Hobbies, Distractions, Obsessions, and Addictions.

A career in cardiothoracic surgery takes a psychological and emotional toll, which is likely increased by recent changes in our health care environment. The benefits of leisure pursuits are severalfold, one of which includes supporting physician wellness. However, we are at risk of relying on unhealthy mechanisms to provide relief. The incidence of addiction and substance abuse is high, particularly among women surgeons. There are a variety of opportunities to help ourselves and support our colleagues. We need to promote healthy activities outside of our profession for the long-term well-being of cardiothoracic surgeons and our specialty.

Pandemic grief in El Salvador: factors that predict dysfunctional grief due to a COVID-19 death among Salvadoran adults

Abstract Thousands of people have died of COVID-19 in El Salvador. However, little is known about the mental health of those who are mourning the loss of a loved one to COVID-19. Therefore, the objective of this study was to examine the dysfunctional grief associated with COVID-19 death among Salvadoran adults. A sample of 435 Salvadorans ( M = 29 years; SD = 8.75) who lost a family member or loved one to COVID-19 completed a digital survey using the Google Forms platform, during April 2 and 28, 2022. The results revealed that 35.1% reported clinically elevated symptoms of dysfunctional grief and among those mourners, and 25.1% also exhibited clinical levels of coronavirus anxiety. A binary logistic regression revealed that predictor variables such as COVID-19 anxiety ( p = .003), depression ( p = .021), and COVID-19 obsession ( p = .032) were significant ( χ 2 = 84.31; Nagelkerke R 2 = .242) and predict a 24.2% chance of dysfunctional bereavement.

Burnout, workaholism e qualidade de vida entre docentes de pós-graduação em enfermagem / Burnout, workaholism y calidad de vida de docentes de posgrado en enfermería / Burnout, workaholism and quality of life among professors in graduate-level nursing programs

Resumo Objetivo: Verificar a associação do burnout com workaholism e qualidade de vida entre docentes de mestrado e/ou doutorado em enfermagem. Métodos: Estudo transversal realizado com docentes permanentes vinculados aos Programas de Pós-Graduação da área da Enfermagem de 47 universidades públicas das cinco regiões do Brasil. Entre julho e dezembro de 2018, convidou-se 919 docentes, dos quais 368 responderam a quatro questionários: caracterização sociodemográfica, de saúde e ocupacional, Maslach Burnout Inventory - Human Services Survey, Dutch Work Addiction Scale e World Health Organization Quality of Life Assessment Instrument - Bref. Os dados foram analisados por estatística descritiva e as associações foram verificadas por regressão logística múltipla bruta e ajustada. Resultados: A prevalência de indicativo de burnout foi de 28,0%, de workaholism foi de 35,5% e de baixa qualidade de vida geral foi de 17,7% entre os docentes permanentes investigados. Trabalho compulsivo, trabalho excessivo e ser workaholic aumentaram significativamente as chances de altos níveis de exaustão emocional, despersonalização e baixa eficácia profissional. Por outro lado, níveis significativamente menores foram observados nos trabalhadores positivos, com alta percepção de qualidade de vida geral, física, psicológica, social e do meio ambiente. Os modelos múltiplos das dimensões da síndrome indicaram que suas dimensões são direta e positivamente associadas com o workaholism e direta e negativamente associadas à qualidade de vida geral, mesmo após o ajuste com variáveis sociodemográficas, de saúde e ocupacionais. Conclusão: A síndrome de burnout foi associada aos professores de mestrado e/ou doutorado com workaholism e que consideravam ter uma baixa qualidade de vida.

Resumen Objetivo: Verificar la relación del burnout con el workaholism y la calidad de vida de docentes de maestría y doctorado en enfermería. Métodos: Estudio transversal realizado con docentes permanentes vinculados a los Programas de Posgrado del área de Enfermería de 47 universidades públicas de las cinco regiones de Brasil. Entre julio y diciembre de 2018, se invitó a 919 docentes, de los cuales 368 respondieron cuatro cuestionarios: caracterización sociodemográfica, de salud y ocupacional, Maslach Burnout Inventory - Human Services Survey, Dutch Work Addiction Scale y World Health Organization Quality of Life Assessment Instrument - Bref. Los datos fueron analizados mediante estadística descriptiva y las relaciones fueron verificadas mediante regresión logística múltiple bruta y ajustada. Resultados: La prevalencia de indicios de burnout fue del 28,0 %, de workaholism del 35,5 % y de baja calidad de vida general del 17,7 % entre los docentes permanentes investigados. Trabajo compulsivo, trabajo en exceso y ser workaholic aumentaron significativamente la probabilidad de altos niveles de agotamiento emocional, despersonalización y baja eficacia profesional. Por otro lado, se observaron niveles significativamente menores en trabajadores positivos, con una alta percepción de calidad de vida general, física, psicológica, social y del medio ambiente. Los modelos múltiples de las dimensiones del síndrome indicaron que sus dimensiones están directa y positivamente relacionadas con el workaholism y directa y negativamente relacionadas con la calidad de vida general, inclusive después de ajustar las variables sociodemográficas, de salud y ocupacionales. Conclusión: El síndrome de burnout está relacionado con profesores de maestría y doctorado con workaholism y que consideran que tienen una mala calidad de vida.

Abstract Objective: To verify the association of burnout between workaholism and quality of life among graduate-level nursing professors. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted with permanent professors linked to Postgraduate Programs in Nursing at 47 public universities in the five regions of Brazil. Between July and December 2018, 919 teachers were invited, of whom 368 answered four questionnaires: sociodemographic, health and occupational characterization, Maslach Burnout Inventory - Human Services Survey, Dutch Work Addiction Scale and World Health Organization Quality of Life Assessment Instrument - Bref. The data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and the associations were verified by unadjusted and adjusted multiple logistic regression. Results: The prevalence of indicative of burnout was 28.0%, of workaholism was 35.5% and of low general quality of life was 17.7% among the permanent professors investigated. Working excessively, working compulsively and being a workaholic significantly increased the chances of high levels of emotional exhaustion, depersonalization and low professional accomplishment. On the other hand, significantly lower levels were observed in the positive professionals, with a high perception of general, physical, psychological, social, and environmental quality of life. The multiple models of the syndrome indicated that its dimensions are directly and positively associated with workaholism and directly and negatively associated with the general quality of life, even after adjustment with sociodemographic, health and occupational variables. Conclusion: Burnout was associated with professors with workaholism and those who consider themselves as having a poor quality of life.

Orthorexia nervosa: A review of psychosocial risk factors.

Orthorexia nervosa (ON) is a condition described as a pathological obsession with healthy eating. This paper will review the prevalence of ON and how ON is measured. The primary objective is to critically analyze findings on the psychosocial risk factors associated with ON, to consider its relation to other mental disorders, and to offer directions for future research. The key words "orthorexia" and "orthorexia nervosa" were searched in the databases PsycINFO and MEDLINE/PubMed. This paper reviewed peer-reviewed articles published up until December 31st, 2018. Quality assessment was conducted on each study reviewed. Results identified psychometric problems with the most common measure of ON. Gender and self-esteem were generally found to be unrelated to ON. Perfectionism, obsessive-compulsive traits, psychopathology, disordered eating, history of an eating disorder, dieting, poor body image, and drive for thinness were positively associated with greater ON. Findings between ON and the following risk factors were mixed: age, SES, BMI, belonging to a health-related field, exercise engagement, vegetarianism/veganism, body dissatisfaction, and alcohol, tobacco, and drug use. We discuss how the literature on risk factors informs understanding the nature of psychopathology of ON. Strengths and limitations of studies are reviewed and directions for future research are identified. Suggestions are made for more psychometrically valid assessment measures of ON that include questions about impairment, so that ON etiology can be accurately studied.

An unhealthy health behavior: analysis of orthorexic tendencies among Hungarian gym attendees.

AIM: In the present study, we aim to assess the prevalence and certain psychological and other correlates of orthorexic tendencies: health and exercise behaviors and demographic variables among gym attendees in Hungary. METHODS: Altogether, responses of 207 gym attendees who filled out an online questionnaire (03/2017-10/2017) were analyzed. The mean age was 31.9 years; most were female and college educated, and about half resided in the capital city. Frequencies and means were calculated for the sample; and univariate linear regression and ANOVA were carried out. Finally, multivariate linear regression was used to assess the relationship between the dependent variable (Orto-11-Hu) and the independent variables (Eating Disorder Inventory, Maudsley Obsessional-Compulsive Inventory, health and exercise habits, and demographics). RESULTS: The mean score for the Orto-11-Hu was 27.7. In the multivariate analysis, two eating disorder characteristics (drive for thinness and interpersonal distrust), age, exercising more than once a day, and yoga practice were significantly associated with higher orthorexic tendencies. There was a lack of correlation between any obsessive-compulsive traits. CONCLUSIONS: Our data suggest and overlap between certain eating disorder traits, and a link between ON and frequent exercising and younger age. Further research is needed to investigate whether these correlates are found not only in a specific fitness-oriented population, but also in the general population. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Level V, descriptive cross-sectional study.

Is the prevalence of orthorexia nervosa in an Australian university population 6.5%?

PURPOSE: To survey Australian adults at a Sydney university about: their tendencies towards the proposed health food eating disorder, orthorexia nervosa (and to estimate the prevalence of this condition), their eating behaviours, and their body image. METHODS: A pilot, cross-sectional and descriptive online survey was conducted on staff and students at the University of New South Wales, Sydney. The primary outcome was the score on the most commonly used and validated measure of orthorexic behaviours, the ORTO-15. The point prevalence of orthorexia nervosa was estimated using the ORTO-15 cut-off score of < 35. Other outcomes were the Eating Attitudes Test-26 and the Body Shape Questionnaire-34. RESULTS: In the sample of 92 Australian adults recruited at a university, there was a point prevalence rate for orthorexia nervosa of 21% when using the ORTO-15 cut-off value of < 35. If criteria A and B of proposed diagnostic criteria for the condition were also taken into consideration (i.e. someone with orthorexia nervosa would display disordered healthy eating tendencies; as well as were: underweight, or had marked concern with their body shape, or had significant impairment of functioning in work life or social life), the true prevalence rate could be considered to be 6.5%. CONCLUSIONS: Using the ORTO-15 tool alone may overestimate the true prevalence of orthorexia nervosa. Further research into the accurate diagnosis and treatment of orthorexia nervosa is needed. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Level V, descriptive study.

Orthorexia nervosa in a sample of Portuguese fitness participants.

PURPOSE: Orthorexia Nervosa (ON) is described as an obsessive behaviour motivated by great concern for following a healthy diet. Although it was first described in 1997, ON remains inconspicuous and poorly characterized in the literature. The aims of this study were to evaluate the prevalence of ON in a sample of ambulatory individuals and to investigate their common characteristics, attempting to better characterize this entity. METHODS: A non-random sample of 193 adult gym members answered a questionnaire based on a Portuguese version of ORTO-15, supplemented with additional questions. Possible associations between the different variables and pathological scores on ORTO-15 were analysed using logistic regression models. RESULTS: ON behaviour was documented in 51.8% of the sample, mean age 30.96 years (± 1.03 years), and this condition tended to be correlated with younger ages. Physical appearance and frequent exercising were also associated with ON, while no correlation between orthorexic tendencies and both gender and educational field was found. Furthermore, consumption of special food, dissatisfaction with physical appearance and frequent exercising could predict the presence of ON in the sample. CONCLUSIONS: Despite the use of a convenience sample, results place us in a different perspective, considering the idea that orthorexic individuals are exclusively concerned about pursuing a pure diet. The presence of ON was associated with other non-dietary behaviours allied to a healthy lifestyle and aesthetic concerns. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Level V: Descriptive study.

Rumination, substance use, and self-harm in a representative Australian adult sample.

BACKGROUND: There are few data on self-harm in the general population, especially examining the roles of rumination and substance use. OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the inter-relationships of rumination, self-harm, and potential mediating variables. METHOD: A cohort with follow-up every 4 years involving a random sample of adults aged 20-24 and 40-44 years (at baseline) living in Australia. The survey included items on three common forms of self-harm. Other measures included rumination, Goldberg Anxiety and Depression scales, substance use, coping style (Brief COPE), and demographic risk factors. RESULTS: The sample comprised 2,184 women and 1,942 men with 287 self-harm cases (7.0%). Depression and coping style were significant mediators of rumination on self-harm for men, with depression being the only robust mediator for women. For males, age and education were also significantly associated, while for women, age, smoking, trauma, and sexual abuse were significant. CONCLUSIONS: Men and women differ on mediators of self-harm.

Exploring patterns of unwanted behaviours in adults with Prader-Willi syndrome.

BACKGROUND: Obsessive-compulsive (O-C) traits, and excessive food intake are well known behavioural manifestations among individuals with Prader-Willi Syndrome (PWS). Other unwanted behaviours are also frequently observed, but they need a more specific investigation, especially in the adult population. METHODS: The behaviour of 31 PWS adults was investigated via the Symptom Checklist-90-Revised (SCL-90-R), the Yale-Brown Obsessive Compulsive Scale Symptom Checklist (Y-BOCS-SC), and the Prader-Willi Behavioural Checklist (PBC). The PBC is a quick screening questionnaire prompted specifically for the investigation on adults with PWS. RESULTS: Statistical clustering revealed two patterns of unwanted behaviours from the PBC. Behaviours belonging to the first cluster (e.g., Excessive food intake, Skin picking) appear to be linked to the usual phenotypic manifestation of PWS. By contrast, many other behaviours (e.g., some O-C symptoms and aggressive actions) could show a relationship also to individual psychopathologies. CONCLUSIONS: Both internal (Anxiety and Depression) and external (Hostility) difficulties in managing impulses should account for individually distinct behaviours in adults with PWS.

Orthorexia nervosa in the general population: a preliminary screening using a self-administered questionnaire (ORTO-15).

OBJECTIVE: Orthorexia, from the Greek words orthos (straight, proper) and orexis (appetite), is a newly conceptualized disorder characterized by distorted eating habits and cognitions concerning supposedly healthy nutrition. In this article we present preliminary results of a wider research aimed to investigate the diffusion of Orthorexia in the general population and to highlight its characteristics and particularly the relationship with Eating Disorder and Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder. METHOD: One-hundred and seventy seven adult subjects from the general population, were administered the ORTO-15 test, a selfadministered questionnaire specifically designed to assess orthorexic symptomatology; note that statistical analyses were repeated twice, referring to different diagnostic thresholds (40/35). RESULTS: Orthorexia had a 57.6% prevalence in our sample, using the 40-point threshold, with a female/male ratio 2:1; the figure was sensibly lower with the 35-point threshold (21%). CONCLUSION: The results of this study highlight the diffusion of Orthorexia which may constitute an important risk factor for mental and physical health, but also the opportunity of more specific diagnostic instruments, so to facilitate a thorough understanding of this disorder.

Depression in relation to anxiety, obsessionality and phobia among neurosurgical patients with a primary brain tumor: a 1-year follow-up study.

Depression is found to be present in up to 44% of brain tumor patients during their illness process. Anxiety as a comorbid psychiatric disorder with depression has formerly been studied, but phobia or obsessive-compulsive symptoms among brain tumor patients have not yet been noticed. By using a clinical prospective database of primary brain tumor patients (n=77) we studied the level of depression, anxiety, obsessionality (traits and symptoms) and phobic anxiety symptoms. Psychiatric symptoms were assessed before tumor operation as well as at three months and at one year after operation. The presence of comorbid anxiety, obsessionality and phobic anxiety symptoms was assessed before operation and at follow-ups in depressed and non-depressed patients, separately. Before tumor operation 16% of the patients had depression according to Beck Depression Inventory (BDI), while 10% had depression at three months and 15% at one year after operation. The depressed patients had statistically significantly higher anxiety scores and phobic scores at all three measurement points compared to corresponding scores among non-depressed brain tumor patients. The mean obsessionality scores among depressed brain tumor patients were significantly higher when measured before operation and at one year after the operation compared to non-depressed patients. To our knowledge, this is the first study so far in which comorbidity of psychiatric symptoms has been shown among depressive brain tumor patients. Concurrent comorbid conditions have been shown to be associated with increased severity, morbidity and chronicity of depression. It is recommended that treatment of depressive patients complicated with comorbid psychiatric disorders be planned by psychiatric units.

[Standardized evaluation of obsessive phenomena in patients in general medicine. Prevalence and correlations]. / Evaluation standardisée des phénomènes obsessionnels chez les patients de médecine générale. Prévalence et corrélations.

Clinical experience in general hospital psychiatry and literature reviews supported the conjecture that psychopathological disturbances are frequent among medical patients. Wide discrepancies of prevalence data reported by different authors, however, suggested the importance of undertaking screening studies with standardized methods of assessment. Our initial studies in oncological patients confirmed the hypothesis, but also documented obsessive phenomena, assessed with Present State Examination (PSE) criteria, in more than one third of patients diagnosed of depression Consecutive studies in different medical samples have replicated those preliminary findings in the last one, close to one quarter of first day consecutive patients seen in an internal medicine out-patient clinic, and more than three quarters of the ones diagnosed of either anxiety or depression with Research Diagnostic Criteria, had obsessive symptoms as defined by the Clinical Interview Schedule (CIS). Obsessive symptoms, however, have also been observed in individuals considered to be "non-cases" and tend to follow a "continuum" distribution, rather than a categorical one They tend to be more frequent in cases diagnosed as neurotic or reactive, rather than in the endogenous ones and to correlate with neuroticism measured by the EPQ-A. Particularly among out-patients, where the psychopathology seemed to be related to the absence of demonstrable somatic illness and probably to the presence of social distress, the hypothesis could be advanced that obsessive symptoms, among other psychopathological phenomena, are quantitative reactions to environmental situations in predisposed individuals. Nevertheless, in samples such as the endocrine in-patients, correlations have also been demonstrated between obsessive or other psychopathological symptoms and biological deviations such as hormonal levels.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)