P < 0,05). Não houve diferença quanto ao número de hemácias e às reações para nitrito e leucocitesterase, entre as amostras. CONCLUSÃO: Houve bacteriúria em 13,7% das amostras pré-operatórias, sendo identificadas bactérias Gram-negativas sensíveis à maioria dos antibióticos. Não foi observado crescimento bacteriano nas amostras pós-operatórias. A urinálise mostrou somente redução significativa da leucocitúria no pós-operatório.