Influence of pretreating radicular dentin with different polyacrylic acids and isopropanol on the retention of posts.

STATEMENT OF PROBLEM: The optimal pretreatment of radicular dentin before cementing a post with glass ionomer cement is unclear. PURPOSE: The purpose of this in vitro study was to evaluate the retention of prefabricated tapered titanium posts to endodontically treated teeth after applying different pretreatment protocols on the radicular dentin. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The coronal part of 32 single-rooted human teeth was removed 1-mm coronally to the cemento-enamel junction. All specimens received endodontic treatment, and the root canals were prepared with an instrument to a depth of 10 mm to receive a titanium post. The dentin walls of each specimen were roughened with a hand-held diamond cutting instrument. The specimens were randomly divided according to the surface treatments into 4 groups (n=8): KW: etched with 20% to 30% polyacrylic acid (PAA) (Ketac Conditioner) and rinsed with water; KWI: etched with 20% to 30% PAA, rinsed with water and 70% isopropanol; DW: etched with 30% to 50% PAA (Durelon Liquid) and rinsed with water; DWI: etched with 30% to 50% PAA, rinsed with water and 70% isopropanol. The prefabricated titanium posts were airborne-particle abraded and cemented with glass ionomer cement. The specimens were fixed in custom-made brass cylindrical holders with autopolymerizing acrylic resin with the holder parallel to the long axis of the post. All specimens were stored in water for 3 days at 37 °C. Retention was evaluated using a tensile test with a universal testing machine (Zwick Z010) at a crosshead speed of 2 mm/min. Data were statistically analyzed with a 1-way ANOVA, followed by the Tukey post hoc test for pairwise comparisons between groups (α=.05). RESULTS: Mean ±standard deviation retention values ranged from 201.8 ±55.5 N (KW) to 328.1 ±70.9 N (DWI). Groups DWI and KWI (316 ±58.3 N) showed statistically higher retention values than group KW (P<.05) but did not significantly differ from retention values obtained in group DW (P>.05). CONCLUSIONS: An additional final rinse with isopropanol after using PAA increased the retention of the post significantly for all groups. Although group DWI achieved the highest retention values, pretreatment of radicular dentin as in group KWI may also be considered.

The influence of two distinct surface modification techniques on the clinical efficacy of titanium implants: A systematic review and meta-analysis.

PURPOSE: To compare the effectiveness of anodized and sandblasted large-grit acid-etched surface modification implants in clinical applications. METHODS: This systematic review has been registered at PROSPERO (CRD42023423656). A systematic search was performed using seven databases. The meta-analysis was performed using the RevMan 5.4 program and Stata 17.0 software. An analysis of the risk of bias in the included studies was conducted using the Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions and the Newcastle-Ottawa scale. RESULTS: A comprehensive analysis of 16 studies, which collectively encompassed a total of 2768 implants, was finished. Following a five years follow-up, the meta-analysis showed that the cumulative survival rate of implants was lower in the anodized group compared to the sandblasted large-grit acid-etched group (RR, 3.47; 95 % confidence interval [CI], 1.23 to 9.81; P = 0.02). Furthermore, the anodized group and the sandblasted large-grit acid-etched group had similar marginal bone loss over the one to three years follow-up period. However, it was observed that the marginal bone loss increased at the five years follow-up period in the anodized group in comparison to the sandblasted large-grit acid-etched group (SMD, 2.98; 95 % CI, 0.91 to 5.06; P = 0.005). In terms of biological complications, plaque index, bleeding on probing, and probing pocket depth, we found no statistically significant differences between the anodized and sandblasted large-grit acid-etched group. CONCLUSIONS: The sandblasted large-grit acid-etched group exhibited higher implants cumulative survival rate and less marginal bone loss compared to the anodized group. Moreover, both groups demonstrated similar incidences of biological complications, plaque index, bleeding on probing, and probing pocket depth, suggesting overall equivalence in these aspects.

Efecto del tratamiento de la morfología oclusal con materiales para restauraciones preventivas / Effect of treating occlusal morphology with materials for preventive restorations

Introducción: las fosas y fisuras son áreas formadas por delgadas irregularidades de la capa del esmalte de la superficie oclusal. La compleja morfología en dientes posteriores es un determinante biológico asociado al desarrollo de caries. Objetivo: evaluar el efecto de diversas formas de tratar la morfología oclusal en la adaptación y penetración de materiales utilizados en restauraciones preventivas. Material y métodos: diseño experimental e in vitro. Sesenta terceros molares fueron distribuidos aleatoriamente en dos grupos: surco sin ameloplastia y con ameloplastia; además, contaban con acondicionamiento del esmalte que se subdividió en tres subgrupos: 1) sellador de fosas y fisuras, 2) adhesivo/sellador de fosas y fisuras y 3) adhesivo/ resina Flow. Resultados: los subgrupos adhesivo/sellador y adhesivo/ Flow alcanzaron mayores valores de adaptación íntima a las paredes del surco. Las diferencias fueron significativas entre los materiales (p = 0.0009). Las mayores zonas de desadaptación resultaron para el sellador sin y con ameloplastia. La penetración de los materiales fue mayor en los surcos con ameloplastia. En los surcos tratados con ameloplastia, el adhesivo/Flow reveló el mayor porcentaje de penetración y la mejor adaptación a las paredes del surco. Conclusiones: la penetración del material está positivamente correlacionada con la profundidad del surco. El sellador con y sin ameloplastia mostró pobre adaptación a las paredes del surco (AU)

Introduction: pits and fissures are areas formed by fine irregularities in the enamel layer of the occlusal surface. The complex morphology in posterior teeth are biological determinants associated with the development of caries. Objective: to evaluate the effect of various ways of treating occlusal morphology on the adaptation and penetration of materials used in preventive restorations. Material and methods: experimental design, in vitro. Sixty third molars were randomly distributed into two groups: groove without ameloplasty and with ameloplasty, with enamel conditioning with three subgroups: 1) pit and fissure sealer, 2) adhesive/pit and fissure sealer, 3) adhesive/resin flow. Results: the adhesive/sealant and adhesive/flow subgroups reached higher values of intimate adaptation to the furrow walls. The differences were significant between the materials (p = 0.0009). The largest areas of maladjustment were found for the sealant without and with ameloplasty. The penetration of the materials was greater in the grooves with ameloplasty. In the grooves treated with ameloplasty, the adhesive/flow revealed the highest percentage of penetration and the best adaptation to the walls of the groove. Conclusions: the penetration of the material is positively correlated with the depth of the furrow. The sealant with and without ameloplasty showed poor adaptation to the sulcus walls (AU)

Uso efectivo de los adhesivos de octava generación / Effective use of eighth generation adhesives

Introducción: se realizó una revisión bibliográfica con el objetivo de conocer, analizar y comparar los diferentes tipos de adhesivos de octava generación que se encuentran en el mercado y la diferencia que existe entre cada uno. Los adhesivos universales han demostrado mejoras en su resistencia, sobre todo en las técnicas de aplicación y en las propiedades de estos materiales, al mejorar la fuerza adhesiva para que el odontólogo pueda brindar tratamientos restaurativos exitosos. Objetivo: conocer, analizar y comparar los diferentes tipos de adhe- sivos de la octava generación empleados en odontología. Material y métodos: se realizó una búsqueda en las bases de datos electrónicas PubMed, BVS, Redalyc y ScienceDirect. Se utilizaron 32 artículos que cumplieron con los criterios predeterminados y la especificidad reque- rida para la pregunta de investigación. Conclusiones: se demostró que la tecnología cada día avanza, sobre todo en el área de los adhesivos, ya que éstos son de mucha utilidad en el día a día del odontólogo; es importante conocer cada uno de éstos, puesto que es un poco complejo seleccionar el correcto, mas no el uso. En la actualidad, existen diversas opciones por las que el odontólogo puede optar, es por ello que el pro- fesional debe estar capacitado sobre cada una de las diferentes marcas existentes y, de acuerdo al tratamiento, debe elegir cuál es mejor utilizar en una rehabilitación. Es importante para el odontólogo conocer estos materiales, ya que esto lo beneficiará al momento de llevar un plan de tratamiento restaurador (AU)

Introduction: a bibliographic review was carried out to learn about, analyze, and compare the different types of eighth-generation adhesives on the market and the difference between each one. Universal adhesives have demonstrated improvements in their resistance, especially in the application techniques and properties of these materials, improving the adhesive strength so that the dentist can provide successful restorative treatments. Objective: to know, analyze and compare the different types of eighth-generation adhesives used in dentistry. Material and methods: a search was made of the following electronic databases: PubMed, BVS, Redalyc, ScienceDirect. Finally, 32 articles that met the predetermined criteria and the specificity required for the research question were used. Conclusions: it was demonstrated that technology is advancing every day, especially in the area of adhesives since these are very useful in the daily life of the dentist. It is important to know each one of these since it is a little complex at the moment of selecting the correct one, but not the use. Currently, there are several options that the dentist can choose, which is why the professional must be trained on each of the various existing brands and according to the treatment which is the best to use at the time of rehabilitation. The dentist needs to know these materials since they will benefit him/her when carrying out a restorative treatment plan (AU)

Tratamiento de la fractura corono-radicular no complicada de la corona: caso clínico / Treatment of non-complicated crown-root fracture: a clinical case

El trauma dentoalveolar se define como aquella lesión de extensión e intensidad variable y de ori- gen accidental o intencional, causada por fuerzas que actúan sobre el órgano dentario y los tejidos que lo rodean. Se puede diagnosticar a simple vista o con ayuda de la radiografía, se debe tratar sin demora para preservar la vitalidad de la pulpa, sobre todo en casos de niños y adolescentes, to- mando en cuenta la formación radicular. El trau- ma dental es motivo de urgencia por el dolor que provocan en los pacientes, la prevalencia varia del 26 al 76% de las lesiones dentales en dentición permanente (AU)

Adhesión a dentina parte I: características del sustrato y sistemas adhesivos / Dentin bonding part I: substrate characteristics and bonding systems

La Odontología Restauradora contemporánea no puede concebirse sin la adhesión de los materiales restauradores a las estructuras dentarias. En mu-chos procedimientos restauradores, no sólo el esmal-te sino también la dentina se encuentra involucrada, por lo tanto, la adhesión a esta última juega un rol cla-ve en el éxito clínico. No obstante, todavía supone un gran desafío lograr una adhesión estable y predeci-ble en el tiempo. El propósito del presente artículo es analizar las características principales de la dentina como sustrato adhesivo y describir los sistemas ad-hesivos actuales y sus mecanismos de acción (AU)

Contemporary Restorative Dentistry cannot be conceived without the adhesion of restorative materials to dental structures. In many restorative procedures not only the enamel, but also the dentin is involved, therefore dentin bonding plays a key role in their success. However, it is still a great challenge to achieve stable and predictable dentin bonding over time. The aim of this article is to analyze the main characteristics of dentin as an adhesive substrate and to describe current adhesive systems and their bonding mechanisms (AU)

Adhesión a dentina part II: estrategias para optimizar la adhesión a dentina y protocolos adhesivos / Dentin bonding part II: strategies to optimize dentin bonding and adhesive protocols

La adhesión a dentina con sistemas adhesivos polimé-ricos representa un desafío que surge de la necesi-dad de vincular un sustrato dentario heterogéneo y variable con materiales que presentan todavía cier-tos aspectos a atender para poder conseguir el máxi-mo desempeño. El propósito del presente artículo es evaluar algunas de las estrategias propuestas para mejorar la adhesión a dentina, y sugerir un protocolo de trabajo con los diferentes tipos de sistemas adhesivos (AU)

Dentin bonding with polymeric adhesive systems represents a challenge that arises from the need to link a heterogeneous and variable dental substrate with materials that still have certain aspects to be addressed in order to achieve maximum performance. The aim of this article is to evaluate some of the proposed strategies to improve dentin bonding and to suggest a protocol for each different type of bonding systems (AU)

Sistemas adesivos universais ­ há 10 anos no Brasil: revisão de literatura / Universal adhesive systems ­ 10 years in Brasil: literature review

Objetivo: analisar, a partir da literatura publicada, os sistemas adesivos universais, conceituando sobre seu desempenho nos diferentes substratos, assim como potenciais estudos executados com eles após 10 anos no Brasil. Materiais e métodos: para esta revisão narrativa, foram pesquisados artigos na língua inglesa nas bases de dados eletrônicas PubMed/Medline, SciELO e Scopus, publicados de 2012 a 2022, período considerado por ser a última década, além dos 10 anos da chegada do sistema adesivo universal ao Brasil. Utilizaram-se os seguintes descritores: universal adhesives (adesivos universais) OR universal adhesive system (sistemas adesivos universais). Realizou-se a inclusão de estudos laboratoriais (in vitro), ensaios clínicos, revisões de literatura e sistemáticas com meta-análise. Resultados: após análise meticulosa, foram selecionados 56 estudos. Os adesivos universais são considerados mais "amigáveis" ao usuário, pois permitem ao clínico a utilização no modo condicione e lave e autocondicionante, principalmente devido à inclusão do monômero MDP ou de monômeros similares. No esmalte, o condicionamento ácido seletivo antes da aplicação do adesivo é recomendado. Permite ser utilizado com uma diversidade de substratos, a aplicação de forma ativa do adesivo melhora a resistência de união. Conclusão: os sistemas adesivos universais foram lançados para tornar os procedimentos de adesão mais simples. Entretanto, mais ensaios clínicos com maiores tempos de acompanhamento são necessários, para avaliar adequadamente a efetividade desse material.(AU)

Objective: To evaluate, from published literature, the universal adhesive systems, conceptualizing their performance, as well as potential studies performed using this material. MATERIAL AND METHODS: This narrative review considered articles in the English language searched on Pubmed/ Medline, Scielo and Scopus from 2012 to 2022, considered period to be the last decade, besides ten years of the universal adhesive system arrived in Brazil. The descriptors "universal adhesive" or "universal adhesive systems" were used. Laboratorial studies (in vitro), clinical trials, literature review and systematic review with meta-analysis were included. RESULTS: 56 studies were included. The universal adhesives are considered more user-friendly, allowing for etch & rinse and self-etch modes, mostly due to MDP monomer or similar monomers inclusion. In enamel selective acid etching before adhesive application is recommended. The system can be used with great amount of substrates and results in superior bond strength when applied through active mode. CONCLUSION: Universal adhesive systems were launched to simplify the adhesion procedure, however more clinical trials with longer follow-ups are required using this material, with adequate evaluation of their effectiveness.(AU)

Effect of grape seed extract-containing phosphoric acid formulations on bonding to enamel and dentin

Abstract The aim was to evaluate the effect of 2% grape seed extract (GSE) containing phosphoric acid (PhA) on the bond strength to enamel and dentin. The control group was 37% PhA. The following three PhA formulations with 2% GSE and 20% ethanol were obtained: GSE5 = 5% PhA; GSE10 = 10% PhA; and GSE20 = 20% PhA. The enamel and dentin surfaces of molars were etched with the acid solutions, followed by Scotchbond Multi-Purpose adhesive and composite resin application. The tensile bond strength (TBS) test evaluated the bond to enamel after 24 h, and the microtensile bond strength (μTBS) test evaluated the bond to dentin after 24 h and 12-month water storage. Etched enamel and dentin were observed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and atomic force microscopy (AFM), respectively. The TBS data were submitted to one-way ANOVA, while µTBS data were submitted to two-way ANOVA and Tukey's test (α = 0.05). The TBS (MPa) to enamel did not significantly differ among the control (48.1 ± 15.7), GSE5 (46.1 ± 9.6), GSE10 (49.8 ± 13.6) and GSE20 (44.1 ± 11.9) groups (p = 0.537). The µTBS (MPa) to dentin of the control (28.4 ± 14.4) and GSE20 (24.1 ± 8.1) groups were significantly higher than those of the GSE5 (16.8 ± 7.4) and GSE10 (17.5 ± 6.6) groups at 24 h (p < 0.006). After 12-month storage, only GSE5 (21.0 ± 7.8) and GSE10 (17.6 ± 8.0) did not show significantly decreased μTBS (p > 0.145). SEM micrographs showed a shallower enamel etching pattern for GSE5. AFM images showed the formation of collagenous globular structures for GSE5 and GSE10. The different acid solutions did not influence the TBS to enamel, and the µTBS to dentin was stable over time when dentin was etched with GSE5 and GSE10.

Deproteinization of primary enamel with sodium hypochlorite before phosphoric acid etching

The aim of this study was to evaluate the deproteinization of primary enamel by analyzing etching pattern types, with and without the application of 5% NaOCl before acid etching with 37% H3PO4. Fifteen extracted human primary molars were randomly selected for the present in vitro study; 1mm x 1mm blocks were prepared and divided into two groups (n = 21). These groups were treated as follows: Group AAcid Etching with 37% H3PO4 gel for 15 s; Group B5% NaOCl for 60 s + Acid Etching with 37% H3PO4for 15 s. The specimens were prepared for scanning electron microscopy analysis. The images were evaluated for quality types I and II etching of the enamel surface using ImageJ software. Datasets were checked for normality by KolgomorvSmirnov test and the nonparametric unpaired MannWhitney test was applied. The mean surface area of type I and II etching pattern values was 1922.314 µm2for Group A and 3840.473 µm2Group B. We conclude that deproteinization with 5% NaOCl prior to acid etching can be used to increase the area of adhesion and the quality of the etching pattern (AU)

El objetivo del estudio fue evaluar la desproteinización del esmalte primario a través de los tipos de patrones de grabado, con y sin NaOCl 5% utilizado antes del grabado ácido con H3PO4 37%. Quince dientes primarios humanos extraídos se seleccionaron al azar para el presente estudio in vitro, se prepararon bloques de 1mm x 1 mm y se dividieron en dos grupos (n = 21). Estos grupos se trataron de la siguiente manera: Grupo A: Grabado ácido con H3PO4 37% en gel durante 15 segundos; Grupo B: NaOCl 5% durante 60 segundos + Grabado ácido con H3PO4 37% durante 15 segundos. Las muestras se prepararon para el análisis de microscopía electrónica de barrido. Las imágenes obtenidas se evaluaron principalmente por la calidad de los grabados tipo I y II de la superficie del esmalte primario, utilizando el software Image J. Los datos se analizaron en cuanto a su normalidad mediante la prueba de KolgomorvSmirnov, se utilizó pruebas no paramétricas: Prueba de MannWhitney no pareada. Como resultado, se encontró que el área de superficie media de los valores de patrón de grabado de tipo I y II para el Grupo A era 1922,314 µm2 y el Grupo B era 3840,473 µm2. Finalmente, llegamos a la conclusión de que se puede usar la desproteinización con NaOCl 5% antes del grabado ácido para aumentar el área de adhesión y la calidad del patrón de grabado (AU)

The effectiveness of erbium: Yttrium-aluminum-garnet laser on enamel conditioning: An In vitro study.

OBJECTIVES: The purpose of this in vitro study was to investigate the effect of three different enamel surface conditioning procedures on the bonding strength of two resin-based filled fissure sealants. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Freshly extracted, 48 third molar teeth were used in this study. Teeth were randomly divided into three main groups as the phosphoric acid etched, erbium: Yttrium-aluminum-garnet (ER: YAG) laser etched, and the phosphoric acid plus ER: YAG laser-etched groups. The main groups further divided into two subgroups as Clinpro or Fissurit FX applied. After preparation of the enamel surfaces and application of the sealants, the samples were subjected to shear bond strength test. RESULTS: According to statistical analysis with one-way ANOVA, the bonding strength values of the phosphoric acid groups were found significantly higher than those values obtained from the ER: YAG laser and ER: YAG laser plus phosphoric acid groups (P < 0.001). CONCLUSION: As a result of the study, it has been concluded that the laser application alone has no additional benefit to the acid application in terms of bonding strength.

Shear Bond Strength of Different CAD/CAM Ceramics: Acid vs Er:YAG Laser Etching.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate whether Er:YAG laser etching could be an alternative surface treatment to hydrofluoric (HF) acid etching. BACKGROUND: Surface treatment is important to bonding properties and utility times of computer aided design/computer aided manufacture (CAD/CAM) dental ceramics. The traditional method of HF acid etching is harmful to humans if not handled properly. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Four different CAD/CAM ceramics (Vita Mark II, IPS Empress CAD, IPS e.max CAD, and Vita Enamic) were cut into 72 blocks and divided into 6 groups according to different surface treatments (n = 12): Group A: no treatment; Group B: HF acid; and Group C to F: different Er:YAG laser power settings (300, 400, 500, and 600 mJ). Ten blocks of each group were measured for shear bond strength (SBS) and the failure modes were evaluated; the rest blocks were observed by scanning electronic microscopy (SEM). RESULTS: HF acid etching resulted in the highest SBS for Vita Mark II, IPS Empress CAD, and Vita Enamic; however, the difference was not statistically significant (p > 0.05) compared to the second highest group of laser with 600 mJ in IPS Empress CAD. For IPS e.max CAD, the highest SBS was obtained from laser group with 400 mJ. The SBS results were consistent with failure modes and surface characterizations in SEM images. CONCLUSIONS: Our results showed that Er:YAG laser had little impact on Vita Mark II and Vita Enamic; but proper power settings could be an alternative surface treatment to HF acid etching (600 mJ for IPS Empress CAD and 400 mJ for IPS e.max CAD).

Shear Bond Strength of Orthodontic Brackets Luted with RMGIC After Er:YAG Laser Etching with Two Pulse Modes Using a Digitally Controlled "X-Runner" Handpiece.

OBJECTIVE: To compare the shear bond strength (SBS) values of orthodontic brackets luted using a resin-modified glass ionomer cement (RMGIC) on enamel surfaces etched using either an Er:YAG laser in two different working modes, or a conventional etching protocol, including phosphoric acid. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Sixty healthy human premolars were randomly allocated to three experimental groups (n = 20) and etched with: Group 1: Er:YAG laser in super-short pulse (SSP) mode (100 mJ, 20 Hz, 2 W); Group 2: Er:YAG laser in quantum square pulse mode (120 mJ, 10 Hz, 1.2 W) using a digitally controlled handpiece ("X-Runner"); Group 3 (control): 5.25% sodium hypochlorite pretreatment, then 37% phosphoric acid for 15 sec. Stainless steel brackets were bonded using light-curing RMGIC for orthodontic bonding. After term cycling (1800 cycles), SBS testing was performed using a universal testing machine. After debonding, both enamel and bracket surfaces were examined to determine the amount of RMGIC still present on the surfaces. RESULTS: Group 3 surfaces gave the lowest mean SBS (10.6104 ± 2.66196 MPa), whereas Group 1 provided the highest 1 (13.1795 ± 3.37904 MPa), which was significantly different from the control (Group 3, p = 0.0226). Group 2 provided intermediate values (11.8486 ± 0.59832 MPa) nonsignificantly different from the control or from SSP (p = 0.4215 and p = 0.3082, respectively). CONCLUSIONS: Er:YAG laser treatment in SSP mode of enamel surfaces for orthodontic bonding provided higher SBS and a shear behavior of the luting material similar to the conventional acid-etching procedures, making it a viable alternative to acid etching.

Adhesion to a lithium disilicate glass ceramic etched with hydrofluoric acid at distinct concentrations

Abstract This study evaluated the effect of different hydrofluoric acid (HF) concentrations on the bond strength between a lithium disilicate-based glass ceramic and a resin cement. Eighty ceramic-blocks (12×7×2 mm) of IPS e.Max CAD (Ivoclar Vivadent) were produced and randomly assigned to 8 groups, considering 2 study factors: HF concentration in 4 levels, i.e., 1% (HF1), 3% (HF3), 5% (HF5), and 10% (HF10), and storage in 2 levels, i.e., baseline (tests were performed 24 h after cementation), and aged (storage for 150 days + 12,000 thermal-cycles at 5°C and 55°C). Acid etching (20 s) was performed, followed by washing, drying, and silanization. Four resin cement cylinders (ϕ= 0.96 mm) were built-up from starch matrices on each ceramic sample (n= 40). Additional ceramic samples were etched and analyzed for contact angle, micro-morphology, and roughness. In baseline condition (without aging), the HF3, HF5, and HF10 groups showed similar bond strength values (13.9 - 15.9 MPa), and HF1 (11.2 MPa) presented lower values than HF5, being that statistically different (p= 0.012). After aging, all the mean bond strengths statistically decreased, being that HF3, HF5, and HF10 (7.8 - 11 MPa) were similar and higher than HF1 (1.8 MPa) (p= 0.0001). For contact angle, HF3, HF5, and HF10 presented similar values (7.8 - 10.4°), lower than HF1 and CTRL groups. HF5 and HF10 presented rougher surfaces than other conditions. For better bond strength results, the tested ceramic may be etched by HF acid in concentrations of 3%, 5%, and 10%.

Resumo Este estudo avaliou o efeito de diferentes concentrações de ácido fluorídrico (HF) na resistência de união entre uma cerâmica vítrea à base de dissilicato de lítio e um cimento resinoso. Oitenta blocos cerâmicos (12×7×2 mm) de IPS e.Max CAD (Ivoclar Vivadent) foram produzidos e distribuídos aleatoriamente em 8 grupos, considerando 2 fatores de estudo: concentração de HF em 4 níveis, isto é, 1% (HF1), 3% (HF3), 5% (HF5), e 10% (HF10), e armazenamento em 2 níveis, isto é, condição inicial (testes foram realizados 24 h após a cimentação), e envelhecidos (150 dias de armazenamento + 12.000 ciclos térmicos a 5°C e 55°C). Condicionamento ácido (20 s) foi realizado, seguido por lavagem, secagem e silanização. Quatro cilindros de cimento resinoso (ϕ= 0.96 mm) foram construídos a partir de matrizes de amido em cada amostra cerâmica (n= 40). Amostras cerâmicas adicionais foram condicionadas e analisadas quanto ao ângulo de contato, micro-morfologia e rugosidade. Na condição inicial (sem envelhecimento), os grupos HF3, HF5, e HF10 mostraram valores de resistência de união similares (13.9 - 15.9 MPa), e HF1 apresentou valores menores que HF5, sendo estatisticamente diferente (p= 0.012). Após o envelhecimento, todas as médias de resistência de união diminuíram estatisticamente, sendo que HF3, HF5 e HF10 foram similares e maiores que HF1 (p= 0.0001). Para o ângulo de contato, HF3, HF5 e HF10 apresentaram valores similares (7.8 - 10.4°), menores que os grupos HF1 e CTRL. HF5 e HF10 apresentaram superfícies mais rugosas que as outras condições. Para melhores resultados de resistência de união, a cerâmica testada pode ser condicionada com ácido fluorídrico nas concentrações de 3%, 5% e 10%.

Tratamentos superficiais de sistemas cerâmicos para união a cimentos resinosos / Surface treatments of ceramic systems for bonding to resin cements

Objetivo: apresentar uma revisão de literatura sobreos tipos de tratamentos de superfície disponíveis paracimentação adesiva a sistemas cerâmicos. Revisãode literatura: ainda que haja certo consenso na uniãoadesiva às vitrocerâmicas, ainda não há uma unanimidadequanto à adesão de cerâmicas policristalinasde alta resistência. Com base na literatura disponível,para vitrocerâmicas, o tratamento preferencial ainda é ocondicionamento com ácido hidrofluorídrico (HF), emconcentração e tempo correspondentes a seu conteúdocristalino, seguido de silanização. Para as policristalinasà base de zircônia, métodos como condicionamentoseletivo por infiltração ou revestimento triboquímicocom sílica, seguidos de silanização e utilização de primersou cimentos resinosos contendo monômero MDP,resultaram em altos valores de resistência de união.Considerações finais: vitrocerâmicas são adequadamentetratadas por meio de condicionamento com HF,seguido de silanização. Maiores valores de resistênciade união para as cerâmicas policristalinas foram obtidosapós tratamento com condicionamento seletivopor infiltração ou silicatização, seguido de silanização,além da utilização de primers ou cimentos resinososcontendo monômero MDP. Porém, são necessários estudosin vitro adicionais para definir a melhor opção detratamento para tais materiais. (AU)

Objective: this study presents a review of the literature on the types of surface treatment available for bonding cement to ceramic systems. Literature review: although there is some consensus on the adhesive bonding to glass-ceramics, there is still no unanimity regarding the adhesion of high-resistance polycrystalline ceramics. Based on the literature available, the preferential treatment for glass ceramics is still hydrofluoric acid (HF) etching, at concentration and time corresponding to its crystalline content, followed by silanization. For polycrystalline ceramics, methods such as selective conditioning by infiltration or tribochemical coating with silica followed by silanization and the use of primers or resin cement containing MDP monomer resulted in high bond strength values. Final considerations: glass ceramics are suitably treated by HF etching followed by silanization. Higher bond strength values for polycrystalline ceramics were obtained after treatment with selective conditioning by infiltration or silicatization followed by silanization, in addition to the use of primers or resin cement containing MDP monomer. However, additional in vitro studies are needed to define the best treatment option for such materials. (AU)

Influence of ethanol-wet dentin, adhesive mode of application, and aging on bond strength of universal adhesive

Abstract The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of ethanol on the bond longevity of a universal adhesive system to bovine dentin, under different modes of adhesive application and artificial aging. Bovine dentin was exposed, and the smear layer was standardized by sandpaper polishing. Specimens were randomly divided into 2 groups: ethanol (E) and non-ethanol (N). Groups were subdivided according to adhesive mode of application into etch-and-rinse (Er) and self-etching (S). Resin blocks were built onto the treated surface, and the specimens were stored in deionized water at 37°C for 48 h. Half of the specimens (n = 10) were subjected to thermomechanical aging (A for aged and Na for non-aged). Resin/dentin beams were obtained and subjected to microtensile test in a universal testing machine. Data were analyzed using a three-way ANOVA and Tukey's tests (α = 5%). There was interaction among the three factors (p=0.0003). The use of ethanol resulted in higher values, except for the Er and Na groups (E_Er_Na = N_Er_Na). The mode of application was similar, except for the N and A groups (N_S_A > N_Er_A). For the A groups, the values were lower, except in the cases using ethanol, in which the results were not affected. The study concluded that the use of ethanol resulted in higher microtensile bond strength values, even after aging. The mode of adhesive application did not influence the results.

Effect of different bonding protocols on degree of monomer conversion and bond strength between orthodontic brackets and enamel

Abstract The objective of the present study was to evaluate the effect of different surface treatments and polymerization protocols on the bond strength of brackets to enamel, and the degree of conversion of the bonding agents. 120 bovine crowns were embedded in acrylic resin blocks and sanded. Next, the blocks were randomly assigned into 12 groups. Metal brackets were bonded to enamel according to the "surface treatment" factor (A: Phosphoric Acid; ATxt: Phosphoric Acid + Transbond XT Primer®; Tse: Transbond Plus Self Etching Primer®; and SBU: Scotchbond Universal®) and "polymerization" factor (R20: Radii-Cal®/20 seconds; V20: Valo Cordless®/20 seconds; and V3: Valo Cordless®/3 seconds). All samples were stored for 6 months (water, 37ºC) and then subjected to a shear bond strength test (SBS). Bond failures were classified according to the Adhesive Remnant Index (ARI) and analyzed with the Kruskal-Wallis and Mann-Whitney tests (5%). Using the same factors, 120 resin discs were made to assess the degree of conversion (DC) of the monomer. Data from the SBS (MPa) and DC (%) were analyzed by analysis of variance (2 factors) and Tukey's test (5%). For the SBS, the factors "polymerization" (R20 = 8.1B; V20 = 13.2A; V3 = 5.2C, p = 0.0001) and "surface treatment" (A = 3.1C; ATxt = 13.6A; Tse = 12.3A; SBU = 6.3B, p = 0.0001) were statistically significant among groups. The highest adhesion value were found for the ATxt/V20 group (22.2A) and the lowest value for the A/R20 group (1.2E). Regarding ARI, score 2 was the most prevalent in groups A, ATxt, V20 and V3, while score 4 was the most prevalent in the Tse, SBU and R20 groups, with no significant difference between them (p = 1.0). Regarding DC, the factors "polymerization" (R20 = 66.6A; V20 = 58.4B; V3 = 45.1C, p = 0.0001) and "surface treatment" (A = 52B, ATxt = 59.7A, Tse = 51.4B, SBU = 63.8A, p = 0.0001) were statistically significant. Tse was more sensitive to the variations in polymerization protocols than the other surface treatments. Treatment A did not present suitable bond strength or degree of conversion.

Effect of different modes of erbium:yttrium aluminum garnet laser on shear bond strength to dentin.

OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of different surface treatments on the shear bond strength (SBS) of resin composites to dentin using total etch dentin bonding adhesives. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Sixty extracted human molars were flattened to obtain dentin surfaces. The samples were divided into three groups (n = 20): Group I: 37% phosphoric acid + optibond FL + resin composite; Group II: Erbium:yttrium aluminum garnet (Er:YAG) laser (medium short pulse [MSP] mode, 120 mJ/10 Hz) + optibond FL + resin composite; Group III: Er:YAG laser (quantum square pulse [QSP] mode, 120 mJ/10 Hz) + optibond FL + resin composite. After the specimens were prepared, the SBS test was performed at a crosshead speed of 0.5 mm/min. The fractured specimens were examined under a stereomicroscope to evaluate the fracture pattern. Statistical analyses were performed with one-way ANOVA and Tukey's honestly significant difference tests. One sample of treated dentin surface from each group was sputter-coated with gold, and scanning electron microscope (SEM) images were captured. RESULTS: Acid etching showed significantly higher SBS than the other groups (P < 0.05). However, the difference between Er:YAG MSP and QSP mode groups was not statistically significant (P > 0.05). SEM images of the acid-etched dentin surface showed opened dentinal tubule with a regular surface, but Er:YAG MSP mode treated surface was irregular. The surface treated with Er:YAG QSP mode represented wide dentinal tubules with a clean and flat surface. CONCLUSION: Using different modes (MSP and QSP) of Er:YAG laser for dentin surface treatment before application of total etch adhesives is still not an sufficient alternative compared to acid etching.

The effect of silver nanoparticles on composite shear bond strength to dentin with different adhesion protocols

Abstract In Dentistry, restorative materials and oral bacteria are believed to be responsible for restoration failure. To make long-lasting restorations, antibacterial agents should be made. Inorganic nanoparticles and their nano composites are applied as good antibacterial agents. Objective The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of silver nanoparticles on composite shear bond strength using one etch and rinse and one self-etch adhesive systems. Material and Methods Silver nanoparticles were prepared. Transmission electron microscope and X-ray diffraction were used to characterize the structure of the particles. Nanoparticles were applied on exposed dentin and then different adhesives and composites were applied. All samples were tested by universal testing machine and shear bond strength was assesed. Results Particles with average diameter of about 20 nm and spherical shape were found. Moreover, it was shown that pretreatment by silver nanoparticles enhanced shear bond strength in both etch and rinse, and in self-etch adhesive systems (p≤0.05). Conclusions Considering the positive antibacterial effects of silver nanoparticles, using them is recommended in restorative dentistry. It seems that silver nanoparticles could have positive effects on bond strength of both etch-and-rinse and self-etch adhesive systems. The best results of silver nanoparticles have been achieved with Adper Single Bond and before acid etching.

Profundidad de curado e interfaces en medios cementantes para incrustaciones de resina / Curing depth and interphases in luting agents for resin inlays

Los medios de fijación a base de resinas compuestas para cementado, no son más que una resina compuesta fluida, que contiene un menor porcentaje de relleno inorgánico. Es por esto que en la actualidad, algunos autores plantean el uso de resina compuesta de restauración como medio de fijación de restauraciones indirectas (inlay fabricado en cerómero). Dicha resina debe ser fluidificada con calor (50ºC), para posteriormente ser fotoactivada por un tiempo adecuado. Asimismo, como se trata de un material cuya reacción de polimerización sólo es activada por luz, surge la pregunta de si será capaz de ser fotoactivada eficazmente como para polimerizar correctamente, en especial en las zonas más profundas de la preparación cavitaria. El presente estudio busca analizar si existen diferencias en el grado de sellado marginal y en la profundidad de curado de restauraciones cementadas con un medio de fijación a base de resina, previa técnica de grabado y colocación de adhesivo y con una resina compuesta a través de la técnica fluidificada.

The fixing means based on composite resins for cementing, are nothing more than a fluid composite resin, which contains a lower percentage of inorganic filler. This is why, at present, some authors propose the use of composite resin restoration as a means of fixing indirect restorations (inlay made of ceramics). Said resin must be fluidized with heat (50 ° C), to be photoactivated for a suitable time. Also, since it is a material whose polymerization reaction is only activated by light, the question arises whether it will be able to be effectively photoactivated to properly polymerize, especially in the deeper areas of the cavity preparation. The present study aims to analyze if there are differences in the degree of marginal sealing and in the depth of cure of cemented restorations with a resin-based fixing medium, prior to etching and adhesive placement and with a composite resin through the fluidized technique.