Negative energy balance hinders prosocial helping behavior.

The internal state of an animal, including homeostatic requirements, modulates its behavior. Negative energy balance stimulates hunger, thus promoting a range of actions aimed at obtaining food. While these survival actions are well established, the influence of the energy status on prosocial behavior remains unexplored. We developed a paradigm to assess helping behavior in which a free mouse was faced with a conspecific trapped in a restrainer. We measured the willingness of the free mouse to liberate the confined mouse under diverse metabolic conditions. Around 42% of ad libitum-fed mice exhibited a helping behavior, as evidenced by the reduction in the latencies to release the trapped cagemate. This behavior was independent of subsequent social contact reward and was associated with changes in corticosterone indicative of emotional contagion. This decision-making process was coupled with reduced blood glucose excursions and higher Adenosine triphosphate (ATP):Adenosine diphosphate (ADP) ratios in the forebrain of helper mice, suggesting that it was a highly energy-demanding process. Interestingly, chronic (food restriction and type 2 diabetes) and acute (chemogenetic activation of hunger-promoting AgRP neurons) situations mimicking organismal negative energy balance and enhanced appetite attenuated helping behavior toward a distressed conspecific. To investigate similar effects in humans, we estimated the influence of glycated hemoglobin (a surrogate of long-term glycemic control) on prosocial behavior (namely charity donation) using the Understanding Society dataset. Our results evidenced that organismal energy status markedly influences helping behavior and that hypothalamic AgRP neurons are at the interface of metabolism and prosocial behavior.

A covid-19 como um analisador do sofrimento de enfermeiras: um ensaio teórico / Covid-19 as a suffering analyzer for female nurses: a theoretical essay / El covid-19 como analizador de sufrimiento de enfermeras: un ensayo teórico

Este ensaio propõe que a Covid-19 pode operar como um analisador, dentro da perspectiva da análise institucional, iluminando um determinado modo de organização social que promove profundas desigualdades e ameaça a vida em diversos níveis e revelando as condições sociais, institucionais e políticas de produção de sofrimento no corpo profissional de Enfermagem. A pandemia desvelou um conjunto de marcas relacionadas à profissão, agravadas pela crise sanitária, reforçando a naturalização das relações de cuidado atribuídas ao feminino, bem como um conjunto de clivagens e hierarquias internas à profissão a partir da sinergia de marcadores da diferença, como gênero, cor/raça, classe e geração. Além disso, este trabalho mostra a presença de uma necropolítica nas respostas à pandemia que banaliza a vida e permite morrer determinados grupos sociais. A ideia de "profissionais de linha de frente" é criticada em suas metáforas bélicas, mas tomada como figura de linguagem em sua potência para afirmar que existem corpos que, pelas marcas sociais e históricas e pela interdependência do cuidado, são mais presentes e exigidos e, portanto, mais vulneráveis à doença e ao sofrimento dela decorrente.(AU)

The essay proposes that Covid-19 can operate as an analyzer, within the perspective of institutional analysis, illuminating a certain mode of social organization that promotes profound inequalities and threatens life at various levels, revealing the social, institutional and political conditions for the production of suffering in the professional nursing body. The pandemic would unveil a set of marks related to the profession, aggravated by the sanitary crisis, reinforcing the naturalization of the care relations attributed to the feminine, as well as a set of cleavages and internal hierarchies to the profession from the synergy of markers of difference as gender, color/race, class and generation. The work shows the presence of necropolitics in responses to the pandemic, which trivializes life and allows certain social groups to die. The idea of "front-line professionals" is criticized in its war metaphors, but taken as a figure of speech in its potency to affirm that there are bodies that by social and historical marks, and by the interdependence of care, are more present and demanded, and therefore more vulnerable to disease and the resulting suffering.(AU)

El ensayo propone que el Covid-19 puede funcionar como analizador, desde la perspectiva del análisis institucional, revelando las condiciones sociales, institucionales y políticas de producción de sufrimiento de enfermeras. La pandemia revela algunas marcas relacionadas con la profesión, agravadas por la crisis de salud, reforzando la naturalización de la atribución del cuidado a lo femenino y un conjunto de jerarquías internas de la profesión. El trabajo también muestra la presencia de una necropolítica en las respuestas a la pandemia. La idea de "profesionales de primera línea" es criticada, pero tomada como una figura del lenguaje en su potencia para afirmar que hay cuerpos que, por las marcas sociales e históricas y por la interdependencia del cuidado, están más presentes y demandados, y por lo tanto más vulnerables a la enfermedad.(AU)

O florir da violeta: um estudo de caso em avaliação terapêutica / The flowering of violet: a case study in therapeutic assessment / La flor de la violeta: un estudio de caso en evaluación terapéutica

A Avaliação Terapêutica (AT) é um processo avaliativo e interventivo proposto para ser semiestruturado e colaborativo com o objetivo de promover mudanças positivas no cliente, que é convidado a ter uma participação ativa durante o processo. Na AT, os resultados dos testes psicológicos padronizados ganham destaque como facilitadores do processo de autoconhecimento do cliente. Desse modo, usualmente, integram-se os achados de testes psicológicos de autorrelato com os métodos projetivos para gerar informações que possam ampliar a visão que o cliente tem de si. Neste artigo, buscou-se compreender o potencial de uso dos testes psicológicos e da relação colaborativa a partir de um caso atendido na perspectiva da AT. A participante, Violeta (nome fictício), foi atendida em 10 sessões com duração entre 60 e 115 minutos. Foram utilizados os testes psicológicos Escala de Bem-Estar Psicológico (Ebep), Escala de Vulnerabilidade e Estresse no Trabalho (Event), Bateria Fatorial de Personalidade (BFP), Método de Rorschach e Inventários de Habilidades Sociais 2 (IHS-2). Observou-se que, durante o processo, Violeta ampliou sua autopercepção, o que possibilitou mudanças no modo de agir em seus relacionamentos amorosos e na reflexão sobre como sua postura era vista por si e por seus colegas de trabalho. Acredita-se que a AT cumpriu com o objetivo de estabelecer uma experiência terapêutica que possibilitasse mudanças positivas para a cliente. Este estudo de caso contribuiu para ampliar a compreensão sobre a importância e o uso dos testes psicológicos neste modelo de avaliação psicológica.(AU)

The Therapeutic Assessment (TA) is an evaluative and interventional process proposed to be semi-structured and collaborative with the objective of promoting positive changes in the client, who is invited to have an active participation during the process. At the TA, the results of standardized psychological tests are highlighted as facilitators of the client's self-knowledge process. In this way, the findings of psychological self-report tests are usually integrated with projective methods to generate information that can broaden the client's view of themselves. In this article, understanding the potential use of psychological tests and of the collaborative relationship from a case treated from the TA perspective was sought. The participant, Violet (fictitious name), was assisted in 10 sessions lasting between 60 and 115 minutes. The psychological tests Psychological Well-Being Scale (EBEP), Vulnerability and Stress at Work Scale (EVENT), Personality Factorial Battery (BFP), Rorschach Method and Social Skills Inventories 2 (IHS-2) were used. It was observed that, during the process, Violet increased her self-perception, which allowed changes in her way of acting in her love life and in her reflection on how her posture was seen by herself and herco-workers. It is believed that TA fulfilled the objective of establishing a therapeutic experience that would enable positive changes for the client. This case study contributed to broaden the understanding about the importance and use of psychological testing in this psychological assessment model.(AU)

La Evaluación Terapéutica (ET) es un proceso de evaluación e intervención que se propone ser semiestructurado y colaborativo, con el objetivo de lograr cambios positivos en el cliente, quien es invitado a tener participación activa durante el proceso. En la ET se destacan los resultados de las pruebas psicológicas estandarizadas como facilitadoras del proceso de autoconocimiento del cliente. Los hallazgos de las pruebas psicológicas de autoinforme suelen integrarse con métodos proyectivos para generar información que pueda ampliar la visión que el cliente tiene de sí mismo. En este artículo se buscó comprender el uso potencial de las pruebas psicológicas y de la relación colaborativa a partir de un estudio de caso tratado desde la perspectiva de la ET. Atendieron a la participante Violeta (nombre ficticio), en 10 sesiones que duraron entre 60 y 115 minutos. Se utilizaron las pruebas psicológicas Escala de Bienestar Psicológico (EBEP), Escala de Vulnerabilidad y Estrés en el Trabajo (EVENT), Batería de Factorial de la Personalidad (BFP), Método de Rorschach e Inventario de Habilidades Sociales 2 (IHS-dos). Se observó que, durante el proceso, Violeta amplió su autopercepción, lo que permitió cambios en la forma de actuar en sus relaciones amorosas y en el reflejo de como ella y sus compañeros de trabajo veían su postura. Así, se cree que ET ha cumplido el objetivo de establecer una experiencia terapéutica que permitió cambios positivos a la cliente. Este estudio contribuyó a ampliar la comprensión sobre la importancia y el uso de las pruebas psicológicas en este modelo de evaluación psicológica.(AU)

Resiliência: avaliação de pacientes queimados em um hospital de urgência e emergência / Resilience: evaluation of burned patients in an urgency and emergency hospital / Resiliencia: evaluación de pacientes quemados en un hospital de urgencias y emergencias

A recuperação de vítimas de queimaduras é longa e dolorosa e afeta diversas esferas da vida do paciente. A resiliência, que se refere à capacidade humana de enfrentar e se adaptar a eventos adversos, exerce grande importância no processo de recuperação da queimadura. Logo, este trabalho objetiva avaliar a capacidade de resiliência de pacientes queimados, no momento da admissão e da alta hospitalar, em um hospital de emergência e urgência de Goiânia. Trata-se de um estudo descritivo, quantitativo e transversal que utiliza a Escala de Resiliência de Connor-Davidson (CD-RISC) como instrumento de mensuração. Na admissão hospitalar, a média da resiliência foi de 71,35, tendo sido observada uma relação significativa entre o fator Amparo da escala CD-RISC e a presença do(a) companheiro(a). O escore de resiliência encontrado nesta pesquisa é consistente com outros achados da literatura científica internacional e nacional referente à expressão da resiliência em vítimas de queimaduras e outros adoecimentos. A relação entre o fator Amparo e a presença de um(a) companheiro(a) enfatiza a importância da rede de apoio familiar na reabilitação do paciente queimado.(AU)

The recovery of burned patients is long and painful and impacts on different areas of people's lives. Resilience, which refers to the human capacity to face and adapt to adverse events, plays a major role in the process of recovery from burns. Therefore, the present study aims to assess the resilience of burned patients, on admission and hospital discharge, in an emergency and urgency hospital in Goiânia. This is a descriptive, quantitative and cross-sectional study that uses the Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale (CD RISC) as a measuring instrument. At hospital admission, the mean resilience was 71.35, with a significant association between the Support factor on the CD RISC scale and the presence of a partner. The resilience score found in the present study is consistent with other findings in the international and national scientific literature regarding the expression of resilience in victims of burns and other illnesses. The relationship between the Support factor and the presence of a partner emphasizes the importance of the family support network in the rehabilitation of the burned patient.(AU)

La recuperación de los pacientes quemados es larga y dolorosa e impacta en diferentes esferas de la vida de las personas. La resiliencia, que se refiere a la capacidad humana para enfrentar y adaptarse a eventos adversos, juega un papel importante en el proceso de recuperación de las quemaduras. Por tanto, el presente estudio tiene como objetivo evaluar la resiliencia de los pacientes quemados, en el momento del ingreso y el alta, en un hospital de emergencia y urgencia en Goiânia. Se trata de un estudio descriptivo, cuantitativo y transversal que utiliza la Escala de Resiliencia Connor-Davidson (CD RISC) como instrumento de medida. Al ingreso hospitalario, la resiliencia media fue de 71,35, con associación significativa entre el factor Amparo de la escala CD RISC y la presencia de pareja. El puntaje de resiliencia encontrado en el presente estudio es consistente con otros hallazgos en la literatura científica nacional e internacional sobre la expresión de resiliencia en víctimas de quemaduras y otras enfermedades. La relación entre el factor Amparo y la presencia de pareja enfatiza la importancia de la red de apoyo familiar en la rehabilitación del paciente quemado.(AU)

Escala de Apoio à Pessoa em Risco de Suicídio: adaptação e validação / Suicide Helpfulness Scale: adaptation and validation / Escala de Apoyo a Persona en Riesgo De Suicidio: adaptación y validación

Esta pesquisa objetivou adaptar e validar para o contexto brasileiro a Suicide Helpfulness Scale - SHS (Escala de Apoio à pessoa em Risco de Suicídio - EARS), por meio de dois estudos. Do Estudo 1, participaram 206 estudantes, com idade média de 16,73 anos. Estes responderam à EARS e a questões sociodemográficas. Os resultados obtidos apoiaram o modelo original de quatro fatores e verificou-se um alfa de Cronbach de 0,86 e Confiabilidade Composta de 0,90. Do Estudo 2, de caráter confirmatório, participaram 212 estudantes, predominantemente do sexo feminino (58%) e com idade média de 16,67 anos. Foram testados três modelos e os resultados corroboraram a adequação da estrutura tetrafatorial, observando-se indicadores de ajuste meritórios. Assim, conclui-se que a EARS apresenta características psicométricas adequadas para o contexto brasileiro e pode ser utilizada em pesquisas que investiguem o quanto os jovens estão dispostos a ajudar uma pessoa em risco de suicídio. (AU)

This research aimed to adapt and validate the Suicide Helpfulness Scale - SHS for the Brazilian context based on two studies. In Study 1, a total of 206 students participated, with a mean age of 16.73 years. They responded to the SHS and sociodemographic questions. The results supported the original four-factor model and showed a Cronbach's alpha of 0.86 and Composite Reliability of 0.90. Study 2, which had a confirmatory nature, included 212 students, predominantly women (58%) and with an average age of 16.67 years. Three models were tested and the results corroborated the adequacy of the tetra-factor structure, observing good adjustment indicators. Thus, it is concluded that the SHS has psychometric characteristics suitable for the Brazilian context and can be used in research that investigates how willing young people are to help a person at risk of suicide. (AU)

A partir de dos estudios, esta investigación buscó adaptar y validar la Suicide Helpfulness Scale - SHS (Escala de Apoyo a la persona en Riesgo de Suicidio - EARS) para el contexto brasileño. El Estudio 1 involucró a 206 estudiantes, con un promedio de edad de 16.73 años, que contestaron la EARS y preguntas sociodemográficas. Los resultados respaldaron el modelo original de cuatro factores, obteniendo un alfa de Cronbach total de 0.86 y una Confiabilidad Compuesta de 0.90. En el Estudio 2, de carácter confirmatorio, participaron 212 estudiantes, mayoritariamente mujeres (58%), con una edad media de 16.67 años. Se probaron tres modelos y los resultados corroboraron la adecuación de la estructura de cuatro factores con buenos índices de ajuste. Se concluye que la EARS es psicométricamente adecuada para el contexto brasileño y puede ser utilizada en investigaciones sobre la disposición de los jóvenes para ayudar a personas con riesgo de suicidio. (AU)

Alcoolismo: impactos na vida familiar / Alcoholism: impacts on family life / Alcoholismo: impactos en la vida familiar

OBJETIVO: identificar os problemas acarretados pelo consumo excessivo do álcool, bem como as consequências que ele traz à família. MÉTODO: o instrumento utilizado foi uma entrevista semiestruturada, com roteiro composto por 12 questões elaboradas pelos próprios pesquisadores, para responder às temáticas propostas. Para a análise das entrevistas, utilizou-se a Análise do Conteúdo e, como ferramenta de análise, empregou-se o software NVivo11, destinado ao tratamento de dados em investigação qualitativa. RESULTADOS: durante o tratamento das entrevistas, elaboraram-se uma árvore categorial, que apresenta o álcool como núcleo, e quatro nós categoriais como aspectos principais da entrevista, sendo eles: início do uso; consequências para a família; problemas pelo consumo excessivo e ajuda. CONCLUSÃO: podem-se depreender as consequências negativas que o uso excessivo do álcool gera para as relações familiares, sendo este o eixo da vida de um alcoolista mais devastado. Além disso, é importante salientar que o mesmo eixo familiar destruído é base para a retomada de uma mudança como respaldo para a procura de auxílio de entidades competentes, como os Alcóolicos Anônimos.

OBJETIVO: conocer la realidad del alcohólico e identificar los problemas causados por el consumo excesivo de alcohol, así como las consecuencias que trae a la familia. MÉTODO: el instrumento utilizado fue una entrevista semiestructurada con un guión compuesto por 12 preguntas, preparadas por los propios investigadores, para responder a los temas propuestos. Para el análisis de las entrevistas, se utilizó el Análisis de contenido y, como herramienta de análisis, el software NVivo11 para el procesamiento de datos en la investigación cualitativa. RESULTADOS: durante el tratamiento de las entrevistas fue posible elaborar un árbol categórico que presenta el alcohol como núcleo y cuatro nodos categóricos como los aspectos principales de la entrevista, a saber: comienzo del uso; consecuencias para la familia; problemas de consumo excesivo y ayuda. CONCLUSIÓN: uno puede entender las consecuencias negativas que el uso excesivo de alcoholico genera para las relaciones familiares, siendo este eje de la vida de un alcohólico el más devastado. Además, es importante tener en cuenta que el mismo eje familiar destruido es la base para la reanudación de un cambio, como apoyo para la búsqueda de ayuda de entidades competentes, como Alcohólicos Anónimos (AA).

OBJECTIVE: identify the problems caused by excessive alcohol consumption, as well as the consequences it brings to the family. METHOD: the instrument used was a semi-structured interview, with a script composed of 12 questions prepared by the researchers themselves, to answer the proposed themes. For the analysis of the interviews, Content Analysis was used and, as an analysis tool, the NVivo11 software was used, aimed at processing data in qualitative research. RESULTS: during the treatment of the interviews, a categorical tree was elaborated, which presents alcohol as the nucleus, and four categorical knots as main aspects of the interview, being them: beginning of the use; consequences for the family; problems by excessive consumption and help. CONCLUSION: the negative consequences that the excessive use of alcohol generates for family relationships can be inferred, and this is the axis of the life of a more devastated alcoholic. In addition, it is important to point out that the same destroyed family axis is the basis for the resumption of a change as a support for the search for help from competent entities, such as the Alcoholics Anonymous.

End-of-Life Childhood Cancer Research: A Systematic Review.

CONTEXT: Children with incurable cancer may participate in research studies at the end of life (EOL). These studies create knowledge that can improve the care of future patients. OBJECTIVE: To describe stakeholder perspectives regarding research studies involving children with cancer at the EOL by conduct of a systematic review. DATA SOURCES: We used the following data sources: Ovid Medline, Embase, the Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature, PsycINFO, Web of Science, and ProQuest (inception until August 2020). STUDY SELECTION: We selected 24 articles published in English that examined perceptions or experiences of research participation for children with cancer at the EOL from the perspectives of children, parents, and health professionals (HPs). DATA EXTRACTION: Two authors independently extracted data, assessed study quality, and performed thematic analysis and synthesis. RESULTS: Eight themes were identified: (1) seeking control; (2) faith, hope, and uncertainty; (3) being a good parent; (4) helping others; (5) barriers and facilitators; (6) information and understanding; (7) the role of HPs in consent and beyond; and (8) involvement of the child in decision-making. LIMITATIONS: Study designs were heterogeneous. Only one study discussed palliative care research. CONCLUSIONS: Some families participate in EOL research seeking to gain control and sustain hope, despite uncertainty. Other families choose against research, prioritizing quality of life. Parents may perceive research participation as the role of a "good parent" and hope to help others. HPs have positive views of EOL research but fear that parents lack understanding of the purpose of studies and the likelihood of benefit. We identified barriers to research participation and informed consent.

The effects of antismoking campaigns on nonsmokers in South Korea: perceived threat, attribution, and help-giving.

Notwithstanding their good intentions, health communication campaigns may have inadvertent effects on an unintended audience. To explore the potential unintended consequences of an antismoking campaign on nonsmokers in South Korea, a survey of nonsmokers (N = 599) was conducted. The analysis revealed positive effects of campaign exposure on nonsmokers' perceived threat of smoking, which in turn led them to focus on smokers' personal responsibility over social responsibility. Both perceived threat and attribution of responsibility were related to nonsmokers' attitudes toward giving help to smokers, but in opposite directions. Theoretical and practical implications of the results are discussed.

Oxytocin in the anterior cingulate cortex is involved in helping behaviour.

Empathy toward the distress of others is thought to motivate helping behaviour, in the form of voluntary action to eliminate that distress. Neuropeptide oxytocin is associated with various social cognitive abilities, including empathy and prosocial behaviour. The anterior cingulate cortex is known to be one of the brain regions underlying empathy, and one in which oxytocin receptors are expressed. However, the relationship between helping behaviour and oxytocin in the anterior cingulate cortex is still unclear. The present study investigated whether oxytocin in the anterior cingulate cortex is involved in rats' helping behaviour. In Experiment 1, we examined the influence of blockading the oxytocin receptors in the anterior cingulate cortex on helping behaviour. Impeding oxytocin in the anterior cingulate cortex delayed learning of the helping behaviour. In Experiment 2, we examined immunofluorescent colocalization of oxytocin receptors and c-fos proteins in the anterior cingulate cortex, the anterior insular cortex, and the amygdala in rats that acquired helping behaviour. We found increased c-fos expression in oxytocin receptor-containing neurons in the anterior cingulate cortex and amygdala when the rats acquired helping behaviour. In addition, the change in neural activation was found in the late phase of the learning. These results suggest that the oxytocin in the cingulate-amygdala pathways may play an important role in helping behaviour.

Understanding helping behaviors in an interprofessional surgical team: How do members engage?

OBJECTIVE: In surgical environments, work must be flexible, allowing practitioners to seek help when required. How surgeons navigate the complexity of interprofessional teams and collaborative care whilst attending to their own knowledge/skill gaps can be difficult. This study aims to understand helping behaviours in interprofessional surgical teams. DESIGN: Thirteen semi-structured interviews with participants were completed. Data collection and inductive analysis were conducted iteratively using thematic analysis. RESULTS: We found several intersecting features that influenced helping engagement. Work context, including nested and cross-sectional identities, physical and hierarchical environments, diversity, support for risk-taking and innovation and perceptions of a "speak up" culture shaped the way helping scenarios were approached. Intrinsic attributes influenced decisions to dis/engage. When united, these features shaped how helping behaviours became enacted. CONCLUSION: If we desire to create surgical teams that deliver quality care, we must consider not only individual attributes but the context in which teams are situated.

La relación de ayuda enfermera ­ paciente en servicios de pediatría: el relato biográfico de Isabel / The nurse-patient relationship in pediatric services: Isabel biographical account

INTRODUCCIÓN: Los relatos biográficos (RB) son historias vividas por las personas, este estudio analiza el RB de Isabel, una enfermera pediátrica. OBJETIVO: Este artículo tiene como propósito describir los principales aspectos éticos de la relación de ayuda que se establece entre profesionales de enfermería y pacientes pediátricos. METODOLOGÍA: Se utiliza metodología cualitativa con relato biográfico (RB), la información se obtuvo a partir de una entrevista consentida, abierta y en profundidad. La visión del informante permite poner en contexto las principales categorías que se relacionan con el cuidado de niños/as. RESULTADOS: Se identificaron cinco categorías asociadas a la relación de ayuda del profesional de enfermería y pacientes pediátricos; empatía y sensibilidad ética, disimilitudes entre los intereses institucionales y la gestión del cuidado, auto percepción de los profesionales de enfermería, autocuidado y afrontamiento de eventos críticos. DISCUSIÓN: Las emociones son una fuente importante de visión moral de las enfermeras pediátricas CONCLUSIÓN: Las categorías contribuyen a la reflexión sobre el conocimiento ético, y releva la sensibilidad emocional, para valorar la empatía y compasión en los servicios pediátricos.

INTRODUCTION: Biographical accounts (RB) are stories lived by people, this study analyzes the RB of Isabel, a pediatric nurse. OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this article is to describe the main ethical aspects of the support relationship established between nursing professionals and pediatric patients. METHODOLOGY: Qualitative methodology with biographical account (RB) is used, the information was obtained from a consented, open and in-depth interview. The informant's vision allows us to put into context the main categories related to childcare. RESULTS: Five categories associated with the relationship of help of the nursing professional and pediatric patients were identified; empathy and ethical sensitivity, dissimilarities between institutional interests and care management, self perception of nursing professionals, self-care and coping with critical events. DISCUSSION: Emotions are an important source of moral vision for pediatric nurses. CONCLUSION:The categories contribute to reflection on ethical knowledge, and relieves emotional sensitivity, to have empathy and compassion in pediatric services.

Lay people's psychological reactions and helping intention after friends' cancer disclosure: An exploratory analysis using vignettes.

OBJECTIVES: Stigma, anticipated responses from others, and their relationships may affect patients' decision-making of cancer disclosure. However, little research has explored responses to cancer disclosure and the outcome from receivers' perspectives who had stereotypic views of cancer. This vignette study aimed to explore how lay people with negative attitude to cancer would react to the friend's cancer disclosure. METHODS: A cross-sectional survey study was conducted in community organisations. Of 161 recruited, 91 participants returned their questionnaires (56.5% of response rate). A total of 88 responses to open-ended questions were qualitatively analysed. RESULTS: Thematic analysis extracted four themes: 'Initial emotional reactions and the acceptance of the friend's cancer diagnosis'; 'Empathy, trust and helping intention'; 'Sharing informational and emotional support provision'; and 'Offering help, but waiting and seeing the friend's request.' As a result of comparison to these themes by the participants' familiarity of cancer patients in their real life, it was found that participants, who had not known any cancer patients, did not report the acceptance of the friends' cancer diagnosis and informational support provision to share. CONCLUSION: Intervention for lay people who felt difficulty with accepting friends' cancer diagnosis may be helpful to reduce the impact of friends' cancer diagnosis.

Psychosocial and cognitive engineering contributions to blood transfusion.

Among the research developed in social psychology, there is a field of study questioning the mechanisms that explain prosocial behaviors. In 1956, the first links between transfusion medicine and social psychology were formed, with the study of underlying motivations to blood donation behavior. Sixty years later, the number of "fundamental" and "applied" research has widely increased, and we now have a theoretical understanding of blood donation engagement's levers, as well as experimental demonstrations of methods to activate these levers. Thus, the literature offers several strategies experimentally verified to improve the recruitment and retaining of blood donors. These methods can go from specific speeches when soliciting donors, to changes in the blood donation environment, etc. They aim either at impacting the donation experience, at obtaining a change in the donor's behavior, or at changing the determinants of blood donation. Yet, it is clear that the knowledge from the research in social psychology is not really deployed on the field by the organizations that could benefit from it. In this article, we will try to develop the difficulty regarding the application of fundamental and experimental knowledge, and to underline the implications for the blood transfusion establishments. We will then present the psychosocial and cognitive engineering method, and argue its relevance to answer this problematic.

O dom e a dádiva entre parteiras do Amapá: uma abordagem etnográfica / The dom and gift among midwives from Amapá: an ethnographic approach

Resumo Este artigo trata das visões de mundo e práticas das parteiras tradicionais que moram em Santana (AP, Brasil). Tendo como base pesquisa de campo de caráter etnográfico e entrevistas semiestruturadas, apresentamos o entendimento dessas mulheres acerca do seu ofício, destacando a centralidade desempenhada pelas noções nativas de dom e de divino nesse universo. Também apresentamos e interpretamos a dimensão simbólica das relações estabelecidas entre essas mulheres, as parturientes e a entidade nomeada por elas como Deus. Neste contexto, observamos que as obrigações relacionadas aos endividamentos não compulsórios no dar-receber-retribuir, apontado na maioria dos estudos sobre parteiras, não se restringem à relação entre família da parturiente e parteira. Na concepção local, as relações relevantes de obrigação concatenadas ao dom para o ofício se estabelecem entre humanos e Deus. Grosso modo, a contradádiva é efetivada no atendimento às gestantes, mas como uma espécie de obrigação diante de Deus. Assim, o atendimento às mulheres que procuram as parteiras é entendido como o meio adequado de saldar a dívida adquirida com o ser divino.

Abstract This article studies the world conceptions and practices of traditional midwives who live and work in Santana (Amapá, Brazil). Based on an ethnographic fieldwork including semi-structured interviews, we present how these women perceive their craft, highlighting the centrality of the category dom and the notion of divine in this universe. We also discuss the symbolic dimension of the relationships established between the midwives, the pregnant women and the entity known by them as God. In this regard, the obligations associated to the non-compulsory debts in the giving, receiving and returning cycle, pointed out by most studies on traditional midwives, are not restricted to the relation between the patient's family and the midwife. According to the local conception, the most relevant relations of obligation associated to the dom for their craft are those established between humans and God. The counter-gift is accomplished through patient care, but as a sort of obligation towards God. Assisting the women who seek midwives is, thus, understood as the adequate means to settle the debt with this divine entity.

A doação na literatura científica nacional: contribuições à psicologia moral / Donations in Brazilian scientific literature: contributions for moral psychology / Donación en la literatura científica nacional: contribuciones a la psicología moral

O objetivo deste estudo foi desenvolver uma medida de regulação emocional para o contexto de trabalho (RE-Trab). A medida foi uma adaptação do ERP-Br ­ versão reduzida do Emotion Regulation Profile (ERP), que avalia dois modos de regular emoções: regulação ascendente (emoções positivas) que prevê maior uso de estratégias adaptativas que desadaptativas, e regulação descendente (emoções negativas) que prevê maior uso de estratégias funcionais que disfuncionais. Participaram 480 trabalhadores de indústrias nacionais e multinacionais instaladas na Bahia. Aponta-se para a existência de um fator geral latente, a Regulação Emocional no Trabalho, e quatro fatores de primeira ordem que correspondem às estratégias de regulação para lidar com cenários de trabalho: adaptativas e desadaptativas (cenários positivos), funcionais e disfuncionais (cenários negativos). Foram encontrados valores aceitáveis de consistência interna para as dimensões da escala. Discutem-se os resultados à luz do modelo original (bifatorial), propondo sugestões para revisão dos itens e melhoria do instrumento. (AU)

The aim of this study was to develop a measure of emotion regulation in the workplace (RE-Trab). The measure was an adaptation of the ERP-Br ­ a reduced version of the Emotion Regulation Profile (ERP), that assesses two ways of regulating emotions: up-regulation (positive emotions) that predict greater use of adaptive than maladaptive strategies, and down-regulation (negative emotions) that predict greater use of functional strategies. than dysfunctional ones. A total of 480 workers from national and multinational Industries in Bahia participated in the survey. There is a latent general factor, Emotional Regulation at Work, and four first-order factors corresponding to the strategies to deal with work scenarios: adaptive and maladaptive (positive scenarios), functional and dysfunctional (negative scenarios). Acceptable internal reliability values were found for the scale's dimensions. The results are discussed in light of the original model (two-factor), proposing suggestions for the revision of the items and future improvement of the instrument. (AU)

El objetivo de este estudio fue desarrollar una medida de regulación emocional en el contexto de trabajo (RE-Trab). La medida fue una adaptación del ERP-Br ­ versión reducida del Emotion Regolation Profile (ERP) que evalúa dos modos de regular emociones: regulación ascendiente (emociones positivas) que prevé mayor uso de estrategias adaptativas que desadaptativas, y regulación descendiente (emociones negativas) que prevé mayor uso de estrategias funcionales que disfuncionales. Participaron 480 trabajadores de industrias nacionales y multinacionales de Bahia. Se ha encontrado un factor general latente, la Regulación Emocional en el Trabajo, y cuatro factores de primer orden que corresponden a las estrategias para lidiar con escenarios de trabajo: adaptativas y desadaptativas (escenarios positivos), funcionales y disfuncionales (escenarios negativos). Fueron encontrados valores aceptables de consistencia interna para las dimensiones de la escala. Se discuten los resultados a la luz del modelo original (bifactorial) proponiendo sugerencias para revisión de los items y mejora del instrumento. (AU)

Caring ability of family caregivers of patients on cancer treatment: associated factors.

OBJECTIVE: To analyze the association between the caring ability of family caregivers of patients on cancer treatment with the demographic and clinical characteristics of the patients, as well as the sociodemographic characteristics of the caregivers and of the care provided. METHODS: A cross-sectional study was conducted with 132 family caregivers of patients on cancer treatment whose data were collected through the Brazilian version of the Caring Ability Inventory and questionnaires characterizing patients, caregivers and the care provided. Student's t, Mann-Whitney or Kruskal-Wallis tests were used at the significance level ≤5%. RESULTS: Patients' age was significantly associated with overall caring ability (p = 0.002) and the caregiver's dimensions courage (p = 0.006) and patience (p = 0.009). Caregivers' education was associated with overall caring ability (p = 0.028) and the dimensions courage (p = 0.008) and patience (p = 0.045). Marital status was associated with the overall caring ability (p = 0.020); and the patience dimension (p = 0.045) and the time providing care with the patience dimension (p = 0.027). CONCLUSION: Caregivers of elderly patients who have higher schooling and do not have a partner demonstrate greater caring ability.

Ayudas ópticas y no ópticas en la baja visión / Visual and not visual aid in low vision

Este estudio se propone conocer la ayuda visual mejor aceptada por pacientes de visión baja, para lo cual se realizó una revisión bibliográfica con el fin de contribuir al ejercicio optométrico. Se revisaron un total de 28 artículos del año 2007 a la fecha actual. En las diferentes patologías en estudio se encontró que la ayuda visual mejor aceptada para la visión cercana fueron las lupas, y para la visión lejana eran más usados los telescopios(AU)

The aim of this study is to determine which is the most frequent visual aid use in low vision. Twenty-eight articles were consulted in a period from 2007 until now. It was observed that for near vision the hans spectacles were the best aid and for far vision telescope were more used(AU)

The neoteny-helper hypothesis: When to expect and when not to expect endocrine mechanisms to regulate allo-parental care?

Family groups with helpers occur in several species of fish, birds and mammals. In such cooperatively breeding species all group members help with raising the offspring, i.e. parents and offspring from previous litters. While the ecological reasons and ultimate consequences of allo-parental care have been studied in detail, we know little about its physiological regulation. We propose three alternative hypotheses for the endocrine regulation of allo-parental care. 1. The neoteny-helper hypothesis predicts that helpers that did not undergo adolescence yet show helping behavior without any endocrine mechanisms activating it, as helping is the default response towards infant stimuli. The endocrine changes during adolescence would then deactivate helping behavior. 2. The parent-helper hypothesis predicts that helpers undergo the same endocrine changes as parents (increased prolactin and corticosterone levels; decreased testosterone in males but increased estrogen in females). We predict that this hypothesis is especially important in post-adolescent helpers. 3. The helper-specific hypothesis predicts that there are specific endocrine mechanisms that only exist in helpers but not in breeders. We review evidence for these three hypotheses in 23 species of fish, birds, and mammals. We found no evidence for the helper-specific hypothesis but for both other hypotheses. As predicted, this depended on whether helpers were pre- or post-adolescent, but information on whether or not helpers underwent adolescence was often missing. Thus, future studies should investigate whether or not helpers have reached sexual maturity, differentiate between pre- and post-adolescent helpers, and study behavioral changes in helping behavior during adolescence. We conclude that the neurobiological circuits in the brain necessary for allo-parental care might often be the default stage in helpers from cooperative breeding species, which might be deactivated by specific endocrine mechanisms during adolescence, and then would need reactivation for allo-parental and parental care.