A Review of Cognitive Support Systems in the Operating Room.

BACKGROUND: In recent years, numerous innovative yet challenging surgeries, such as minimally invasive procedures, have introduced an overwhelming amount of new technologies, increasing the cognitive load for surgeons and potentially diluting their attention. Cognitive support technologies (CSTs) have been in development to reduce surgeons' cognitive load and minimize errors. Despite its huge demands, it still lacks a systematic review. METHODS: Literature was searched up until May 21st, 2021. Pubmed, Web of Science, and IEEExplore. Studies that aimed at reducing the cognitive load of surgeons were included. Additionally, studies that contained an experimental trial with real patients and real surgeons were prioritized, although phantom and animal studies were also included. Major outcomes that were assessed included surgical error, anatomical localization accuracy, total procedural time, and patient outcome. RESULTS: A total of 37 studies were included. Overall, the implementation of CSTs had better surgical performance than the traditional methods. Most studies reported decreased error rate and increased efficiency. In terms of accuracy, most CSTs had over 90% accuracy in identifying anatomical markers with an error margin below 5 mm. Most studies reported a decrease in surgical time, although some were statistically insignificant. DISCUSSION: CSTs have been shown to reduce the mental workload of surgeons. However, the limited ergonomic design of current CSTs has hindered their widespread use in the clinical setting. Overall, more clinical data on actual patients is needed to provide concrete evidence before the ubiquitous implementation of CSTs.

Extended-Duration Work Shifts in Surgical Specialties: A Systematic Review.

INTRODUCTION: There has been widespread international implementation of duration-hour restrictions to prevent surgical resident burnout and promote patient safety and wellbeing of doctors. A variety of Extended-Duration Work Shifts (EDWS) have been implemented, with a variety of studies examining the effect of shift systems on both surgical performance and the stress response unestablished in the literature. METHODS: This was a systematic review evaluating the impact of extended working hours on surgical performance, cognitive impairment, and physiological stress responses. The review used PubMed, Ovid Medline, Embase, and Google Scholar search engines between September and October 2021 in accordance with Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines. Filters including studies carried out after 2002 and published in the English language were applied. RESULTS: In total, 30 studies were included for analysis. General surgery was the most commonly studied rotation, with Neurosurgical, Orthopedic, and ear, nose and throat specialties also included. The majority of studies found no difference or a significant improvement in post-EDWS on simulated performance. EDWS appeared to have the greatest impact on physiological stress markers in junior surgical trainees. CONCLUSIONS: Experience appears to confer a protective element in the postcall period, with preservation of skill demonstrated. More experienced clinicians yielded lower levels of physiological markers of stress, although variability in hierarchical workload should be considered. Heterogeneity of findings across physiological, cognitive, and psychomotor assessments highlights the need for robust research on the optimum shift pattern prevents worker burnout and promotes patient safety. Future research to evaluate correlation between stress, on-call workload, and performance in the postcall period is warranted.

Physiological Metrics of Surgical Difficulty and Multi-Task Requirement during Robotic Surgery Skills.

Previous studies in robotic-assisted surgery (RAS) have studied cognitive workload by modulating surgical task difficulty, and many of these studies have relied on self-reported workload measurements. However, contributors to and their effects on cognitive workload are complex and may not be sufficiently summarized by changes in task difficulty alone. This study aims to understand how multi-task requirement contributes to the prediction of cognitive load in RAS under different task difficulties. Multimodal physiological signals (EEG, eye-tracking, HRV) were collected as university students performed simulated RAS tasks consisting of two types of surgical task difficulty under three different multi-task requirement levels. EEG spectral analysis was sensitive enough to distinguish the degree of cognitive workload under both surgical conditions (surgical task difficulty/multi-task requirement). In addition, eye-tracking measurements showed differences under both conditions, but significant differences of HRV were observed in only multi-task requirement conditions. Multimodal-based neural network models have achieved up to 79% accuracy for both surgical conditions.

Intraoperative workload in elective open vascular and endovascular surgery: A study of procedural drivers.

This study investigated vascular surgeon workload and its association with specific procedural drivers over different procedure types. Thirteen attending vascular surgeons (two females) were emailed a survey over a 3-month period. Data from 253 surgical procedures (118 open, 85 endovascular, 18 hybrid, and 32 venous) revealed high physical and cognitive workload among vascular surgeons. Based on the statistically significant findings and similar non-significant trends in the data (significance level of 0.01), open and hybrid vascular procedures showed higher levels of physical and cognitive workload compared to venous cases, while endovascular procedures were relatively more moderate. Additionally, the workload subscales for five subcategories of open procedures (e.g., arteriovenous access) as well as three subcategories of endovascular procedures (e.g., aortic) were compared. The granularity of the intraoperative workload drivers across various vascular procedure types and adjunct equipment could be the key to create targeted ergonomic interventions to reduce workload during vascular surgeries.

[Burnout syndrome due to workload in the care for cancer patients]. / Síndrome de quemarse por el trabajo en atención de pacientes oncológicos.

Background: The burnout syndrome (BS) is defined as a response to chronic work stress. It appears as a subjective phenomenon and its main symptoms are the loss of enthusiasm towards work, a feeling of professional failure, feelings of guilt, emotional exhaustion and indifference to patients' problems. Objective: To evaluate the prevalence of BS in health personnel who care for cancer patients in a tertiary hospital. Material and methods: Descriptive cross-sectional study. The sample consisted of 41 health professionals dedicated to providing direct care to cancer patients, which were selected through an intentional non-probabilistic sampling. The Questionnaire for the Evaluation of the Burnout Syndrome was applied. Results: In the sample studied, BS presented a prevalence of 51.21% at the medium level, 9.75% at the high level and 2.43% at the critical level. Significant differences were found between groups by service and work seniority. Conclusions: A high prevalence of symptoms of BS was found in the study participants, derived mainly from the excessive workload, the type of care provided, as well as experiences related to contact with people living with cancer, the hospital environment, and the type of interpersonal relationships that emerge there. The personnel most affected was that one belonging to Medical Oncology, Psychology, and Social Work.

Introducción: el síndrome de quemarse por el trabajo (SQT) se define como una respuesta al estrés laboral crónico. Aparece como un fenómeno subjetivo y sus principales síntomas son la pérdida de ilusión hacia el trabajo, la sensación de fracaso profesional, sentimientos de culpa, agotamiento emocional e indiferencia hacia los problemas de los pacientes. Objetivo: evaluar la prevalencia del SQT en personal sanitario que atiende pacientes oncológicos en un hospital de tercer nivel. Material y métodos: estudio transversal de tipo descriptivo. La muestra estuvo compuesta por 41 profesionales de la salud que brindan atención directa a pacientes oncológicos y que fueron seleccionados por un muestreo intencional no probabilístico. Se aplicó el Cuestionario para la Evaluación del Síndrome de Quemarse por el Trabajo. Resultados: en la muestra estudiada el SQT presentó una prevalencia del 51.21% en nivel medio, 9.75% en nivel alto y 2.43% en nivel crítico. Hubo diferencias significativas entre grupos por servicio y antigüedad laboral. Conclusiones: se encontró una alta prevalencia de síntomas de SQT en los participantes del estudio, que puede atribuirse a la carga excesiva de trabajo, el tipo de atención brindada, las experiencias relacionadas con el contacto con las personas que viven con cáncer, al ambiente hospitalario, y al tipo de relaciones interpersonales que ahí emergen. Asimismo, el personal más afectado fue el de Oncología Médica, Psicología y Trabajo Social.

Impacts of complex electromagnetic radiation and low-frequency noise exposure conditions on the cognitive function of operators.

Background: Both electromagnetic radiation (EMR) and low-frequency noise (LFN) are widespread and influential environmental factors, and operators are inevitably exposed to both EMR and LFN within a complex exposure environment. The potential adverse effects of such exposure on human health must be considered seriously. This study aimed to investigate the effects of EMR and LFN on cognitive function as well as their interaction effect, which remain unclear. Methods: Sixty young male college students were randomly grouped and experiments were conducted with a 2 × 2 factorial design in a shielded chamber. Mental workload (MWL) levels of the study subjects were measured and assessed using the NASA-task load index (TLX) subjective scale, an n-back task paradigm, and the functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) imaging technique. Results: For the 3-back task, the NASA-TLX subjective scale revealed a statistically significant main effect of LFN intensity, which enhanced the subjects' MWL level (F = 8.716, p < 0.01). Behavioral performance revealed that EMR intensity (430.1357 MHz, 10.75 W/m2) and LFN intensity (0-200 Hz, 72.9 dB) had a synergistic interaction effect, and the correct response time was statistically significantly prolonged by the combined exposure (F = 4.343, p < 0.05). The fNIRS imaging technique revealed a synergistic interaction effect between operational EMR intensity and operational LFN intensity, with statistically significant effects on the activation levels in the left and right dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC). The mean ß values of DLPFC were significantly increased (L-DLPFC F = 5.391, p < 0.05, R-DLPFC F = 4.222, p < 0.05), and the relative concentrations of oxyhemoglobin in the DLPFC were also significantly increased (L-DLPFC F = 4.925, p < 0.05, R-DLPFC F = 9.715, p < 0.01). Conclusion: We found a statistically significant interaction effect between EMR (430.1357 MHz, 10.75 W/m2) and LFN (0-200 Hz, 72.9 dB) when simultaneously exposing subjects to both for 30 min. We conclude that exposure to this complex environment can cause a statistically significant increase in the MWL level of operators, and even alterations in their cognitive function.

Development and validation of a task load index for process control room operators (PCRO-TLX).

Process control room operators (PCRO) perform a range of complex cognitive safety-critical tasks. The aim of this exploratory sequential mixed methods study was to develop an occupation specific tool to measure the task load of PCRO using NASA Task Load Index (TLX) methodology. Participants were 30 human factors experts and 146 PCRO at two refinery complexes in Iran. Dimensions were developed via a cognitive task analysis, a research review, and three expert panels. Six dimensions were identified: perceptual demand, performance, mental demand, time pressure, effort, and stress. Data from 120 PCRO confirmed that the developed PCRO-TLX has acceptable psychometric properties, and a comparison with the NASA-TLX confirmed that perceptual, not physical, demand was relevant for measuring workload in PCRO. There was a positive convergence of scores of the Subjective Workload Assessment Technique and the PCRO-TLX. This reliable tool (α = 0.83) is recommended for risk assessing the task load of PCRO.Practitioner summary: There are benefits of having a specific tool to measure task load in safety critical roles. Thus, we developed and validated an easy-to-use targeted tool, the PCRO-TLX, for process control room operatives. Timely use and response will assure optimal production alongside health and safety in an organisation.Abbreviations: PCRO: process control room operator; TLX: task load index; PCRO-TLX: process control room operator task load index; NASA-TLX: National Aeronautics and Space Administration task load index; SWAT: subjective workload assessment technique; DALI: driving activity load index; SURG-TLX: surgery task load index; SIM-TLX: virtual reality simulation task load index; VACP: visual, auditory, cognitive and psychomotor; CVI: content validity index; CVR: content validity ratio; RMSEA: root mean square of error approximation; GFI: goodness of fit index; AGFI: adjusted goodness of fit index; CFI: comparative fit index; ANOVA: analysis of variance; CI: confidence interval.

[Narratives on changes in health-related behaviours during lockdown in Spain according to gender]. / Narrativas sobre cambios de conductas en salud durante el confinamiento en España según género.

OBJECTIVE: To explore experiences related to health-oriented behaviours during lockdown in the Spanish resident population from a gender perspective. METHOD: Qualitative research with a critical and feminist approach. Twenty-nine semi-structured interviews (17 women and 12 men) were conducted between June and July 2020 via telephone with people who had previously answered an online survey. The interviews were transcribed and a thematic content analysis was carried out, differentiating between the experiences of women and men. The data were triangulated by the research team. RESULTS: Among women, greater diversity emerged in terms of health behaviours. Among them, the difficult experiences related to COVID-19, the complexity of living together and doing unpaid care work, as well as the importance of support networks, stood out. Among men, there were different attitudes towards sport, self-care and having time for healthy eating were positively valued, and there was a good assessment of coexistence and organisation in household chores. In both men and women, work overload and economic problems were related to emotional distress and difficulties in carrying out healthy activities. CONCLUSIONS: Health-oriented behaviours during lockdown differed according to gender. They were mostly limited to COVID-19 experiences, socio-economic conditions and burden of care. It is essential to tailor public health and primary care programmes according to people's life moments, taking into account their social context and questioning traditional gender roles.

Australian cancer nurses' experiences of burnout: Exploring the job demands and job resources of metropolitan cancer nurses during 2019-2020.

BACKGROUND: Existing studies that seek to understand nurses' experiences of burnout are dominated by cross-sectional, quantitative survey designs employing predetermined measures, often overlooking important job-related stressors that can be highly dependent on industry and professional contexts. Cancer nurses are a group of professionals who warrant special attention, as burnout in this profession is often attributed to high job demands and the challenge of caring for a vulnerable cohort of patients. A deeper understanding of the job demands associated with cancer nursing is required to provide insights about the work experiences of cancer nurses and identify aspects that mitigate burnout and stress. PURPOSE: This study describes the antecedents of burnout among Australian cancer nurses by focusing on the demands and resources inherent in their work. We aim to build on the existing literature by identifying job resources that may serve to mitigate the antecedents of burnout. METHODOLOGY/APPROACH: An in-depth interview study of cancer nurses across a spectrum of age and experience in Australian metropolitan public health care services was conducted over a 2-year period that coincided with the COVID-19 pandemic. The job demands and resources model framed this study of job-related factors associated with burnout and conversely job resources that may foster work engagement. RESULTS: Patient aggression, workload, emotional demands, and abusive peers and managers were reported as distinct job demands, whereas job significance and supportive peers who demonstrated leadership, along with task variety, were identified as job resources. CONCLUSION: Australian cancer nurses work in an environment where job demands are increasingly disproportionate to job resources, leading to significant risk of burnout. PRACTICE IMPLICATIONS: Our study identifies modifiable strategies for improving work conditions for this group who play a critical role in the health care system.

Influência da sobrecarga, estresse e sintomas depressivos na saúde de idosos cuidadores: estudo longitudinal / Influencia de la carga, el estrés y los síntomas depresivos en la salud de los cuidadores de personas mayores: un estudio longitudinal / Influence of burden, stress and depressive symptoms on the health of older adult caregivers: a longitudinal study

Resumo Objetivo analisar o efeito da sobrecarga, do estresse e dos sintomas depressivos sobre as características de saúde de idosos cuidadores de idosos. Métodos estudo quantitativo e longitudinal com 127 idosos cuidadores. As variáveis utilizadas foram caracterização de saúde; sobrecarga; sintomas depressivos e estresse. Realizou-se modelo de regressão linear, teste de Poisson, com nível de significância de 5%. Resultados observou-se que um ponto a mais no escore na escala de sobrecarga aumenta em 0,030 o número de doenças (p=0,020) e risco de dor crônica (p=0,005); um ponto a mais no escore na escala de estresse aumenta em 0,058 o número de doenças (p=0,001) e risco para avaliação de saúde regular/ruim (p=<0,001) e dor crônica (p=<0,001); o aumento no escore na escala de sintomas depressivos aumenta o número de doenças (p=<0,001), risco de quedas (p=0,009), avaliação de saúde regular/ruim (p=<0,001) e dor crônica (p=<0,001). Conclusões e implicações para a prática estimativa de piora nos escores das variáveis psicológicas acarreta um risco para o agravamento de características de saúde física dos cuidadores. Com os resultados encontrados, observar-se a necessidade da criação de políticas públicas para os idosos cuidadores, a fim de propiciar uma melhor qualidade de vida.

Resumen Objetivo analizar el efecto de la sobrecarga, el estrés y los síntomas depresivos sobre las características de salud de los cuidadores de ancianos. Métodos estudio cuantitativo y longitudinal con 127 cuidadores de ancianos. Las variables utilizadas fueron caracterización de la salud; sobrecarga; Síntomas depresivos y estrés. Se realizó un modelo de regresión lineal, prueba de Poisson, con un nivel de significancia del 5%. Resultados se observó que un punto más en la puntuación de la escala de sobrecarga aumenta en 0,030 el número de enfermedades (p=0,020) y el riesgo de dolor crónico (p=0,005); un punto más en la puntuación de la escala de estrés aumenta en 0,058 el número de enfermedades (p=0,001) y el riesgo de evaluar regular/mala salud (p=<0,001) y dolor crónico (p=<0,001); el aumento de la puntuación en la escala de síntomas depresivos aumenta el número de enfermedades (p=<0,001), riesgo de caídas (p=0,009), valoración regular/mala de la salud (p=<0,001) y dolor crónico (p=<0,001). Conclusiones e implicaciones para la práctica la estimación del empeoramiento de las puntuaciones de las variables psicológicas conlleva un riesgo de empeoramiento de las características de salud física de los cuidadores. Con los resultados encontrados, se evidencia la necesidad de crear políticas públicas para los cuidadores de adultos mayores, con el fin de brindarles una mejor calidad de vida.

Abstract Objective to analyze the effect of burden, stress, and depressive symptoms on the health characteristics of older adult caregivers of older adults. Method A quantitative and longitudinal study was conducted with 127 older adult caregivers to analyze the effect of burden, stress, and depressive symptoms on their health characteristics. The variables assessed included health characterization, burden, depressive symptoms, and stress. A linear regression model and Poisson test were employed, with a significance level set at 5%. Results The findings revealed that an increase of one point in the burden scale score was associated with a 0.030 increase in the number of diseases (p=0.020) and an increased risk of chronic pain (p=0.005). Similarly, a one-point increase in the stress scale score was associated with a 0.058 increase in the number of diseases (p=0.001), as well as an increased risk of a poor subjective health assessment (p=<0.001) and chronic pain (p=<0.001). Furthermore, an increase in the score on the depressive symptoms scale was associated with an increase in the number of diseases (p=<0.001), risk of falls (p=0.009), poor subjective health assessment (p=<0.001), and chronic pain (p=<0.001). Conclusions and implications for practice The worsening estimate in the scores of psychological variables poses a risk to the deterioration of caregivers' physical health characteristics. The findings underscore the need for the development of public policies aimed at improving the quality of life for older adult caregivers.

Measuring Occupational Fatigue among Higher and Middle Management at a Specialized Cancer Center during the COVID-19 Pandemic.

PURPOSE: This study aims to measure the occupational fatigue level and describe the sources and consequences of occupational fatigue among middle and higher management at an international specialized cancer center during the COVID-19 pandemic. METHODS: A mixed-method design was used in this study. A convenience sampling technique was utilized to select the participants from King Hussein Cancer Center, Amman, Jordan. The data was collected through a self-administered questionnaire. This questionnaire included both quantitative and qualitative sections. We utilized Fatigue Risk Assessment and Management in High-Risk Environments (FRAME)-26 items scale for the quantitative section. Two main questions were included in the survey to identify the sources and consequences of occupational fatigue. RESULTS: The results show that the average mean of occupational fatigue was 2.95/5 (SD=0.70). The level of changes in fatigue levels after the COVID-19 pandemic increased by 0.87/3 (SD=1.45). The sources of occupational fatigue could be categorized into five themes: workload, work environment, staffing, psychological, and physical sources. There are four themes categorizing occupational fatigue: social, economic, health, and daily activity and lifestyle. CONCLUSION: This study affords valuable insight into the level, source, and consequences of occupational fatigue among middle and higher management at an international specialized cancer hospital in developing countries. The results indicate that the occupational fatigue level was moderate, and the fatigue level was negatively impacted by the COVID-19 pandemic.

The Measurement of Cognitive Workload in Surgery Using Pupil Metrics: A Systematic Review and Narrative Analysis.

INTRODUCTION: Increased cognitive workload (CWL) is a well-established entity that can impair surgical performance and increase the likelihood of surgical error. The use of pupil and gaze tracking data is increasingly being used to measure CWL objectively in surgery. The aim of this review is to summarize and synthesize the existing evidence that surrounds this. METHODS: A systematic review was undertaken in accordance with Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines. A search of OVID MEDLINE, IEEE Xplore, Web of Science, Google Scholar, APA PsychINFO, and EMBASE was conducted for articles published in English between 1990 and January 2021. In total, 6791 articles were screened and 32 full-text articles were selected based on the inclusion criteria. A narrative analysis was undertaken in view of the heterogeneity of studies. RESULTS: Seventy-eight percent of selected studies were deemed high quality. The most frequent surgical environment and task studied was surgical simulation (75%) and performance of laparoscopic skills (56%) respectively. The results demonstrated that the current literature can be broadly categorized into pupil, blink, and gaze metrics used in the assessment of CWL. These can be further categorized according to their use in the context of CWL: (1) direct measurement of CWL (n = 16), (2) determination of expertise level (n = 14), and (3) predictors of performance (n = 2). CONCLUSIONS: Eye-tracking data provide a wealth of information; however, there is marked study heterogeneity. Pupil diameter and gaze entropy demonstrate promise in CWL assessment. Future work will entail the use of artificial intelligence in the form of deep learning and the use of a multisensor platform to accurately measure CWL.

Burnout in surgeons: A qualitative investigation into contributors and potential solutions.

BACKGROUND: Poor wellbeing affects the performance of all types of workers. Surgeons are particularly at risk of suffering from burnout, but minimal qualitative research has examined the causes of burnout and potential solutions in this group. Understanding this could inform the development of future burnout interventions. PURPOSE: This study aimed to explore the main factors that lead to surgeon burnout and to examine how surgeons cope with burnout at work. SETTING: Surgical departments in the United Kingdom's National Health Service (NHS). MATERIALS: Telephone interview and face-to-face interview. METHODS: This qualitative study was conducted using semi-structured interviews with 14 surgeons from diverse specialisations. The interview consisted of two sections. The first addressed the main reasons for burnout. The second explored how surgeons manage burnout. RESULTS: A thematic analysis identified several factors that can lead to surgeon burnout, captured in the themes of: rising to the challenge of surgical work; interpersonal conflict at work; greater demands than resources; the challenge of work-life balance; and the devastating impact of errors and poor patient outcomes. The study also revealed various strategies that surgeons employed to cope with burnout, namely: cognitive restructuring; seeking social support; stepping aside or down from the job; and prioritising personal health. Additionally, the study found some surgeons used maladaptive coping. CONCLUSION: Healthcare organisations, surgeons, and psychological experts should work together to provide more and improved interventions to help surgeons, which might lead to a reduction in the number of surgeons who leave the profession and help improve patient outcomes.

Efeitos da pandemia e fatores associados à saúde mental de profissionais de saúde: revisão integrativa / Efectos de la pandemia y factores asociados en la salud mental de los profesionales de la salud: revisión integradora / The effects of the pandemic and factors associated with the mental health of healthcare professionals: integrative review

RESUMO Objetivo: identificar, na literatura científica, os efeitos da pandemia e fatores associados àsaúde mental de profissionais de saúde que atuam no enfrentamento da COVID-19. Método: revisão integrativa da literatura, através das bases de dados Web of Science, LILACS, Medline e CINAHL, realizada em novembro de 2020.A busca se deu de forma ampla, criteriosa e independente por dois pesquisadores; em casos de divergência, houve a participação de um terceiro pesquisador. Resultados: 12 artigos compuseram a amostra. Ansiedade, depressão e distúrbios do sono foram os efeitos na saúde mental mais prevalentes em profissionais de saúde durante a pandemia de COVID-19. O setor de trabalho, a falta de Equipamentos de Proteção Individual (EPIs) e o aumento da carga horária de trabalho foram os principais fatores desencadeantes desses efeitos. Considerações Finais: faz-se necessária a implantação de estratégias e intervenções eficazes que garantam um suporte psicológico a curto, médio e longo prazo para os profissionais de saúde.

RESUMEN Objetivo: identificar en la literatura científica los efectos de la pandemia y los factores asociados a la salud mental de los profesionales de la salud que trabajan frente al COVID-19. Método: revisión bibliográfica integradora, a través de las bases de datos Web of Science, LILACS, Medline y CINAHL, realizada en noviembre de 2020. La búsqueda fue llevada a cabo de forma amplia, cuidadosa e independiente por dos investigadores y, en caso de desacuerdo, se contó con la participación de un tercer investigador. Resultados: 12 artículos componían la muestra. La ansiedad, la depresión y los trastornos del sueño fueron los efectos de salud mental más prevalentes en los profesionales de la salud durante la pandemia de COVID-19. El sector laboral, la falta de Equipos de Protección Individual y el aumento de la carga de trabajo fueron los principales factores desencadenantes de estos efectos. Consideraciones finales: es necesario poner en marcha estrategias e intervenciones eficaces que garanticen el apoyo psicológico a corto, medio y largo plazos de los profesionales de la salud.

ABSTRACT Objective: to identify, in the scientific literature, the effects of the pandemic and factors associated with the mental health of healthcare professionals who work in the fight against COVID-19. Method: integrative literature review, through the Web of Science, LILACS, Medline and CINAHL databases, carried out in November 2020. The search was carried out in a broad, thorough, and independent way by two researchers; in cases of divergence, there was the participation of a third researcher. Results: 12 articles made up the sample. Anxiety, depression, and sleep disorders were the most prevalent mental health effects in healthcare workers during the COVID-19 pandemic. The work sector, the lack of Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) and the increase in working hours were the main triggering factors for these effects. Final Considerations: it is necessary to implement effective strategies and interventions that guarantee short, medium, and long-term psychological support for healthcare professionals.

Identifying institutional factors in general surgery resident wellness and burnout.

BACKGROUND: Effects of the institutional macrocosm on general surgery resident wellbeing have not been well studied. We sought to identify organizational factors that impact resident wellness and burnout. METHODS: Using a modified Delphi technique, an open-ended survey and two subsequent iterations were distributed to wellness stakeholders at two institutions to identify and stratify institutional factors in six burnout domains. RESULTS: Response rates for each survey round were 29/106 (27%), 30/46 (65%) and 21/30 (70%). Top factors identified in each domain were: CONCLUSION: A modified Delphi technique prioritized institutional wellness and burnout factors. Top factors identified were compensation, vacation time, and autonomy. These results can direct future scholarship of barriers/facilitators of resident wellbeing.

ERRATA: Carga mental en profesores y consecuencias en su salud: una revisión integrativa / ERRATUM: Mental workload in faculty and consequences in their health: an integrative review

Por problemas técnicos durante la producción editorial el artículo "Carga mental en profesores y consecuencias en su salud: una revisión integrativa", DOI https://doi.org/10.1590/2526-8910.ctoAR2123, publicado en Cadernos Brasileiros de Terapia Ocupacional, 29, e2808, 2021, se publicó con un error

Repercussões da pandemia da Covid-19 no cuidado de lactentes nascidos prematuros / Repercussions of the Covid-19 pandemic in the care of premature infants / Repercusiones de la pandemia de Covid-19 en el cuidado de lactantes prematuros

Objetivo: O estudo objetivou compreender as repercussões da pandemia da Covid-19 no cuidado de lactentes prematuros, na perspectiva de mães e profissionais de saúde. Método: Foram realizadas entrevistas semiestruturadas nos meses de junho e julho de 2020, por meio de ligação telefônica, com 14 mães e quatro profissionais de saúde do serviço de follow-up de uma maternidade pública da Paraíba, Brasil. Resultados: A partir da análise temática indutiva, os impactos da pandemia no cuidado ao lactente nascido prematuro, foram: sobrecarga e afastamento dos profissionais dos serviços de saúde, desativação temporária da unidade mãe canguru, descontinuidade da assistência ao prematuro, medo materno de expor a criança à Covid-19 e baixa condição socioeconômica. Foram elencadas estratégias de enfrentamento para o cuidado dos lactentes durante a pandemia, como: maior espaçamento das consultas, acompanhamento por meio telefônico e cumprimento das medidas de biossegurança. Conclusão e implicações para a prática: A pandemia exigi adaptações na assistência, tornando necessárias novas formas de cuidado a essas crianças, como exemplo, as consultas de acompanhamento remotas, a fim de garantir o seu direito à vida e saúde

Objective: The study aimed at understanding the repercussions of the Covid-19 pandemic in the care of premature infants, from the perspective of mothers and health professionals. Method: Semi-structured interviews were conducted in the months of June and July 2020, over the telephone, with 14 mothers and four health professionals from the follow-up service of a public maternity hospital in Paraíba, Brazil. Results: From the inductive thematic analysis, the impacts of the pandemic on the care of premature infants were as follows: overload and distancing of health service professionals, temporary deactivation of the Kangaroo mother unit, discontinuity of care for the premature infant, maternal fear of exposing the child to Covid-19 and low socioeconomic status. Coping strategies for the care of infants during the pandemic were listed, such as: greater spacing between consultations, phone follow-up and compliance with biosafety measures. Conclusion and implications for the practice: The pandemic required adaptations in care, which make new forms of care necessary for these children, such as remote follow-up consultations, in order to guarantee their right to life and health

Objetivo: El estudio tuvo como objetivo comprender las repercusiones de la pandemia de Covid-19 en la atención de bebés prematuros, desde la perspectiva de las madres y los profesionales de la salud. Método: Se realizaron entrevistas semiestructuradas en los meses de junio y julio de 2020, por medio de llamadas telefónicas, a 14 madres y cuatro profesionales de la salud del servicio de seguimiento de una maternidad pública en Paraíba, Brasil. Resultados: A partir del análisis temático inductivo, los efectos de la pandemia en la atención de bebés prematuros fueron los siguientes: sobrecarga y distanciamiento de profesionales de los servicios de salud, inhabilitación temporal de la unidad Madre Canguro, discontinuidad de la atención al bebé prematuro, miedo materno a exponer al niño al Covid-19 y nivel socioeconómico bajo. Se enumeraron estrategias de afrontamiento para la atención infantil durante la pandemia, tales como: mayor intervalo entre consultas, seguimiento telefónico y cumplimiento de medidas de bioseguridad. Conclusión e implicaciones para la práctica: La pandemia requirió adaptaciones en la atención, que hacen necesarias nuevas formas de atención para estos niños, como las consultas de monitoreo remoto, para garantizar su derecho a la vida y a la salud

Associação entre horas de trabalho e de descanso e o uso de substâncias psicoativas entre motoristas profissionais de caminhão / Association between hours of work and rest and the use of psychoactive substances among professional truck drivers

OBJETIVO: Investigar a associação de horas diárias de trabalho e de descanso com o uso de substâncias psicoativas entre motoristas profissionais de caminhão. MÉTODOS: Estudo transversal conduzido em 2016 com 354 motoristas profissionais de caminhão que aguardavam a inspeção da mercadoria transportada em um Posto de Controle Fiscal localizado na cidade de Itatiaia, RJ, Brasil. A associação entre horas diárias de trabalho (exposição), horas diárias de descanso (exposição) e uso de substâncias psicoativas (desfecho) foi investigada por meio de modelos de regressão linear que estimaram coeficientes de regressão (ß) e respectivos erros-padrão, considerando p < 0,05. RESULTADOS: Mostraram-se positivas as associações entre horas diárias de trabalho e uso de anfetamina (ß = 0,91; erro-padrão = 0,19; p < 0,01) e de cocaína/crack (ß = 1,32; erro-padrão = 0,35; p < 0,01) e negativa a associação entre horas diárias de descanso e uso de anfetamina (ß = -0,43; erro-padrão = 0,09; p < 0,01). CONCLUSÃO: Horas diárias de trabalho e de descanso parecem ser determinantes do uso de anfetamina e de cocaína/ crack entre motoristas profissionais de caminhão.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the association of hours of work and rest with use of psychoactive substances among professional truck drivers. METHODS: Cross-sectional study conducted in 2016 with 354 professional truck drivers waiting for the inspection of the goods transported at a Fiscal Control Post located in the city of Itatiaia, RJ, Brazil. The association between daily working hours (exposure), daily rest hours (exposure) and use of psychoactive substances (outcome) was investigated using linear regression models that estimated regression coefficients (ß) and respective standard error, considering p < 0.05. RESULTS: They were positive the associations between daily working hours and use of amphetamine (ß = 0.91; standard error = 0.19; p < 0.01) and cocaine/crack (ß = 1.32; standard error = 0.35; p < 0.01) and the association between daily rest hours and use of amphetamine (ß = - 0.43; standard error = 0.09; p < 0.01) was negative. CONCLUSION: Daily hours of work and rest seem to be determinants of the use of amphetamine and cocaine/crack among professional truck drivers.

Factores de riesgo de carga en cuidadores de ancianos con síndrome demencial / Burden risk factors in caregivers of elder people with dementia syndrome

RESUMEN Introducción: las demencias son enfermedades que producen discapacidad física y mental, con una disminución notable en la calidad y expectativa de vida del enfermo y su cuidador. Objetivo: identificar la frecuencia de carga y los factores de riesgo asociados a esta en cuidadores de ancianos con síndrome demencial del municipio San Miguel del Padrón, provincia La Habana. Materiales y métodos: estudio observacional analítico de corte transversal (de casos y controles), realizado en San Miguel del Padrón, de enero de 2013 a diciembre de 2015. Se estudiaron 329 cuidadores seleccionados por muestreo intencional no probabilístico, pertenecientes a las seis áreas de salud de dicho municipio. La variable dependiente fue la carga y las independientes fueron las relacionadas con el cuidador, el anciano y la familia. Para las diferencias de porcentajes o tablas de contingencia se utilizó el Chi2 de Pearson, con el tamaño del error prefijado de p ≤ 0,05. Para identificar los posibles factores de riesgo de carga se empleó la regresión logística múltiple con respuesta dicotómica. Resultados: la mitad de los cuidadores presentaban carga, y los factores de riesgo identificados fueron la religiosidad, la severidad de los síntomas psicológicos y conductuales, la depresión, los motivos para el cuidado, padecer enfermedad crónica y el funcionamiento familiar. Conclusiones: los resultados evidencian la necesidad de diseñar futuras intervenciones educativas para disminuir la carga del cuidador del anciano con síndrome demencial (AU).

ABSTRACT Introduction: dementias are diseases that cause physical and mental disability, with a marked decrease in the life quality and life expectancy of the patient and his/her caregiver. Objective: to identify the burden frequency and risk factors associated with it in caregivers of the elder people with dementia syndrome from the municipality of San Miguel del Padrón, La Habana province. Materials and methods: cross-sectional analytical observational study (of cases and controls), carried out in San Miguel del Padrón, from January 2013 to December 2015. The authors studied 329 caregivers chosen by intentional non-probabilistic sampling, belonging to the six health areas of that municipality. The dependent variable was the burden, and the independent ones were those related to the caregiver, the elder person and the family. For percentage differences or contingency tables Pearson's Chi2 was used, with the prefixed error size of p ≤ 0.05. The multiple logistic regression with dichotomous answer was used to identify the possible burden risk factors. Results: half of the caregivers had burden, and the identified risk factors were religiosity, the severity of psychological and behavioral symptoms, depression, the reasons of care, suffering a chronic disease, and family functioning. Conclusions: the results evidenced the need of designing future educational interventions to lessen the burden on the caregiver of elder person with dementia syndrome (AU).