Inventory of Father Involvement and Fathers' Perceptions of Family Life / Inventário de Envolvimento Paterno e Percepções dos Pais sobre a Vida Familiar / Inventario de Participación Paterna y Percepciones de los Padres sobre la Vida Familiar

Cross-cultural comparisons of father involvement and related issues are still scarce, as are consolidated measures for its assessment. We examined relationships among father involvement and family-related variables, in Brazil, and then compared these results with findings from other countries. In total, 200 fathers with children aged 5 to 10 completed the Brazilian version of the Inventory of Father Involvement (IFI-BR), and measures of stress, marital satisfaction, parent-child relationship, children's social skills and their behavior problems. Correlations among these variables were between .32 and .58, providing new evidence of validity for the IFI-BR. When comparing Brazilian results with correlations observed in other countries, the majority did not differ in magnitude, indicating that father involvement systematically influences the fathers' well-being, family relationships, and their children's socioemotional development, in different countries. In addition to the psychometric evidence for the IFI-BR, these results also indicate the potential for using the IFI in different cultures. (AU)

Comparações transculturais do envolvimento paterno e questões relacionadas ainda são escassas, como são medidas consolidadas para sua avaliação. Examinou-se relações entre o envolvimento paterno e variáveis relacionadas à família, no Brasil, e comparou-se esses resultados com os de outros países. No total, 200 pais com filhos de 5 a 10 anos completaram a versão brasileira do Inventory of Father Involvement (IFI-BR), medidas de estresse, satisfação conjugal, relacionamento pai-filho, habilidades sociais das crianças e seus problemas de comportamento. Correlações entre essas variáveis variaram de 0,32 a 0,58, fornecendo novas evidências de validade para o IFI-BR. Comparando os resultados brasileiros com correlações de outros países, a maioria não diferiu em magnitude, indicando que o envolvimento paterno influencia sistematicamente o bem-estar paterno, as relações familiares e o desenvolvimento socioemocional infantil, em diferentes países. Além das evidências psicométricas para o IFI-BR, esses resultados também indicam o potencial de uso do IFI em diferentes culturas. (AU)

Las comparaciones transculturales de la participación del padre y temas relacionados aún son escasas, al igual que las medidas consolidadas para su evaluación. Examinamos las relaciones entre la participación del padre y las variables relacionadas con la familia en Brasil y comparamos estos resultados con los de otros países. En total, 200 padres de niños de 5 a 10 años completaron la versión brasileña del Inventory of Father Involvement (IFI-BR), medidas de estrés, satisfacción conyugal, relación padre-hijo, habilidades sociales de los niños y problemas de comportamiento infantil. Las correlaciones entre estas variables oscilaron entre .32 y .58, proporcionando nueva evidencia de validez para el IFI-BR. Al comparar los resultados brasileños con las correlaciones de otros países, la mayoría no difería en magnitud, lo que indica que la participación paterna influye sistemáticamente en el bienestar paterno, las relaciones familiares y el desarrollo socioemocional infantil en diferentes países. Además de la evidencia psicométrica do IFI-BR, estos resultados también indican el potencial de usar el IFI en diferentes culturas. (AU)

Pregnancy Risk Assessment Monitoring System for Dads: A piloted randomized trial of public health surveillance of recent fathers' behaviors before and after infant birth.

BACKGROUND: Becoming a father impacts men's health and wellbeing, while also contributing to the health and wellbeing of mothers and children. There is no large-scale, public health surveillance system aimed at understanding the health and behaviors of men transitioning into fatherhood. The purpose of this study was to describe piloted randomized approaches of a state-based surveillance system examining paternal behaviors before and after their infant's birth to better understand the health needs of men and their families during the transition to parenthood. METHODS: During October 2018-July 2019, 857 fathers in Georgia were sampled 2-6 months after their infant's birth from birth certificates files and surveyed via mail, online or telephone, in English or Spanish, using two randomized approaches: Indirect-to-Dads and Direct-to-Dads. Survey topics included mental and physical health, healthcare, substance use, and contraceptive use. FINDINGS: Weighted response rates (Indirect-to-Dads, 33%; Direct-to-Dads, 31%) and population demographics did not differ by approach. Respondents completed the survey by mail (58%), online (28%) or telephone (14%). Among 266 fathers completing the survey, 55% had a primary care physician, and 49% attended a healthcare visit for themselves during their infant's mother's pregnancy or since their infant's birth. Most fathers were overweight or had obesity (70%) while fewer reported smoking cigarettes (19%), binge drinking (13%) or depressive symptoms (10%) since their infant's birth. CONCLUSIONS: This study tests a novel approach for obtaining population-based estimates of fathers' perinatal health behaviors, with comparable response rates from two pragmatic approaches. The pilot study results quantify a number of public health needs related to fathers' health and healthcare access.

Engaging Fathers in Pediatric Palliative Care Research.

Fathers are under-represented in pediatric palliative care research despite frequently playing a key role in the lives of their children. The purpose of this study was to identify factors that affected paternal study invitation and participation. A secondary mixed-methods evaluation design guided examination of interview and focus group data as well as field notes from a qualitative study that examined the experiences and support needs of fathers of children with a life-limiting illness. Facilitators of paternal participation in the study consisted of: fathers' desire to gain from study participation either for themselves or others, perception of the study's importance, sense of appreciation for the study's focus on fathers and an established relationship with recruiting health care providers. Barriers to study participation included: recruiting health care providers' appraisal of fathers' lack of well-being, bereaved fathers' self-reported poor coping and the inability to locate and contact fathers, particularly after a child's death. Strategies for improving the engagement of fathers into research entailed: educating recruitment personnel, designing "father-focused" studies, communicating the value of the research to recruitment personnel and potential participants, and ensuring that child health records are accurate and include fathers' contact information.

Discovering dad: paternal roles, responsibilities, and support needs as defined by fathers of children with complex cardiac conditions perioperatively.

BACKGROUND: Understanding perceptions of family caregivers' roles and responsibilities regarding their child with complex cardiac needs has potential to help care teams better support parents. Paternal experience has been under-explored in pediatric cardiac cohorts. METHODS: Ten fathers of children undergoing cardiac surgery completed quantitative surveys on their knowledge needs and preferred format of communication. In face-to-face recorded interviews, they responded to open-ended questions about the definition of being a good father to a child with a complex cardiac condition, perceived paternal responsibilities, personal growth as a parent to a child with a complex heart condition, support needs, and recommendations to medical staff for paternal inclusion. Semantic content analysis was utilised. The study reports strictly followed COnsolidated criteria for REporting Qualitative research guidelines. RESULTS: The fathers reported high preference for knowledge about the child's heart condition, communication about the treatment plan, and desire for inclusion in the care of their child. Paternal role was defined thematically as: providing a supportive presence, being there, offering bonded insight, serving as strong provider, and acting as an informed advocate. The fathers revealed that their responsibilities sometimes conflicted as they strove to serve as an emotional and economic stabiliser for their family, while also wanting to be foundationally present for their child perioperatively. CONCLUSION: This study provides insight into paternal experience and strategies for paternal inclusion. This summary of the self-defined experience of the fathers of pediatric cardiac patients offers constructive and specific advice for medical teams.

Pathways from Father Engagement during Infancy to Child Aggression in Late Childhood.

Child aggression and its dire consequences cause social problems. Informed by family systems theory and parenting stress theory, this study specifically examined the mediating pathways from father engagement to child aggression through maternal parenting stress, child resistant attachment, and maternal physical abuse. We conducted a secondary data analysis on 2016 mother-child dyads from the Fragile Families and Child Wellbeing Study by building structural equation models. We found indirect effects of father engagement on child aggression through influencing mothers' parenting stress. Children's attachment and mothers' physical abuse mediated the effects of mothers' stress on child behavior-based aggression and verbal- and mood-based aggression. Interventions should target fostering fathers' engagement, alleviating mothers' parenting stress and changing mothers' abusive parenting, and improving mother-child attachment.

Configuración de la identidad en padres de familia adolescentes / Identity configuration in adolescent parents: a qualitative study

Este artículo presenta los resultados de una investigación que tuvo como objetivo relacionar la experiencia de la paternidad con la configuración de la identidad en padres adolescentes. Se utilizó un enfoque histórico hermenéutico, a partir de talleres interactivos y entrevistas biográficas con guión temático. Participaron diez adolescentes, entre los 16 y 19 años de edad, que recientemente tuvieron la experiencia de ser padres. Los resultados confirman los hallazgos de otros estudios en los que se plantea que la experiencia de la pater- nidad en los adolescentes no siempre representa un hecho inconveniente. En algunos jóvenes carentes de un proyecto de vida, este acontecimiento puede contribuir a la reafirmación de la identidad personal y servir como referente para ratificar su masculinidad. Se encontró que los padres adolescentes participan activa- mente de la crianza de los hijos; sin embargo, algunos de los significados de la paternidad se encuentran aún asociados a los modelos tradicionales de masculinidad.

This article presents the results of an investigation that aimed to relate the experience of paternity with the configuration of identity in teenage parents. It is a historical hermeneutical approach, based on interactive workshops and biographical interviews with a thematic script. Ten adolescents between 16 and 19 years old, who recently had the experience of being a parent participated of the study. The results confirm the findings of other studies which address that the experience of parenthood in adolescents does not always represent an inconvenient fact. For some of the teenage parents who lack of an established life project, this event can contribute to the reaffirmation of personal identity and serve as a reference to ratify their masculinity. It was found that adolescent parents participated actively in the upbringing of their children; however, some of the meanings of fatherhood are still associated with traditional models of masculinity.

Experiência da maternidade diante da internação do bebê em uti: uma montanha russa de sentimentos / La experiencia de la maternidad frente la hospitalización del bebé en la uci: una montaña rusa de sentimientos / The experience of maternity to the baby hospitalization in the icu: a roller coaster of emotions

RESUMO Nesta pesquisa buscou-se conhecer a experiência de mães que tiveram seus bebês hospitalizados em uma Unidade de Terapia Intensiva Neonatal ou Pediátrica. O estudo se caracterizou como qualitativo, de caráter exploratório-descritivo. Participaram nove mães de bebês internados em seis diferentes Unidades de Terapia Intensiva Neonatal ou Pediátrica, localizadas em cinco cidades do Estado do Rio Grande do Sul. Para a apreensão do material empírico foi utilizado um questionário sociodemográfico e uma entrevista semiestruturada. As entrevistas foram transcritas e submetidas à análise de conteúdo. Desta análise emergiram três categorias. Os resultados revelam que é difícil para as mães não poder levar seus bebês para casa após o nascimento. Elas revelaram sentimentos como medo, insegurança, temor da morte do bebê, impotência e culpa. As mães vivenciaram a sensação de perda de controle da situação, preocupação com os outros filhos e a necessidade de apoio da mãe e do marido. Foi possível elucidar que a equipe de saúde pode minimizar o sofrimento das mães por meio de iniciativas simples com vistas a um maior acolhimento às mães e aos familiares.

RESUMEN En esta investigación se buscó conocer la experiencia de las madres que tuvieron a sus bebés hospitalizados en una Unidad de Cuidados Intensivos Neonatal y Pediátrica. El estudio se caracteriza por ser de carácter cualitativo, exploratorio y descriptivo. Participaron nueve madres de niños hospitalizados en seis distintas Unidades de Cuidados Intensivos Neonatales o Pediátricos ubicadas en cinco ciudades del estado de Rio Grande do Sul. Para la aprehensión del material empírico se utilizó un cuestionario sociodemográfico y una entrevista semiestructurada. Las entrevistas fueron transcritas y se sometieron a análisis de contenido. De este análisis surgieron tres categorías. Los resultados apuntan que es difícil para las madres no ser capaz de llevar a sus bebés a casa después del nacimiento. Revelaron sentimientos como el miedo, la inseguridad, el miedo a la muerte del bebé, la impotencia y la culpa. Las madres experimentaron la sensación de pérdida de control de la situación, la preocupación por los demás niños y la necesidad de apoyo de la madre y el marido. Fue posible dilucidar que el equipo de salud puede reducir al mínimo el sufrimiento de las madres por intermedio de iniciativas sencillas con mirada a una mayor atención a las madres y familiares.

ABSTRACT In this study, we sought to know the experience of mothers of babies hospitalized in a Neonatal or Pediatric Intensive Care Unit. This was a qualitative, exploratory-descriptive study. Nine mothers of infants admitted to six different Neonatal or Pediatric Intensive Care Units, located in five cities in the State of Rio Grande do Sul, participated in the study. A sociodemographic questionnaire and a semi-structured interview were applied to collect the empirical material. The interviews were transcribed and subjected to content analysis. Three categories emerged from this analysis. The results reveal that it is difficult for mothers not being able to take their babies home after birth. They revealed feelings such as fear, insecurity, fear of the baby's death, impotence and guilt. The mothers experienced a sense of loss of control, concern for other children and the need for support from the mother and husband. The health team can alleviate the suffering of mothers by means of simple initiatives with a view to a better reception to mothers and family.

Different behavioral, neural and neuropeptide responses of fathers to their own and to alien pups in mandarin voles.

Mothers often prefer to care for their own offspring rather than those of other females. However, whether fathers respond differently to their own pups and to alien ones remains unclear. In this study, we found that male mandarin voles (Microtus mandarinus) directed more sniffing toward their own pups than toward alien pups. The numbers of Fos-immunoreactive neurons in the medial preoptic nucleus, bed nucleus of the stria terminalis, nucleus accumbens, anterior cingulate cortex were significantly increased when fathers were exposed to an alien pups; however, more brain regions such as paraventricular nucleus, hypothalamic supraoptic nucleus, lateral habenula, ventral lateral septal nucleus, and medial amygdaloid nucleus showed increased number of Fos-immunoreactive neurons activated when the fathers were exposed to their own pups. Exposure to their own pups also induced a greater number of Fos-immunoreactive neurons in the anterior cingulate cortex, paraventricular nucleus, hypothalamic supraoptic nucleus, lateral habenula, ventral lateral septal nucleus and medial amygdaloid nucleus, as well as higher expression of oxytocin and vasopressin in the paraventricular nucleus, compared with exposure to alien pups. Our results indicated that fathers demonstrated different behavioral and neural responses to their own and to alien pups.

Conjugalidade, parentalidade e separação: repercussões no relacionamento pais e filhos(as) / Conjugality, parenthood and separation: repercussiona on the parent-child relationship / Nupcialidad, lazos parentales y separación: repercusiones en la relación entre padres e hijos

Tradicionalmente, a família inicia-se com a história de duas pessoas que formam um casal, suporte para a criação dos(as) filhos(as). Ao longo do ciclo vital, ocorrem várias transformações. A adolescência e a transição para a vida adulta são fases do desenvolvimento importantes para compreendermos as mudanças no relacionamento pais e filhos(as), em que, muitas vezes, a separação conjugal já ocorreu. O objetivo deste trabalho é discutir as repercussões da conjugalidade e da separação sobre a parentalidade, analisando, a partir do relato histórico de pais e mães, o relacionamento de pais e filhos(as) ao longo da vida e, sobretudo, no período da adultez emergente. Em uma pesquisa qualitativa, entrevistamos homens e mulheres, pais e mães de jovens de 15 a 26 anos, da classe média do Rio de Janeiro. Os entrevistados eram casados, separados ou recasados e relataram histórias sobre conjugalidade, parentalidade e separação, que afetaram e/ou ainda afetam o relacionamento entre pais e filhos(as). A partir da análise das 25 entrevistas realizadas, concluímos que pai e mãe participam ativamente da vida dos(as) filhos(as), ainda que de modos diversos. Notamos a predominância marcante da mãee a especificidade da presença paterna, ainda pouco valorizada e compreendida, principalmente quando ocorre a separação

Traditionally, the family begins with the story of two people that form a couple, the support for the raising of children. Throughout the life cycle, several transformations occur. Adolescence and the transition towards adulthood are developmental phases important to understand the changes in the parent-child relationship, in which many times separation has already happened. The purpose of this article is to discuss the repercussions of conjugality and separation on parenthood, analyzing, from the historical narrative of fathers and mothers, the parent-child relationship throughout life, and especially, during emerging adulthood. In a qualitative research, we interviewed men and women, fathers and mothers of 15-to 26-year-old children, of the middle class of Rio de Janeiro. The interviewees were either married, divorced or remarried, and told stories of conjugality, parenthood and separation that affected and/or still affect the parent-child relationship. From the analysis of the 25 interviews, we concluded that both father and mother actively participate in the life of their children, yet in different ways. We noted the striking predominance of the mother and the specificity of the paternal presence, still poorly valued and understood, especially when the separation takes place.

Tradicionalmente, la familia empieza con la historia de dos personas que forman una pareja, soporte para la crianza de los hijos. A lo largo del ciclo vital, suceden varias transformaciones. La adolescencia y la transición para la vida adulta son fases deldesarrollo importantes para comprender los cambios en la relación entre padres e hijos, en las cuales, muchas veces, la separación conyugal ya ha sucedido. El objetivo de este estudio es discutir las repercusiones de la nupcialidad y de la separación sobre los lazos parentales, analizando, a partir del relato histórico de padres y madres, la relación entre padres e hijos a lo largo de la vida y, sobre todo, en el periodo de la adultez emergente. En una investigación cualitativa, entrevistamos a hombres y mujeres, padres y madres de jóvenes de 15 a 26 años, de la clase media de Rio de Janeiro. Los entrevistados eran casados, separados o casados otra vez, y relataron historias sobre nupcialidad, lazos parentales y separación, que afectaron y/o aún afectan la relación entre padres e hijos. A partir del análisis de las 25 entrevistas realizadas, concluimos que padre y madre participan activamente de la vida de los hijos, aunque de modos distintos. Observamos la predominancia notoria de la madre y la especificidad de la presencia paterna, todavía poco valorada y comprendida, principalmente cuando sucede la separación.

Diferencias entre la sensibilidad paterna según variables sociodemográficas / Differences in Fatherhood Sensitivity According to Socio-demographic Variables

Resumen Durante décadas, diversas investigaciones sostuvieron que la función del padre era la de proveedor económico. No obstante, con los cambios históricos que fueron sucediendo en las últimas décadas, muchos psicólogos se interesaron en conocer cuáles eran las funciones del padre y qué le ocurría durante la gestación de su hijo. Igualmente, se ha comprobado que las características socioculturales y sociodemográficas del padre influyen en el ejercicio y la transición hacia la paternidad. Por ello, esta investigación se centró en analizar si existen diferencias entre los sentimientos, las emociones y las reacciones de los padres durante la gestación y el nacimiento de su hijo con las variables sociodemográficas: edad paterna, niveles de estudio, estado civil, situación laboral, cantidad de hijos, edad de su hijo y sexo de su hijo. La muestra de este estudio estuvo compuesta por 170 padres con hijos menores de dos años de edad. El diseño de estudio fue no experimental, de tipo descriptivo. Los instrumentos que se utilizaron fueron: cuestionario de sensibilidad paterna y una encuesta sociodemográfica diseñada para dicha investigación. Los resultados demuestran que existen diferencias entre la sensibilidad del padre con respecto a la edad del padre, la edad del hijo y el nivel de estudios paternos, y no se encontraron diferencias entre esta y el estado civil, situación laboral, cantidad de hijos y sexo de los hijos. A modo de conclusión, la construcción y el desarrollo de la paternidad dependen de diversas variables tales como el contexto social y cultural, su situación actual, entre otros y la conjunción de todas determinan la manera en que el padre se vincule con su hijo.

Abstract For decades, various researchers were in agreement that the role of the father was only as an economic provider. Nevertheless, with the historical changes during the last decades, many psychologists became interested in discovering what are the father´s roles and what happens to the father during a child´s gestation. It has been shown that a father´s sociocultural and socio-demographic characteristics influence his role and transition to paternity. Thus, this study aims to analyze the differences between the dimensions of the Fatherhood Sensitivity Questionnaire and socio-demographic variables such as: father´s age, academic level, civil status, work status, number of children, children´s ages and gender. A sample of 170 fathers with children below 2 years of age was tested, using a descriptive design. The instruments used were the Fatherhood Sensitivity Questionnaire and an ad hoc socio-demographic questionnaire. Results show that there are differences between fatherhood sensitivity and father´s age, the child´s age and the parental education level, however no differences were found between sensitivity and marital status, employment situation, quantity of children and their sex. In conclusion, fatherhood building and development depends on several variables such as: social and cultural context, current situation, among others, and their mix will decide the way that the father will bond with his child

Envolvimento paterno: validade interna da versão brasileira do Inventory of Father Involvement / Father involvement: Internal validity of the Brazilian version of the Inventory of Father Involvement / Envolvimiento paterno: Validez interna de la versión brasileña del Inventory of Father Involvement

Existem evidências extensas que apontam a importância da relação pai-filho para o desenvolvimento e o bem-estar dos filhos, das mães e dos próprios pais. O envolvimento paterno é um construto multidimensional que inclui envolvimentos diretos e indiretos do pai com o filho. Para avançar nessa área, no Brasil, é preciso que tenhamos medidas válidas desse construto, tal como o Inventário de Envolvimento Paterno (Inventory of Father Involvement ­ IFI). O objetivo do presente estudo foi investigar a estrutura fatorial e confiabilidade interna da versão brasileira do IFI (IFI-BR). Um questionário sociodemográfico e o IFI-BR foram aplicados em 200 homens com filhos entre cinco e dez anos de idade. Os resultados indicam evidências de validade interna para o IFI-BR, confirmando uma estrutura fatorial muito similar à do IFI, composta por oito dos nove fatores originais de primeira ordem e um fator geral de envolvimento paterno, de segunda ordem, com uma confiabilidade interna adequada para esses oito fatores.(AU)

Extensive evidence points to the importance of father-child relationship in the development and for the wellbeing of children, mothers and fathers. Father involvement is multidimensional and includes direct and indirect father-child involvements. In order to progress in this area, a valid measure of this construct, like the Inventory of Father Involvement (IFI), is needed in Brazil. The objective of this study was to investigate the structure of factors and internal reliability of the Brazilian version of IFI (IFI-BR). A sociodemographic questionnaire and the IFI-BR were filled in by 200 men who had five- to ten-year-old children. The results prove internal validity of the IFI-BR and confirms a structure of factors very similar to that of the original IFI, including eight of the nine original first-order factors and a general second-order factor, with indicators of internal reliability that were adequate for these eight factors.(AU)

Existen amplias evidencias que apuntan a la importancia del envolvimiento paterno en el desarrollo y el bienestar de los hijos, las madres y los padres. El envolvimiento paterno es un constructo multidimensional, incluyendo envolvimientos directos e indirectos del padre con el hijo. Para avanzar en esta área, en Brasil, es necesario tener una medida válida de este constructo, como el Inventory of Father Involvement (IFI). El objetivo de este estudio fue investigar la estructura factorial y la fiabilidad interna de la versión brasileña del IFI (IFI-BR). Un cuestionario sociodemográfico y el IFI-BR se aplicaron en 200 hombres con hijos entre cinco y diez años de edad. Los resultados evidencian la validez interna del IFI-BR, confirmando una estructura factorial muy similar a la del IFI, compuesta por ocho de los nueve factores de primer orden originales y un factor de segunda orden general, con adecuada fiabilidad interna de estos ocho factores.(AU)

Hormonal stimulation and paternal experience influence responsiveness to infant distress vocalizations by adult male common marmosets, Callithrix jacchus.

Parental experience and hormones play a large role in the common marmoset (Callithrix jacchus) father's care of their offspring. We tested the effect of exogenous estradiol or testosterone on the responsiveness of common marmosets to respond to infant distress vocalizations and whether males who haven't become fathers yet (paired males) would have increased responsiveness to infant distress calls with either steroid or whether parental experience is the most important component for the onset of paternal care. Sixteen male marmosets (8 fathers, 8 paired males) received a vehicle, low dose or high dose of estradiol and additional 16 males were tested with testosterone at three doses for their response either to a vocal control or a recording of an infant distress call for 10min. Without steroid stimulation fathers were significantly more likely to respond to the infant distress stimulus than paired males. Low dose estradiol stimulation resulted in a significant increase in fathers' behavioral response towards the infant distress stimulus but not in paired males. Fathers also showed a significant increase in infant responsiveness from the vehicle dose to the estradiol low dose treatment, but not to the estradiol high dose treatment. Testosterone treatment did not show significant differences between infant responsiveness at either dose and between fathers and paired males. We suggest that neither steroid is involved in the onset of paternal care behaviors in the marmoset but that estradiol may be involved in facilitating paternal motivation in experienced fathers.

The Effects of Parental Health Shocks on Adult Offspring Smoking Behavior and Self-Assessed Health.

An important avenue for smoking deterrence may be through familial ties if adult smokers respond to parental health shocks. In this paper, we merge the Original Cohort and the Offspring Cohort of the Framingham Heart Study to study how adult offspring smoking behavior and subjective health assessments vary with elder parent smoking behavior and health outcomes. These data allow us to model the smoking behavior of adult offspring over a 30-year period contemporaneously with parental behaviors and outcomes. We find strong 'like father, like son' and 'like mother, like daughter' correlations in smoking behavior. We find that adult offspring significantly curtail their own smoking following an own health shock; however, we find limited evidence that offspring smoking behavior is sensitive to parent health, with the notable exception that women significantly reduce both their smoking participation and intensity following a smoking-related cardiovascular event of a parent. We also model the subjective health assessment of adult offspring as a function of parent health, and we find that women report significantly worse health following the smoking-related death of a parent. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Children's Immediate Postoperative Distress and Mothers' and Fathers' Touch Behaviors.

OBJECTIVE: This study examined mothers' and fathers' use of child-directed touch in the postanesthesia care unit. METHODS: In all, 142 mothers and 112 fathers of 143 children aged 2-11 years undergoing outpatient surgery participated. Parent touch (instrumental, empathic) and child distress were coded. Mothers' and fathers' rates of touch were compared, and interrelations between touch and child distress were examined (overall and sequentially). RESULTS: The proportion of mothers and fathers who used touch did not differ, but mothers' rates of touch were higher than fathers'. Parental instrumental touch and mothers embracing touch were positively correlated with children's distress. Mothers were more likely to use embracing touch in response to children's distress than at any other time. CONCLUSIONS: Results point to potential differences in mothers' and fathers' roles in the postoperative setting, and potentially different functions of touch. Results suggest that mothers may provide embracing touch to soothe or prevent children's distress.

Effects of postnatal estrogen manipulations on juvenile alloparental behavior.

Sex- and species-specific patterns of estrogen receptor (ER)-α expression are established early in development, which may contribute to sexual differentiation of behavior and determine male social organization. The current study investigated the effects of ERα and ERß activation during the second postnatal week on subsequent alloparental behavior and ERα expression in juvenile prairie voles. Male and female pups were treated daily with 17ß-estradiol (E2, ERα/ERß agonist), PPT (selective ERα agonist), DPN (selective ERß agonist), or the oil vehicle on postnatal days (PD) 8-14. Alloparental behavior and ERα expression were examined at PD21. PPT treatment inhibited prosocial motivation in males and increased pup-directed aggression in both sexes. E2 and DPN had no apparent effect on behavior in either sex. PPT-treated males had increased ERα expression in the medial preoptic area (MPN), medial amygdala (MEApd) and bed nucleus of the stria terminalis (BSTpr). DPN treatment also increased ERα expression in males, but only in the BSTpr. Female ERα expression was unaffected by treatment. These results support the hypothesis that ERα activation in early life is associated with less prosocial patterns of central ERα expression and alloparental behavior in males. The lack of an effect of E2 on behavior suggests that ERß may antagonize the effects of ERα on alloparental behavior. The results in DPN-treated males suggest that ERα in the MEApd, and not the BSTpr, may be a primary determinant of alloparental behavior in males.

Effect of self-reported home smoking restriction on smoking initiation among adolescents in Taiwan: a prospective cohort study.

OBJECTIVE: The aims of this study were to investigate the influence of home smoking restriction (HSR) and the modified effect of parental smoking on smoking initiation among adolescents. DESIGN: Prospective Cohort Study. SETTING: Junior high school in Keelung City, Taiwan. PARTICIPANTS: This study collected and evaluated primary data from the Adolescent Smoking and Other Health-Related Behaviour Survey conducted in Keelung City, which aimed to investigate smoking and health-related behaviours in junior high school students (2008-2009). Data on students free of smoking in 2008 and following them until 2009 (n=901) to ascertain whether they had started smoking were analysed with logistic regression mode to examine the proposed postulates. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE: The outcome variable was smoking initiation, which was defined as smoking status (yes/no) in the 2009 follow-up questionnaire. The main independent variable was HSR obtained from an adolescent self-reported questionnaire. Information on parental smoking was measured by adolescents self-reporting the smoking behaviour of their father and mother. RESULTS: The rate of HSR was 29.79% among 7th grade adolescents. The effect of HSR on smoking initiation in adolescents was statistically significantly modified by paternal smoking (p=0.04) but not by maternal smoking (p=0.54). The effect of HSR on smoking initiation was small for fathers with the habit of smoking (OR=0.89, 95% CI (0.42 to 1.88)), but the corresponding effect size was 3.2-fold (OR=2.84, 95% CI 1.19 to 6.81) for fathers without the habit of smoking. CONCLUSIONS: Paternal smoking behaviour may play an interactive role with HSR in preventing smoking initiation among Taiwanese adolescents.

La seducción sexual infantil: revolución y repercusiones de la teoría de Freud / The infantile sexual seduction: revolution and aftermath of Freud's theory

There is no question about the negative effects of child sexual abuse. Freud's seduction theory asserts that psychoneuroses in adults are caused by reactivation of forgotten recollections of gross sexual abuse (involving the genitals) that had taken place prior to the age of 8 to 10 years. His contribution consisted in the discovery of specific events, prior to puberty, which were indispensable to the formation of psychoneuroses. If an adult patient recalled an infantile sexual experience, Freud assumed the interference of a pervert: a child was sexually innocent unless it had been traumatized. But Freud's technique of clinical exploration had not attained adequate reliability and was not immune to prejudices. Freud himself dropped his mechanical, static theory that presupposed a single type of accidentally occurring trauma prior to puberty, allowing him to develop his new drive and fantasy theory.

'Let men into the pregnancy'--men's perceptions about being tested for chlamydia and HIV during pregnancy.

OBJECTIVE: to investigate how to prevent transmission of HIV and Chlamydia trachomatis (CT) by exploring whether screening of men during pregnancy may be an innovative way to reach men, to increase detection, and to avoid the present gendered responsibility. DESIGN: an explorative research strategy with in-depth interviews and an analysis informed by grounded theory principles was used. SETTING: the northern part of Sweden. PARTICIPANTS: twenty men/becoming fathers in their twenties and early thirties were offered CT and HIV testing and were interviewed about their perceptions about being tested during pregnancy. FINDINGS: Six categories emerged that concerned the men's risk perceptions, reasons for not testing men, benefits and negative consequences associated with being tested, incentive measures for reaching men and the optional time for testing men during pregnancy. The majority of the men perceived their own risk for having CT or HIV to be close to zero, trusted their stable partner, and did not see men as transmitters. They did not understand how men could play a role in CT or HIV transmission or how these infections could negatively affect the child. However, few informants could see any logical reasons for excluding men from testing and the majority was positive towards screening men during the pregnancy. KEY CONCLUSIONS: men's sexual health and behaviour on social and biological grounds will affect the health of women and their children during pregnancy and childbirth. As long as expectant fathers do not count in this 'triad', there is a risk that CT and HIV infections in adults and infants will continue to be an unsolved problem. IMPLICATIONS FOR PRACTICE: knowledge from this research can contribute to influencing the attitudes among health-care providers positively, and inspiring policy changes.

Envolvimento paterno durante o nascimento dos filhos: pai "real" e "ideal" na perspectiva materna / Paternal involvement during their children's birth: mother's perspective of 'real' and 'ideal' father

O pai é a fonte de apoio materno mais importante durante a transição decorrente do nascimento de filhos. Este estudo objetiva descrever a percepção de 45 mulheres grávidas e 42 mães com bebês de até seis meses sobre a participação e apoio paterno, durante a gestação e nascimento de filhos. A coleta de dados consistiu da aplicação, às mães, de um questionário de caracterização do sistema familiar e de uma entrevista semiestruturada, visando obter informações sobre o pai "real" e o "ideal". Os resultados mostram que, apesar de os pais serem percebidos como pouco participativos, as mães estavam satisfeitas com o seu envolvimento. Os dados sugerem que é necessário estimular a participação do pai, por ocasião do nascimento de filhos.

The father is a major figure on mother's support network during childbirth transition. This study aims to report father's participation and support during the pregnancy and the birth of their children, according to the point of view of 45 pregnant women and 42 women with six-month-old children. Data was collected through the administration of a family questionnaire and a semi-structured interview answered by the mothers in order to get information about the "real" and the "ideal" father. The results show that, although the mothers were satisfied with the fathers' role in family life, they thought fathers were not as participative as they should be. Data suggest that it is necessary to stimulate father's participation during childbirth.