Gs/Gq signaling switch in ß cells defines incretin effectiveness in diabetes.

By restoring glucose-regulated insulin secretion, glucagon-like peptide-1-based (GLP-1-based) therapies are becoming increasingly important in diabetes care. Normally, the incretins GLP-1 and glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP) jointly maintain normal blood glucose levels by stimulation of insulin secretion in pancreatic ß cells. However, the reason why only GLP-1-based drugs are effective in improving insulin secretion after presentation of diabetes has not been resolved. ATP-sensitive K+ (KATP) channels play a crucial role in coupling the systemic metabolic status to ß cell electrical activity for insulin secretion. Here, we have shown that persistent membrane depolarization of ß cells due to genetic (ß cell-specific Kcnj11-/- mice) or pharmacological (long-term exposure to sulfonylureas) inhibition of the KATP channel led to a switch from Gs to Gq in a major amplifying pathway of insulin secretion. The switch determined the relative insulinotropic effectiveness of GLP-1 and GIP, as GLP-1 can activate both Gq and Gs, while GIP only activates Gs. The findings were corroborated in other models of persistent depolarization: a spontaneous diabetic KK-Ay mouse and nondiabetic human and mouse ß cells of pancreatic islets chronically treated with high glucose. Thus, a Gs/Gq signaling switch in ß cells exposed to chronic hyperglycemia underlies the differential insulinotropic potential of incretins in diabetes.

The potassium channel KCNJ13 is essential for smooth muscle cytoskeletal organization during mouse tracheal tubulogenesis.

Tubulogenesis is essential for the formation and function of internal organs. One such organ is the trachea, which allows gas exchange between the external environment and the lungs. However, the cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying tracheal tube development remain poorly understood. Here, we show that the potassium channel KCNJ13 is a critical modulator of tracheal tubulogenesis. We identify Kcnj13 in an ethylnitrosourea forward genetic screen for regulators of mouse respiratory organ development. Kcnj13 mutants exhibit a shorter trachea as well as defective smooth muscle (SM) cell alignment and polarity. KCNJ13 is essential to maintain ion homeostasis in tracheal SM cells, which is required for actin polymerization. This process appears to be mediated, at least in part, through activation of the actin regulator AKT, as pharmacological increase of AKT phosphorylation ameliorates the Kcnj13-mutant trachea phenotypes. These results provide insight into the role of ion homeostasis in cytoskeletal organization during tubulogenesis.

Kir6.2 Deficiency Promotes Mesencephalic Neural Precursor Cell Differentiation via Regulating miR-133b/GDNF in a Parkinson's Disease Mouse Model.

The loss of dopaminergic (DA) neurons in the substantia nigra (SN) is a major feature in the pathology of Parkinson's disease (PD). Using neural stem or progenitor cells (NSC/NPCs), the prospect of replacing the missing or damaged DA neurons is very attractive for PD therapy. However, little is known about the endogenous mechanisms and molecular pathways regulating the NSC/NPC proliferation and differentiation in the development of PD. Herein, using Kir6.2 knockout (Kir6.2-/-) mice, we observed that genetic deficiency of Kir6.2 exacerbated the loss of SN DA neurons relatively early in a chronic MPTP/probenecid (MPTP/p) injection course, but rescued the damage of neurons 7 days after the last MPTP/p injection. Meanwhile, we found that Kir6.2 knockout predominantly increased the differentiation of nuclear receptor-related 1 (Nurr1+) precursors to DA neurons, indicating that Kir6.2 deficiency could activate an endogenous self-repair process. Furthermore, we demonstrated in vivo and in vitro that lack of Kir6.2 promoted neuronal differentiation via inhibiting the downregulation of glia cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF), which negatively related to the level of microRNA-133b. Notably, we revealed that Gdnf is a target gene of miR-133b and transfection of miR-133b could attenuate the enhancement of neural precursor differentiation induced by Kir6.2 deficiency. Collectively, we clarify for the first time that Kir6.2/K-ATP channel functions as a novel endogenous negative regulator of NPC differentiation, and provide a promising neuroprotective target for PD therapeutics.

Plasticity of sarcolemmal KATP channel surface expression: relevance during ischemia and ischemic preconditioning.

Myocardial ischemia remains the primary cause of morbidity and mortality in the United States. Ischemic preconditioning (IPC) is a powerful form of endogenous protection against myocardial infarction. We studied alterations in KATP channels surface density as a potential mechanism of the protection of IPC. Using cardiac-specific knockout of Kir6.2 subunits, we demonstrated an essential role for sarcolemmal KATP channels in the infarct-limiting effect of IPC in the mouse heart. With biochemical membrane fractionation, we demonstrated that sarcolemmal KATP channel subunits are distributed both to the sarcolemma and intracellular endosomal compartments. Global ischemia causes a loss of sarcolemmal KATP channel subunit distribution and internalization to endosomal compartments. Ischemia-induced internalization of KATP channels was prevented by CaMKII inhibition. KATP channel subcellular redistribution was also observed with immunohistochemistry. Ischemic preconditioning before the index ischemia reduced not only the infarct size but also prevented KATP channel internalization. Furthermore, not only did adenosine mimic IPC by preventing infarct size, but it also prevented ischemia-induced KATP channel internalization via a PKC-mediated pathway. We show that preventing endocytosis with dynasore reduced both KATP channel internalization and strongly mitigated infarct development. Our data demonstrate that plasticity of KATP channel surface expression must be considered as a potentially important mechanism of the protective effects of IPC and adenosine.

Variability in a three-generation family with Pierre Robin sequence, acampomelic campomelic dysplasia, and intellectual disability due to a novel ∼1 Mb deletion upstream of SOX9, and including KCNJ2 and KCNJ16.

BACKGROUND: Campomelic dysplasia and acampomelic campomelic dysplasia (ACD) are allelic disorders due to heterozygous mutations in or around SOX9. Translocations and deletions involving the SOX9 5' regulatory region are rare causes of these disorders, as well as Pierre Robin sequence (PRS) and 46,XY gonadal dysgenesis. Genotype-phenotype correlations are not straightforward due to the complex epigenetic regulation of SOX9 expression during development. METHODS: We report a three-generation pedigree with a novel ∼1 Mb deletion upstream of SOX9 and including KCNJ2 and KCNJ16, and ascertained for dominant transmission of PRS. RESULTS: Further characterization of the family identified subtle appendicular anomalies and a variable constellation of axial skeletal features evocative of ACD in several members. Affected males showed learning disability. CONCLUSION: The identified deletion was smaller than all other chromosome rearrangements associated with ACD. Comparison with other reported translocations and deletions involving this region allowed further refining of genotype-phenotype correlations and an update of the smallest regions of overlap associated with the different phenotypes. Intrafamilial variability in this pedigree suggests a phenotypic continuity between ACD and PRS in patients carrying mutations in the SOX9 5' regulatory region.

Tuberculosis in renal transplant patients: The experience of a single center in Medellín-Colombia, 2005-2013 / Tuberculose em pacientes transplantados renais: experiência de um único centro em Medellín-Colômbia, 2005-2013

Introduction: Tuberculosis is a common opportunistic infection in renal transplant patients. Objective: To obtain a clinical and laboratory description of transplant patients diagnosed with tuberculosis and their response to treatment during a period ranging from 2005 to 2013 at the Pablo Tobón Uribe Hospital. Methods: Retrospective and descriptive study. Results: In 641 renal transplants, tuberculosis was confirmed in 12 cases. Of these, 25% had a history of acute rejection, and 50% had creatinine levels greater than 1.5 mg/dl prior to infection. The disease typically presented as pulmonary (50%) and disseminated (33.3%). The first phase of treatment consisted of 3 months of HZRE (isoniazid, pyrazinamide, rifampicin and ethambutol) in 75% of the cases and HZME (isoniazid, pyrazinamide, moxifloxacin and ethambutol) in 25% of the cases. During the second phase of the treatment, 75% of the cases received isoniazid and rifampicin, and 25% of the cases received isoniazid and ethambutol. The length of treatment varied between 6 and 18 months. In 41.7% of patients, hepatotoxicity was associated with the beginning of anti-tuberculosis therapy. During a year-long follow-up, renal function remained stable, and the mortality rate was 16.7%. Conclusion: Tuberculosis in the renal transplant population studied caused diverse nonspecific symptoms. Pulmonary and disseminated tuberculosis were the most frequent forms and required prolonged treatment. Antituberculosis medications had a high toxicity and mortality. This infection must be considered when patients present with a febrile syndrome of unknown origin, especially during the first year after renal transplant. .

Introdução: A tuberculose é uma infecção oportunista comum em pacientes transplantados renais. Objetivo: Oferecer uma descrição clínica e laboratorial de pacientes transplantados com diagnóstico de tuberculose e sua resposta ao tratamento durante o período entre 2005 e 2013 no Hospital Pablo Tobón Uribe. Métodos: Estudo retrospectivo descritivo. Resultados: Em 641 transplantes renais, a tuberculose foi confirmada em 12 pacientes. Destes, 25% tinham histórico de rejeição aguda e 50% apresentaram níveis de creatinina superiores a 1,5 mg/dl antes da infecção. A patologia geralmente se apresentava como pulmonar (50%) e disseminada (33,3%). A primeira fase do tratamento consistiu de três meses de HZRE (isoniazida, pirazinamida, rifampicina e etambutol) em 75% dos casos e HZME (isoniazida, pirazinamida, moxifloxacina e etambutol) em 25% dos pacientes. Durante a segunda fase do tratamento, 75% dos pacientes receberam isoniazida e rifampicina e 25% isoniazida e etambutol. A duração do tratamento variou entre seis e 18 meses. Em 41,7% dos pacientes, hepatotoxicidade foi associada ao início do tratamento da tuberculose. Durante o seguimento de um ano a função renal manteve-se estável e a taxa de mortalidade foi de 16,7%. Conclusão: A tuberculose foi responsável por diversos sintomas inespecíficos na população de transplantados renais estudada. Tuberculose pulmonar e disseminada foram as formas mais frequentes de acometimento e necessitaram de tratamento prolongado. Medicamentos contra a tuberculose apresentaram alta toxicidade e mortalidade. Esta infecção deve ser considerada quando o paciente apresenta síndrome febril de origem desconhecida, especialmente durante o primeiro ano após o transplante renal. .

KATP channel as well as SGLT1 participates in GIP secretion in the diabetic state.

Glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP), a gut hormone secreted from intestinal K-cells, potentiates insulin secretion. Both K-cells and pancreatic ß-cells are glucose-responsive and equipped with a similar glucose-sensing apparatus that includes glucokinase and an ATP-sensitive K(+) (KATP) channel comprising KIR6.2 and sulfonylurea receptor 1. In absorptive epithelial cells and enteroendocrine cells, sodium glucose co-transporter 1 (SGLT1) is also known to play an important role in glucose absorption and glucose-induced incretin secretion. However, the glucose-sensing mechanism in K-cells is not fully understood. In this study, we examined the involvement of SGLT1 (SLC5A1) and the KATP channels in glucose sensing in GIP secretion in both normal and streptozotocin-induced diabetic mice. Glimepiride, a sulfonylurea, did not induce GIP secretion and pretreatment with diazoxide, a KATP channel activator, did not affect glucose-induced GIP secretion in the normal state. In mice lacking KATP channels (Kir6.2(-/-) mice), glucose-induced GIP secretion was enhanced compared with control (Kir6.2(+) (/) (+)) mice, but was completely blocked by the SGLT1 inhibitor phlorizin. In Kir6.2(-/-) mice, intestinal glucose absorption through SGLT1 was enhanced compared with that in Kir6.2(+) (/) (+) mice. On the other hand, glucose-induced GIP secretion was enhanced in the diabetic state in Kir6.2(+) (/) (+) mice. This GIP secretion was partially blocked by phlorizin, but was completely blocked by pretreatment with diazoxide in addition to phlorizin administration. These results demonstrate that glucose-induced GIP secretion depends primarily on SGLT1 in the normal state, whereas the KATP channel as well as SGLT1 is involved in GIP secretion in the diabetic state in vivo.

Kir6.2 knockout aggravates lipopolysaccharide-induced mouse liver injury via enhancing NLRP3 inflammasome activation.

BACKGROUND: ATP-sensitive potassium (K-ATP) channels couple cellular metabolism to electric activity. Although Kir6.2-composed K-ATP channel (Kir6.2/K-ATP channel) has been demonstrated to regulate inflammation, a common cause of most liver diseases, its role in liver injury remains elusive. METHODS: Kir6.2 knockout mice were used to prepared LPS-induced liver injury model so as to investigate the role of Kir6.2/K-ATP channels in the injury. Histochemistry was applied to evaluate the extent of liver injury. Proinflammatory cytokines were analyzed by ELISA. Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress and autophagy were assessed by western blotting. RESULTS: We showed that Kir6.2 knockout markedly promoted the infiltration of lymphocytes and neutrophils in liver and significantly elevated serum levels of alanine transaminase (ALT) in respond to LPS treatment. We further found that Kir6.2 deficiency enhanced the activation of NF-κB and NLRP3 inflammasome following LPS challenge, and thereby increased the levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-1ß, IL-18 and TNF-α. Treatment of wild-type mice with the K-ATP channel opener iptakalim (IPT) could protect against LPS-induced liver injury through attenuating NLRP3 inflammasome-mediated inflammatory responses. Furthermore, Kir6.2 knockout-induced activation of NLRP3 inflammasome aggravated endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, autophagy and subsequent hepatocyte death. CONCLUSION: Kir6.2 deficiency exacerbated LPS-induced liver injury by enhancing NLRP3 inflammasome-mediated inflammatory response. Thus, Kir6.2/K-ATP channel may be a potential candidate target for the treatment and prevention of liver injury.

The function and molecular identity of inward rectifier channels in vestibular hair cells of the mouse inner ear.

Inner ear hair cells respond to mechanical stimuli with graded receptor potentials. These graded responses are modulated by a host of voltage-dependent currents that flow across the basolateral membrane. Here, we examine the molecular identity and the function of a class of voltage-dependent ion channels that carries the potassium-selective inward rectifier current known as I(K1). I(K1) has been identified in vestibular hair cells of various species, but its molecular composition and functional contributions remain obscure. We used quantitative RT-PCR to show that the inward rectifier gene, Kir2.1, is highly expressed in mouse utricle between embryonic day 15 and adulthood. We confirmed Kir2.1 protein expression in hair cells by immunolocalization. To examine the molecular composition of I(K1), we recorded voltage-dependent currents from type II hair cells in response to 50-ms steps from -124 to -54 in 10-mV increments. Wild-type cells had rapidly activating inward currents with reversal potentials close to the K(+) equilibrium potential and a whole-cell conductance of 4.8 ± 1.5 nS (n = 46). In utricle hair cells from Kir2.1-deficient (Kir2.1(-/-)) mice, I(K1) was absent at all stages examined. To identify the functional contribution of Kir2.1, we recorded membrane responses in current-clamp mode. Hair cells from Kir2.1(-/-) mice had significantly (P < 0.001) more depolarized resting potentials and larger, slower membrane responses than those of wild-type cells. These data suggest that Kir2.1 is required for I(K1) in type II utricle hair cells and contributes to hyperpolarized resting potentials and fast, small amplitude receptor potentials in response to current inputs, such as those evoked by hair bundle deflections.

Diazoxide maintenance of myocyte volume and contractility during stress: evidence for a non-sarcolemmal K(ATP) channel location.

OBJECTIVE: Animal and human myocytes demonstrate significant swelling and reduced contractility during exposure to stress (metabolic inhibition, hyposmotic stress, or hyperkalemic cardioplegia), and these detrimental consequences may be inhibited by the addition of diazoxide (adenosine triphosphate-sensitive potassium channel opener) via an unknown mechanism. Both SUR1 and SUR2A subunits have been localized to the heart, and mouse sarcolemmal adenosine triphosphate-sensitive potassium channels are composed of SUR2A/Kir6.2 subunits in the ventricle and SUR1/Kir6.2 subunits in the atria. This study was performed to localize the mechanism of diazoxide by direct probing of sarcolemmal adenosine triphosphate-sensitive potassium channel current and by genetic deletion of channel subunits. METHODS: Sarcolemmal adenosine triphosphate-sensitive potassium channel current was recorded in isolated wild-type ventricular mouse myocytes during exposure to Tyrode's solution, Tyrode's + 100 µmol/L diazoxide, hyperkalemic cardioplegia, cardioplegia + diazoxide, cardioplegia + 100 µmol/L pinacidil, or metabolic inhibition using whole-cell voltage clamp (N = 7-12 cells per group). Ventricular myocyte volume was measured from SUR1(-/-) and wild-type mice during exposure to control solution, hyperkalemic cardioplegia, or cardioplegia + 100 µmol/L diazoxide (N = 7-10 cells per group). RESULTS: Diazoxide did not increase sarcolemmal adenosine triphosphate-sensitive potassium current in wild-type myocytes, although they demonstrated significant swelling during exposure to cardioplegia that was prevented by diazoxide. SUR1(-/-) myocytes also demonstrated significant swelling during exposure to cardioplegia, but this was not altered by diazoxide. CONCLUSIONS: Diazoxide does not open the ventricular sarcolemmal adenosine triphosphate-sensitive potassium channel but provides volume homeostasis via an SUR1-dependent pathway in mouse ventricular myocytes, supporting a mechanism of action distinct from sarcolemmal adenosine triphosphate-sensitive potassium channel activation.

Mouse cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator forms cAMP-PKA-regulated apical chloride channels in cortical collecting duct.

The cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) is expressed in many segments of the mammalian nephron, where it may interact with and modulate the activity of a variety of apical membrane proteins, including the renal outer medullary potassium (ROMK) K(+) channel. However, the expression of CFTR in apical cell membranes or its function as a Cl(-) channel in native renal epithelia has not been demonstrated. Here, we establish that CFTR forms protein kinase A (PKA)-activated Cl(-) channels in the apical membrane of principal cells from the cortical collecting duct obtained from mice. These Cl(-) channels were observed in cell-attached apical patches of principal cells after stimulation by forskolin/3-isobutyl-1-methylxanthine. Quiescent Cl(-) channels were present in patches excised from untreated tubules because they could be activated after exposure to Mg-ATP and the catalytic subunit of PKA. The single-channel conductance, kinetics, and anion selectivity of these Cl(-) channels were the same as those of recombinant mouse CFTR channels expressed in Xenopus laevis oocytes. The CFTR-specific closed-channel blocker CFTR(inh)-172 abolished apical Cl(-) channel activity in excised patches. Moreover, apical Cl(-) channel activity was completely absent in principal cells from transgenic mice expressing the DeltaF508 CFTR mutation but was present and unaltered in ROMK-null mice. We discuss the physiologic implications of open CFTR Cl(-) channels on salt handling by the collecting duct and on the functional CFTR-ROMK interactions in modulating the metabolic ATP-sensing of ROMK.

Niflumic acid-sensitive ion channels play an important role in the induction of glucose-stimulated insulin secretion by cyclic AMP in mice.

AIMS/HYPOTHESIS: We have previously reported that glucose-stimulated insulin secretion (GSIS) is induced by glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) in mice lacking ATP-sensitive K(+) (K(ATP)) channels (Kir6.2(-/-) mice [up-to-date symbol for Kir6.2 gene is Kcnj11]), in which glucose alone does not trigger insulin secretion. This study aimed to clarify the mechanism involved in the induction of GSIS by GLP-1. METHODS: Pancreas perfusion experiments were performed using wild-type (Kir6.2(+/+)) or Kir6.2(-/-) mice. Glucose concentrations were either changed abruptly from 2.8 to 16.7 mmol/l or increased stepwise (1.4 mmol/l per step) from 2.8 to 12.5 mmol/l. Electrophysiological experiments were performed using pancreatic beta cells isolated from Kir6.2(-/-) mice or clonal pancreatic beta cells (MIN6 cells) after pharmacologically inhibiting their K(ATP) channels with glibenclamide. RESULTS: The combination of cyclic AMP plus 16.7 mmol/l glucose evoked insulin secretion in Kir6.2(-/-) pancreases where glucose alone was ineffective as a secretagogue. The secretion was blocked by the application of niflumic acid. In K(ATP) channel-inactivated MIN6 cells, niflumic acid similarly inhibited the membrane depolarisation caused by cAMP plus glucose. Surprisingly, stepwise increases of glucose concentration triggered insulin secretion only in the presence of cAMP or GLP-1 in Kir6.2(+/+), as in Kir6.2(-/-) pancreases. CONCLUSIONS/INTERPRETATION: Niflumic acid-sensitive ion channels participate in the induction of GSIS by cyclic AMP in Kir6.2(-/-) beta cells. Cyclic AMP thus not only acts as a potentiator of insulin secretion, but appears to be permissive for GSIS via novel, niflumic acid-sensitive ion channels. This mechanism may be physiologically important for triggering insulin secretion when the plasma glucose concentration increases gradually rather than abruptly.

Oleic acid directly regulates POMC neuron excitability in the hypothalamus.

The mammalian CNS relies on a constant supply of external glucose for its undisturbed operation. However, neurons can readily switch to using fatty acids and ketones as alternative fuels. Here, we show that oleic acid (OA) excites pro-opiomelanocortin (POMC) neurons by inhibition of ATP-activated potassium (K(ATP)) channels. The involvement of K(ATP) channels is further supported by experiments in SUR1 KO animals. Inhibition of beta-oxidation using carnitine palmitoyltransferase-1 inhibitors blocks OA-induced depolarization. The depolarizing effect of OA is specific because it is not mimicked by octanoic acid. Furthermore, OA does not regulate the excitability of agouti-related peptide neurons. High-fat feeding alters POMC neuron excitability, but not its response to OA. Thus beta-oxidation in POMC neurons may mediate the appetite-suppressing (anorexigenic) effects of OA.

Glucose controls cytosolic Ca2+ and insulin secretion in mouse islets lacking adenosine triphosphate-sensitive K+ channels owing to a knockout of the pore-forming subunit Kir6.2.

Glucose-induced insulin secretion is classically attributed to the cooperation of an ATP-sensitive potassium (K ATP) channel-dependent Ca2+ influx with a subsequent increase of the cytosolic free Ca2+ concentration ([Ca2+]c) (triggering pathway) and a K ATP channel-independent augmentation of secretion without further increase of [Ca2+]c (amplifying pathway). Here, we characterized the effects of glucose in beta-cells lacking K ATP channels because of a knockout (KO) of the pore-forming subunit Kir6.2. Islets from 1-yr and 2-wk-old Kir6.2KO mice were used freshly after isolation and after 18 h culture to measure glucose effects on [Ca2+]c and insulin secretion. Kir6.2KO islets were insensitive to diazoxide and tolbutamide. In fresh adult Kir6.2KO islets, basal [Ca2+]c and insulin secretion were marginally elevated, and high glucose increased [Ca2+]c only transiently, so that the secretory response was minimal (10% of controls) despite a functioning amplifying pathway (evidenced in 30 mm KCl). Culture in 10 mm glucose increased basal secretion and considerably improved glucose-induced insulin secretion (200% of controls), unexpectedly because of an increase in [Ca2+]c with modulation of [Ca2+]c oscillations. Similar results were obtained in 2-wk-old Kir6.2KO islets. Under selected conditions, high glucose evoked biphasic increases in [Ca2+]c and insulin secretion, by inducing K ATP channel-independent depolarization and Ca2+ influx via voltage-dependent Ca2+ channels. In conclusion, Kir6.2KO beta-cells down-regulate insulin secretion by maintaining low [Ca2+]c, but culture reveals a glucose-responsive phenotype mainly by increasing [Ca2+]c. The results support models implicating a K ATP channel-independent amplifying pathway in glucose-induced insulin secretion, and show that K ATP channels are not the only possible transducers of metabolic effects on the triggering Ca2+ signal.

Ambivalent role of gallated catechins in glucose tolerance in humans: a novel insight into non-absorbable gallated catechin-derived inhibitors of glucose absorption.

Prolonged postprandial hyperglycemia is a detrimental factor for type 2 diabetes and obesity. The benefit of green tea extract (GTE) consumption still requires confirmation. We report the effects of circulating green tea catechins on blood glucose and insulin levels. Oral glucose loading 1 h after GTE ingestion in humans led to higher blood glucose and insulin levels than in control subjects. Gallated catechins were required for these effects, although within the intestinal lumen they have been known to decrease glucose and cholesterol absorption. Treatment with epigallocatechin-3-gallate hindered 2-deoxyglucose uptake into liver, fat, pancreatic beta-cell, and skeletal muscle cell lines. The glucose intolerance was ameliorated by gallated catechin-deficient GTE or GTE mixed with polyethylene glycol, which was used as an inhibitor of intestinal absorption of gallated catechins. These findings may suggest that the gallated catechin when it is in the circulation elevates blood glucose level by blocking normal glucose uptake into the tissues, resulting in secondary hyperinsulinemia, whereas it decreases glucose entry into the circulation when they are inside the intestinal lumen. These findings encourage the development of non-absorbable derivatives of gallated catechins for preventative treatment of type 2 diabetes and obesity, which would specifically induce only the positive luminal effect.

Disruption of sarcolemmal ATP-sensitive potassium channel activity impairs the cardiac response to systolic overload.

Sarcolemmal ATP-sensitive potassium channels (K(ATP)) act as metabolic sensors that facilitate adaptation of the left ventricle to changes in energy requirements. This study examined the mechanism by which K(ATP) dysfunction impairs the left ventricular response to stress using transgenic mouse strains with cardiac-specific disruption of K(ATP) activity (SUR1-tg mice) or Kir6.2 gene deficiency (Kir6.2 KO). Both SUR1-tg and Kir6.2 KO mice had normal left ventricular mass and function under unstressed conditions. Following chronic transverse aortic constriction, both SUR1-tg and Kir6.2 KO mice developed more severe left ventricular hypertrophy and dysfunction as compared with their corresponding WT controls. Both SUR1-tg and Kir6.2 KO mice had significantly decreased expression of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator (PGC)-1alpha and a group of energy metabolism related genes at both protein and mRNA levels. Furthermore, disruption of K(ATP) repressed expression and promoter activity of PGC-1alpha in cultured rat neonatal cardiac myocytes in response to hypoxia, indicating that K(ATP) activity is required to maintain PGC-1alpha expression under stress conditions. PGC-1alpha gene deficiency also exacerbated chronic transverse aortic constriction-induced ventricular hypertrophy and dysfunction, suggesting that depletion of PGC-1alpha can worsen systolic overload induced ventricular dysfunction. Both SUR1-tg and Kir6.2 KO mice had decreased FOXO1 after transverse aortic constriction, in agreement with the reports that a decrease of FOXO1 can repress PGC-1alpha expression. Furthermore, inhibition of K(ATP) caused a decrease of FOXO1 associated with PGC-1alpha promoter. These data indicate that K(ATP) channels facilitate the cardiac response to stress by regulating PGC-1alpha and its target genes, at least partially through the FOXO1 pathway.

Age-dependent involvement of ATP-sensitive potassium channel Kir6.2 in hypoxic ventilatory depression of mouse.

In order to examine whether ATP-sensitive potassium channel Kir6.2 is involved in hypoxic ventilatory responses, especially in hypoxic ventilatory depression (HVD), and whether the involvement shows age-dependence, we measured the hypoxic ventilatory response in the Kir6.2-knockout mouse (Kir6.2-/-) in an unanesthetized unrestrained state by means of pressure plethysmography in the 2nd and 4th postnatal weeks, and compared the response with that of its wild type counterpart, the C57BL6/J mouse. In the 4th postnatal week, but not in the 2nd week, the Kir6.2-/- exhibited a larger and longer initial augmentation and a weaker subsequent depression of respiratory frequency and ventilation in response to hypoxia (FIO(2)=0.12 in N(2)). These findings suggest that Kir6.2 is involved in HVD of the mouse at a certain point during the postnatal development.

Sulfonylurea receptor-dependent and -independent pathways mediate vasodilation induced by ATP-sensitive K+ channel openers.

ATP-sensitive K+ (KATP) channel openers are vasodilators that activate both plasma membrane and mitochondrial KATP channels. Here, we investigated the molecular mechanisms by which diazoxide and pinacidil induce vasodilation by studying diameter regulation of wild-type [SUR2(+/+)] and sulfonylurea receptor (SUR) 2-deficient [SUR2(-/-)] mouse myogenic mesenteric arteries. Ryanodine (10 microM), a ryanodine-sensitive Ca2+ release (RyR) channel blocker; iberiotoxin (100 nM), a large-conductance Ca2+-activated K+ (KCa) channel blocker; 4-aminopyridine (4-AP; 1 mM), a voltage-gated K+ (KV) channel blocker; manganese(III) tetrakis(1-methyl-4-pyridyl)porphyrin (MnTMPyP; 100 microM), an antioxidant; and a combination of ryanodine and 4-AP reduced diazoxide (100 microM)-induced dilation in pressurized (60 mm Hg) SUR2(+/+) arteries by 45 to 77%. In contrast, these inhibitors did not alter pinacidil (5 microM)-induced dilation in SUR2(+/+) arteries. Reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction indicated that SUR2B was the only SUR isoform expressed in SUR2(+/+) mesenteric artery smooth muscle cells, whereas SURs were absent in SUR2(-/-) cells. In SUR2(-/-) arteries, pinacidil-induced vasodilation was 10% of that in SUR2(+/+) arteries, whereas diazoxide-induced vasodilation was similar in SUR2(+/+) and SUR2(-/-) arteries. Atpenin (1 microM), a selective electron transport chain (ETC) complex II inhibitor, dilated arteries similarly to diazoxide, and this effect was attenuated by MnTMPyP and ryanodine + 4-AP. Atpenin also attenuated diazoxide-, but not pinacidil-induced vasodilation. In summary, data indicate that pinacidil-induced vasodilation requires SUR2B, whereas diazoxide-induced vasodilation does not require SURs. Rather, diazoxide-induced vasodilation involves ETCII inhibition; a smooth muscle cell-reactive oxygen species elevation; and RyR, KCa, and KV channel activation. These data indicate that KATP channel openers regulate arterial diameter via SUR-dependent and -independent pathways.

[A new type of periodic paralysis: Andersen-Tawil syndrome]. / Une nouvelle forme de paralysie périodique: le syndrome d'Andersen-Tawil.

Andersen-Tawil syndrome includes a clinical triad consisting of periodic paralysis, cardiac arrhythmia, and usually mild but diagnostically useful dysmorphic features. This potassium channelopathy is due to mutation of the KCNJ2 gene encoding the protein Kir 2.1. The main muscular manifestation is periodic paralysis, usually of the hypokalemic type. Muscle biopsy may reveal tubular aggregates or be normal, as in our patient. Cardiac manifestations are variable and may include a long QT syndrome, premature ventricular contractions, complex ventricular ectopy, and polymorphic or bidirectional ventricular tachycardia. Imipramine therapy had a positive effect on arrhythmia in our patient. Dysmorphic features provide a diagnostic clue but may be difficult to identify and should thus be methodically sought. Clinical expression is variable, even within the same family. Since the culprit gene KCNJ2 was identified, locus heterogeneity has been shown in Andersen-Tawil syndrome. Kindreds without KCNJ2 mutations are clinically indistinguishable from those with mutations. Kir2.1 is an inward rectifier K+ channel with important roles in maintaining membrane potential and during the terminal phase of cardiac action potential repolarization. Several studies show a dominant negative effect of KCNJ2 mutation on Kir 2.1 channel function.

KATP channel deficiency in mouse flexor digitorum brevis causes fibre damage and impairs Ca2+ release and force development during fatigue in vitro.

Activation of the K(ATP) channels results in faster fatigue rates as the channels depress action potential amplitude, whereas abolishing the channel activity has no effect in whole extensor digitorum longus (EDL) and soleus muscles. In this study, we examined the effects of abolished K(ATP) channel activity during fatigue at 37 degrees C on free intracellular Ca(2+) (Ca(2+)(i)) and tetanic force using single muscle fibres and small muscle bundles from the flexor digitorum brevis (FDB). K(ATP) channel deficient muscle fibres were obtained (i) pharmacologically by exposing wild-type fibres to glibenclamide, and (ii) genetically using null mice for the Kir6.2 gene (Kir6.2(-/-) mice). Fatigue was elicited using 200 ms tetanic contractions every second for 3 min. This study demonstrated for the first time that abolishing K(ATP) channel activity at 37 degrees C resulted in faster fatigue rates, where decreases in peak Ca(2+)(i) and tetanic force were faster in K(ATP) channel deficient fibres than in control wild-type fibres. Furthermore, several contractile dysfunctions were also observed in K(ATP) channel deficient muscle fibre. They included partially or completely supercontracted single muscle fibres, greater increases in unstimulated Ca(2+)(i) and unstimulated force, and lower force recovery. We propose that the observed faster rate of fatigue in K(ATP) channel deficient fibres is because the decreases in peak Ca(2+)(i) and force caused by contractile dysfunctions prevail over the expected slower decreases when the channels do not depress action potential amplitude.