[Surgical collapse in the treatment of single lung tuberculosis]. / Kollapsokhirurgicheskie operatsii v lechenii destruktivnogo tuberkuleza edinstvennogo legkogo.

OBJECTIVE: To improve the treatment of destructive tuberculosis of a single lung by using of collapse surgery. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The authors analyzed an experience of collapse surgery for destructive tuberculosis of a single lung. RESULTS: Collapse surgery was effective in 77.5% of patients. CONCLUSION: Endoscopic surgical collapse improves the outcomes in patients with destructive tuberculosis of a single lung and expands the possibilities for surgery in these patients when resection is not applicable.

Modern Collapse Therapy for Pulmonary Tuberculosis.

Multidrug-resistant tuberculosis (TB), extensively drug-resistant TB, and TB-human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) coinfection require a special approach in anti-TB treatment. Most patients cannot be successfully cured by conventional chemotherapy alone. They need a modern approach using minimally invasive therapeutic and surgical techniques. The novel approaches of collapse therapy techniques and minimally invasive osteoplastic thoracoplasty increase the effectiveness of complex anti-TB therapy. Achieving the required selective collapse of lung tissue in destructive pulmonary TB, especially in cases of drug resistance and/or HIV coinfection, leads to bacteriologic conversion, cavity closure, and successful cure.

Lobar Collapse Therapy Using Endobronchial Valves as a New Complementary Approach to Treat Cavities in Multidrug-Resistant Tuberculosis and Difficult-to-Treat Tuberculosis: A Case Series.

BACKGROUND: The poor treatment outcomes of multidrug-resistant tuberculosis (TB) and the emergence of extensively drug-resistant TB and extremely and totally drug-resistant TB highlight the urgent need for new antituberculous drugs and other adjuvant treatment approaches. OBJECTIVES: We have treated cavitary tuberculosis by the application of endobronchial one-way valves (Zephyr®; Pulmonx Inc., Redwood City, Calif., USA) to induce lobar volume reduction as an adjunct to drug treatment. This report describes the feasibility, effectiveness and safety of the procedure. METHODS: Patients with severe lung destruction, one or more cavities or those who were ineligible for surgical resection and showed an unsatisfactory response to standard drug treatments were enrolled. During bronchoscopy, endobronchial valves were implanted in the lobar or segmental bronchi in order to induce atelectasis and reduce the cavity size. RESULTS: Four TB patients and 1 patient with atypical mycobacteriosis were treated. The mean patient age was 52.6 years. Complete cavity collapses were observed on CT scans in 4 of the 5 cases. All patients showed improvements in their clinical status, and sputum smears became negative within 3-5 months. There were no severe short- or long-term complications. The valves were removed in 3 of the 5 patients after 8 months on average; there was no relapse after 15 months of follow-up. CONCLUSION: These data suggest that endobronchial valves are likely to be useful adjuncts to the treatment of therapeutically difficult patients. More data are required to confirm our findings.

Historia y actualidad del plombaje como tratamiento en la enfermedad pulmonar por tuberculosis multirresistente / History and News on Plombage as Treatment for Pulmonary Disease by Multi-Drug Resistant Tuberculosis

La cirugía torácica para la tuberculosis fue el tratamiento de elección desde comienzos del siglo XIX hasta su sustitución con la llegada de la quimioterapia antifímica. Actualmente, se han documentado múltiples complicaciones tardías de la tisiocirugía, así como sorprendentes resultados a largo plazo. En el presente artículo haremos una breve revisión de la colapsoterapia y uno de sus más importantes representantes el plombaje, su evolución, variantes, efectividad y criterios de aplicación. El plombaje implementó, a través del uso de múltiples materiales injertados en la cavidad torácica, una reacción tisular por hipoxia, que originaba un ambiente donde no puede sobrevivir el bacilo de la tuberculosis, lo que consigue una drástica mejoría inmediata en pacientes en estadios avanzados de la enfermedad. Fue califcado como el acto quirúrgico con menor número de desventajas porque limitaba la deformidad torácica en comparación con las toracoplastias, la necesidad de un menor tiempo de hospitalización, la posibilidad de realizar una delimitación de la zona pulmonar donde se localizaba la lesión por la enfermedad, etc. El procedimiento demostró en múltiples casos una supervivencia mayor a los 40 años. Al considerar los avances actuales en las técnicas quirúrgicas, las mejoras en los métodos de asepsia y esterilización, la mayor disponibilidad de materiales con menor número de complicaciones y la falta de efectividad de la quimioterapia en tuberculosis, la terapia quirúrgica como el plombaje reemerge como una alternativa de tratamiento factible en la actualidad.

Thoracic surgery for tuberculosis was the treatment of choice since the early nineteenth century until its replacement with the arrival of the antifimic chemotherapy. Currently they have documented multiple late complications of tisiosurgery also surprising long-term results. In this article we will briefly review the collapse therapy and one of its most important representant plombage, evolution, variants, effectiveness and application criteria. Plombage implemented through the use of multiple materials grafted into the thoracic cavity, a tissue reaction to hypoxia, which originated an environment where it cannot survive the TB bacillus, getting an immediate drastic improvement in patients in advanced stages of the disease. It was rated the surgery with fewer disadvantages because it restricted the chest deformity compared to thoracoplasty the need for a shorter hospital stay, the possibility of a delimitation of the lung area where the lesion was located by the disease, etc. The procedure demonstrated in many cases increased survival at 40 years. Considering current developments in surgical techniques, improved methods and aseptic sterilization, the increased availability of materials with fewer complications and lack of effectiveness of chemotherapy in tuberculosis, plombage rermerge as current feasible surgical treatment.

[Interest of collapse therapy in pulmonary extensively drug-resistant tuberculosis]. / Intérêt de la collapsothérapie dans la tuberculose pulmonaire ultra-résistante.

Extensively drug-resistant (XDR) tuberculosis is rare in France. Treatment of XDR tuberculosis is difficult and therapeutic failures are frequent. Surgery is considered as one of the therapeutic options, but is of little use regarding its high morbi-mortality. We report successful treatment of a XDR tuberculosis case with a 21-month antibiotic regimen followed by a surgical collapse therapy because of persistence of a large cavity. No relapse was observed after five years. Surgery in the XDR tuberculosis treatment is discussed.

Plombage thoracoplasty with balls performed for tuberculosis--still working after 46 years.

Plombage thoracoplasty using different synthetic materials was a popular procedure in the management of tuberculosis (TB) in the 1940-50's, being then abandoned. We report an 81-year-old patient who underwent a plombage thoracoplasty with balls at the age of 35; at the moment of examination in our unit, the patient had no chest complaints and no complications related to the surgical procedure was noted. CT scan showed the presence of the plombage material (balls) surrounded by fibrosis and calcifications but without other significant lesions. In our knowledge, this is the first modern detailed imaging description of a plombage thoracoplasty with uncomplicated outcome 46 years after surgery.

[Treatment of the newly diagnosed destructive lung tuberculosis with elimination of bacilli].

The study aimed to increase the efficacy of the newly diagnosed destructive lung tuberculosis with elimination of bacilli, using the collapsotherapeutic and surgical methods combined with intensive chemotherapy. 334 patients were diagnosed with lung tuberculosis in 2009 in Pensa region. Different methods of collapsotherapeutic and/or surgery were used in 255 (76.4%) patients. The comparative analysis of treatment results with patients, diagnosed with tuberculosis in 2006 and 2007 years, before the introduction of the new treatment modality, showed almost two-fold increase of the efficacy and 3-fold decrease of mortality rate.

The history of surgery for pulmonary tuberculosis.

Thoracic surgical procedures evolved from surgical management of tuberculosis; lung resections, muscle flaps, and thoracoscopy all began with efforts to control the disease. The discovery of antituberculosis drugs in 1944 to 1946 made sanatorium therapy and collapse therapy in all its forms obsolete and changed thoracic surgery dramatically. Currently, management of tuberculosis is primarily medical, and surgery has a minimal role. Today surgery is usually only performed in patients with tuberculosis when the diagnosis is necessary, who have complications or sequelae of the disease, or who have active disease resistant to therapy.

Surgery for the sequelae of postprimary tuberculosis.

This review describes diagnosis and management of sequelae of post-primary tuberculosis. It addresses elementary lesions such as bronciectasis, fibrostenosis, cavitation and broncholithiasis, the more complex situation of destroyed lung, and complications such as aspergilloma, hemoptysis and broncho-esophageal fistula.

Spontaneous haemoptysis as a late complication of plombage in a tuberculosis patient.

The endemic spread of tuberculosis after World War II and the deficiency of appropriate antituberculous drugs had led to a renaissance of the surgical tuberculosis therapy until the early 1950s. Late complications of plombage performed decades before are rare and are mainly related to infection and/or migration of the inserted foreign material and are scarcely recognized today. We report on a 73-year-old male patient, who was admitted to the emergency room of our hospital with acute massive haemoptysis for four days. On physical examination the patient presented with decreased breath sounds over the left lung and an old left-sided thoracotomy scar. Radiological findings and bronchoscopy revealed an empyema and a fistula as late complications 53 years after collapse therapy with insertion of a plombage for the treatment of pulmonary tuberculosis. The endobronchial nylon threads in the left bronchial tree and the fistula ending in the left lower bronchus confirmed our diagnosis. The patient was successfully treated by resection of the affected lower lobe. The present casuistic demonstrates a rare cause of spontaneous haemoptysis: late complications after extrapleural pneumolysis and plombage for cavitary tuberculosis over 50 years after the initial operation.

Late extrusion of pulmonary plombage outside the thoracic cavity.

Plombage, a variant of collapse therapy for patients with pulmonary tuberculosis that uses a variety of foreign materials, was undertaken until the 1950s before the invention of effective antimicrobial therapy. Complications related to previous plombage procedures are not uncommon. Management of these complications can be challenging. We report a patient presenting with extrusion of plombage 59 years later and managed successfully with removal of the plomb and pectoral muscle flap transposition.

A comparison of the deflecting-tip bronchial blocker with a wire-guided blocker or left-sided double-lumen tube.

OBJECTIVE: To compare a new bronchial blocker, the Cohen blocker, with the Arndt blocker and a left double-lumen tube (DLT). DESIGN: A prospective, randomized, controlled trial. SETTING: University hospital. PARTICIPANTS: Forty-eight patients undergoing lung surgery. INTERVENTION: Intubation with 1 of the 3 devices. Comparisons among groups included (1) time for initial positioning, (2) degree of lung collapse at pleura opening, and (3) number of intraoperative fiberoptic examinations. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: Positioning of the Cohen blocker (256 [166-341] seconds; median [interquartile range]) took no longer compared with the Arndt blocker (253 [184-305] seconds), and there was a trend toward difference between the 2 blockers and the DLT (137 [102-199] seconds) (p = 0.07). The time to place the Cohen blocker was longer in cases of left bronchus occlusion compared with a right one (340 [300-450] v 170 [124-259] seconds, p = 0.02); they were similar in the Arndt group. The degree of lung collapse was different among groups (p = 0.05), but the difference between any pair did not reach statistical significance. The number of patients who required at least 1 additional FOB examination was not statistically different (50% of patients in each blocker group v 19% in the DLT group). CONCLUSIONS: There was a trend toward a difference between times to place a bronchial blocker and the DLT. The Cohen blocker is more difficult to position in the left main bronchus than in the right one.