Estrategias de destete y desmonte de cánula nasal de alto flujo en adultos / Adult High-Flow Nasal Cannula Weaning and Disassembly Strategies

Introducción: La cánula nasal de alto flujo es un sistema que utiliza una mezcla de aire-oxígeno humidificado y calentado con un caudal de hasta 70 litros por minuto. Es utilizada mayoritariamente en la insuficiencia respiratoria aguda de origen hipoxémico, donde ha demostrado brindar mayor comodidad y poder resolutivo de la hipoxemia, en comparación con la oxigenoterapia convencional. Aunque se conocen sus indicaciones y estrategia de seguimiento, en la práctica clínica no es claro su proceso de destete/desmonte. Objetivo: Identificar en la bibliografía la literatura existente acerca de estrategias de destete/desmonte de la cánula nasal de alto flujo en adultos. Métodos: Se realizó una revisión bibliográfica en las bases de datos del portal regional de la BVS, PubMed, Web Of Science, Scopus y Google scholar, sin límite de tiempo y es- tructurando una ecuación PIO con palabras clave y operadores booleanos. Se asumieron artículos publicados en inglés y español, texto completo. Resultados: En la bibliografía, aún se reporta discrepancia en el proceso de destete y desmonte de la cánula nasal de alto flujo, pero en la mayoría de los estudios encontrados en esta revisión se propone disminuir la FiO2 primero de forma gradual (5-10%) hasta valores de 30-50% y, posteriormente, el flujo. Para desmontarla, se podría considerar tener una FiO2 entre 30-50%, flujo entre 20-30 litros por minuto, SaO2 >92%, con adecuada mecánica respiratoria y estado de conciencia. Conclusión: Aún no existe unanimidad en el proceso de destete/desmonte en la cánula nasal de alto flujo en el paciente adulto.

Introduction: The high-flow nasal cannula is a system that uses a humidified and heated air-oxygen mixture with a flow rate of up to 70 liters per minute. It is mostly used in acute respiratory failure of hypoxemic origin, where it has been shown to provide greater comfort and resolving power of hypoxemia, compared to conventional oxygen therapy. Although its indications and follow-up strategy are known, in clinical practice the weaning/weaning process is not clear. Objective: To identify in the bibliography the existing literature on weaning/ weaning strategies of high-flow nasal cannula in adults. Methods: A bibliographic review was carried out in the databases of the regional portal of the BVS, PubMed, Web Of Science, Scopus and Google scholar, without time limit and structuring a PIO equation with keywords and boléan connectors. Articles published in English and Spanish, full text, were assumed. Results: The literature still reports discrepancy in the process of weaning and disassembling the high-flow nasal cannula, but most of the studies found in this review propose to decrease the FiO2 first gradually (5-10%) to values of 30-50% and then the flow. To dismantle it, one could consider having a FiO2 between 30-50%, flow between 20-30 liters per minute, SaO2 >92%, with adequate respiratory mechanics and state of consciousness. Conclusion: There is still no unanimity on the weaning/weaning process in the high- flow nasal cannula in the adult patient.

Utilización de soportes respiratorios no invasivos post extubación en pacientes adultos críticos: revisión narrativa SRNI post extubación en adultos críticos / Use of Non-Invasive Respiratory Support in Critically Ill Patients Post-Extubation: a Narrative Review NIRS Post-Extubation in Critically Ill Adults

La tasa de reintubación orotraqueal luego de la extubación se registra entre un 10 a 20%. La aplicación de soportes respiratorios no-invasivos (SRNI) posterior a la extuba-ción como cánula nasal de alto-flujo, ventilación no invasiva (dos niveles de presión) y presión positiva continua en la vía aérea demostraron ser seguras y efectivas post ex-tubación. El período pre-destete representa un momento crucial en el manejo de los pa-cientes críticos ya que el fracaso de la extubación, definido como la necesidad de reintu-bación dentro de los 2 a 7 días, demostró peores resultados al aumentar la mortalidad entre un 25-50%. Esta situación conlleva al requerimiento de ventilación mecánica prolongada, neumonía asociada a la ventilación mecánica y estancias prolongadas de internación. Por lo tanto, es esencial identificar a los pacientes que se beneficiarán utilizando SRNI post extubación.

The rate of re-intubation after extubation is recorded at 10-20%. The use of non-invasive respiratory support (NIRS) post-extubation such as high-flow nasal cannula, non-invasive ventilation (bilevel pressure) and continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) have been shown to be safe and effective post-extubation. The pre-weaning period represents a crucial time in the management of critically ill patients, as extubation failure, defined as the need for reintubation within 2-7 days, showed worse outcomes with mortality increasing by 25-50%. This situation leads to the requirement for prolonged mechanical ventilation, ventilator-associated pneumonia and long lengths of hospital stay. Therefore, it is essential to identify patients who will benefit from NIRS post extubation.

Comparison of preoxygenation with a high-flow nasal cannula and a simple mask before intubation during induction of general anesthesia in patients undergoing head and neck surgery: Study protocol clinical trial (SPIRIT Compliant).

BACKGROUND: To assess the arterial oxygen partial pressure (PaO2) at defined time points during preoxygenation and to compare high-flow heated humidified nasal oxygenation with standard preoxygenation using oxygen insufflation via a facemask for at least 5 minutes, before intubation during induction of general anesthesia. METHODS: This randomized, single-blinded, prospective study will be conducted in patients undergoing head and neck surgery. After standard monitoring, the artery catheter at the radial artery or dorsalis pedis artery will be placed and arterial blood gas analysis (ABGA) for baseline values will be performed simultaneously. Each group will be subjected to 1 of 2 preoxygenation methods (high-flow nasal cannula or simple facemask) for 5 minutes, and ABGA will be performed twice. After confirming intubation, we will start mechanical ventilation and check the vital signs and perform the final ABGA. DISCUSSION: This trial aims to examine the trajectory of PaO2 levels during the whole preoxygenation procedure and after intubation. We hypothesize that preoxygenation with the high-flow nasal cannula will be superior to that with the face mask. STUDY REGISTRATION: This trial was registered with the Clinical Trial Registry (NCT03896906; ClinicalTrials.gov).

Uso de cánula de alto flujo en niños menores de 24 meses en salones de pediatría / Use of high flow nasal cannula in infants younger than 24 months in general pediatric rooms

Resumen Justificación y objetivo: la patología respiratoria más frecuente y la principal causa de hospitalización en niños menores de 2 años en Costa Rica y el mundo, es la bronquiolitis. La terapia no invasiva de alto flujo se introdujo en Costa Rica en 2008. El objetivo de este trabajo fue demostrar la utilidad de la cánula de alto flujo en niños menores de 2 años con patología respiratoria. Métodos: estudio transversal observacional en pacientes menores de 2 años que requirieron la colocación de cánula de alto flujo, de julio a octubre de 2015, en el Hospital Nacional de Niños. Resultados: se realizó un análisis de 63 pacientes, con una media de edad de 10 meses y un peso promedio de 8,6 kg. El principal diagnóstico fue bronquiolitis y el germen más común fue metaneumovirus. Se demostró una mejoría estadísticamente significativa en la saturación de oxígeno y el puntaje, luego de la colocación de la cánula de alto flujo (p < 0,05), y disminución de la frecuencia respiratoria (p 0,016) entre los que no requirieron ventilación mecánica asistida, con un valor de siquiera un 30 % menos de la inicial. Hasta un 95 % de los pacientes con una saturación de oxígeno inicial menor al 87 %, ameritó la colocación de ventilación mecánica asistida. La duración promedio de terapia fue de 2 días. De los pacientes estudiados, 16 (25 %) llegaron a requerir ventilación mecánica asistida. Conclusiones: en el grupo analizado, la cánula de alto flujo demostró mejoría en los parámetros clínicos. Los pacientes que ameritaron ventilación mecánica asistida fueron aquellos en donde la mejoría en el puntaje de gravedad fue menor o igual a 2 puntos, o no hubo disminución en la frecuencia respiratoria de al menos un 30 %, y la saturación de oxígeno inicial fue menor al 87 %.

Abstract Background and aim: Bronquiolitis remains the most common respiratory etiology that affects children under 2 years of age, and the most common cause of hospitalization in this age group. Non-invasive technology with high flow nasal cannula was first introduced in Costa Rica in 2008; the main goal of the study was to demonstrate the utility of this cannula in children under 2 years of age with respiratory disease. Methodology: Transversal observational study, in children under 2 years of age that required high flow nasal cannula therapy, from July to October 2015 in Costa Rica's main hospital, Hospital Nacional de Niños. Results: a final simple of 63 patients was obtained. The majority came from the central area of the country, with an average age of 10 months and an average weight of 8,6 kg. The main diagnosis was bronquiolitis. The most commonly virus found was the Metaneumovirus. There was a significant improve in the oxygen saturation with the device (p < 0,05) and a significant reduction in respiratory rates (p 0,016) between the children that did not required intubation of at least 30% from the initial value. Up to 95% of the patients with initial oxygen saturation less tan 87% required mechanical ventilation. The average duration of the therapy was of two days. 16 patients (25%) required mechanical ventilation. Conclusions: In Costa Rica, the high flow nasal cannula therapy works and improves clinical parameters. The patients that required intubation were those in which the improvement of the severity scale was of 2 or less points, was no reduction in respiratory rates of at least 30% and the initial oxygen saturation was less than 87%.

Evaluación del proceso de decanulación en pacientes traqueostomizados en el Hospital Carlos van Buren: una cohorte retrospectiva / Evaluation of decannulation process in tracheotomized patients at Carlos van Buren Hospital: a retrospective cohort

RESUMEN Introducción: El proceso de decanulación consiste en la evaluación de las competencias de la vía aérea superior que conlleva al retiro definitivo de una cánula de traqueostomía. La predicción de su éxito resulta dificultosa debido al alto número de variables que la afectan. Para conseguir este objetivo, es fundamental contar con un protocolo adecuado a la institución de salud, que se sume a un manejo multidisciplinario. Objetivo: El objetivo propuesto fue evaluar el éxito de decanulación en los pacientes adultos del Hospital Carlos van Buren que siguieron el protocolo institucional. Material y método: Estudio de cohorte retrospectivo que se desarrolló durante el primer semestre del año 2016. Se evaluó el éxito de decanulación en pacientes adultos traqueostomizados que cumplieron con los criterios de inclusión. La muestra final fue de 18 pacientes, de los cuales se obtuvieron datos de interés desde las historias clínicas y registros del servicio de medicina y rehabilitación. Resultados: De los 18 pacientes incluidos en el estudio ninguno cumplió con los criterios de ingreso al protocolo de decanulación institucional al momento de la evaluación inicial por el Servicio de Medicina Física y Rehabilitación, requiriendo todos entrenamiento para aplicar dicho protocolo. Finalmente, un total de 15 pacientes lograron decanulación exitosa, requiriendo una mediana de 22 días de entrenamiento fonoaudiológico y kinesiológico. Conclusiones: Tras el entrenamiento terapéutico se logró 83% de éxito en la decanulación, lo que requirió un trabajo coordinado entre las diferentes disciplinas del servicio de medicina física y rehabilitación y del apoyo del servicio de otorrinolaringología. Se deberá revaluar el protocolo institucional para ajustarlo a la realidad local.

ABSTRACT Introduction: The decannulation process consist in the evaluation of the upper airways competences which carry the definite extraction of the traqueostomy cannula. The prediction of its success is difficult due to the high number of variables that affect it. In order to reach this goal, is fundamental to count with an adequate protocol of the health institution, which assumes the multidisciplinary management. Aim: The proposed goal was to evaluate the success of decannulation in adult patients of Carlos van Buren hospital who followed the institutional protocol. Material and method: The cohort retrospective study that developed during the first semester of 2016. The decannulation success was evaluated in adult patients tracheostomized who fulfilled the inclusion criteria. The final sample was of 18 patients, of which were obtained data of interest from the clinical histories and register of the Medicine and Rehabilitation Service. Results: Of the 18 patients in this study none of them met the entry criteria of the institutional decannulation protocol at the time of the initial evaluation by the Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Service, requiring all training in order to apply the protocol. Finally, a total of 15 patients achieved a successful decannulation requiring a median of 22 days of phonoaudiological and kinesiological training. Conclusions: After the therapeutic training it was achieved a 83% of success in decannulation, which required a coordinated work between the different disciplines of the Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Service and the support of the Otorhinolaryngology Service. The institutional protocol should be evaluated to adjust it to the local reality.

Cannula Implantation into the Cisterna Magna of Rodents.

Cisterna magna cannulation (CMc) is a straightforward procedure that enables direct access to the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) without operative damage to the skull or the brain parenchyma. In anesthetized rodents, the exposure of the dura mater by blunt dissection of the neck muscles allows the insertion of a cannula into the cisterna magna (CM). The cannula, composed either by a fine beveled needle or borosilicate capillary, is attached via a polyethylene (PE) tube to a syringe. Using a syringe pump, molecules can then be injected at controlled rates directly into the CM, which is continuous with the subarachnoid space. From the subarachnoid space, we can trace CSF fluxes by convective flow into the perivascular space around penetrating arterioles, where solute exchange with the interstitial fluid (ISF) occurs. CMc can be performed for acute injections immediately following the surgery, or for chronic implantation, with later injection in anesthetized or awake, freely moving rodents. Quantitation of tracer distribution in the brain parenchyma can be performed by epifluorescence, 2-photon microscopy, and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), depending on the physico-chemical properties of the injected molecules. Thus, CMc in conjunction with various imaging techniques offers a powerful tool for assessment of the glymphatic system and CSF dynamics and function. Furthermore, CMc can be utilized as a conduit for fast, brain-wide delivery of signaling molecules and metabolic substrates that could not otherwise cross the blood brain barrier (BBB).

Clinical Experience in Minimally Invasive Cardiac Surgery With Virtually Wall-Less Venous Cannulas.

OBJECTIVE: Inadequate peripheral venous drainage during minimally invasive cardiac surgery (MICS) is a challenge and cannot always be solved with increased vacuum or increased centrifugal pump speed. The present study was designed to assess the benefit of virtually wall-less transfemoral venous cannulas during MICS. METHODS: Transfemoral venous cannulation with virtually wall-less cannulas (3/8″ 24F 530-630-mm ST) was performed in 10 consecutive patients (59 ± 10 years, 8 males, 2 females) undergoing MICS for mitral (6), aortic (3), and other (4) procedures (combinations possible). Before transfemoral insertion of wall-less cannulas, a guidewire was positioned in the superior vena cava under echocardiographic control. The wall-less cannula was then fed over the wire and connected to a minimal extracorporeal system. Vacuum assist was used to reach a target flow of 2.4 l/min per m with augmented venous drainage at less than -80 mm Hg. RESULTS: Wall-less venous cannulas measuring either 630 mm (n = 8) in length or 530 mm (n = 2) were successfully implanted in all patients. For a body size of 173 ± 11 cm and a body weight of 78 ± 26 kg, the calculated body surface area was 1.94 ± 0.32 m. As a result, the estimated target flow was 4.66 ± 0.78 l/min, whereas the achieved flow accounted for 4.98 ± 0.69 l/min (107% of target) at a vacuum level of 21.3 ± 16.4 mm Hg. Excellent exposure and "dry" intracardiac surgical field resulted. CONCLUSIONS: The performance of virtually wall-less venous cannulas designed for augmented peripheral venous drainage was tested in MICS and provided excellent flows at minimal vacuum levels, confirming an increased performance over traditional thin wall cannulas. Superior results can be expected for routine use.