Obtención y evaluación de concentrado proteico hidrolizado de residuos animales como alternativa de alimentación en Piaractus brachypomus (Cuvier 1818) / Obtaining and evaluating hydrolyzed protein concentrate from animal waste as a feeding alternative in Piaractus brachypomus (Cuvier 1818)

RESUMEN En la industria acuícola, se vienen desarrollando acciones encaminadas a buscar fuentes proteicas alternativas palatables y de alto valor biológico para reemplazar las fuentes convencionales. Debido al potencial nutricional de los subproductos animales, se han adoptado tecnologías para su uso, como las técnicas de bioconversión por hidrólisis enzimática. En consecuencia, el objetivo de este estudio fue obtener y evaluar un concentrado de proteína hidrolizada de residuos animales (CPHRA) como alternativa en dietas para Piaractus brachypomus. Las vísceras de los subproductos avícolas se evaluaron utilizando ácido fórmico y vísceras de trucha al 20% para promover la hidrólisis enzimática a un pH más bajo (pH 3,66). El producto resultante se utilizó en la formulación de dietas para determinar coeficiente de digestibilidad aparente (CDA) de energía y nutrientes, utilizando una dieta control () y tres dietas con inclusión de 10%, 20% y 30% de CPHRA (T1, T2 y T3). Se alimentaron por triplicado ciento veinte juveniles de híbridos de cachama blanca con un peso promedio de 145 ± 3,0 g. La CPHRA presentó alto contenido proteico y se evidenciaron diferencias significativas (p < 0,05) para los CDA de materia seca, proteína bruta, grasa bruta, energía bruta y absorción de cenizas, calcio y fósforo. Los CDA de nutrientes y energía estaban por encima del 80%. En consecuencia, el concentrado de proteína hidrolizada de los desechos de aves de corral tiene un gran potencial como alternativa proteica y energética de alto valor nutricional en la alimentación de los peces.

ABSTRACT The aquaculture industry aims to find new strategies to replace fishmeal in formulated diet-sources with high attraction and palatability and high biological value to replace conventional sources. Due to the nutritional potential of animal by-products, technologies have been adopted for their use, such as bioconversion techniques by enzymatic hydrolysis. Consequently, the objective of this study was obtaining and evaluating a hydrolyzed protein concentrate of animal waste (CPHRA, by its Spanish acronym) in diets for Piaractus brachypomus. Viscera from poultry by-products was evaluated by using formic acid and a 20% trout viscera to promote the catalyst at lower pH (3,66). The resulting product was used in feed formulation to determine the Apparent Digestibility Coefficient (ADC) of energy and nutrients, using a control diet (T0) and three diets with 10%, 20%, and 30% CPHRA (T1, T2 y T3). One hundred and twenty juveniles of hybrids of cachama blanca with an average weight of 145 ± 3,0 g were fed in triplicate groups. The CPHRA presented high protein content and significant differences (p < 0,05) were evidenced for the ADCs of dry matter, crude protein, crude fat, crude energy, and ash absorption, calcium and phosphorus. The ADCs for nutrients and energy were above 80%. Accordingly, the hydrolyzed protein concentrate from poultry waste has great potential as a protein and energy alternative of high nutritional value in fish feeding.

The miRNA expression profile directly reflects the energy metabolic differences between slow and fast muscle with nutritional regulation of the Chinese perch (Siniperca chuatsi).

Fish skeletal muscles are composed of two distinct types, slow and fast muscles, and they play important roles in maintaining the body's movement and energy metabolism. The two types of muscle are easy to separate, so they are often used as the model system for studies on their physiological and functional characteristics. In this study, we revealed that the carbohydrate and lipid metabolic KEGG pathways are different between slow and fast muscles of Chinese perch with transcriptome analysis. In fast muscle, glucose metabolism was catabolic with higher glycolysis capacity, while in slow muscle, glucose metabolism was anabolic with more glycogen synthesis. In addition, oxidative metabolism in slow muscle was stronger than that in fast muscle. By analyzing the expression levels of 40 miRNAs involved in metabolism in the muscles of Chinese perch, 18 miRNAs were significantly upregulated and 7 were significantly downregulated in slow muscle compared with fast muscle. Based on functional enrichment analysis of their target genes, the differential expression levels of 17 miRNAs in slow and fast muscles were reflected in their carbohydrate and lipid metabolism. Among these, 15 miRNAs were associated with carbohydrate metabolism, and 6 miRNAs were associated with lipid metabolism. After 3 days of starvation, the expression levels of 15 miRNAs involved in glucose metabolism in fast and slow muscles increased. However, after 7 days of starvation, the mRNA levels of miR-22a, miR-23a, miR-133a-3p, miR-139, miR-143, miR-144, miR-181a and miR-206 decreased to basal levels. Our data suggest that the possible reason for the difference in glucose and lipid metabolism is that more miRNAs inhibit the expression of target genes in slow muscle.

Consumption of dry matter observed and predicted by the nutritional systems in senepol bulls kept in confinement / Consumo de matéria seca observado e previsto pelos sistemas nutricionais em touros senepol mantidos em confinamento

The objective was to compare the dry matter consumption (CMS) observed, through the use of the GrowSafe® electronic system, with that predicted by the BR-Corte (2010 and 2016) and NRC (2000) nutritional systems in confined Senepol bulls. To this end, 24 Senepol Bulls were used in a completely randomized design, uncastrated with an average initial weight of 368 kg and 16 months of age. The evaluation of the accuracy and approximation of the CMS estimates by the nutritional systems was adjusted by the simple linear regression model and the decomposition of the mean square of the prediction error (QMEP). The mean CMS observed was 10.33 kg.day-1, higher than the values predicted by the nutritional systems, in which the values predicted by the NRC (2000) and BR-Corte 2010 and 2016 underestimated the CMS by 29.62, 6.19 and 2.03%, respectively. The verification of QMEP and its decomposition made it possible to infer the proximity of the values predicted by the BR-Corte 2010 and 2016 models and the values observed, which presented a better adjustment in relation to the NRC. Surprisingly the values predicted by the NRC, created from a database with Bos taurus animals, showed greater distance from the values predicted and observed, and it was expected greater accuracy of the NRC models for this category and animal breed. It is concluded that the BR-Corte 2016 was the most appropriate model to estimate the CMS of confined Senepol bulls.

Objetivou-se comparar o consumo de matéria seca (CMS) observado, por meio do uso do sistema eletrônico GrowSafe®, com o predito pelos sistemas nutricionais BR-Corte (2010 e 2016) e NRC (2000) em touros da raça Senepol em confinamento. Para isso, foram utilizados 24 Touros da raça Senepol em delineamento inteiramente casualizado, não castrados com peso inicial médio 368 kg e 16 meses de idade. A avaliação da exatidão e aproximação das estimativas do CMS pelos sistemas nutricionais foi ajustada pelo modelo de regressão linear simples e decomposição do quadrado médio do erro de predição (QMEP). O CMS médio observado foi de 10,33 kg.dia-1, valor superior aos valores preditos pelos sistemas nutricionais, no qual os valores preditos pelo NRC (2000) e BR-Corte 2010 e 2016 subestimaram o CMS em 29,62, 6,19 e 2,03%, respectivamente. A verificação do QMEP e sua decomposição possibilitou inferir sobre a proximidade dos valores preditos pelos modelos BR-Corte 2010 e 2016 e os valores observados, os quais apresentaram melhor ajuste em relação ao NRC. Surpreendentemente os valores preditos pelo NRC, criado a partir de banco de dados com animais Bos taurus, apresentou maior distanciamento dos valores preditos e observados, sendo que era esperada maior precisão dos modelos NRC para esta categoria e raça animal. Conclui-se que o BR-Corte 2016 foi o modelo mais adequado para estimar o CMS de touros da raça Senepol em confinamento.

The role of polyphenols in poultry nutrition.

In the last two decades, poultry and animal industries became increasingly interested in using plant-based feed supplements, herbs and their derivatives to retain or enhance their health and productivity. These health benefits for the host mainly attributed to the secondary plant metabolites, namely polyphenols. Polyphenols are renowned for their antioxidant, immunomodulatory, anti-mutagenic and anti-inflammatory properties. However, despite these advantages of polyphenols, they have been characterized by poor absorption in the gut and low concentration in target cells that compromise their role as effective antioxidants. The low bioavailability of polyphenols necessitates the need for further investigations to harness their full potential in poultry farms. This review is existing evidence about the bioavailability of polyphenols and their antioxidant, immunomodulatory, antimicrobial, detoxification properties and their impacts on poultry performance.

Effects of environmental temperature and dietary zinc on egg production performance, egg quality and antioxidant status and expression of heat-shock proteins in tissues of broiler breeders.

To investigate the effects of environmental temperature and dietary Zn on egg production performance, egg quality and antioxidant status, as well as expression of heat-shock proteins (HSP) in tissues, of laying broiler breeders, we used a completely randomised design with a 2×3 factorial arrangement of treatments. The two environmental temperatures were normal (21±1°C, NT) and high (32±1°C, HT). The three dietary Zn sources were a Zn-unsupplemented basal diet (CON), and the basal diet supplemented with 110 mg Zn/kg as either the inorganic Zn sulphate (iZn) or the organic Zn proteinate with a moderate chelation strength (oZn). HT decreased (P<0·002) egg weight, laying rate, eggshell strength, thickness and weight, but increased (P≤0·05) rectal temperature, broken egg rate, misshapen egg rate, feed:egg ratio, Cu Zn superoxide dismutase activities in liver and pancreas, as well as metallothionein (MT) level in pancreas, and HSP70 mRNA levels in liver and pancreas of laying broiler breeders. Broiler breeders fed the oZn diet had higher (P<0·04) Zn content in the liver, as well as MT levels in the liver and pancreas, compared with those fed the CON diet. Under HT, broiler breeders fed the oZn diet had higher (P<0·05) Zn content in the pancreas compared with those fed the iZn and CON diets. The results from this study indicated that HT impaired egg production performance and eggshell quality possibly because of the disturbed redox balance and HSP homoeostasis, whereas the oZn is more available than the iZn for pancreatic Zn of heat-stressed laying broiler breeders.

The colostrum quality and composition of simmental and brown swiss heifers / A Qualidade e a composição do colostro de novilhas simental e de pardo suiço

The present study was conducted to determine the quality and composition of colostrum samples obtained from Simmental and Brown Swiss heifers on a Turkish dairy farm in Ödemis, zmir. The average volume of colostrum obtained from Simmental and Brown Swiss heifers at the first milking was 3.4 L and 3.8 L, respectively. Average colostrometer (Ig) and Brix values were determined as 105.1 mg/mL and 104.9 mg/mL, 29.97 % and 29.68 % of the samples (P>0.05). No significant differences were observed between colostrums' chemical compositions­including total solids, total protein, solids-not-fat, somatic cell counts (SCC), total bacterial counts (TBC), and energy values of the breeds - except for lactose concentration (P<0.05). The means of TBC were 781,000 and 634,000 CFU/mL for Simmental and Brown Swiss, respectively. The correlations between colostrometer and Brix values in Simmentals and Browns Swiss were 0.85 and 0.81, respectively (P<0.01). On the other hand, the correlations between Log10SCC and Log10TBC in both breeds were found to be 0.66 and 0.65 (P<0.05), respectively. According to the results of the present study, the fat, protein, lactose, and total solid concentrations of both Simmental and Brown Swiss (dual-purpose breeds) were higher than the values reported for Holstein dairy breeds. Although colostrum quality of both breeds was found to be good in terms of Ig concentration, their total bacterial counts were high. Bacterial counts can be reduced with adequate hygiene practices and good colostrum management.

O presente estudo foi realizado para determinar a qualidade e a composição das amostras de colostro obtidas de novilhas Simental e Pardo Suíço em uma fazenda leiteira turca em Ödemis, zmir. O volume médio de colostro obtido das novilhas Simental e Pardo Suíço na primeira ordenha foi de 3,4 L e 3,8 L, respectivamente. Os valores médios do colostrômetro (Ig) e de Brix foram determinados como sendo 105,1 mg/mL e 104,9 mg/mL, 29,97% e 29,68% das amostras (P > 0,05). Não foram observadas diferenças significativas entre as composições químicas do colostro, incluindo sólidos totais, proteína total, sólidos não gordurosos, contagens de células somáticas (SCC), contagens bacterianas totais (TBC) e valores energéticos das raças - exceto para a concentração de lactose (P < 0,05). As médias para as TBC foram de 781.000 e 634.000 CFU/mL para Simental e Pardo Suíço, respectivamente. As correlações entre os valores do colostrômetro e de Brix em Simental e Pardo Suíço foram de 0,85 e 0,81, respectivamente (P < 0,01). Por outro lado, as correlações entre Log10SCC e Log10TBC em ambas as raças foram de 0,66 e 0,65 (P < 0,05), respectivamente. De acordo com os resultados do presente estudo, as concentrações de gordura, proteína, lactose e sólidos totais das raças Simental e Pardo Suíço (raças de dupla aptidão) foram maiores do que os valores relatados para raças leiteiras de Holstein. Embora a qualidade do colostro de ambas as raças tenha sido boa em termos de concentração de Ig, sua contagem total de bactérias foi alta. As contagens bacterianas podem ser reduzidas com práticas de higiene adequadas e boa gestão do colostro.

Recent research in flaxseed (oil seed) on molecular structure and metabolic characteristics of protein, heat processing-induced effect and nutrition with advanced synchrotron-based molecular techniques.

Advanced synchrotron radiation-based infrared microspectroscopy is able to reveal feed and food structure feature at cellular and molecular levels and simultaneously provides composition, structure, environment, and chemistry within intact tissue. However, to date, this advanced synchrotron-based technique is still seldom known to food and feed scientists. This article aims to provide detailed background for flaxseed (oil seed) protein research and then review recent progress and development in flaxseed research in ruminant nutrition in the areas of (1) dietary inclusion of flaxseed in rations; (2) heat processing effect; (3) assessing dietary protein; (4) synchrotron-based Fourier transform infrared microspectroscopy as a tool of nutritive evaluation within cellular and subcellular dimensions; (5) recent synchrotron applications in flaxseed research on a molecular basis. The information described in this paper gives better insight in flaxseed research progress and update.

Nutrition Education in European Veterinary Schools: Are European Veterinary Graduates Competent in Nutrition?

Knowledge of nutrition is vital for veterinarians to inform owners about care of healthy pets and management of disease. Owners wish to have information from the veterinary health care team (VHT), and graduate veterinarians should be sufficiently educated to provide evidence-based information. Many veterinary practitioners feel that their veterinary school education in small-animal nutrition was insufficient. This survey presents the information on nutrition education in 63 European veterinary schools, including attitudes about teaching of nutrition, importance of nutrition, satisfaction of graduate performance and skills in nutrition, existing and required curriculum hours in nutrition, existing and required teaching staff, and barriers to achieving adequate teaching. The questionnaire was provided online to university deans and faculty members. The majority of schools felt that nutrition was important, but lacked staff numbers or knowledge to teach adequately. Many were also restricted by a crowded curriculum. Potential solutions include hiring a nutritionist, outsourcing nutrition education, and/or using online materials.

Inferência bayesiana da conversão alimentar em diferentes experimentos animais / Bayesian Inference of feed conversion in different animal experiments

O presente trabalho teve por objetivo avaliar a conversão alimentar (CA) por meio da inferência bayesiana considerando-se análises bivariadas. Foram utilizadas diferentes espécies animais de experimentos conduzidos na Universidade Federal de Viçosa, no estado de Minas Gerais, Brasil. O modelo proposto mostrou ser apropriado, uma vez que possibilitou a detecção de diferenças significativas entre níveis de fatores não detectados por procedimentos frequentistas em ANOVA tradicional, principalmente em pequenas amostras. No experimento com codornas, evidenciou-se que aves cujos níveis de proteína bruta eram de 23% e 29%, respectivamente, para machos e fêmeas, apresentaram uma melhor CA, de 2,83±0,03 e 2,66±0,03, respectivamente. No experimento com frangos, no grupo sem o aditivo antibiótico, a inclusão de 0,02% de extrato de ésteres naturais foi o que promoveu a melhor CA (1,72±0,01), e, de modo geral, o uso de antibiótico e a ausência de ésteres naturais promoveram CA de 1,63±0,02. Em caprinos, verificou-se que o aleitamento, seja com leite de cabra ou de vaca, promove igualmente uma melhor CA, respectivamente, no grupo de 60 e 90 dias, de 1,29±0,14 e 1,79±0,11, sugerindo que o aleitamento seja feito até os 60 dias. Em suínos, a dieta com maior nível de energia metabolizável e aminoácidos foi a que promoveu a melhor CA (2,86±0,07), quando comparada a uma dieta com nível nutricional mais baixo. Já o uso de enzimas na dieta com menor nível energético e de aminoácidos proporcionou resultado intermediário (2,90±007). Em bovinos, observou-se que o uso de 1% de concentrado na dieta promoveria uma melhor CA estimada de 7,33±0,35 entre os Nelores e que essa promoção seria de 7,40±0,58 entre os cruzados com o uso de 2% de concentrado na dieta.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the feed conversion (CA) by Bayesian inference in bivariate considering analyzes in real and simulated data. Different animal species experiments conducted at the Universidade Federal de Viçosa, state of Minas Gerais, Brazil are used. The proposed model proved to be appropriate once it enabled the detection of significant differences between levels of factors not detected by frequentist procedures with traditional ANOVA, especially in small samples. In the experiment with quails, it became clear that the birds' brute protein levels were 23% and 29%, respectively, for males and females, which presented better CA, 2.83±0.03 and 2.66±0.03, respectively. In the experiment with chickens, the group without additive antibiotic, including 0.02% extract natural esters promoted the best CA (1.72±0.01) and in general antibiotic absence of esters natural promoted 1.63±0.02 of the CA. In goats, it has been found that feeding milk from cows or goats also promotes better CA, respectively, in groups milked up to 60 and 90 days, being 1.29±0.14 and 1.79±0.11, suggesting that suckling done until 60 days. Pigs fed the highest level of metabolizable energy and aminoacids promoted the best CA (2.86±0.07) compared to a diet with lower nutritional level. But the use of enzymes in the diet with lower energy level and amino acid provided intermediate result (2.90±007). In cattle, it was observed that the use of 1% concentrate diet, CA, promotes a better estimate of 7.33±0.35 between Nellore and this promotion would be 7.40±0.58 between the cross breeds using 2% concentrate diet.

Influence of feeding differentiation on the age at onset of puberty in Brazilian Bergamasca dairy ewe lambs / Influência da diferenciação alimentar na idade à puberdade em cordeiras da raça Bergamácia Brasileira

The objective of the study was to evaluate body growth and age at onset of puberty on lambs fed two specific diets for low and high growth rates. A herd of 20 Brazilian Bergamasca lambs was divided in two groups (n= 10) and kept confined throughout the experimental period, two animals of the same treatment/pen. Two phases were established: Phase 1, from 90 days of age until the onset of puberty; and Phase 2, from puberty onset up to 1 year old. For Phase 1, two distinct diets were formulated, being: Treatment A, which was formulated to obtain an average daily gain of approximately 150g; and Treatment B, for an average daily gain of about 250g. In Phase 2, a balanced, equal diet was provided to both groups. Every 14 days, the animals were weighed and given average daily gain, average daily dry matter intake and body condition score. From the 5th month of age on, in each group, a vasectomized male was used to detect estrus, establishing age at puberty onset and estrus interval for each lamb. Blood samples were collected every 28 days to determine plasma growth hormone concentration. Treatment B lambs gained more weight and had higher body condition score (P<0.05) and there was no difference for age at puberty onset and plasma growth hormone levels (P>0.05) between treatments. It was found that both treatments showed satisfactory performances. Thus, treatment A may be indicated as a reasonable feeding system to achieve positive responses on confined ewe lambs during growth phase.

O objetivo do estudo foi avaliar o crescimento corporal e idade de início da puberdade em cordeiras sob duas dietas específicas para taxas de crescimento baixas e altas. Um rebanho de 20 cordeiras Bergamácia Brasileira foi dividido em dois grupos (n= 10) e mantido confinado em todo período experimental, sendo dispostos dois animais do mesmo tratamento/baia. Duas fases foram estabelecidas: Fase 1, a partir de 90 dias de idade até o início da puberdade, e Fase 2, a partir do início da puberdade até 1 ano de idade. Para a fase 1, duas dietas distintas foram formuladas, sendo: Tratamento A, formulada para obter um ganho de peso diário de aproximadamente 150g; e Tratamento B, para um ganho de peso médio diário de cerca de 250g. Na Fase 2, uma dieta equilibrada idêntica foi fornecida para ambos os grupos. A cada 14 dias, os animais foram pesados e calcularam-se o ganho médio diário, o consumo médio diário de matéria seca e escore de condição corporal. A partir do quinto mês de idade, em cada grupo, um macho vasectomizado foi usado para detectar estro, estabelecendo a idade de início da puberdade e estro para cada cordeira. As amostras de sangue foram coletadas a cada 28 dias para determinar a concentração plasmática de hormônio do crescimento. Cordeiras do tratamento B ganharam mais peso e tiveram maior escore de condição corporal (P<0,05), mas não houve diferença de idade para o início da puberdade e para os níveis plasmáticos de hormônio do crescimento (P>0,05). Verificou-se que os tratamentos A e B apresentaram desempenhos satisfatórios. Assim, o tratamento A pode ser indicado como um sistema de alimentação para alcançar respostas positivas em cordeiras submetidas ao confinamento durante a fase de crescimento.

Divergência genética de milho transgênico em relação à produtividade de grãos e à qualidade nutricional / Genetic divergence of transgenic maize in relation to grain productivity and nutritio nal quality

O objetivo deste trabalho foi verificar a divergência genética entre genótipos de milho transgênico, em relação à produtividade de grãos e à qualidade nutricional. O experimento foi conduzido na safra 2009/2010, em Santa Maria, Estado do Rio Grande do Sul, no delineamento blocos casualizados, com três repetições. Foram avaliados 18 genótipos e mensuradas as seguintes variáveis após a colheita: produtividade de grãos, proteína bruta, lisina, metionina, cisteina, treonina, triptofano, valina, isoleucina, leucina, fenilalanina, histidina, arginina, extrato etéreo, amido e amilose. Para cada variável, foi realizada a análise de variância e comparadas as médias por meio do teste de Scott-Knott. Foi determinada a matriz de coeficientes de correlação genotípica e realizado o diagnóstico de multicolinearidade. Foi determinada a matriz de dissimilaridade entre os genótipos por meio da distância generalizada de Mahalanobis, realizado o agrupamento dos genótipos por meio do método UPGMA e validado o agrupamento por meio do coeficiente de correlação cofenética. Foram comparadas as médias dos grupos por meio do teste t para amostras independentes. Há divergência genética entre os genótipos de milho transgênico. As variáveis amilose, extrato etéreo e cisteina foram, nessa ordem, as que mais contribuíram para a divergência genética. Com base na produtividade de grãos, proteína bruta, lisina, cisteina, triptofano, extrato etéreo e amilose, há quatro grupos de genótipos de milho transgênico.

The aim of this study was to investigate the genetic divergence between genotypes of transgenic maize, in relation to grain productivity and nutritional quality. The experiment was conducted in 2009/2010 in Santa Maria, State of Rio Grande do Sul, on randomized block design with three replicates. Eighteen genotypes were analyzed and the variables were measured after harvest: grain productivity, crude protein, lysine, methionine, cysteine, threonine, tryptophan, valine, isoleucine, leucine, phenylalanine, histidine, arginine, ethereal extract, starch and amylose. An analysis of variance was performed for each variable and the means were compared using the Scott-Knott test. The genotypic correlation matrix was calculated, multicollinearity was evaluated and a contribution analysis was performed. Dissimilarity matrix between genotypes was determined by Mahalanobis generalized distance. The genotypes were grouped using the Unweighted Pair Group Method with Arithmetic Mean (UPGMA) and the cophenetic correlation coefficient was calculated to validate the grouping. The group means were compared using the t-test for independent samples. There is genetic divergence between genotypes of transgenic maize. Variables amylose, ethereal extract and cysteine showed the greatest contribution to genetic divergence. Based on grain productivity, crude protein, lysine, cysteine, tryptophan, ethereal extract and amylase, there are four genotype groups of transgenic maize.

Drosophila blood as a model system for stress sensing mechanisms.

The Drosophila lymph gland is the hematopoietic organ in which stem-like progenitors proliferate and give rise to myeloid-type blood cells. Mechanisms involved in Drosophila hematopoiesis are well established and known to be conserved in the vertebrate system. Recent studies in Drosophila lymph gland have provided novel insights into how external and internal stresses integrate into blood progenitor maintenance mechanisms and the control of blood cell fate decision. In this review, I will introduce a developmental overview of the Drosophila hematopoietic system, and recent understandings of how the system uses developmental signals not only for hematopoiesis but also as sensors for stress and environmental changes to elicit necessary blood responses.

Farelo de tungue in natura ou detoxificado na alimentação de carpa húngara (Cyprinus carpio) / In natura or detoxified tung meal in feeding Hungarian carp (Cyprinus carpio)

Este estudo avaliou a substituição parcial de farinhas de origem animal pelo farelo de tungue como fonte proteica no arraçoamento de carpa húngara. Os tratamentos compreenderam a inclusão de farelo de tungue in natura ou detoxificado (obtido após aplicação de tratamento químico ao farelo), e o tratamento referência consistiu de base proteica composta por farinha de carne e ossos suína e farinha de peixe. O período de alimentação foi de 63 dias. No decorrer de 30 dias experimentais não foi observada diferença em indicadores de crescimento entre os animais que consumiram as rações controle e com farelo de tungue tratado quimicamente, porém o consumo da ração com farelo de tungue in natura provocou redução no desempenho até o final do período experimental. Após 63 dias de arraçoamento, alguns indicadores de crescimento mostraram-se inferiores também para o tratamento que continha farelo de tungue tratado em relação ao controle. A análise bioquímica no plasma e no fígado revelou aumento de triglicerídeos, glicogênio, glicose e a utilização de outras fontes, possivelmente aminoácidos, como precursores energéticos na produção de energia quando os animais consumiram a dieta com farelo de tungue in natura em relação às demais, o que refletiu na menor concentração de proteína e na maior deposição de gordura na carcaça. Em relação à atividade de enzimas digestivas, tripsina apresentou atividade aumentada no tratamento com farelo de tungue in natura e protease ácida, quimotripsina, amilase e lipase não foram alteradas em nenhum dos tratamentos avaliados...

This study evaluated the partial replacement of animal meal by tung meal as protein source in feeding Hungarian carp. The treatments consisted of the inclusion of in natura or detoxified tung meal (obtained after chemical treatment applied to tung meal) as well as the reference treatment in which the protein basis was composed of meat and bone pork meal and fish meal. The feeding period was 63 days. During 30 experimental days no difference was observed in growth indicators among animals fed the control diet or with chemically treated tung meal, however, the consumption of diets with in natura tung meal caused reduced performance until the end of the experimental period. After 63 days of feeding, some growth indicators were also are lower for the treatment containing treated tung meal compared to control. Biochemical analysis in plasma and liver revealed increased triglycerides, glycogen, glucose and use of other sources, possibly amino acids, as precursors in the production of energy when animals consumed the diet with in nature tung meal in relation to others, which reflected in lower levels of protein and higher fat deposition in the carcass. Regarding the activity of digestive enzymes, trypsin showed increased activity in the treatment with in natura tung meal and acid protease, chymotrypsin, amylase and lipase were not changed in any of the treatments...

Adição de lisina digestível em rações experimentais para juvenis de tilápia-do-nilo / Addition of lysine in experimental diets for Nile tilapia juveniles

Objetivou-se por meio deste estudo determinar a necessidade nutricional de lisina digestível em rações para juvenis de tilápia-do-nilo (Oreochromis niloticus). Setecentos e vinte peixes masculinizados (7,30±0,11g) foram alimentados durante 30 dias com oito rações (26,81% de proteína digestível e 3090kcal/kg de energia digestível da ração) contendo teores crescentes de lisina digestível (1,24; 1,36; 1,48; 1,60; 1,72; 1,84; 1,96 e 2,08%). As tilápias foram distribuídas em delineamento inteiramente ao acaso, com oito tratamentos, seis repetições e 15 peixes por unidade experimental. Foram avaliadas variáveis de desempenho (ganho de peso, taxa de crescimento específico, taxa de sobrevivência, consumo de ração, consumo de lisina digestível, conversão alimentar aparente, eficiência proteica para ganho, eficiência de lisina para ganho e eficiência de retenção de nitrogênio) e de composição corporal (teores de umidade, gordura, proteína, matéria mineral corporal e as taxas de deposição diária de proteína e gordura corporais). A elevação do teor de lisina digestível na ração não influenciou (P>0,05) o consumo de ração, a taxa de sobrevivência e os teores de umidade e de matéria mineral corporal, mas melhorou de forma quadrática (P<0,05) os demais parâmetros avaliados, com exceção do consumo de lisina e da eficiência de lisina para ganho, que aumentou e reduziu, respectivamente, de forma linear (P<0,05). Recomenda-se que rações para juvenis de tilápia-do-nilo devam conter 1,84% de lisina digestível para máximo ganho de peso...

The aim of this study was to determine the nutritional need of lysine in diets for juvenile Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus). Seven hundred and twenty masculinized fish (7.30±0.11g) were fed for 30 days with eight diets (26.81% of digestible protein and 3090 kcal/kg digestible energy of feed) containing increasing levels of lysine (1.24, 1.36, 1.48, 1.60, 1.72, 1.84, 1.96 and 2.08%). The tilapia were distributed in a completely randomized design with eight treatments and six replicates of 15 fish per experimental unit. We evaluated the performance variables (weight gain, specific growth rate, survival rate, feed intake, digestible lysine intake, feed conversion, protein efficiency for gain, efficiency of lysine for gain and efficiency of retention nitrogen) and body composition (moisture, fat, protein, ash body and deposition rates of daily protein and fat). The high levels of dietary lysine did not affect (P>0.05) feed intake, the survival rate and the moisture and ash body, but improved (P<0.05) other parameters, except for lysine intake and efficiency of lysine for gain, which increased and decreased, respectively, linearly (P<0.05). It is recommended that diets for juvenile Nile tilapia should contain 1.84% digestible lysine for maximum weight gain...

Desempenho produtivo e perfil de ácidos graxos do leite de vacas que receberam níveis crescentes de óleo de girassol em dietas à base de capim-elefante / Productive performance and fatty acid composition of milk from dairy cows fed increasing levels of sunflower oil in elephant-grass based diets

Este experimento teve como objetivo principal avaliar as alterações no perfil de ácidos graxos do leite decorrentes do fornecimento de diferentes níveis de óleo de girassol (OG) para vacas leiteiras alimentadas com dietas completas à base de capim-elefante. Doze vacas da raça Holandesa receberam quatro níveis de OG na dieta (0; 1,3; 2,5 e 3,7% da MS) em delineamento quadrado latino 4 x 4. Não houve efeito (P>0,05) dos níveis de OG sobre o consumo de MS, a produção de leite ou os teores de sólidos do leite. Por outro lado, o perfil de ácidos graxos (AG) do leite foi amplamante modificado com a inclusão de OG na dieta, e observou-se redução (P<0,0001) dos teores dos AG de cadeia curta e média, elevação dos teores de ácido oleico (P<0,0001), dos isômeros de ácido linoleico conjugado, em especial do ácido rumênico (P<0,0001) e da relação entre os ácidos graxos hipo e hipercolesterolêmicos (P<0,0001). Apesar da maior ingestão diária de ácido linoleico (P<0,01) com o aumento do nível de OG na dieta, sua concentração na gordura do leite não foi alterada. Isso indica extensiva bio-hidrogenação ruminal deste AG no rúmen, o que é compatível com o aumento (P<0,0001) da concentração de ácido esteárico e dos AG C18:1 trans, especialmente do vacênico, na gordura do leite. Em geral, os resultados observados no presente estudo indicam que a inclusão de até 3,7% de OG em dietas completas de vacas leiteiras à base de capim-elefante promove melhoria da qualidade nutricional da gordura do leite, sem comprometimento do desempenho produtivo dos animais...

This study aimed to evaluate the effects of different levels of sunflower oil (SO) (0, 1.3, 2.5 and 3.7% of diet DM) on nutrient intake, milk production, milk composition, and fatty acid (FA) composition of milk and plasma from dairy cows fed elephant-grass based diets. Twelve Holstein cows were divided into three groups and received the dietary treatments in a 4 x 4 Latin-square design. Oleic, linoleic and α-linolenic acid intakes increased linearly (P<0.001) by adding SO to the diets. The reduction (P<0.0001) in odd and branched chain FA in milk fat from cows fed SO suggests that rumen microbial growth has been inhibited to some extent. Feeding up to 3.7% of SO in chopped elephantgrass-based diets improved the nutritional quality of milk fat, which was associated with the following changes in milk fatty acid composition: reduction (P<0.0001) of short and medium chain saturated FA contents, increase in oleic acid and rumenic acid contents (P<0.0001), and increase (P<0.0001) in hypo:hypercholesterolemic FA ratio. Overall, these results indicate that including up to 3.7% SO in elephant-grass based-diets improves the nutritional quality of milk fat from dairy cows without causing any detrimental effects on production paramaters...

Nutritional value of high moisture corn silage in the diet of Holstein cows / Valor nutritivo da silagem de grãos úmidos de milho na alimentação de vacas da raça Holandesa

Five Holstein cows were distributed in a 5x5 latin square design to assess the effect of replacement levels of dry ground corn grain (DGCG) by high moisture corn silage (HMCS) on intake, total nutrient digestibility and plasma glucose, according to the following treatments: 1) 100% DGCG; 2) 75% DGCG and 25% HMCS; 3) 50% DGCG and 50% HMCS; 4) 25% DGCG and 75% HMCS; 5) 100% HMCS. The experiment lasted 70 days, divided into five phases of 14 days each. The digestibility was obtained using chromic oxide (Cr2O3) as the indicator. Fecal samples were collected twice daily and blood samples were collected on the last day of each period before the first meal (0h) and 2h, 4h, 6h and 12h after the meal. There was no effect (P>0.05) on the intake of dry matter (DM), neutral detergent fiber (NDF), acid detergent fiber (ADF) and starch. The total apparent digestibility of DM, crude protein (CP), NDF and ADF were not affected (P>0.05) by the treatments, as well as the plasma glucose concentration. However, there was a decreased linear effect (P<0.05) for the protein intake and increased linear effect (P<0.05) for starch digestibility, as the level of HMCS was increased in the diets...

Cinco vacas da raça Holandesa foram distribuídas em quadrado latino 5x5 com o objetivo de se avaliar o efeito de níveis de substituição do grão seco de milho (GSM) pela silagem de grãos úmidos de milho (SGUM) sobre consumo, digestibilidade total dos nutrientes e glicose plasmática, o que constituiu os tratamentos: 1) 100% GSM; 2) 75% GSM e 25% SGUM; 3) 50% GSM e 50% SGUM; 4) 25% GSM e 75% SGUM; 5) 100% SGUM. O período experimental durou 70 dias, divididos em cinco fases de 14 dias. A digestibilidade foi obtida utilizando-se óxido crômico (Cr2O3) como indicador. Foram colhidas amostras fecais duas vezes por dia, bem como amostras de sangue no último dia dos períodos, antes da primeira refeição (zero hora), duas, quatro, seis e 12 horas após a refeição. Não houve efeito (P>0,05) sobre o consumo de matéria seca (MS), fibra em detergente neutro (FDN), fibra em detergente ácido (FDA) e amido. A digestibilidade aparente total da MS, a proteína bruta (PB), a FDN e a FDA não foram afetadas (P>0,05), assim como a concentração de glicose plasmática. Houve efeito linear decrescente (P<0,05) para consumo de PB e linear crescente (P<0,05) para digestibilidade do amido, à medida que se aumentou a inclusão de SGUM...

Relação proteína: carboidrato no desempenho e metabolismo de juvenis de pacamã (Lophiosilurus alexandri) / Ratio protein: carbohydrate on performance and metabolism of Juvenile (Lophiosilurus alexandri)

Objetivou-se neste estudo verificar o melhor nível de inclusão entre proteína e carboidrato no desempenho e algumas respostas metabólicas em juvenis de pacamã (Lophiosilurus alexandri). Testaram-se quatro dietas com as relações proteína/carboidrato (PB:CHO) 1,24; 0,84; 0,51 e 0,33 durante 60 dias. Foram utilizados 240 juvenis de pacamã pesando inicialmente 1,90g, alimentados duas vezes ao dia (8% da biomassa). Avaliou-se o ganho de peso total, taxa de crescimento específico, consumo de ração aparente, conversão alimentar aparente, rendimento de carcaça e gordura visceral. Glicemia, aminoácidos totais livres no plasma e glicogênio hepático também foram avaliados. A relação PB:CHO influenciou (P<0,05) os parâmetros de desempenho e metabolismo, exceto o glicogênio hepático. Maiores concentrações de glicose e aminoácidos totais livres no plasma foram observadas nos peixes que se alimentaram com a dieta contendo a maior relação PB:CHO (1,24). Além disso, observaram-se melhores médias de ganho de peso, taxa de crescimento específico e conversão alimentar aparente. Maiores percentuais de gordura visceral e menor rendimento de carcaça foram observados nos animais submetidos à dieta composta pela menor relação PB:CHO (0,33). Pode-se concluir que a dieta com a relação PB:CHO de 1,24 promoveu melhor desempenho e respostas metabólicas em juvenis de pacamã...

The aim of this study was to determine the best level of inclusion between protein and carbohydrate on performance and some metabolic responses in juvenile pacamã (Lophiosilurus alexandri). We tested four diets regarding protein/carbohydrate (PB: CHO) 1.24, 0.84, 0.51 and 0.33 for 60 days. The experiment was conducted with 240 juvenile pacamã initially weighing 1.90g, fed twice daily (8% of the biomass). We evaluated the total weight gain, specific growth rate, feed intake, feed conversion, carcass yield and visceral fat. Glucose, total plasma free amino acids and liver glycogen were also evaluated. The relationship PB: CHO influenced (P <0.05) the performance and metabolism parameters except the liver glycogen. Higher concentrations of glucose and total plasma free amino acids were observed in fish that were fed the diet containing the highest ratio PB: CHO (1.24); and we also observed better mean weight gain, specific growth rate and feed conversion. A higher percentage of visceral fat and lower carcass yield were observed in animals treated with diet composed by the lower ratio PB: CHO (0.33). We can conclude that a diet with a ratio PB: CHO of 1.24, promotes better performance and metabolic responses in juvenile pacamã...

Concomitant intake of quercetin with a grain-based diet acutely lowers postprandial plasma glucose and lipid concentrations in pigs.

Treatment goals of diabetes mellitus type 2 (DMT2) include glycemic control and reduction of nonglycemic risk factors, for example, dyslipidemia. Quercetin, a plant-derived polyphenol, often discussed for possible antidiabetic effects, was investigated for acute postprandial glucose- and lipid-lowering effects in healthy growing pigs. Male pigs (n=16, body weight=BW 25-30 kg) were fed flavonoid-poor grain-based meals without (GBM) or with quercetin (GBMQ). In a first experiment, postprandial plasma concentrations of glucose, nonesterified fatty acids (NEFA), and triacylglycerols were analyzed in 8 pigs receiving 500 g of either GBM or GBMQ (10 mg/kg BW) in a cross-over design. Blood samples were collected before, and up to 5 h every 30 min, as well as 6 and 8 h after the feeding. In the second experiment, 2 h after ingestions of 1000 g of either GBM or GBMQ (50 mg/kg BW) animals were sacrificed; gastric content was collected and analyzed for dry matter content. Quercetin ingestion reduced postprandial glucose, NEFA, and TG concentration, but two hours after ingestion of the meal no effect on gastric emptying was observed. Our results point to inhibitory effects of quercetin on nutrient absorption, which appear not to be attributable to delayed gastric emptying.

Skin wound healing in obese and lean male adolescent rats submitted to pre-weaning litter size manipulation.

We investigated whether early postnatal over-nutrition affects normal course of skin wound healing. To induce over-nutrition the litter size was adjusted on the first day after birth to four pups/nest (small litters). In parallel, as a control, normal nests of 10 pups/nest (normal litters) were used. For the wound healing experiment 30 male Sprague-Dawley rats, 15 from normal nests and 15 from small nests, were used. Two parallel full-thickness skin incisions and two full-thickness excisions were performed on the back of each rat. Samples for histological examination (excisions) and wound tensile strength measurement (incisions) were collected on days 2, 6, and 14 after surgery. Our study demonstrates that rats from the small nests had enhanced plasma levels of insulin and enhanced body weight/fat parameters. Furthermore, in small nests, rats that expressed the above-mentioned symptoms displayed slight improvement of epidermis regeneration, accelerated demarcation line formation, and increased wound tensile strength. From this point of view the small nest model used in the present experiment is helpful for exploration whether these acquired changes might be considered as a sufficient essential factor involved in the regulation of metabolic homeostasis and wound repair in juvenile obese male rats. Nevertheless, further studies need to be performed to verify the present findings also on other animal models and humans and to describe the exact underlying mechanism.

Glutamate prevents intestinal atrophy via luminal nutrient sensing in a mouse model of total parenteral nutrition.

Small intestine luminal nutrient sensing may be crucial for modulating physiological functions. However, its mechanism of action is incompletely understood. We used a model of enteral nutrient deprivation, or total parenteral nutrition (TPN), resulting in intestinal mucosal atrophy and decreased epithelial barrier function (EBF). We examined how a single amino acid, glutamate (GLM), modulates intestinal epithelial cell (IEC) growth and EBF. Controls were chow-fed mice, T1 receptor-3 (T1R3)-knockout (KO) mice, and treatment with the metabotropic glutamate receptor (mGluR)-5 antagonist MTEP. TPN significantly changed the amount of T1Rs, GLM receptors, and transporters, and GLM prevented these changes. GLM significantly prevented TPN-associated intestinal atrophy (2.5-fold increase in IEC proliferation) and was dependent on up-regulation of the protein kinase pAkt, but independent of T1R3 and mGluR5 signaling. GLM led to a loss of EBF with TPN (60% increase in FITC-dextran permeability, 40% decline in transepithelial resistance); via T1R3, it protected EBF, whereas mGluR5 was associated with EBF loss. GLM led to a decline in circulating glucagon-like peptide 2 (GLP-2) during TPN. The decline was regulated by T1R3 and mGluR5, suggesting a novel negative regulator pathway for IEC proliferation not previously described. Loss of luminal nutrients with TPN administration may widely affect intestinal taste sensing. GLM has previously unrecognized actions on IEC growth and EBF. Restoring luminal sensing via GLM could be a strategy for patients on TPN.