Real-World Data and Paper-Based Disease Registries in the Small Island Developing State of Barbados During the COVID-19 Pandemic.

Significant data is being produced on the impact of COVID-19 on aspects of clinical care. However, less is known about the impact on real-world health data. The US Food and Drug Administration defines real-world data as "data relating to patient health status and/or the delivery of health care routinely collected from a variety of sources," including disease registries.1 The methodology used by the Barbados National Registry (BNR)-active pursuit of first-hand clinical data using paper-based charts from multiple sources-makes it an ideal example of real-world data. Real-world data can overcome the barriers to clinical trials often present in small island developing states. This paper reviews the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the data of the BNR within the context of the real-world data cycle. Data collected retrospectively for 2016-2018, undergoing traceback during the pandemic, demonstrated a greater reliance on death certificate registration. A 38% reduction in the collection of new cases was noted in the postpandemic period compared to data collected in previous periods. The lack of access to source data delayed cancer registry reporting. We conclude that, given the challenges highlighted during the COVID-19 pandemic, more effort should be placed on providing timely access to real-world data for public health decision-making, particularly in small island developing states.

Retrospective analysis of endometrial cancer among Afro-Caribbean women in Barbados 2008-2017.

Endometrial cancer data amongst Barbadian women was collected, to inform screening and management in this under-studied population. We analysed all recorded primary cases between January 1st 2008, and December 31st, 2017. Age-specific incidence, and crude mortality rates were calculated. Descriptive statistics characterized demographics, risk factors, prescription data and histopathology. Log-rank tests assessed simple group differences by EC type. Survival analysis based on tumour type was plotted using Kaplein-Meir curves. There were 270 recorded cases of EC, averaging 66 (8.8) years old (SD 8.75), with parity of 3.60 (2.3). Cases were postmenopausal with 257 (95%) experiencing postmenopausal bleeding. Of the 270 cases, 113 (42%) had type 1 tumours and 157(58%) had type 2 tumours. Weak evidence suggests the latter imparted worse survival (log rank test = 0.02). Estimated crude incidence rate was 18.64 per 100,000 women. Crude mortality rate from EC between January 1st, 2008 and December 31st, 2019 was 27%.

Public Health Protection vs. Freedom of Commercial Expression in the Commonwealth Caribbean: The Case of Barbados and Jamaica.

This chapter explores the tension between public health protection and the freedom of commercial expression from a Commonwealth Caribbean perspective, using Barbados and Jamaica as case studies. First, it assesses the scope of the right to freedom of expression. Second, it discusses the extent to which public health protection may be invoked to restrict the right. The authors conclude that Commonwealth Caribbean states can justifiably restrict commercial speech about tobacco products and unhealthy food and beverages.

Analysis of the genomic landscapes of Barbadian and Nigerian women with triple negative breast cancer.

PURPOSE: Triple negative breast cancer (TNBC) is an aggressive breast cancer subtype that disproportionately affects women of African ancestry (WAA) and is often associated with poor survival. Although there is a high prevalence of TNBC across West Africa and in women of the African diaspora, there has been no comprehensive genomics study to investigate the mutational profile of ancestrally related women across the Caribbean and West Africa. METHODS: This multisite cross-sectional study used 31 formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded (FFPE) samples from Barbadian and Nigerian TNBC participants. High-resolution whole exome sequencing (WES) was performed on the Barbadian and Nigerian TNBC samples to identify their mutational profiles and comparisons were made to African American, European American and Asian American sequencing data obtained from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA). Whole exome sequencing was conducted on tumors with an average of 382 × coverage and 4335 × coverage for pooled germline non-tumor samples. RESULTS: Variants detected at high frequency in our WAA cohorts were found in the following genes NBPF12, PLIN4, TP53 and BRCA1. In the TCGA TNBC cases, these genes had a lower mutation rate, except for TP53 (32% in our cohort; 63% in TCGA-African American; 67% in TCGA-European American; 63% in TCGA-Asian). For all altered genes, there were no differences in frequency of mutations between WAA TNBC groups including the TCGA-African American cohort. For copy number variants, high frequency alterations were observed in PIK3CA, TP53, FGFR2 and HIF1AN genes. CONCLUSION: This study provides novel insights into the underlying genomic alterations in WAA TNBC samples and shines light on the importance of inclusion of under-represented populations in cancer genomics and biomarker studies.

National Action Plan for the Prevention and Control of Non-communicable Diseases (NCDs) 2015-2019

Barbados has the lowest age-adjusted death rate from non-communicable diseases (NCDs) in the Caribbean Community (CARICOM). Despite this, however, mortality from the main CVDs affecting the island's population and prevalence of risk factors for most NCDs is high, particularly in those aged < 60 years. The Barbados Ministry of Health (MH) is aware that NCD control cannot be the responsibility of the MH alone, and is therefore refocusing healthcare service delivery towards a model of chronic care for the population, with a strong emphasis on a coordinated response through partnerships with other sectors of the government, civil society and the private sector. The NCD response covers four main areas: (1) strengthening strategic management; (2) surveillance and research; (3) integrated disease management and patient education; and (4) risk factor reduction. The target is to reduce premature mortality from NCDs by 25% by 2025 as well as to diminish the avoidable, costly morbidity from NCDs. This Action Plan, like the Strategic Plan, stems from the priority of the Barbados MH to develop a patient-centred, equitable, efficient, accessible, high-quality health care system. The MH's NCD response is led by the NNCDC through a combined and collaborative approach to the guiding principles, encompassing "all-of-government, all-of-society". This NCD Action Plan outlines the activities required annually for the MH and its partners to take to effectively tackle NCDs in Barbados during 2015­2019. The activities have been translated from the Barbados Strategic Plan for the Prevention and Control of NonCommunicable Diseases 2015­2019, prepared by the National NCD Commission (NNCDC) and the MH. Activities are outlined in tabular format, for each strategic line of action by year. The Appendix provides a brief outline of each year's activities required by all four strategic plans. In this way the Action Plan provides the "road-map" to operationalising the Strategic Plan, including a checklist of performance indicators for measuring whether the activity has been achieved.

Epidemiology of colorectal cancer in Barbados: A short report.

Barbados is a Caribbean island with a high incidence of colorectal cancer. This study collected epidemiologic data from Barbadian patients with colorectal cancer. There was an opportunity for targeted screening in patients actively enrolled in clinics for management of chronic diseases, accounting for 72% of cases. We also identified areas of high incidence where resources should be directed in a screening programme.

Viral metagenomics reveals the presence of novel Zika virus variants in Aedes mosquitoes from Barbados.

BACKGROUND: The Zika virus (ZIKV) epidemic of 2015/2016 spread throughout numerous countries. It emerged in mainland Latin America and spread to neighboring islands, including the Caribbean island of Barbados. Recent studies have indicated that the virus must have already been circulating in local mosquito populations in Brazil for almost 2 years before it was identified by the World Health Organization in 2015. Metagenomic detection assays have the potential to detect emerging pathogens without prior knowledge of their genomic nucleic acid sequence. Yet their applicability as vector surveillance tools has been widely limited by the complexity of DNA populations from field-collected mosquito preparations. The aim of this study was to investigate local vector biology and characterize metagenomic arbovirus diversity in Aedes mosquitoes during the ongoing 2015/2016 ZIKV epidemic. METHODS: We performed a short-term vector screening study on the island of Barbados during the ongoing 2015/2016 ZIKV epidemic, where we sampled local Aedes mosquitoes. We reanalyzed mosquito viral microbiome data derived from standard Illumina MiSeq sequencing to detect arbovirus sequences. Additionally, we employed deep sequencing techniques (Illumina HiSeq) and designed a novel bait capture enrichment assay to increase sequencing efficiency for arbovirus sequences from complex DNA samples. RESULTS: We found that Aedes aegypti seemed to be the most likely vector of ZIKV, although it prevailed at a low density during the observed time period. The number of detected viruses increased with sequencing depth. Arbovirus sequence enrichment of metagenomic DNA preparations allowed the detection of arbovirus sequences of two different ZIKV genotypes, including a novel one. To our knowledge, this is the first report of the S3116W mutation in the NS5 gene region of ZIKV polyprotein. CONCLUSIONS: The metagenomic arbovirus detection approach presented here may serve as a useful tool for the identification of epidemic-causing arboviruses with the additional benefit of enabling the collection of phylogenetic information on the source. Apart from detecting more than 88 viruses using this approach, we also found evidence of novel ZIKV variants circulating in the local mosquito population during the observed time period.

The demographic features and outcome indicators of the Barbados HIV Pre-exposure Prophylaxis Program, 2018-2019 / Características demográficas e indicadores de resultados del Programa de profilaxis previa a la exposición del VIH en Barbados, 2018-2019 / Características demográficas e indicadores de resultados do Programa de Profilaxia Pré-exposição ao HIV de Barbados, 2018-2019

ABSTRACT Objective. To assess the demographics, risk profiles and outcome indicators of one of the few government-supported programs on pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) in the English-speaking Caribbean. Methods. Chart review of all persons enrolled into the national PrEP Program from its inception on March 1st 2018 to November 30th 2019, with a descriptive summary analysis of the data extracted. Results. Of the 134 persons enrolled into the program most identified as men who have sex with men (67.9%), followed by men who have sex with men and women (14.9%); there were 20 persons, mostly men (85%), in sero-discordant relationships. PrEP uptake was 96%; however, the continuation rate (continuing for three consecutive months after initiation) was 61.5%. Continuation status for many could not be ascertained due to loss-to-follow-up. PrEP-associated toxicity prevalence was 2.3%, although side-effects occurred in 52% (mostly gastrointestinal). HIV positivity during the study period was 1.5%. Conclusions. Uptake of Barbados' national PrEP Program is excellent but fairly low continuation rates and the HIV positivity rate indicate the need for improved pre-ART initiation education and follow-up processes. Service utilisation is mainly by men who have sex with men, and provision expansion to other civil society partners and private practitioners, as well as increased public awareness could increase access by other high-risk groups.

RESUMEN Objetivos. Evaluar la información demográfica, los perfiles de riesgo y los indicadores de resultados de uno de los pocos programas de profilaxis previa a la exposición (PrEP, por su sigla en inglés) respaldado por un gobierno en el Caribe de habla inglesa. Métodos. Análisis de gráficos de todas las personas que se registraron en el Programa Nacional de PrEP desde su inicio el 1 de marzo de 2018 hasta el 30 de noviembre 2019, con un análisis de los datos extraídos en forma de resumen descriptivo. Resultados. De las 134 personas que se registraron en el programa, la mayoría se identificaba como hombres que tienen relaciones sexuales con hombres (67,9%), seguido de hombres que tienen relaciones sexuales con otros hombres y con mujeres (14,9%). Había 20 personas, principalmente hombres (85%), en relaciones serodiscordantes. La tasa de captación del programa de PrEP fue de 96%; sin embargo, la tasa de continuación (continuar en el programa durante tres meses consecutivos después del inicio) fue de 61,5%. En muchos casos no se pudo verificar la continuación debido a la falta de seguimiento. La prevalencia de la toxicidad asociada con la PrEP fue de 2,3%, aunque se observaron efectos colaterales en un 52% (principalmente en el aparato digestivo) de las personas. La positividad para el VIH durante el período del estudio fue de 1,5%. Conclusiones. El Programa Nacional de PrEP de Barbados tiene una tasa de captación excelente; sin embargo, la tasa de continuación relativamente baja y la tasa de positividad para el VIH indican la necesidad de mejorar la educación inicial previa al tratamiento antirretroviral y los procesos de seguimiento. Estos servicios fueron utilizados principalmente por hombres que tienen relaciones sexuales con hombres; si se ampliase el suministro de estos a otros colaboradores de la sociedad civil y médicos particulares, y si se concientizase más al público, se mejoraría el acceso para otros grupos de alto riesgo.

RESUMO Objetivos. Avaliar as características demográficas, perfis de risco e indicadores de resultados de um dos poucos programas de profilaxia pré-exposição (PrEP) com apoio governamental existentes em países de língua inglesa do Caribe. Métodos. Revisão dos prontuários de todos os participantes inscritos no Programa Nacional de PrEP desde o seu início em 1. de março de 2018 a 30 de novembro de 2019, com uma análise sumária descritiva dos dados extraídos. Resultados. Dos 134 participantes inscritos no programa, a maioria se identificou como homens que fazem sexo com homens (67,9%), seguido de homens que fazem sexo com homens e mulheres (14,9%). Vinte participantes, sobretudo homens (85%), estavam em relacionamentos sorodiscordantes. O índice de captação de participantes ao PrEP foi de 96%, porém a taxa de continuidade no programa (continuar participando por três meses consecutivos após ter iniciado o programa) foi de 61,5%. Não foi possível confirmar a continuidade no programa em muitos casos por perda de seguimento. A prevalência de toxicidade associada à PrEP foi 2,3%, apesar de terem ocorrido efeitos colaterais em 52% dos participantes (na sua maioria efeitos gastrointestinais). A taxa de positividade ao HIV durante o período de estudo foi de 1,5%. Conclusões. A captação do Programa Nacional de PrEP de Barbados foi excelente, mas a continuidade da participação relativamente baixa e a taxa de positividade ao HIV observada indicam que é necessário instruir melhor as pessoas antes de iniciar a terapia antirretroviral e aprimorar o processo de acompanhamento. Este programa é utilizado principalmente por homens que fazem sexo com homens. Ampliar a prestação do serviço a outros parceiros da sociedade civil e a profissionais particulares, assim como melhorar a conscientização do público, poderia aumentar o acesso por outros grupos de alto risco.

High triple-negative breast cancer prevalence and aggressive prognostic factors in Barbadian women with breast cancer.

BACKGROUND: Women of African ancestry (WAA) are disproportionately affected by triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC), which remains one of the most clinically challenging breast cancer (BCa) subtypes. This study investigated the prevalence of TNBC and epidemiological trends for BCa in Barbados, a Caribbean island with a high percentage of African ancestry. METHODS: Pathology reports for all BCa cases between 2007 and 2016 were collected from the sole hospital in Barbados and reviewed. The clinicopathological data collected included age, tumor grade, lymph node status, and hormone receptor status as determined by immunohistochemistry. BCa data for non-Hispanic white (NHW) and non-Hispanic black (NHB) American populations were accessed from the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results database. RESULTS: There were 1997 BCa cases in Barbados between 2007 and 2016 for an estimated incidence rate of 135.1 per 100,000 women in Barbados (standardized to the US population, where the standardized incidence rates for NHBs and NHWs were 141.4 and 152.6 per 100,000, respectively). Age-specific incidence rates in Barbados for this period were consistently higher in younger age groups (15-59 years) in comparison with NHWs and NHBs. Between 2010 and 2016 in Barbados, a TNBC prevalence of 25% was observed, whereas TNBC prevalences of 21% and 10% were observed in NHBs and NHWs, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: The BCa incidence was higher in younger Barbadian women than NHWs and NHBs, and the TNBC prevalence was ~2.5 times higher than the prevalence in NHWs. This hints at a possible genetic predisposition and other socioeconomic factors that could explain the high TNBC prevalence and aggressive clinical course in WAA globally.

Old Herb, 'New' Purpose: A Preliminary Analysis of Marijuana as a Medicine in Barbados / Hierba vieja, 'propósito nuevo': un análisis preliminar de la marihuana como medicina en Barbados

ABSTRACT Barbadians, like their Caribbean neighbours, are not newcomers to using herbs for medicinal purposes. It has been suggested that prior to the 1930s and beyond, the herb Cannabis sativa was being used for various ailments. Much of the present debate in Barbados revolves around the increasing recognition that the condemned plant seen as injurious to society, especially the youth, represents a potential treatment for several illnesses. This article specifically examines the social construction of marijuana as a drug or substance of abuse versus its use as a medicine and the impact of the present prohibitionist policy on its use especially as a medicine.

RESUMEN Los barbadenses, al igual que sus vecinos caribeños, no son advenedizos en cuanto al uso de hierbas con propósitos medicinales. Se ha sugerido que antes y después de la década de 1930, la hierba Cannabis sativa era ya utilizada para tratar varias dolencias. Gran parte del actual debate en Barbados gira en torno al creciente reconocimiento de que dicha planta - condenada por considerársele perjudicial para la sociedad y especialmente para la juventud - representa hoy un tratamiento potencial de varias enfermedades. Este artículo examina específicamente la construcción social de la marihuana como droga o sustancia de abuso, frente a su uso como medicamento. Asimismo, se aborda el impacto de la políticas prohibicionistas actuales sobre su uso, especialmente como medicamento.

Are there gender differences in acute management and secondary prevention of acute coronary syndromes in Barbados? A cohort study.

OBJECTIVES: In Barbados, high case fatality rates have been reported after myocardial infarction (MI) with higher rates in women than men. To explore this inequality, we examined documented pharmacological interventions for ST-segment elevated myocardial infarction (STEMI), non-STEMI (NSTEMI) and unstable and chronic angina in women and men. DESIGN: Prospective cohort registry data for STEMI and NSTEMI and retrospective chart review for unstable and chronic angina. SETTING: Tertiary care (acute coronary syndromes) and primary care (chronic angina) centres in Barbados. PARTICIPANTS: For the years 2009-2016, a total of 1018 patients with STEMI or NSTEMI were identified via the prospective study. For unstable and chronic angina, 136 and 272 notes were reviewed respectively for the years 2010-2014. OUTCOME MEASURES: The proportions of patients prescribed recommended medication during the first 24 hours after an acute event, at discharge and for chronic care were calculated. Prescribed proportions were analysed by gender after adjustment for age. RESULTS: Between 2009 and 2016, for the acute management of patients with NSTEMI and STEMI, only two (aspirin and clopidogrel) of six drugs had documented prescription rates of 80% or more. Patients with STEMI (n=552) had higher prescription rates than NSTEMI (n=466), with gender differences being more pronounced in the former. Among patients with STEMI, after adjustment for age, diabetes, hypertension and smoking, men were more likely to receive fibrinolytics acutely, OR 2.28 (95% CI 1.24 to 4.21). Compared with men, a higher proportion of women were discharged on all recommended treatments; this was only statistically significant for beta-blockers: age-adjusted OR 1.87 (95% CI 1.16 to 3.00). There were no statistically significant differences in documented prescription of drugs for chronic angina. CONCLUSION: Following acute MI in Barbados, the proportion of patients with documented recommended treatment is relatively low. Although women were less likely to receive appropriate acute care than men, by discharge gender differences were reversed.

Barriers to Informal Caregiving of Persons Living with Dementia in Barbados: A Phenomenological Inquiry / Barreras al cuidado informal de personas con demencia en Barbados: una investigación fenomenológica

ABSTRACT Objective: To explore the barriers of primary informal caregivers to caring for persons living with dementia (PLWDs) in Barbados. Methods: A qualitative, phenomenological methodology was adopted. Eight in-depth, semistructured interviews were conducted with primary informal caregivers of PLWDs. Transcripts were analysed according to Giorgi's four-step phenomenological framework. Results: Four themes emerged: imbalanced family dynamics, financial and time constraints, dissatisfaction with formal care services, and misunderstanding of complex symptomatology. Conclusion: Understanding the lived experiences of informal caregiving highlighted the specific barriers to providing optimal care for PLWDs in Barbados. The 'Strategy and Plan of Action on Dementias in Older Persons (2015-2019)'by the Pan American Health Organization and the World Health Organization guides the support for caregivers, and this study provides context-based evidence to pursue effective approaches. Results are critical to the appropriate design of contextually appropriate training and services in support of informal caregiving.

RESUMEN Objetivo: Explorar las barreras que los cuidadores primarios informales enfrentan al cuidar personas con demencia (PCD) en Barbados. Métodos: Se adoptó una metodología cualitativa y fenomenológica. Se realizaron ocho entrevistas en profundidad, semiestructuradas, a cuidadores primarios informales de PCD. Las transcripciones fueron analizadas según el marco fenomenológico de cuatro pasos de Giorgi. Resultados: Surgieron cuatro temas: la dinámica familiar desequilibrada, las limitaciones de tiempo y finanzas, la insatisfacción con los servicios de atención formal, y la interpretación errónea de la sintomatología compleja. Conclusión: La comprensión de las experiencias vividas por los cuidadores informales fue clave en la detección de las barreras específicas que estos enfrentaban a la hora de brindar una atención óptima a PCD en Barbados. La 'estrategia y plan de acción sobre las demencias en las personas de edad (2015-2019) ' por la Organización Panamericana de la salud y la Organización Mundial de la Salud, sirve de guía al apoyo que ofrecen los cuidadores, y este estudio proporciona pruebas contextuales para buscar enfoques efectivos. Los resultados son fundamentales para diseñar de manera adecuada tanto el entrenamiento como los servicios contextualmente apropiados en apoyo al cuidado informal.

Genetic variation in the Hippo pathway and breast cancer risk in women of African ancestry.

Gene expression changes within the Hippo pathway were found to be associated with large tumor size and metastasis in breast cancer. The combined effect of genetic variants in genes of this pathway may have a causal role in breast cancer development. We examined 7086 SNPs that were not highly correlated (r2 < 0.8) in 35 Hippo pathway genes using data from the genome-wide association study of breast cancer from the Root Consortium, which includes 3686 participants of African ancestry from Nigeria, United States of America, and Barbados: 1657 cases (403 estrogen receptor-positive [ER+], 374 ER-) and 2029 controls. Gene-level analyses were conducted using improved AdaJoint test for large-scale genetic association studies adjusting for age, study site and the first four eigenvectors from the principal component analysis. SNP-level analyses were conducted with logistic regression. The Hippo pathway was significantly associated with risk of ER+ breast cancer (pathway-level P = 0.019), with WWC1 (Padj = 0.04) being the leading gene. The pathway-level significance was lost without WWC1 (P = 0.12). rs147106204 in the WWC1 gene was the most statistically significant SNP after gene-level adjustment for multiple comparisons (OR = 0.53, 95%CI = 0.41-0.70, Padj = 0.025). We found evidence of an association between genetic variations in the Hippo pathway and ER+ breast cancer. Moreover, WWC1 was identified as the most important genetic susceptibility locus highlighting the importance of genetic epidemiology studies of breast cancer in understudied populations.

Shifting the HIV Paradigm from Care to Cure: Proceedings from the Caribbean Expert Summit in Barbados, August 2017.

The CCAS EXPERT SUMMIT convened an array of international experts in Barbados on August 27-31, 2017 under the theme "From Care to Cure-Shifting the HIV Paradigm." The Caribbean Cytometry & Analytical Society (CCAS) partnered with the Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS (UNAIDS) to deliver a program that reviewed the advances in antiretroviral therapy and the public health benefits accruing from treatment as prevention. Particular emphasis was placed on reexamining stigma and discrimination through a critical appraisal of whether public health messaging and advocacy had kept pace with the advances in medicine. Persistent fear of HIV driving discriminatory behavior was widely reported in different regions and sectors, including the healthcare profession itself; continued fear of the disease was starkly misaligned with the successes of new medical treatments and progress toward the UNAIDS 90-90-90 targets. The summit therefore adopted the mantra "Test-Treat-Defeat" to help engage with the public in a spirit of optimism aimed at creating a more conducive environment for persons to be tested and treated and, thereby, help reduce HIV disease and stigma at the individual and community levels.

Investigating the Role of Alcohol in Behavioural Problems at School among Secondary School Students in Barbados

Background: The prevalence of alcohol use is quite high in the Caribbean region, and specifically, in Barbados. Alcohol use has been documented to negatively affect the way students behave within and outside school. This study set out to examine the role alcohol plays in students' behavioural problems at school. Methods: An analysis of crosssectional data collected during the National Secondary Schools Survey was done. Mean (and standard deviation), frequencies and percentages were computed, and differences in proportions among the groups were assessed using Pearson's Chi Square. Multivariate analysis using binary logistic regression was done to determine the association between explanatory variables and outcome variables. Results: In bivariate analysis, behavioural problems at school were significantly associated with age (p= 0.001), grade (p= 0.000), sense of belonging at school (p= 0.000), relationship with teachers (p= 0.000), and past month alcohol use (p= 0.007). In multivariate analysis, students' having frequent behavioural problems at school was significantly associated with neither past year nor past month alcohol use (AOR= 1.13, 95% CI= 0.91- 1.40, AOR= 1.02, 95% CI= 0.83- 1.24 respectively). Significant inverse associations were found between students' behavioural problems and age (11- 14 years: AOR= 0.53, 95% CI= 0.33- 0.84; AOR= 0.51, 95% CI= 0.32- 0.82 for models 1 and 2 respectively), and relationship with teachers (very good: AOR= 0.10, 95% CI= 0.07- 0.16; AOR= 0.13, 95% CI= 0.09- 0.20 for models 1 and 2 respectively). Conclusion: Neither past year nor past month alcohol consumption by students was associated with frequent behavioural problems at school. Students who were younger than 17 years, and who had a relationship with their teachers that was not very bad were significantly less likely to engage in frequent behavioural problems.

Parental Alcohol Drinking Habit as a Predictor of Alcohol Use among Secondary School Students in Barbados

Background: In Barbados and the wider Caribbean region, alcohol is widely consumed by adolescents and young people, including those in secondary schools. The high prevalence of alcohol use, and its potential adverse effects are a source of concern to policy makers and the general population, which calls for better understanding of the drivers of this problem. This study thus aimed at investigating whether parental alcohol drinking habit is a predictor of alcohol use among secondary school students in the country. Methods: The predictor variables and response variables in the study were categorical, and so descriptive, univariate analysis consisted of computation of frequencies and percentages. Bivariate analysis using Pearson's Chi Square was done to test for significant differences in the response variables among groups. Logistic regression modeling was used in multivariate analysis to determine the predictor variables that were significantly associated with the response variables. Results: Significant associations were seen between students' age, (P= 0.00), grade (P=0.00), fathers' drinking habit (P=0.00), mothers' drinking habit (P=0.00), and both past year and past month alcohol use, in bivariate analysis. Logit model shows that students whose fathers drink only on weekends, sometimes during the week, or every day, respectively, had significantly increased risk of alcohol use in the past month (AOR= 2.62, 95%CI= 1.81- 3.77; AOR= 1.85, 95%CI= 1.19- 2.85; AOR= 2.18, 95%CI= 1.49- 3.18). Students whose mothers drink only on special occasion had significantly higher risk of alcohol use in the past year and past month (AOR= 1.99, 95%CI= 1.06- 3.74; AOR= 2.30, 95%CI= 1.36- 3.89 respectively). Conclusion: Having fathers who drink only on weekend, sometimes during the week and every day were significantly positively associated with alcohol use in the past month. Having mothers who drink only on special occasion was a risk factor for past year and past month alcohol use. However, having mothers who drin

The proportion of dementia attributable to common modifiable lifestyle factors in Barbados / Proporción de casos de demencia atribuible a factores comunes y modificables relacionados con el modo de vida en Barbados / Proporção de demência atribuível a fatores comuns modificáveis do estilo de vida em Barbados

ABSTRACT Objective To understand what number and proportion of dementia cases in Barbados are attributable to modifiable lifestyle factors and what effect a reduction in these risk factors would have on future dementia prevalence. Methods This was an observational study using Levin's Attributable Risk formula, which assumes independence of risk factors, to calculate the population attributable risk (PAR) of dementia (all-cause) for six risk factors: midlife obesity, physical inactivity, smoking, low educational attainment, diabetes mellitus, and midlife hypertension in Barbados. A recently-published, modified formula was utilized to account for non-independence of risk factors using secondary data for Barbados. The number and proportion of dementia cases attributable to each risk factor and to all risk factors combined were computed, as was the effect that any reduction in these risk factors might have on future dementia prevalence. Results Accounting for the fact that risk factors do not operate independently, 50.9% (1 526 cases) were attributable to the combined effect of the six risk factors under study. According to the analysis, if each risk factor were reduced by 5% - 20% per decade, dementia prevalence could be 3.3% - 31.8% lower by 2050. Conclusion Using a largely theoretical model, the six modifiable lifestyle factors were estimated to be attributable to 50.9% of dementia cases in Barbados. Since the risk factors have much in common, any intervention that targets one of them could significantly reduce future dementia prevalence.

RESUMEN Objetivo Establecer el número y la proporción de casos de demencia en Barbados que se pueden atribuir a factores modificables relacionados con el modo de vida y el efecto que podría tener una reducción de estos factores de riesgo en la prevalencia de la demencia en el futuro. Métodos Este fue un estudio de observación en el que se usó la fórmula de riesgo atribuible de Levin, que presupone la independencia de los factores de riesgo, para calcular el riesgo de demencia (por cualquier causa) atribuible a la población (RAP) en Barbados en relación con seis factores de riesgo: obesidad en la edad madura, inactividad física, tabaquismo, nivel de escolaridad bajo, diabetes mellitus e hipertensión en la edad madura. Se utilizó una fórmula modificada de publicación reciente para incluir los factores de riesgo no independientes, sobre la base de datos secundarios para Barbados. Se computaron el número y la proporción de casos de demencia atribuibles a cada factor de riesgo y a todos los factores de riesgo combinados, al igual que el efecto de una reducción de estos factores de riesgo sobre la prevalencia de la demencia. Resultados Teniendo en cuenta el hecho de que los factores de riesgo no operan independientemente, 50,9% de los casos (1 526 casos) se podían atribuir al efecto combinado de los seis factores de riesgo en estudio. Según el análisis, si cada factor de riesgo se redujera de 5% a 20% por decenio, la prevalencia de la demencia podría ser de 3,3% a 31,8% más baja para el 2050. Conclusiones Mediante un modelo mayormente teórico, se estimó que 50,9% de los casos de demencia en Barbados eran atribuibles a seis factores modificables relacionados con el modo de vida. Como los factores de riesgo tienen mucho en común, cualquier intervención dirigida específicamente a uno de ellos podría reducir considerablemente la prevalencia de la demencia en el futuro.

RESUMO Objetivo Conhecer o número e a proporção de casos de demência em Barbados que são atribuíveis a fatores modificáveis do estilo de vida e examinar o efeito que teria uma redução desses fatores de risco na prevalência futura de demência. Métodos Estudo observacional realizado com o uso da fórmula do risco atribuível de Levin (pressuposto de independência dos fatores de risco) para calcular o risco atribuível populacional (RAP) da demência (todas as causas) em Barbados para seis fatores de risco: obesidade na meia idade, inatividade física, tabagismo, baixo grau de instrução, diabetes mellitus e hipertensão na meia idade. Uma versão modificada da fórmula recentemente publicada foi usada para representar a não independência dos fatores de risco usando dados secundários do país. O número e a proporção de casos de demência atribuíveis a cada fator de risco e a todos os fatores de risco combinados foram computados, assim como o efeito de uma redução desses fatores de risco na prevalência futura de demência. Resultados Considerando que os fatores do risco não atuam de modo independente, 50,9% (1.526 casos) foram atribuíveis ao efeito combinado dos seis fatores de risco estudados. De acordo com a análise, se cada fator de risco tivesse uma redução de 5%-20% por década, a prevalência da demência poderia cair de 3,3% a 31,8% até 2050. Conclusões De acordo com um modelo eminentemente teórico, estimou-se que os seis fatores modificáveis do estilo de vida eram atribuíveis a 50,9% dos casos de demência em Barbados. Visto que os fatores de risco têm muito em comum, qualquer intervenção que vise um dos fatores poderia reduzir consideravelmente a prevalência futura da demência.

Barbados food and nutrition security plan of action 2014-2018: An Action Plan to Implement the Barbados Food and Nutrition Security Policy 2013

Barbados, a signatory of the Millennium Declaration 2000, has agreed to achieve the eight Millennium Development Goals (MDG's) by 2015. The country has shown excellent performance in achieving these goals and has exceeded most of the global targets because of a strategic approach written into the island's National Strategic Plan (2005-2025). Barbados has now moved to the introduction of the MDG-Plus that further defines MDGs to better reflect national issues and address country specific problems.

Prevalence and phenotype of diabetes and prediabetes using fasting glucose vs HbA1c in a Caribbean population.

BACKGROUND: Both fasting plasma glucose (FPG) and HbA1c are recommended for the diagnosis of diabetes and prediabetes by the American Diabetes Association (ADA), and for diabetes by the World Health Organization. The ADA guidance is influential on clinical practice in many developing countries, including in the Caribbean and Latin America. We aimed to compare the prevalence and characteristics of individuals identified as having diabetes and prediabetes by FPG and HbA1c in a predominantly African ancestry Caribbean population. METHODS: A representative population-based sample of 1234 adults (≥25 years of age) resident in Barbados was recruited. Standard methods with appropriate quality control were used to collect data on height, weight, blood pressure, fasting lipids and history of diagnosed diabetes, and to measure fasting glucose and HbA1c. Those with previously diagnosed diabetes (n = 192) were excluded from the analyses. Diabetes was defined as: FPG ≥7.0 mmol/L or HbA1c ≥6.5%; prediabetes as: FPG ≥5.6 to <7mmol/L or HbA1c ≥5.7 to <6.5%. RESULTS: Complete data were available on 939 participants without previously diagnosed diabetes. The prevalence of undiagnosed diabetes was higher, but not significantly so, by HbA1c (4.9%, 95% CI 3.5, 6.8) vs FPG (3.5%, 2.4, 5.1). Overall 79 individuals had diabetes by either measure, but only 21 on both. The prevalence of prediabetes was higher by HbA1c compared to FPG: 41.7% (37.9, 45.6) vs 15.0% (12.8, 17.5). Overall 558 individuals had prediabetes by either measure, but only 107 on both. HbA1c, but not FPG, was significantly higher in women than men; and FPG, but not HbA1c, was significantly associated with raised triglycerides and low HDL cholesterol. CONCLUSION: The agreement between FPG and HbA1c defined hyperglycaemia is poor. In addition, there are some differences in the phenotype of those identified, and HbA1c gives a much higher prevalence of prediabetes. The routine use of HbA1c for screening and diagnosis in this population would have major implications for clinical and public health policies and resources. Given the lack of robust evidence, particularly for prediabetes, on whether intervention in the individuals identified would improve outcomes, this approach to screening and diagnosis cannot be currently recommended for this population.