Conhecimento materno sobre os cuidados bucais das crianças na primeira infância / Maternal knowledge about children's oral care in early childhood / Conocimiento materno sobre elcuidado bucal de los niños en la primera infância

Introdução:Os pais exercem um importante papel no estabelecimento dos hábitos saudáveis durante a infância.Aoprestarem cuidados bucais necessários às suas crianças, observa-se um significativo resultado na prevenção dos agravos.Objetivo:Identificaroconhecimento materno sobre os cuidados bucais das crianças na primeira infância. Metodologia:Trata-se de um estudo de natureza quantitativa do tipo exploratório e observacional. A coleta ocorreu através da aplicação de um questionário semiestruturado, com questões sobre o conhecimento materno em relação à higiene bucal, hábitos alimentares, acometimento de cárie e perfil socioeconômico. Realizou-se uma análise descritiva dos dados, seguida de análise bivariada pelo teste do Qui-quadrado de Pearson, considerando-se um nível de significância de 5%. Resultados:Sobre o conhecimento dos cuidados bucais dos filhos, o mesmo encontrou-se insatisfatório em relação à idade em que as crianças devem começar a escovar seus dentes sozinhas,quanto ao uso de escova e docreme dental fluoretado como método de higiene após a erupção do primeiro dente e quanto à inexistência do dente decíduo antes do nascimento dos molares permanentes. Observou-se conhecimento satisfatório em relação à importância de se realizar restauraçãoem dente decíduo acometido por cárie,à idade em que a criança troca os dentes decíduos pelos permanentes e, à realização de algum cuidado bucal (fralda e gaze) antes do nascimento do primeiro dente.Conclusões:Há uma lacuna quanto às orientações de saúde bucal providas pelos dentistasdirecionadas às mães. As mães/gestantes têm o conhecimento adequado sobre os cuidados bucais do bebê, porém, quanto aos cuidados após o nascimento do primeiro dente, os resultados foram desfavoráveis. Faz-se necessário a maior participação do cirurgião-dentista nas consultas de pré-natal e de crescimento e desenvolvimento praticando educaçãoem saúde (AU).

Introduction:Parents play an important role in establishing healthy habits during childhood. Providing necessary oral care to their children significantly contributes to preventing oral health issues.Objective: To verify maternal knowledge about children's oral care in early childhood.Methodology:Thisis a quantitative, exploratoryandobservationalstudy. Data werecollectedthroughtheapplicationof a semistructuredquestionnaire, withquestionsabout maternal knowledgeregarding oral hygiene, eatinghabits, caries involvementandsocioeconomic profile. A descriptivedata analysiswasperformed, followedby a bivariate analysis, usingPearson's chi-square test, considering a 5% significance level. Results:Regardingmothers' knowledge about their children's oral care, it was unsatisfactory in relation to the age at which children should start brushing their teeth by themselves; regarding the use of a toothbrush and fluoride toothpaste as hygiene methods, after the first tooth's eruption, and regarding the absence of the deciduous tooth before the permanent molars eruption. Satisfactory knowledge was observed regarding the importance of carrying out restoration in decayed deciduous teeth; the age at which children begin to change deciduous teeth for permanent ones and, carrying out some oral care (fabric and gauze) before the first tooth's eruption. Conclusions:There is a gap in the oral health guidelines provided by dentists, aimed to mothers. The mothers/pregnant women have sufficient knowledge about their baby's oral care, but considering the oral care after the first tooth eruption, the results were critical. It is necessary a greater participation of the dentist in prenatal and growth and development consultations, practicing Health Education (AU).

Introducción: Los padres ejercen un papel importante en el establecimiento de hábitos saludables durante la infancia. Al proporcionar el cuidado bucal necesario a sus hijos, se obtienen resultados importantes en la prevención de enfermedades. Objetivo: Identificar el conocimiento materno sobre el cuidado bucal de los niños en la primera infancia. Metodología:Se trata de un estudio cuantitativo de carácter exploratorio yobservacional. La colecta ocurrió mediante la aplicación de un cuestionario semiestructurado, con preguntas sobre conocimientos maternos sobre higiene bucal, hábitos alimentarios, caries y perfil socioeconómico. Se realizó un análisis descriptivo de los datos, seguido de un análisis bivariado mediante la prueba Chi-cuadrado de Pearson, considerando un nivel de significancia del 5%. Resultados:En cuanto al conocimiento sobre el cuidado bucal de los niños, se encontró insatisfactorio en relación a la edad en la que los niños deben comenzar a cepillarse los dientes solos, en cuanto al uso de cepillos dentales y pasta dental fluorada como método de higiene después de la erupción del primer diente y la ausencia de un diente temporal antes del nacimiento de los molares permanentes. Se observó conocimiento satisfactorio sobre la importancia de restaurar un diente temporal afectado por caries, la edad en que el niño cambia los dientes temporales por permanentes y la provisión de algunos cuidados bucales (pañal y gasa) antes del nacimiento del primer diente. Conclusiones:Existe un vacío en la orientación sobre salud bucal proporcionada por los odontólogos dirigida a las madres. Las madres/gestantes tienen conocimientos adecuados sobre el cuidado bucal de su bebé, sin embargo, en relación a los cuidados después del nacimiento del primer diente los resultados fueron desfavorables. Es necesaria una mayor participación del odontólogo en las consultas prenatales y de crecimiento y desarrollo, practicando la educación para la salud (AU).

Hormone-mediated neural remodeling orchestrates parenting onset during pregnancy.

During pregnancy, physiological adaptations prepare the female body for the challenges of motherhood. Becoming a parent also requires behavioral adaptations. Such adaptations can occur as early as during pregnancy, but how pregnancy hormones remodel parenting circuits to instruct preparatory behavioral changes remains unknown. We found that action of estradiol and progesterone on galanin (Gal)-expressing neurons in the mouse medial preoptic area (MPOA) is critical for pregnancy-induced parental behavior. Whereas estradiol silences MPOAGal neurons and paradoxically increases their excitability, progesterone permanently rewires this circuit node by promoting dendritic spine formation and recruitment of excitatory synaptic inputs. This MPOAGal-specific neural remodeling sparsens population activity in vivo and results in persistently stronger, more selective responses to pup stimuli. Pregnancy hormones thus remodel parenting circuits in anticipation of future behavioral need.

Impacto do diagnóstico de Síndrome de Down na perspectiva materna / Impact of the diagnosis of down syndrome in the maternal perspective / Impacto del diagnóstico del síndrome de down desde la perspectiva materna

Objetivo: compreender as percepções maternas acerca do diagnóstico de Síndrome de Down (SD) de seus filhos quando crianças. Método: estudo exploratório-descritivo com abordagem qualitativa realizado com 9 mães de crianças com SD em um hospital público de nível terciário no município de São Paulo. A coleta dos dados ocorreu por meio de entrevistas individuais e semiestruturadas, guiadas por roteiro de tópicos. Os dados foram analisados por meio da análise temática de conteúdo e à luz dos princípios de ancoragem e objetivação da Teoria das Representações Sociais. Resultados: Os dados foram analisados e emergiram duas categorias principais: 1) as percepções maternas em relação à comunicação do diagnóstico de SD do filho; e 2) as percepções maternas acerca do impacto do diagnóstico de SD do filho, com subcategorias interligadas. Conclusão: constatou-se manejo predominantemente inadequado dos profissionais ao comunicarem o diagnóstico de SD, o que potencializou as reações emocionais de sofrimento, que não se restringiram ao momento da notícia. As reações podem ser amenizadas ou potencializadas com a vivência da maternagem e com interações familiares, sociais e com profissionais de saúde.(AU)

Objective: to understand maternal perceptions about the diagnosis of Down Syndrome (DS) of their children as children. Method: Exploratory-descriptive study with a qualitative approach carried out with 9 mothers of children with DS in a tertiary public hospital in the city of São Paulo. Data collection took place through individual and semi-structured interviews, guided by a script of topics. Data were analyzed using thematic content analysis and considering the principles of anchoring and objectification of the Theory of Social Representations. Results: data were analyzed, and two main categories emerged: 1) maternal perceptions regarding communication of the child's DS diagnosis; and 2) maternal perceptions about the impact of the child's DS diagnosis, with interconnected subcategories. Conclusion: There was predominantly inadequate management by professionals when communicating the diagnosis of DS, which potentiated the emotional reactions of suffering, which were not restricted to the moment of the news. Reactions can be mitigated or enhanced with the experience of motherhood and with family and social interactions and with health professionals.(AU)

Objetivo: comprender las percepciones maternas sobre el diagnóstico del niño con Síndrome de Down (SD). Método: estudio exploratorio-descriptivo con enfoque cualitativo, realizado con madres de niños con SD, en un hospital público de tercer nivel, en el municipio de São Paulo. La recolección se realizó a través de entrevistas individuales y semiestructuradas, regidas por un guión de temas. Los datos fueron analizados mediante análisis temático de contenido y a la luz de los principios de anclaje y objetivación de la Teoría de las Representaciones Sociales. Resultados: participaron 9 madres de niños con SD. Los datos se analizaron y surgieron dos categorías principales: 1) Percepciones maternas sobre la comunicación del diagnóstico de SD del hijo, y 2) Percepciones maternas sobre el impacto del diagnóstico de SD del hijo, con subcategorías interconectadas. Conclusión: se constató manejo predominantemente inadecuado de los profesionales en la comunicación del diagnóstico de SD, lo que potenció las reacciones emocionales de sufrimiento, que no se restringieron al momento de la noticia. Las reacciones se pueden mitigar o mejorar con la experiencia de la maternidad, las interacciones con los miembros de la familia, los profesionales de la salud y sociales.(AU)

The influence of perception of care and maternal protection on breastfeeding practices on the infants' third month of life / Influência da percepção do cuidado e da proteção materna sobre as práticas de aleitamento materno em lactentes no terceiro mês de vida

Abstract Objectives: to evaluate the influence of perception of care and maternal protection on breastfeeding practices on the infants' third month of life. Methods: longitudinal study with mother-infant pairs distributed in five groupsof gestational clinical conditions. The recruitment occurred in the period 2011 to 2016 at three hospitals in the public health systems in Porto Alegre, Brazil. The Parental Bonding Instrument and the Edinburgh Postpartum Depression Scale were assessed. Exclusive and prolonged breastfeeding were analyzed by questionnaires. Data were analyzed by one-way ANOVA with Tukey's post-hoc test, Kruskal-Wallis with Dunn's post-hoc test, or Pearson's chi-squared test. The significance was set at 5%. Results: 209 mother-infant pairs were investigated. Among those who did not practice breastfeeding, a lower perception of care, a higher perception of maternal protection, and a higher score of postpartum depression were observed (p=0.022, p=0.038, and p<0.001, respectively), when compared to peers who practiced. The control group had a significantly higher perception of care when compared to thediabetes mellitus group (p=0.006), and the perception of maternal protection and postpartum depression had no differences between the intrauterine groups (p>0.05). Conclusions: the perception of care and maternalprotection and the postpartum depressive symptomatology influenced breastfeeding at three months. It is possible to assume a transgenerational effect on breastfeeding, suggesting the existence of a complex model related to mental health in a sample of women who had different backgrounds of gestational clinical conditions

Resumo Objetivos: avaliar a influência da percepção do cuidado e da proteção materna sobre as práticas de aleitamento materno em lactentes no terceiro mês de vida. Métodos: estudo longitudinal, com pares mães-lactentes distribuídos em cinco grupos de diferentes condições clínicas gestacionais. O recrutamento ocorreu no período de 2011 a 2016 em três hospitais da rede pública de saúde de Porto Alegre, Brasil. Foram utilizados o Parental Bonding Instrument e o Edinburgh Postpartun Depression Scale. O aleitamento materno exclusivo e continuado foi analisado por questionários. Na análise de dados foram utilizados os testes de ANOVA com post-hoc de Tukey, Kruskal-Wallis com post-hoc de Dunn e Qui-quadrado. Resultados: foram investigados 209 pares mães-lactentes. Entre aqueles que não praticaram o aleitamento materno foi observadouma menor percepção de cuidado materno, uma maior percepção de proteção materna e ummaior escore de depressão pós-parto (p=0,022, p=0,038 e p<0,001, respectivamente) quandocomparados aos pares mães-lactentes que praticaram. O grupo controle teve significativamente maior percepção do cuidado materno quando comparado ao grupo com diabetes mellitus (p=0,006) enquanto a percepção de proteção materna e a depressão pós-parto não apresentaram diferenças entre os cinco grupos intrauterinos (p>0,05). Conclusões: a percepção de cuidado e proteção materna e asintomatologia depressiva pós-parto influenciaram o aleitamento materno aos três meses. É possível assumir um efeito transgeracional no aleitamento materno, sugerindo a existência de um modelo complexo relacionado à saúde mental numa amostra de mulheres que tinham diferentes antecedentes de condições clínicas gestacionais.

La madre acompañante en los servicios pediátricos, ejemplo del pensamiento humanista de Fidel / The Accompanying Mother in Pediatric Services, An Example of Fidel's Humanist Thought

Introducción: El desarrollo de la pediatría en Villa Clara tiene una rica historia e importantes contribuciones de grandes personalidades. Una de ellas, fue la incorporación de la madre acompañante en los servicios pediátricos, controversial decisión inicialmente no bien comprendida, que se desarrolló en la provincia en 1968. Objetivo: Explicar el surgimiento de la madre acompañante en los servicios pediátricos de Villa Clara. Métodos: Para analizar el objeto de estudio se realizó una investigación histórica durante el año 2019 mediante el método teórico, que se sustenta en la interacción de lo histórico y lo lógico desde las dimensiones temporal y espacial; y el empírico, consistente en la revisión de fuentes primarias (análisis documental) y secundarias (incluido entrevistas con informantes clave), seguidos por la triangulación metodológica para arribar a consideraciones integradoras. Resultados: Se identificaron destacadas figuras de la especialidad de Pediatría en Villa Clara, y su contribución a la incorporación de la madre acompañante en los hospitales pediátricos. Conclusiones: Los servicios pediátricos de Villa Clara fueron pioneros en la incorporación del modelo de la madre acompañante y su generalización contó con el apoyo del líder histórico de la Revolución, Fidel Castro Ruz(AU)

Introduction: The development of pediatrics in Villa Clara has a rich history and important contributions from great personalities. One of them was the incorporation of the accompanying mother in the pediatric services, a controversial decision initially not well understood, which was developed in the province in 1968. Objective: To explain the emergence of the accompanying mother modality in the pediatric services of Villa Clara. Methods: To analyze the object of study, a historical research was carried out during 2019 using the theoretical method, which is based on the interaction of the historical and the logical from the temporal and spatial dimensions; and the empirical one, consisting in the review of primary sources (documentary analysis) and secondary sources (including interviews with key informants), followed by methodological triangulation to arrive at integrative considerations. Results: Outstanding figures of the specialty of Pediatrics in Villa Clara were identified, and their contribution to the incorporation of the accompanying mother modality in pediatric hospitals. Conclusions: The pediatric services of Villa Clara were pioneers in the incorporation of the accompanying mother model and its generalization had the support of the historical leader of the Revolution, Fidel Castro Ruz(AU)

Avances de un estudio psicoanalítico acerca de la distancia afectiva en la relación madre-bebé / Advances of a psychoanalytic study about the affective distance in the mother-baby relationship

Medir el empuje que transmite la voz materna es casi inconcebible, (Didier-Weill,1998) ya que la estructura de su discurso primordial incluye una paradoja. ¿De qué manera entonces medir un espacio de encuentro que está en construcción? Este estudio explora la distancia afectiva en la díada madre-bebé desde una perspectiva intersubjetiva, durante la emisión del fenómeno sonoro denominado "tono maternés". Como parte de los avances de la investigación en curso, se destaca el valor de la interdisciplina para la obtención de los datos y el modo en que su procesamiento conduce a una posible categorización de su objeto de estudio. La consulta a expertos (del campo de la fonoaudiología y la psicomotricidad) permitió abordar un "único cuerpo suficientemente complejo"(Bernardi,2000)y de este modo cercar la realidad compartida. Se acuerda con Winnicott (1989) en la idea de que, si distintos observadores llegan a conclusiones semejantes, probablemente signifique que se ocupan de cosas reales(AU)

Measuring the drive transmitted by the maternal voice is almost inconceivable (Didier-Weill 1998). This statement is based on the idea that the primordial discourse structure is paradoxical. How then, to measure a meeting space that is under construction. One of the objectives of this psychoanalytic thesisis to explore the affective distance present in the dyad, while she emits the sound phenomenon 'babytalk'. As part of the progress, the author presents some moments of the investigation. This paper highlights the value of interdisciplinary approach to obtain the data and presents a possible categorization of the affective distance present in the early relationship.To study the real movements for the psychical constitution, it was required the dialogue with experts (from the areas of phonology and psychomotricity) to border a shared reality and address a "single sufficiently complex body (Bernardi, 2000). In agreement with Winnicott (1989), if different observers arrive at a similar conclusion, it possibly implies that they are dealing with real things(AU)

Cross-cultural adaptation of The Postpartum Childcare Stress Checklist into Brazilian Portuguese / Adaptação transcultural da escala The Postpartum Childcare Stress Checklist para o Português-Brasileiro

Abstract Objectives: to carry out the cross-cultural adaptation of The Postpartum Childcare Stress Checklist scale to be used in Brazil. Methods: the cross-cultural adaptation process followed internationally defined guidelines: double translation, synthesis and back-translation, analysis by a committee of experts, proposal for a pre-final and pre-test version, analysis of the psychometrics properties and generation of the final version. The reliability and validity of the final version were analyzed through a cross-sectional epidemiological study involving 190 women in the postpartum period. Cronbach's α indicator for reliability analysis and exploratory factor analysis with main component extraction were estimated for validity analysis. Results: α-Cronbach's was 0.894. The tested Brazilian version proved to be one-dimensional and the factor analysis pointed to four factors that were very closely distributed and explained 57.8% of the variance. All items of the original instrument were maintained in the proposed final version. Conclusions: the proposed Brazilian version proved to be valid and reliable for application in Brazilian populations.

Resumo Objetivos: proceder a adaptação transcultural da escala The Postpartum Childcare Stress Checklist para ser utilizada no Brasil. Métodos: o processo de adaptação transcultural seguiu diretrizes definidas internacionalmente: dupla tradução, síntese e retrotradução, análise por comitê de especialistas, proposta de uma versão pré-final e pré-teste, avaliação das propriedades psicométricas e geração da versão final. A confabilidade e validade da versão final foram analisadas por meio de estudo epidemiológico transversal envolvendo 190 mulheres em período pós-parto. Foram estimados o indicador α-Cronbach para análise da confabilidade e análise fatorial exploratória com extração de componentes principais para análise da validade. Resultados: o indicador α- Cronbach foi de 0,894. A versão brasileira testada mostrou-se unidimensional e a análise fatorial apontou quatro fatores distribuídos de maneira muito próxima e que explicaram 57,8% da variância. Todos os itens do instrumento original foram mantidos na versão final proposta. Conclusão: a versão brasileira proposta mostrou-se válida e confável para aplicação em populações brasileiras.

Effect of prematurity and temperament on the mother-infant interaction / Efeito da prematuridade e temperamento na interação mãe-bebê / Efecto de la prematurez y el temperamento en la interacción madre-bebé

Abstract We evaluated the effect of prematurity and the infant's temperament on the mother-infant behaviors in the Face-to-Face Still-Face Paradigm (FFSF). The study included 75 mothers and their infants (37 preterm and 38 term) between three and four months of age (corrected age for preterm infants). The mothers responded to a perception scale of the infants' temperament and the dyads were observed in a structured condition (FFSF). The FFSF Paradigm, divided into three episodes, made it possible to analyze the behaviors of: Positive Social Orientation, Negative Social Orientation and Self-comfort. The averages recorded for these categories were analyzed in a Multivariate ANOVA (factors: prematurity and temperament). Temperament had more effect on maternal and infant behaviors, suggesting that this factor may influence mother-infant interaction. The results can guide possible interventions with families. (AU)

Resumo Buscou-se avaliar o efeito da prematuridade e do tipo de temperamento do bebê sobre a interação mãe-bebê por meio do Paradigma do Face-to-Face Still-Face (FFSF). Participaram do estudo 75 mães e seus bebês (37 pré-termo e 38 a termo), entre três a quatro meses de vida (idade corrigida para bebês pré-termo). As mães responderam a uma escala de percepção do temperamento dos bebês e as díades foram filmadas em condição estruturada (FFSF). A filmagem, dividida em três episódios, possibilitou a análise de comportamentos de: Orientação Social Positiva, Orientação Social Negativa e Autoconforto. As médias registradas para essas categorias foram submetidas à Anova Multivariada (fatores: prematuridade e temperamento). O temperamento apresentou mais efeito sobre os comportamentos maternos e dos bebês, sugerindo que esse fator pode influenciar a interação diádica. Os resultados podem nortear possíveis intervenções junto às famílias.(AU)

Resumen Se buscó evaluar el efecto de la prematuridad y el tipo de temperamento del bebé en la interacción madre-bebé a través del Paradigma Face-to-Face Still-Face (FFSF). En el estudio participaron 75 madres y sus bebés (37 prematuros y 38 a término), con edades comprendidas entre los tres y los cuatro meses (edad corregida para bebés prematuros). Las madres respondieron a una escala de percepción del temperamento de los bebés y las díadas fueron filmadas en una condición estructurada (FFSF). El rodaje, dividido en tres episodios, permitió analizar los comportamientos de: Orientación Social Positiva, Orientación Social Negativa y Autoconfort. Los promedios registrados para estas categorías fueron sometidos al ANOVA Multivariado (factores: prematuridad y temperamento). El temperamento tuvo más efecto en los comportamientos maternos e infantiles, lo que sugiere que este factor puede influir en la interacción diádica. Los resultados pueden orientar posibles intervenciones con las familias. (AU)

O apego está na relação? Revisão sobre a sensibilidade materna no Brasil / Is the attachment in the relationship? Review on maternal sensitivity in Brazil

Esta revisão integrativa de literatura visa mapear artigos brasileiros a partir do referencial da sensibilidade materna, por meio de busca nas bases de dados do Portal CAPES, de modo mais específico, na BVS Brasil e SciELO, realizada em 2019, e atualizada no primeiro semestre de 2020, utilizando os descritores "sensibilidade materna", "maternal sensitivity and brazil" e "sensibilidade materna and vulnerabilidade". Os critérios de inclusão foram artigos empíricos realizados no Brasil, publicados nos últimos 10 anos (2010-2020) em português, com acesso irrestrito em texto completo. Encontrou-se 685 referências e somente 14 estudos foram analisados na íntegra por atenderem aos critérios estabelecidos nesta pesquisa. Percebe-se que alguns fatores impactam negativamente na sensibilidade materna, como a vivência em situação de vulnerabilidade socioeconômica; a saúde mental da mãe e a fragilidade da rede de suporte. Evidencia-se escassez de produções brasileiras sobre essa temática e de pesquisas interventivas com a díade mãe-bebê, demonstrando a relevância deste trabalho.

This integrative literature review aims to map Brazilian articles from the maternal sensitivity perspective, based on a search in the CAPES Portal databases, more specifically in BVS Brasil and SciELO, carried out in 2019, and updated in the first half of 2020, using the descriptors "maternal sensitivity", "maternal sensitivity and brazil" and "maternal sensitivity and vulnerability". The inclusion criteria were empirical articles carried out in Brazil, published in the last 10 years (2010-2020) in Portuguese, with unrestricted access in full text. 685 references were found and only 14 studies were analyzed in full because they met the criteria established in this research. It is noticed that some factors have a negative impact on maternal sensitivity, such as living in a situation of socioeconomic vulnerability; the mother's mental health and the fragility of her support network. There is a shortage of Brazilian productions on this theme and of interventional research with the mother-baby dyad, demonstrating the relevance of this article.

Os impasses ao acesso à intersubjetividade: observações clínicas de um bebê com risco de evolução autística / Impases en el accesoa la intersubjetividad: observaciones clínicas de un bebé con riesgo de evolución autista / Challenge in accessing intersubjectivity: clinical observations of a baby with a risk of autism / Les impasses à l'accès à l'intersubjectivité: observations cliniques d'un bébé à risque d'autisme

O artigo aborda os impasses vividos por um bebê com risco de autismo em seu processo de subjetivação. Estudos afirmam que há bebês que, muito precocemente, recusam-se a estabelecer trocas com o objeto materno, impossibilitando que a mãe entre em um estado de identificação com seu bebê, o que colocaria em pauta que o autismo infantil não se limitaria apenas a uma falha materna, mas se trataria de uma patologia multifatorial. Quais intervenções clínicas seriam necessárias para que a mãe e o bebê possam juntos (re)escrever uma nova narrativa psíquica? Haveria um tipo de intervenção e de manejo clínico específico nos casos de bebês com risco de autismo? E como a psicanálise contemporânea, fundamentada pela leitura da intersubjetividade, nos ajudaria na compreensão da clínica da intervenção precoce?

Este artículo se propone abordar los impases experimentados por un bebé con riesgo autista en su proceso de subjetivación. Existen estudios sobre bebés que precozmente se niegan a establecer intercambios con el objeto materno, imposibilitando que la madre entre en identificación con él, poniendo sobre la mesa que el autismo infantil no se limitaría a una falla materna, sino que se trataría de una patología multifactorial. Se plantea, cuáles intervenciones clínicas son necesarias para que madre y bebé puedan (re)escribir una nueva narrativa psíquica, que posibilite un verdadero encuentro diádico. ¿Habría un tipo específico de intervención y manejo clínico en los bebés con riesgo de autismo? ¿Cómo el psicoanálisis contemporáneo, basado en la lectura de la intersubjetividad y de lo intrapsíquico, ayudaría a entender la clínica de la intervención precoz?

This article addresses the failures of a baby with a risk of autism to develop his subjectivation process. Recent studies show that some babies are not able to develop exchanges with their maternal object, which would show that children autism would not be limited to a failure of the mother to enter into a state of identification with her baby, but would be associated to a multifactorial pathology. In that respect, which clinical interventions would be necessary so that mother and baby can (re)write a new psychic narrative, enabling them to develop a genuine capability to meet together? Is there a type of clinical handling for babies with a risk of autism? How can contemporary psychoanalysis, with focus on intersubjectivity and inter-psychism, could help us to understand early intervention clinic?

Cet article aborde les entraves d'un bébé à risque autistique à développer son processus de subjectivation. Des études récentes montrent que certains bébés ne sont pas capables de développer des échanges avec leur objet maternel, ce qui montrerait que l'autisme infantile ne se limiterait pas seulement à un échec de la mère d'entrer dans un état d'identification avec son bébé, mais qu'il s'agirait d'une pathologie multifactorielle. Ainsi, quelles interventions cliniques seraient nécessaires pour que mère et bébé puissent (ré)écrire ensemble un nouveau récit psychique, qui leur permettrait de développer une véritable capacité à se rencontrer ? Y aurait-il un type de prise en charge clinique spécifique aux bébés à risque d'autisme? Comment la psychanalyse contemporaine, centrée sur l'intersubjectivité et l'inter-psychisme, peut nous aider à comprendre la clinique d'intervention précoce?

Women's experiences of skin-to-skin cesarean birth compared to standard cesarean birth: a qualitative study.

BACKGROUND: Skin-to-skin contact between mother and infant immediately after birth is recommended regardless of delivery method; however, it is less common after cesarean delivery. We aimed to describe and compare women's experiences of cesarean birth with and without skin-to-skin contact at an urban tertiary care hospital. METHODS: In this hermeneutic phenomenologic study, we used semistructured telephone interviews from 2015 to 2018 to interview a convenience sample of women who delivered at term by scheduled skin-to-skin cesarean birth at an urban tertiary care hospital in Toronto, Ontario. Women were invited to participate if they had had a previous planned or unplanned cesarean birth and a scheduled skin-to-skin cesarean birth between 2013 and 2017. Participants were excluded if they had antenatally diagnosed conditions, they delivered before 37 weeks, they had general anesthesia, their condition was unstable at the time of surgery, a skin-to-skin cesarean birth was not possible or they declined skin-to-skin cesarean birth. Interviews were recorded, transcribed and analyzed by means of thematic analysis. RESULTS: Ten women were interviewed 1-19 months postpartum. Four central themes emerged: support for skin-to-skin cesarean birth (women feeling supported by their families and health care providers); control (participants experiencing greater control during their skin-to-skin cesarean birth); connection with the infant, which enabled women to be active participants in their delivery, enhanced bonding and intimacy, facilitated breastfeeding and bolstered confidence during early parenthood; and logistic considerations, with participants recognizing that skin-to-skin cesarean birth required additional resources. INTERPRETATION: These findings refine what is known about skin-to-skin cesarean birth and provide a critical perspective, that of mothers. They support the transformation of traditional operating room dynamics to a more patient-centred environment.

Investigating partner involvement in pregnancy and identifying barriers and facilitators to participating as a couple in a digital healthy eating and physical activity intervention.

BACKGROUND: Maternal obesity and excessive gestational weight gain are associated with adverse maternal and foetal health outcomes. Interventions targeting dietary and physical activity behaviours during pregnancy have typically been directed at women only. A digital intervention targeting couples could encourage expectant parents to support each other in improving energy balance (dietary and physical activity) behaviours. AIMS: This study aimed to investigate the role partners play in pregnant women's energy balance behaviours, and to identify barriers and facilitators to participating as a couple in a digital intervention to encourage healthy eating and physical activity in pregnancy. METHODS: A qualitative design combined online focus groups and telephone interviews. Three focus groups were held with men (n = 15) and one mini focus group (n = 3) and 12 telephone interviews were conducted with women. Participants were either in the last trimester of pregnancy or had a baby under 18 months old. Most were from more deprived population groups where prevalence of maternal obesity is higher. Data were analysed thematically. Barriers and facilitators to participating as a couple in a digital intervention were mapped to the COM-B model and the Theoretical Domains Framework. RESULTS: Four main themes were identified; partner involvement and support; partner understanding of good energy balance behaviours; couple concordance of energy balance behaviours; partner influence on her energy balance behaviours. Most facilitators to participating in a digital intervention as a couple fell within the Reflective Motivation domain of COM-B. Men were motivated by the desire to be supportive partners and good role models. Women were motivated by their belief that partner involvement would improve their success in achieving goals and enhance couple-bonding. Other facilitators included concordance in dietary behaviours (Physical Opportunity), healthcare practitioner recommendation, perceptions of pregnancy as 'ours' (Social Opportunity) and feeling supported and involved (Automatic Motivation). Barriers were rarely mentioned but included potential for partner conflict, perceptions of pregnancy as 'hers' and economic constraints. CONCLUSIONS: An opportunity exists to harness partner support to improve maternal energy balance behaviours. Barriers and facilitators to participating in a digital intervention as a couple indicate its potential to benefit emotional and relationship wellbeing in addition to physical health.

Maternal behavior, novelty confrontation, and subcortical c-Fos expression during lactation period are shaped by gestational environment.

The environmental context during gestation may modulate the postpartum variations in maternal behaviors observed within different animal species. Most of our experimental knowledge on this phenomenon and its physiological effects have been gained by confronting the pregnant mother with stressful situations, with the consensual results indicating a reduced maternal behavior and a hyper reactivity of stress-related neural paths. Here, in contrast, by exposing nulliparous rats strictly during pregnancy to a standard laboratory environment (STD) or a highly stimulating sensory and social environment (EE), we investigated the hypothesis that subjects frequently exposed to social stimuli and novel situations during pregnancy will show postpartum changes in subcortical brain areas' activity related to the processing of social stimuli and novelty, such that there will be modifications in maternal behavior. We found that EE mothers doubled the levels of licking and grooming, and active hovering over pups during the first postpartum week than STD dams, without a difference in the time of contact with the pups. Associated with these behaviors, EE dams showed increased c-Fos immunoreaction in hypothalamic nuclei and distinct responses in amygdalar nuclei, than STD dams. In the maternal defensive test, EE dams tripled the levels of aggressive behaviors of the STD rats. Additionally, in two different tests, EE mothers showed lower levels of postpartum anxiety-like behaviors when confronted with novel situations. Our results demonstrate that the activity of brain areas related to social behavior is adaptable by environmental circumstances experienced during gestation, presumably to prepare the progeny for these particular conditions.

Maternal insecurity in breastfeeding women served at a human milk bank / Insegurança materna na amamentação em lactantes atendidas em um banco de leite humano

Abstract Objectives: to verify the prevalence and factors associated with maternal insecurity in breastfeeding with lactating women treated at a milk bank. Methods: cross-sectional study with secondary record data from January 2017 to December 2018 at the Human Milk Bank of the University Hospital of the Federal University of Maranhão. Results: a total of 891 lactating women were analyzed, of which 23.4% had maternal insecurity, being the second most prevalent complication. Most were young adults, married (68%), with complete higher education (64.9%) and family income above five minimum wages (32.5%). Regarding the obstetric history, the highest frequency was ofprimigravida (63.7%o), primiparous (70%), who had had seven or more prenatal appointments (91 %) in private health services (76.5%) where most births also occurred (78.6%), with cesarean section being the most prevalent mode of delivery (86.5%), 47.2% reported never having received guidance on breastfeeding and 80.7% were breastfeeding for the first time. There was a statistically significant relationship (p-value < 0.05) of maternal insecurity with the place where the prenatal care was performed and the place and mode of delivery. Conclusion: maternal insecurity was the second most prevalent breast complication among lactating women in the service. It stands out the need for adequate guidance and counseling on the subject, especially during prenatal care, contributing to avoid early weaning

Resumo Objetivos: verificar a prevalência e os fatores associados à insegurança materna na amamentação em lactantes atendidas em um banco de leite humano. Métodos: estudo transversal com dados retrospectivos de registros ocorridos de janeiro de 2017 a dezembro de 2018 no Banco de Leite Humano do Hospital Universitário da Universidade Federal do Maranhão. Resultados: analisou-se 891 atendimentos, dentre os quais 24,3% das lactantes apresentaram insegurança materna, sendo a segunda intercorrência mais prevalente. A maioria era adulta jovem, casada (68%), com nível superior completo (64,9%) e renda familiar acima de cinco salários mínimos (32,5%o). Em relação aos antecedentes obstétricos a maior frequência foi de primigestas (63, 7%), primíparas (70%), realizaram sete ou mais consultas de prénatal (91%) em serviços privados de saúde (76,5%) onde também ocorreu a maioria dos partos (78,6%), sendo a cesariana a via maisprevalente (86,5%); 47,2% relataram nunca ter recebido orientações sobre amamentação e 80, 7%o amamentavam pela primeira vez. Observou-se relação estatisticamente significativa (p-valor <0,05) com o local de realização do pré-natal, local do parto e via de parto. Conclusão: a insegurança materna foi a segunda intercorrência mamária mais prevalente entre as lactantes do serviço. Destaca-se a necessidade de orientações e aconselhamento adequados sobre o tema, especialmente durante o pré-natal, contribuindo para que se evite o desmame precoce.

Attachment style and parental bonding: Relationships with fibromyalgia and alexithymia.

OBJECTIVES: Fibromyalgia (FM) is a chronic pain syndrome, and alexithymia, which is a condition that is characterised by deficits in emotional self-awareness, is highly prevalent among individuals with FM. Insecure attachment styles and inadequate parental care appear to play an important role in the onset and maintenance of both alexithymia and chronic pain. Therefore, the present study aimed to examine the associations between attachment styles, parental bonding, and alexithymia among patients with FM and healthy controls (HC). METHODS: All participants completed a battery of tests that assessed alexithymia, attachment styles, and parental bonding. Two logistic regression models were tested to examine whether these variables predict (a) group membership (i.e. patients with FM vs. HC) and (b) the likelihood of having alexithymia (i.e. among patients with FM and HC). RESULTS: Alexithymia (i.e. difficulty identifying and describing feelings subscales of the 20-item Toronto Alexithymia Scale) significantly predicted group membership (i.e. the likelihood of having FM). On the other hand, educational level and dismissive attachment (i.e. the discomfort with closeness and relationships as secondary subscales of the Attachment Style Questionnaire) were the only significant predictors of the likelihood of having alexithymia. CONCLUSIONS: These findings highlight both the relevance of alexithymic traits to the definition of FM and centrality of an insecure attachment style to the manifestation of alexithymia.

The mother/woman disjunction from a conversation practice / A disjunção mãe/mulher a partir de uma prática de conversação

RESUMO: Em Freud, a mulher é irremediavelmente ligada a uma reivindicação fálica jamais satisfeita e a assunção da feminilidade coincide com a maternidade. Que o feminino não se deixe recobrir inteiramente pela mãe é, por outro lado, destacado por Lacan. A prática da conversação com adolescentes mães e gestantes realizada no âmbito de uma pesquisa revela que, apesar das diversas conquistas das mulheres nas últimas décadas, a maternidade fornece ainda hoje significado e imagem com os quais se revestem o feminino pela via do ter fálico. Contudo, a tentativa de encerrar o feminino na mãe não cessa de fracassar.

Abstract: For Freud, the woman is inexorably linked to a phallic claim and the assumption of feminility does coincide with motherhood. For Lacan, on the other hand, the feminility does not overlap completely with motherhood. The conversation practice we conducted with teenagers, both mothers and pregnant, has shown that, in spite of all the progress made by women in the last decades, the meaning and the image of motherhood around the feminility are still defined by the phallic. However, all the efforts to close the feminility in motherhood does not stop failing.

Understanding bereavement experiences of mothers facing the loss of newborn infants / Experiências de luto das mães frente à perda do filho neonato

Abstract Objective: to understand mothers' bereavement experiences regarding the loss of their newborn child in the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit of a Brazilian university hospital. Methods: the study was designed by the clinical-qualitative method to understand the meaning of the emerging relationships of health scenarios. Sample consisted of six mothers. The sufficiency of the sample was verified through the saturation of the data. The data collection instrument was a semistructured interview with script of open questions, the collected material was recorded and transcribed in full. Thematic analysis was performed by two independent authors. Results: feelings and perceptions of the grieving process gave rise to three categories: 1. Guilt and fantasy of bereavement related to the death and grief for their children; 2. Relationships and ambiguities - the relationship between internal concerns and perception of external relations; 3. Fear, disbelief, abandonment and loneliness - questions about perception of the external environment. Conclusions: mothers' bereavement experience is mainly permeated by loneliness and abandonment related to feelings of guilt for not being able to keep their children alive. The difficult and definitive separation in the postpartum period, caused by death, brings fantasies of reunion with their child. Women show the need to realize grief, especially by recognizing their baby's identity.

Resumo Objetivo: compreender experiências de luto das mães frente à perda do filho neonato na Unidade de Terapia Intensiva Neonatal de um hospital universitário brasileiro. Métodos: o estudo foi desenhado pelo método clínico-qualitativo que propõe a compreensão do sentido das relações emergentes nos cenários de saúde. A amostra foi composta por seis mães e sua suficiência foi verificada através da saturação de dados. O instrumento de coleta de dados foi uma entrevista semiestruturada com roteiro de questões abertas, o material coletado foi gravadoe transcrito na íntegra. A análise temática foi realizada por dois autores independentes. Resultados: os sentimentos e as percepções do processo de luto deram origem a três categorias: 1. Culpa e fantasia das mulheres enlutadas relacionadas com a morte e luto por seus filhos; 2. Relacionamentos e ambiguidades - a relação entre preocupações internas e a percepção de relações externas; 3. Medo, descrença, abandono e solidão - questões sobre a percepção do ambiente externo. Conclusões: a experiência de luto das mães é permeada sobretudo, por solidão e abandono relacionados com sentimento de culpa por não poder manter o filho vivo. A separação no período de puerpério, provocada pela morte, é difícil, definitiva e traz fantasias de reencontro com o filho. As mulheres mostram a necessidade de concretizar o luto especialmente através do reconhecimento da identidade de seu bebê.

Prescribing Video-Based Patient Education in the Hospital Setting: Can Bedside Breastfeeding Videos Affect Exclusive Breastfeeding at Postpartum Discharge?

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Evaluate the impact of a standardized bundle of educational videos delivered via the bedside television to postpartum mothers on exclusive breastfeeding rates. Despite the growing use of videos for hospital discharge education, there is a paucity of literature evaluating their effectiveness. METHODS: In November 2015, we began ordering 4 externally produced, peer-reviewed breastfeeding education videos for all postpartum mothers to view via their bedside televisions. Mothers could choose whether to watch the videos, and if they did, this was automatically documented in the electronic health record. We then performed a retrospective chart review generating a data set focusing on newborns who were healthy, term, and appropriate for gestational age, born in the year pre- and postintervention, and compared exclusive breastfeeding rates at the time of discharge among both groups. RESULTS: Our data set included 3115 newborns (1467 pre- and 1648 postintervention). In the postintervention year, the exclusive breastfeeding rate at discharge was 69.5% vs 68.4% preintervention (P value: .80). Most mothers (81.3%; 1339) watched all 4 videos, and 308 mothers (18.7%) watched none. The mothers who watched all 4 videos were more likely to breastfeed exclusively (72.7% vs 55.3%) and less likely to exclusively formula feed than the mothers who watched none (1.1% vs 19.8%; P < .0001). CONCLUSIONS: There was no change in exclusive breastfeeding rates pre- versus post-video education intervention. However, most mothers watched all 4 videos, and those who did were significantly more likely to engage in any breastfeeding (98.9%) compared with those who watched none (80.2%) during the postpartum hospitalization.

Validation of the AMBIANCE-brief: An observational screening instrument for disrupted caregiving.

Resulting from a community-identified need for a well-validated indicator of caregiving difficulties for use in practice settings, a brief form of the Atypical Maternal Behavior Instrument for Assessment and Classification System (AMBIANCE) was developed for use as a screening instrument. Prior to its dissemination, this study aimed to assess the feasibility, reliability, and validity of the AMBIANCE-Brief. Adolescent mother-infant dyads (N = 69) participated in the Strange Situation Procedure, as well as play sessions with and without toys. Maternal disrupted caregiving was coded from the play sessions using the AMBIANCE and AMBIANCE-Brief. The AMBIANCE-Brief demonstrated convergent validity with the AMBIANCE in the play session with toys (r = .65, p < .001) and without toys (r = .61, p < .001). Concurrent validity of the AMBIANCE-Brief was also demonstrated in relation to infant attachment disorganization in the play session with toys (r = .36, p < .05) and without toys (r = .32, p < .01). These findings suggest a shorter protocol for assessing disrupted caregiving may be feasible and valid for use in community settings. Future studies are in progress to train community practitioners in the use of the AMBIANCE-Brief and to evaluate their reliability.

Como resultado de una necesidad identificada por la comunidad para un indicador bien validado de dificultades en la prestación de cuidado para uso en escenarios prácticos, se desarrolló una forma breve del Sistema del Instrumento de Conducta Materna Atípica para la Evaluación y Clasificación (AMBIANCE) para ser usado como instrumento de detección. Antes de ser diseminado, la meta de este estudio fue de evaluar la posibilidad, confiabilidad y validez de AMBIANCE-Abreviado. Las díadas de madres adolescentes e infantes (N = 69) participaron en el Procedimiento de la Situación Extraña, así como en sesiones de juego con y sin juguetes. La interrumpida prestación de cuidado materna fue codificada a partir de las sesiones de juego usando AMBIANCE y AMBIANCE-Abreviado. El AMBIANCE-Abreviado demostró una validez convergente con AMBIANCE en la sesión de juego con juguetes (r = .65, p < .001) y sin juguetes (r = .61, p < .001). También se demostró la validez concurrente de AMBIANCE-Abreviado en relación con la desorganización de la afectividad del infante en la sesión de juegos con juguetes (r = .36, p < .05) y sin juguetes (r = .32, p <.01). Estos resultados sugieren que un protocolo más corto para evaluar la interrumpida prestación de cuidado pudiera ser posible y válido para uso en escenarios comunitarios. Hay estudios futuros en progreso para entrenar al personal de la práctica comunitaria en el uso de AMBIANCE-Abreviado y para evaluar su confiabilidad.

Résultat d'un besoin identifié au niveau communautaire d'un indicateur bien validé de difficultés dans les soins pour une utilisation dans des contextes de pratique, une forme écourtée ("brève", ci-dessous) de l'Instrument d'Evaluation et du Système de Classification du Comportement Maternel Atypique (abrégé AMBIANCE en anglais, nous gardons ici l'abréviation anglaise) a été développée pour une utilisation à des fins d'outil de dépistage. Avant sa dissémination, cette étude s'était donnée pour but d'évaluer la faisabilité, la fiabilité et la validité de l'AMBIANCE-Brève. Des dyades adolescentes mères-nourrissons (N = 69) ont participé à la Procédure de Situation Etrange, ainsi qu'à des séances de jeu avec et sans jouets. Les soins maternels perturbés ont été codés à partir des séances de jeu en utilisant l'AMBIANCE et l'AMBIANCE-Brève. L'AMBIENCE-Brève a fait preuve de validité de convergence avec l'AMBIENCE dans les séances de jeu avec des jouets (r = ,65, p <,001) et sans jouets (r = ,61, p <,001). La validité concurrente de l'AMBIENCE-Brève a aussi été démontrée pour ce qui concerne la désorganisation de l'attachement du bébé dans la séance avec les jouets (r = ,36, p <,05) et sans jouets (r = ,32, p <,01). Ces résultats suggèrent qu'un protocole écourté pour l'évaluation de soin perturbé peut s'avérer plus fiable et valide pour l'utilisation en contexte communautaire. Des études supplémentaires sont en cours afin de former les praticiens communautaires à l'utilisation de l'AMBIENCE-Brève et afin d'évaluer leur fiabilité.

The Role of Mother's Knowledge, Attitudes, Practices in Dental Caries on Vulnerably Preschool Children

Abstract Objective: To analyze the association between Early Childhood Caries (ECC) and mother´s knowledge, attitudes, and practices (KAP). Material and Methods: This cross-sectional study included a random sample of 163 preschool children aged 3-4 old in southern Brazil. The severity of dental caries and ECC was assessed by ICDAS criteria, while mothers completed the semi-structured questionnaire (KAP-ECC). Maternal behavior characteristics and answered questions about socioeconomic and demographic variables. Logistic regression was performed to evaluate the association of exploratory variables with ECC. For this approach, we calculated the odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (95% IC). Results: Dental examinations revealed that 91.4% of children presented ECC (ICDAS = 3, 4, 5 or 6). Among those children, 31.9% presented cavities (ICDAS ≥ 3). Family income was significantly associated with the presence of ECC (OR 2.17; 95% CI: 1.41-3.36). Regarding KAP-ECC, mothers have knowledge related to ECC etiology, reported dental hygiene attitudes and practices that can prevent ECC but reported less healthy attitudes and practices regarding child's diet, specifically with respect to bottle and breastfeeding habits (OR 0.52; 95% CI: 0.33-0.81). Conclusion: ECC was more frequent in children from low-income families and whose mothers reported the belief that milk with chocolate does not contribute to caries and that disagreed that it is normal that a 2-year-old baby wakes up during the night to suckle. That is, good knowledge toward health habits may impact on lower occurrence of ECC; however, this condition also depends on the socioeconomic level.