Nanocarrier - Mediated Salinomycin Delivery Induces Apoptosis and Alters EMT Phenomenon in Prostate Adenocarcinoma.

Salinomycin (Sal) has been recently discovered as a novel chemotherapeutic agent against various cancers including prostate cancer which is one of the most commonly diagnosed cancers affecting male populations worldwide. Herein we designed salinomycin nanocarrier (Sal-NPs) to extend its systemic circulation and to increase its anticancer potential. Prepared nanoform showed high encapsulation and sustained release profile for salinomycin. The present study elucidated the cytotoxicity and mechanism of apoptotic cell death of Sal-NPs against prostate cancer both in vitro and in vivo. At all measured concentrations, Sal-NPs showed more significant cytotoxicity to DU145 and PC3 cells than Sal alone. This effect was mediated by apoptosis, as confirmed by ROS generation, loss of MMP and cell cycle arrest at the G1 phase in both cells. Sal-NPs efficiently inhibited migration of PC3 and DU145 cells via effectively downregulating the epithelial mesenchymal transition. Also, the results confirmed that Sal-NPs can effectively inhibit the induction of Prostate adenocarcinoma in male Wistar rats. Sal-NPs treatment exhibited a decrease in tumour sizes, a reduction in prostate weight, and an increase in body weight, which suggests that Sal-NPs is more effective than salinomycin alone. Our results suggest that the molecular mechanism underlying the Sal-NPs anticancer effect may lead to the development of a potential therapeutic strategy for treating prostate adenocarcinoma.

Vikil 20 Suppresses the Proliferation of Prostate Cancer (PC-3) Cells and Quenches Free Radicals In Vitro.

Vikil 20 is an herbal formula produced in Ghana and is widely marketed as a product to boost immunity as well as for general well-being. However, the pharmacological effect of this herbal preparation has not been proven scientifically. Therefore, this study was aimed at investigating the antioxidative as well as the anti-prostate cancer effects of the product. To assess the antioxidative effect of Vikil 20, the DPPH and ABTS activities were investigated. The total phenolic content was investigated using the Folin-Ciocalteu method. The cytotoxic effect of Vikil 20 against prostate cancer (PC-3) cells as well as normal (RAW 264.7) cells was investigated using the MTT assay whereas its anti-metastatic effect was analyzed using the cell migration assay. The effect of Vikil 20 on cell adhesion was analyzed via the cell adhesion assay whereas its effect on TNF-α secretion was investigated using a TNF-α detection kit. Vikil 20 demonstrated significant antioxidant effects by suppressing 57.61% and 92.88% respectively of DPPH and ABTS radicals at 1000 µg/mL with total phenolic contents of 140.45 mg GAE/g. Vikil 20 suppressed the proliferation of PC-3 cells by reducing the number of viable cells to 49.5% while sparing the RAW, 264.7 cells. Further, Vikil 20 significantly suppressed both cellular migration and adhesion of prostate cancer cells. Finally, suppression of cellular migration and adhesion is associated with a reduction in TNF-α secretion by PC-3 cells. Taken together, Vikil 20 was found to possess significant antioxidant and anti-prostate cancer effects in vitro.

First in vitro measurement of VHEE relative biological effectiveness (RBE) in lung and prostate cancer cells using the ARES linac at DESY.

Very high energy electrons (VHEE) are a potential candidate for radiotherapy applications. This includes tumours in inhomogeneous regions such as lung and prostate cancers, due to the insensitivity of VHEE to inhomogeneities. This study explores how electrons in the VHEE range can be used to perform successful in vitro radiobiological studies. The ARES (accelerator research experiment at SINBAD) facility at DESY, Hamburg, Germany was used to deliver 154 MeV electrons to both prostate (PC3) and lung (A549) cancer cells in suspension. Dose was delivered to samples with repeatability and uniformity, quantified with Gafchromic film. Cell survival in response to VHEE was measured using the clonogenic assay to determine the biological effectiveness of VHEE in cancer cells for the first time using this method. Equivalent experiments were performed using 300 kVp X-rays, to enable VHEE irradiated cells to be compared with conventional photons. VHEE irradiated cancer cell survival was fitted to the linear quadratic (LQ) model (R2 = 0.96-0.97). The damage from VHEE and X-ray irradiated cells at doses between 1.41 and 6.33 Gy are comparable, suggesting similar relative biological effectiveness (RBE) between the two modalities. This suggests VHEE is as damaging as photon radiotherapy and therefore could be used to successfully damage cancer cells during radiotherapy. The RBE of VHEE was quantified as the relative doses required for 50% (D0.5) and 10% (D0.1) cell survival. Using these values, VHEE RBE was measured as 0.93 (D0.5) and 0.99 (D0.1) for A549 and 0.74 (D0.5) and 0.93 (D0.1) for PC3 cell lines respectively. For the first time, this study has shown that 154 MeV electrons can be used to effectively kill lung and prostate cancer cells, suggesting that VHEE would be a viable radiotherapy modality. Several studies have shown that VHEE has characteristics that would offer significant improvements over conventional photon radiotherapy for example, electrons are relatively easy to steer and can be used to deliver dose rapidly and with high efficiency. Studies have shown improved dose distribution with VHEE in treatment plans, in comparison to VMAT, indicating that VHEE can offer improved and safer treatment plans with reduced side effects. The biological response of cancer cells to VHEE has not been sufficiently studied as of yet, however this initial study provides some initial insights into cell damage. VHEE offers significant benefits over photon radiotherapy and therefore more studies are required to fully understand the biological effectiveness of VHEE.

[Study of antitumor effects of human placenta hydrolysate on PC-3, OAW-42, BT-474 cell cultures].

AIM: To investigate the antitumor effects of human placenta hydrolysate (HPH) peptides on three hormone-dependent human cell lines: prostate adenocarcinoma, breast carcinoma, and ovarian cancer by metabolic analysis of cell cultures. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The effect of HPH on tumor and control tumor cell lines was evaluated. Study stages: (A) de novo peptide sequencing by collision-induced dissociation mass spectrometry; (B) detection of peptides with anti-tumor properties; (C) expert analysis of the obtained lists of peptides. RESULTS: Dose-dependent cytotoxic effects of HPH on three tumor cell lines are shown: PC-3 (human prostate adenocarcinomas), OAW-42 (human ovarian cancer), BT-474 (human breast carcinomas), and IC50 constants (1.3-2.8 mg/ml) were obtained. The analysis of the HPH peptide fraction showed more than 70 peptides with antitumor properties in the composition of this HPH, including kinase inhibitors: mitogen-activated protein kinases, kappa-bi nuclear factor inhibitor kinase, AKT serine/threonine kinase 1, protein kinase C zeta, interleukin-1 receptor-associated kinase 4 and cyclin-dependent kinase 1. CONCLUSION: The results of the study indicate not only the oncological safety of the HPH used in therapy but also the mild antitumor effects of this HPH at high concentrations.

Inhibition of Prostate Cancer Cell Survival and Proliferation by Carnosic Acid Is Associated with Inhibition of Akt and Activation of AMPK Signaling.

Prostate cancer, accounting for 375,304 deaths in 2020, is the second most prevalent cancer in men worldwide. While many treatments exist for prostate cancer, novel therapeutic agents with higher efficacy are needed to target aggressive and hormone-resistant forms of prostate cancer, while sparing healthy cells. Plant-derived chemotherapy drugs such as docetaxel and paclitaxel have been established to treat cancers including prostate cancer. Carnosic acid (CA), a phenolic diterpene found in the herb rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis) has been shown to have anticancer properties but its effects in prostate cancer and its mechanisms of action have not been examined. CA dose-dependently inhibited PC-3 and LNCaP prostate cancer cell survival and proliferation (IC50: 64, 21 µM, respectively). Furthermore, CA decreased phosphorylation/activation of Akt, mTOR, and p70 S6K. A notable increase in phosphorylation/activation of AMP-activated kinase (AMPK), acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACC) and its upstream regulator sestrin-2 was seen with CA treatment. Our data indicate that CA inhibits AKT-mTORC1-p70S6K and activates Sestrin-2-AMPK signaling leading to a decrease in survival and proliferation. The use of inhibitors and small RNA interference (siRNA) approaches should be employed, in future studies, to elucidate the mechanisms involved in carnosic acid's inhibitory effects of prostate cancer.

Co-targeting SKP2 and KDM5B inhibits prostate cancer progression by abrogating AKT signaling with induction of senescence and apoptosis.

BACKGROUND: Prostate cancer (PCa) is the second-leading cause of cancer mortalities in the United States and is the most commonly diagnosed malignancy in men. While androgen deprivation therapy (ADT) is the first-line treatment option to initial responses, most PCa patients invariably develop castration-resistant PCa (CRPC). Therefore, novel and effective treatment strategies are needed. The goal of this study was to evaluate the anticancer effects of the combination of two small molecule inhibitors, SZL-P1-41 (SKP2 inhibitor) and PBIT (KDM5B inhibitor), on PCa suppression and to delineate the underlying molecular mechanisms. METHODS: Human CRPC cell lines, C4-2B and PC3 cells, were treated with small molecular inhibitors alone or in combination, to assess effects on cell proliferation, migration, senescence, and apoptosis. RESULTS: SKP2 and KDM5B showed an inverse regulation at the translational level in PCa cells. Cells deficient in SKP2 showed an increase in KDM5B protein level, compared to that in cells expressing SKP2. By contrast, cells deficient in KDM5B showed an increase in SKP2 protein level, compared to that in cells with KDM5B intact. The stability of SKP2 protein was prolonged in KDM5B depleted cells as measured by cycloheximide chase assay. Cells deficient in KDM5B were more vulnerable to SKP2 inhibition, showing a twofold greater reduction in proliferation compared to cells with KDM5B intact (p < 0.05). More importantly, combined inhibition of KDM5B and SKP2 significantly decreased proliferation and migration of PCa cells as compared to untreated controls (p < 0.005). Mechanistically, combined inhibition of KDM5B and SKP2 in PCa cells abrogated AKT activation, resulting in an induction of both cellular senescence and apoptosis, which was measured via Western blot analysis and senescence-associated ß-galactosidase (SA-ß-Gal) staining. CONCLUSIONS: Combined inhibition of KDM5B and SKP2 was more effective at inhibiting proliferation and migration of CRPC cells, and this regimen would be an ideal therapeutic approach of controlling CRPC malignancy.

Synthesis and Validation of TRIFAPYs as a Family of Transfection Agents for Therapeutic Oligonucleotides.

Transfection agents play a crucial role in facilitating the uptake of nucleic acids into eukaryotic cells offering potential therapeutic solutions for genetic disorders. However, progress in this field needs the development of improved systems that guarantee efficient transfection. Here, we describe the synthesis of a set of chemical delivery agents (TRIFAPYs) containing alkyl chains of different lengths based on the 1,3,5-tris[(4-alkyloxy-1pyridinio)methyl]benzene tribromide structure. Their delivery properties for therapeutic oligonucleotides were evaluated using PolyPurine Reverse Hoogsteen hairpins (PPRHs) as a silencing tool. The binding of liposomes to PPRHs was evaluated by retardation assays in agarose gels. The complexes had a size of 125 nm as determined by DLS, forming well-defined concentrical vesicles as visualized by Cryo-TEM. The prostate cancer cell line PC-3 was used to study the internalization of the nanoparticles by fluorescence microscopy and flow cytometry. The mechanism of entrance involved in the cellular uptake was mainly by clathrin-mediated endocytosis. Cytotoxicity analyses determined the intrinsic toxicity caused by each TRIFAPY and the effect on cell viability upon transfection of a specific PPRH (HpsPr-C) directed against the antiapoptotic target survivin. TRIFAPYs C12-C18 were selected to expand these studies in the breast cancer cell line SKBR-3 opening the usage of TRIFAPYs for both sexes and, in the hCMEC/D3 cell line, as a model for the blood-brain barrier. The mRNA levels of survivin decreased, while apoptosis levels increased upon the transfection of HpsPr-C with these TRIFAPYs in PC-3 cells. Therefore, TRIFAPYs can be considered novel lipid-based vehicles for the delivery of therapeutic oligonucleotides.

Antiproliferative and Apoptotic Effects of Murici (Byrsonima crassifolia (L.) Kunth and verbascifolia (L.) DC) and Taperebá (Spondias mombin L.) Extracts in Human Prostate Cell Line (PC-3).

OBJECTIVE: The present study aimed to evaluate the antiproliferative and apoptotic effects of extracts obtained from the murici (Byrsonima crassifolia (L.) Kunth and verbascifolia (L.) DC) and taperebá (Spondias mombin L.) pulps, on cell proliferation, cell cycle and apoptosis on human prostate cell line (PC-3). METHODS: Four extract was produced from the pulps:  murici aqueous extract (MA), taperebá aqueous extract (TA), murici ethanolic extract (ME) and taperebá ethanolic extract (TE). In the present study, the analysis of cell viability, cell cycle and apoptosis analyze were performed using the MTT method and flow cytometry. RESULTS: The results showed that murici and taperebá extracts proved to be inhibitors of cell growth, modulation of cell cycle promoters and capable of enhancing the death in prostate carcinoma cells PC-3; suggesting a regulatory effect in prostate cell line, depending on type of extract and dosage used. CONCLUSION: These results open a series of perspectives on the use of these bioactive extracts in the prevention and treatment of prostate cancer.

Effects of Red Sorghum-Derived Deoxyanthocyanidins and Their O-ß-D-Glucosides on E-Cadherin Promoter Activity in PC-3 Prostate Cancer Cells.

Although much less common than anthocyanins, 3-Deoxyanthocyanidins (3-DAs) and their glucosides can be found in cereals such as red sorghum. It is speculated that their bioavailability is higher than that of anthocyanins. Thus far, little is known regarding the therapeutic effects of 3-DAs and their O-ß-D-glucosides on cancer, including prostate cancer. Thus, we evaluated their potential to decrease cell viability, to modulate the activity of transcription factors such as NFκB, CREB, and SOX, and to regulate the expression of the gene CDH1, encoding E-Cadherin. We found that 4',7-dihydroxyflavylium chloride (P7) and the natural apigeninidin can reduce cell viability, whereas 4',7-dihydroxyflavylium chloride (P7) and 4'-hydroxy-7-O-ß-D-glucopyranosyloxyflavylium chloride (P3) increase the activities of NFkB, CREB, and SOX transcription factors, leading to the upregulation of CDH1 promoter activity in PC-3 prostate cancer cells. Thus, these compounds may contribute to the inhibition of the epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition in cancer cells and prevent the metastatic activity of more aggressive forms of androgen-resistant prostate cancer.

Microwave hyperthermia enhances radiosensitization by decreasing DNA repair efficiency and inducing oxidative stress in PC3 prostatic adenocarcinoma cells.

PURPOSE: Radiotherapy (RT) is the primary treatment for prostate cancer (PCa); however, the emergence of castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC) often leads to treatment failure and cancer-related deaths. In this study, we aimed to explore the use of microwave hyperthermia (MW-HT) to sensitize PCa to RT and investigate the underlying molecular mechanisms. METHODS: We developed a dedicated MW-HT heating setup, created an in vitro and in vivo MW-HT + RT treatment model for CRPC. We evaluated PC3 cell proliferation using CCK-8, colony experiments, DAPI staining, comet assay and ROS detection method. We also monitored nude mouse models of PCa during treatment, measured tumor weight, and calculated the tumor inhibition rate. Western blotting was used to detect DNA damage repair protein expression in PC3 cells and transplanted tumors. RESULTS: Compared to control, PC3 cell survival and clone formation rates decreased in RT + MW-HT group, demonstrating significant increase in apoptosis, ROS levels, and DNA damage. Lower tumor volumes and weights were observed in treatment groups. Ki-67 expression level was reduced in all treatment groups, with significant decrease in RT + MW-HT groups. The most significant apoptosis induction was confirmed in RT + MW-HT group by TUNEL staining. Protein expression levels of DNA-PKcs, ATM, ATR, and P53/P21 signaling pathways significantly decreased in RT + MW-HT groups. CONCLUSION: MW-HT + RT treatment significantly inhibited DNA damage repair by downregulating DNA-PKcs, ATM, ATR, and P53/P21 signaling pathways, leading to increased ROS levels, aggravate DNA damage, apoptosis, and necrosis in PC3 cells, a well-established model of CRPC.

Flubendazole suppresses VEGF-induced angiogenesis in HUVECs and exerts antitumor effects in PC-3 cells.

Flubendazole, an FDA-approved anthelmintic, has been predicted to show strong VEGFR2 inhibitory activity in silico screening combined with in vitro experimental validation, and it has shown anti-cancer effects on some human cancer cell lines, but little is known about the anti-angiogenesis effects and anti-prostate cancer effects. In this study, we analyzed the binding modes and kinetic analysis of flubendazole with VEGFR2 and first demonstrated that flubendazole suppressed VEGF-stimulated cell proliferation, wound-healing migration, cell invasion and tube formation of HUVEC cells, and decreased the phosphorylation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase and serine/threonine kinase Akt, which are the downstream proteins of VEGFR2 that are important for cell growth. What's more, our results showed that flubendazole decreased PC-3 cell viability and proliferation ability, and suppressed PC-3 cell wound healing migration and invasion across a Matrigel-coated Transwell membrane in a concentration-dependent manner. The antiproliferative effects of flubendazole were due to induction of G2-M phase cell cycle arrest in PC-3 cells with decreasing expression of the Cyclin D1 and induction of cell apoptosis with the number of apoptotic cells increased after flubendazole treatment. These results indicated that flubendazole could exert anti-angiogenic and anticancer effects by inhibiting cell cycle and inducing cell apoptosis.

Proliferation and migration of PC-3 prostate cancer cells is counteracted by PPARγ-cladosporol binding-mediated apoptosis and a decreased lipid biosynthesis and accumulation.

OBJECTIVES: Chemoprevention, consisting of the administration of natural and/or synthetic compounds, appears to be an alternative way to common therapeutical approaches to preventing the occurrence of various cancers. Cladosporols, secondary metabolites from Cladosporium tenuissimum, showed a powerful ability in controlling human colon cancer cell proliferation through a peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARγ)-mediated modulation of gene expression. Hence, we carried out experiments to verify the anticancer properties of cladosporols in human prostate cancer cells. Prostate cancer represents one of the most widespread tumors in which several risk factors play a role in determining its high mortality rate in men. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We assessed, by viability assays, PPARγ silencing and overexpression experiments and western blotting analysis, the anticancer properties of cladosporols in cancer prostate cell lines. RESULTS: Cladosporols A and B selectively inhibited the proliferation of human prostate PNT-1A, LNCaP and PC-3 cells and their most impactful antiproliferative ability towards PC-3 prostate cancer cells, was mediated by PPARγ modulation. Moreover, the anticancer ability of cladosporols implied a sustained apoptosis. Finally, cladosporols negatively regulated the expression of enzymes involved in the biosynthesis of fatty acids and cholesterol, thus enforcing the relationship between prostate cancer development and lipid metabolism dysregulation. CONCLUSION: This is the first work, to our knowledge, in which the role of cladosporols A and B was disclosed in prostate cancer cells. Importantly, the present study highlighted the potential of cladosporols as new therapeutical tools, which, interfering with cell proliferation and lipid pathway dysregulation, may control prostate cancer initiation and progression.

Overexpression of Transmembrane Phosphatase with Tensin homology (TPTE) in prostate cancer is clinically significant, suggesting its potential as a valuable biomarker.

PURPOSE: Cancer testis antigens (CTAs) are a family of proteins typically expressed in male testicles but overexpressed in various cancer cell types. Transmembrane Phosphatase with Tensin homology (TPTE) is expressed only in the testis of healthy individuals and is a member of the family of CTAs. The current study, for the first time, examined the significance of TPTE expression in prostate cancer (PCa) tissues by generating a novel antibody marker targeting TPTE protein. METHODS: Polyclonal antibodies were prepared for TPTE-p1 and TPTE-p2 peptides, which are derived from the extracellular domains of TPTE. Anti-TPTE-p2 antibody was then used to study the extent and pattern of TPTE expression in 102 PCa and 48 benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) tissue samples by immunohistochemistry. The viability of cancer cell lines (PC-3 and MCF-7 cells) was also evaluated in the presence of anti-TPTE-p2 antibody using the MTT test. RESULTS: The immunohistochemical analysis demonstrated a significant increase in cytoplasmic and membrane TPTE expression in the PCa samples compared to the BPH group (both P < 0.0001). Cytoplasmic TPTE expression was positively correlated with Gleason score and PSA levels (P = 0.03 and P = 0.001, respectively). Significant correlations were identified between the levels of PSA and perineural invasion and the membrane expression (P = 0.01, P = 0.04, respectively). Moreover, anti-TPTE-p2 antibody inhibited PC-3 and MCF-7 cells proliferation compared to the control group for 24 h (P < 0.001 and P = 0.001, respectively) as well as for 48 h (P = 0.001 and P = 0.001, respectively). CONCLUSION: Our findings indicate that increased TPTE expression is associated with progression of disease. The ability of anti-TPTE-p2 antibody to recognize and target the TPTE protein makes it a potential biomarker to assess and/or target the PCa.

Global Proteomics Analysis of Lysophosphatidic Acid Signaling in PC-3 Human Prostate Cancer Cells: Role of CCN1.

Cysteine-rich angiogenic factor 61 (CCN1/Cyr61) is a matricellular protein that is induced and secreted in response to growth factors. Our previous work showed that 18:1-lysophosphatidic acid (LPA), which activates the G protein-coupled receptor LPAR1, induces CCN1 between 2-4 h in PC-3 human prostate cancer cells in a manner than enhances cell-substrate adhesion. While the time course of induction suggests that CCN1 contributes to intermediate events in LPA action, the roles of CCN1 in LPA-mediated signal transduction have not been fully elucidated. This study utilized a comprehensive global proteomics approach to identify proteins up- or down-regulated in response to treatment of PC-3 cells with LPA for three hours, during the time of peak CCN1 levels. In addition, the effects of siRNA-mediated CCN1 knockdown on LPA responses were analyzed. The results show that, in addition to CCN1, LPA increased the levels of multiple proteins. Proteins up-regulated by LPA included metastasis-associated in colon cancer protein 1 (MACC1) and thrombospondin-1 (TSP1/THBS1); both MACC1 and TSP1 regulated cancer cell adhesion and motility. LPA down-regulated thioredoxin interacting protein (TXNIP). CCN1 knockdown suppressed the LPA-induced up-regulation of 30 proteins; these included MACC1 and TSP1, as confirmed by immunoblotting. Gene ontology and STRING analyses revealed multiple pathways impacted by LPA and CCN1. These results indicate that CCN1 contributes to LPA signaling cascades that occur during the intermediate phase after the initial stimulus. The study provides a rationale for the development of interventions to disrupt the LPA-CCN1 axis.

Inferring Drug Set and Identifying the Mechanism of Drugs for PC3.

Drug repurposing is a strategy for discovering new applications of existing drugs for use in various diseases. Despite the use of structured networks in drug research, it is still unclear how drugs interact with one another or with genes. Prostate adenocarcinoma is the second leading cause of cancer mortality in the United States, with an estimated incidence of 288,300 new cases and 34,700 deaths in 2023. In our study, we used integrative information from genes, pathways, and drugs for machine learning methods such as clustering, feature selection, and enrichment pathway analysis. We investigated how drugs affect drugs and how drugs affect genes in human pancreatic cancer cell lines that were derived from bone metastases of grade IV prostate cancer. Finally, we identified significant drug interactions within or between clusters, such as estradiol-rosiglitazone, estradiol-diclofenac, troglitazone-rosiglitazone, celecoxib-rofecoxib, celecoxib-diclofenac, and sodium phenylbutyrate-valproic acid.

Methanolic extract of Teucrium persicum up-regulates and induces the membrane restoration of E-cadherin protein in PC-3 cells.

Teucrium persicum Boiss. an Iranian endemic plant is used in Iranian traditional medicine. E-cadherin transmembrane protein participates in adherens junctions and is the main partner for ß-catenin protein. The GC-MS analysis was used to detect the chemical constituents of the methanolic extract. Its effects on the transcription of the E-cadherin encoding gene, cellular levels, and localization of E-cadherin protein in PC-3 cells were investigated. About 70 chemical constituents were identified. Indirect immunofluorescence microscopy and western blotting results revealed the restoration of E-cadherin protein at cell adhesion contact sites in cells treated with T. persicum extract. Gene expression studies revealed that the extract increased the transcription of the E-cadherin encoding gene in PC-3 cells. These results suggest that T. persicum extract may contain potent compounds that provide further support for the anticancer properties of T. persicum. Surely, detailed molecular investigations are needed to find the mechanism(s) behind these effects.

Drastic Synergy of Lovastatin and Antrodia camphorata Extract Combination against PC3 Androgen-Refractory Prostate Cancer Cells, Accompanied by AXL and Stemness Molecules Inhibition.

Prostate cancer (PC) is the second most frequently diagnosed cancer and the fifth leading cause of cancer-related death in males worldwide. Early-stage PC patients can benefit from surgical, radiation, and hormonal therapies; however, once the tumor transitions to an androgen-refractory state, the efficacy of treatments diminishes considerably. Recently, the exploration of natural products, particularly dietary phytochemicals, has intensified in response to addressing this prevailing medical challenge. In this study, we uncovered a synergistic effect from combinatorial treatment with lovastatin (an active component in red yeast rice) and Antrodia camphorata (AC, a folk mushroom) extract against PC3 human androgen-refractory PC cells. This combinatorial modality resulted in cell cycle arrest at the G0/G1 phase and induced apoptosis, accompanied by a marked reduction in molecules responsible for cellular proliferation (p-Rb/Rb, Cyclin A, Cyclin D1, and CDK1), aggressiveness (AXL, p-AKT, and survivin), and stemness (SIRT1, Notch1, and c-Myc). In contrast, treatment with either AC or lovastatin alone only exerted limited impacts on the cell cycle, apoptosis, and the aforementioned signaling molecules. Notably, significant reductions in canonical PC stemness markers (CD44 and CD133) were observed in lovastatin/AC-treated PC3 cells. Furthermore, lovastatin and AC have been individually examined for their anti-PC properties. Our findings elucidate a pioneering discovery in the synergistic combinatorial efficacy of AC and clinically viable concentrations of lovastatin on PC3 PC cells, offering novel insights into improving the therapeutic effects of dietary natural products for future strategic design of therapeutics against androgen-refractory prostate cancer.

The IGF-Independent Role of IRS-2 in the Secretion of MMP-9 Enhances the Growth of Prostate Carcinoma Cell Line PC3.

Insulin receptor substrate-2 (IRS-2), a substrate of the insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-I receptor, is highly expressed in the prostate cancer cell line, PC3. We recently demonstrated that extracellular signal-regulated kinase (Erk1/2), a kinase downstream of IGF signaling, is activated in PC3 cells under serum starvation, and this activation can be inhibited by IRS-2 knockdown. Here, we observed that adding an IGF-I-neutralizing antibody to the culture medium inhibited the activation of Erk1/2. Suppression of Erk1/2 in IRS-2 knockdown cells was restored by the addition of a PC3 serum-free conditioned medium. In contrast, the IRS-2-silenced PC3 conditioned medium could not restore Erk1/2 activation, suggesting that IRS-2 promotes the secretion of proteins that activate the IGF signaling pathway. Furthermore, gelatin zymography analysis of the conditioned medium showed that matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) was secreted extracellularly in an IRS-2 dependent manner when PC3 was cultured under serum starvation conditions. Moreover, MMP-9 knockdown suppressed Erk1/2 activation, DNA synthesis, and migratory activity. The IRS-2 levels were positively correlated with Gleason grade in human prostate cancer tissues. These data suggest that highly expressed IRS-2 activates IGF signaling by enabling the secretion of MMP-9, which is associated with hyperproliferation and malignancy of prostate cancer cell line, PC3.

The Apoptotic and Anti-Warburg Effects of Brassinin in PC-3 Cells via Reactive Oxygen Species Production and the Inhibition of the c-Myc, SIRT1, and ß-Catenin Signaling Axis.

Though Brassinin is known to have antiangiogenic, anti-inflammatory, and antitumor effects in colon, prostate, breast, lung, and liver cancers, the underlying antitumor mechanism of Brassinin is not fully understood so far. Hence, in the current study, the apoptotic mechanism of Brassinin was explored in prostate cancer. Herein, Brassinin significantly increased the cytotoxicity and reduced the expressions of pro-Poly ADP-ribose polymerase (PARP), pro-caspase 3, and B-cell lymphoma 2 (Bcl-2) in PC-3 cells compared to DU145 and LNCaP cells. Consistently, Brassinin reduced the number of colonies and increased the sub-G1 population and terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase (TdT) dUTP Nick-End Labeling (TUNEL)-positive cells in the PC-3 cells. Of note, Brassinin suppressed the expressions of pyruvate kinase-M2 (PKM2), glucose transporter 1 (GLUT1), hexokinase 2 (HK2), and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) as glycolytic proteins in the PC-3 cells. Furthermore, Brassinin significantly reduced the expressions of SIRT1, c-Myc, and ß-catenin in the PC-3 cells and also disrupted the binding of SIRT1 with ß-catenin, along with a protein-protein interaction (PPI) score of 0.879 and spearman's correlation coefficient of 0.47 being observed between SIRT1 and ß-catenin. Of note, Brassinin significantly increased the reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation in the PC-3 cells. Conversely, ROS scavenger NAC reversed the ability of Brassinin to attenuate pro-PARP, pro-Caspase3, SIRT1, and ß-catenin in the PC-3 cells. Taken together, these findings support evidence that Brassinin induces apoptosis via the ROS-mediated inhibition of SIRT1, c-Myc, ß-catenin, and glycolysis proteins as a potent anticancer candidate.

Thymoquinone Potentially Modulates the Expression of Key Onco- and Tumor Suppressor miRNAs in Prostate and Colon Cancer Cell Lines: Insights from PC3 and HCT-15 Cells.

Prostate cancer (PC) and colon cancer significantly contribute to global cancer-related morbidity and mortality. Thymoquinone (TQ), a naturally occurring phytochemical found in black cumin, has shown potential as an anticancer compound. This study aimed to investigate the effects of TQ on the expression profile of key tumor suppressor and onco-suppressor miRNAs in PC3 prostate cancer cells and HCT-15 colon cancer cells. Cell viability assays revealed that TQ inhibited the growth of both cell lines in a dose-dependent manner, with IC50 values of approximately 82.59 µM for HCT-15 and 55.83 µM for PC3 cells. Following TQ treatment at the IC50 concentrations, miRNA expression analysis demonstrated that TQ significantly downregulated miR-21-5p expression in HCT-15 cells and upregulated miR-34a-5p, miR-221-5p, miR-17-5p, and miR-21-5p expression in PC3 cells. However, no significant changes were observed in the expression levels of miR-34a-5p and miR-200a-5p in HCT-15 cells. The current findings suggest that TQ might exert its antiproliferative effects by modulating specific tumor suppressor and onco-suppressor miRNAs in prostate and colon cancer cells. Further investigations are warranted to elucidate the precise underlying mechanisms and to explore the therapeutic potential of TQ in cancer treatment. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report regarding the effect of TQ on the miRNA expression profile in colon and prostate cancer cell lines.