Orientação a pais por chamadas de áudio durante a pandemia de covid-19 / Support for parents via audio calls during the covid-19 pandemic / Orientación de los padres mediante llamadas de audio durante la pandemia de covid-19

O distanciamento social ocasionado pela pandemia de Covid-19 levou a profundas mudanças na rotina das famílias com crianças pequenas, aumentando o estresse no ambiente doméstico. Este estudo analisou a experiência de planejamento e implementação de um projeto de extensão universitária que ofereceu orientação a pais com filhos de 0 a 11 anos por meio de chamadas de áudio durante a pandemia. O protocolo de atendimento foi desenvolvido para atender às necessidades de famílias de baixa renda e listava problemas específicos relacionados ao confinamento em casa e ao fechamento das escolas seguidos por uma variedade de estratégias de enfrentamento. A análise de 223 queixas relatadas pelos usuários em 130 ligações revelou que 94% dos problemas referidos pelos pais foram contemplados pelo protocolo de atendimento e estavam relacionados aos problemas externalizantes (39%) ou internalizantes (26%) das crianças ou ao declínio do bem-estar subjetivo dos pais (29%). Serviços de apoio devem orientar os pais quanto ao uso de práticas responsivas e assertivas que promovam o bem-estar emocional da criança e estabeleçam expectativas comportamentais em contextos estressantes. A diminuição dos conflitos entre pais e filhos resultante do uso dessas estratégias tende a reduzir o sofrimento dos pais, aumentando sua sensação de bem-estar subjetivo. Recomenda-se ampla divulgação dessas iniciativas e seguimento dos casos.(AU)

The social distancing the COVID-19 pandemic entailed has led to profound changes in the routine of families with young children, increasing stress in the home environment. This study analyzed the experience of planning and implementing a university extension program that offered support to parents with children from 0 to 11 years old via audio calls during the COVID-19 pandemic. The service protocol was developed to meet the needs of low-income families and listed specific problems related to home confinement and school closure followed by a variety of coping strategies. The analysis of 223 complaints reported by users in 130 calls revealed that 94% of the problems reported by parents were addressed by the protocol and were related to children's externalizing (39%) or internalizing (26%) problems or to the decline in parents' subjective well-being (29%). Support services should guide parents on the use of responsive and assertive practices that promote the child's emotional well-being and set behavioral expectations in stressful contexts. The reduction in conflicts between parents and children resulting from the use of these strategies tends to reduce parents' suffering, increasing their sense of subjective well-being. Wide dissemination of these initiatives and case follow-up are recommended.(AU)

La distancia social causada por la pandemia de COVID-19 condujo a cambios profundos en la rutina de las familias con niños pequeños, aumentando el estrés en el entorno del hogar. Este estudio analizó la experiencia de planificar e implementar un proyecto de extensión universitaria que ofreció orientación a los padres con niños de cero a 11 años a través de llamadas de audio durante la pandemia COVID-19. El protocolo de atención se desarrolló para satisfacer las necesidades de las familias de bajos ingresos y enumeró problemas específicos relacionados con el confinamiento en el hogar y el cierre de la escuela, seguido de una variedad de estrategias de afrontamiento. El análisis de 223 quejas informadas por los usuarios en 130 llamadas reveló que el 94% de los problemas informados por los padres fueron abordados por el protocolo de atención y estaban relacionados con los problemas de externalización (39%) o internalización (26%) de los niños o la disminución del bienestar subjetivo de los padres (29%). Los servicios de apoyo deberían aconsejar a los padres sobre el uso de prácticas receptivas y asertivas que promuevan el bienestar emocional del niño y establezcan expectativas de comportamiento en contextos estresantes. La reducción de los conflictos entre padres e hijos como resultado del uso de estas estrategias tiende a reducir el sufrimiento de los padres, aumentando su sensación de bienestar subjetivo. Se recomienda una amplia difusión de estas iniciativas y seguimiento de casos.(AU)

(In)tolerância como política: os discursos de direita e de esquerda no facebook / (In)tolerance as policy: the rightist and leftist discourses on facebook / (In)tolerancia como política: los discursos de la derecha y la izquierda en facebook

Este estudo tem como objetivo analisar traços da mentalidade potencialmente autoritária a partir do discurso de usuários do Facebook vinculados a páginas de cunho político autodeclarado de direita e de esquerda no Brasil. A Netnografia é utilizada como aporte metodológico para imersão on-line nas páginas "Eu era Direita e não sabia" e "Jovens de Esquerda", selecionadas por meio do Facebook Audience Insights, ferramenta disponibilizada pelo Facebook. Delas, foram extraídas oito postagens com maior engajamento (número de comentários, curtidas e compartilhamentos), identificadas pelo Netvizz. Foram coletados 3.489 comentários, os quais foram organizados em um corpus textual submetido ao software IRAMUTEQ e analisados sob a perspectiva da análise crítica imanente da teoria crítica. Como resultado, apresenta-se a forma como o pensamento autoritário se manifesta na racionalização da sociedade contemporânea e nas práticas discursivas em redes sociais on-line, enraizada no âmbito sociopolítico brasileiro, ameaçando o processo democrático e a construção de uma sociedade plural e liberta.(AU)

This study aims to analyze traits of the potentially authoritarian mentality from the speech of Facebook users linked to political pages self-declared as rightist and leftist in Brazil. Netnography is used as a methodological contribution for online immersion in the pages "Eu era Direita e não sabia" and "Jovens de Esquerda" selected via Facebook Audience Insights, a tool provided by Facebook. From these, eight posts with greater engagement (number of comments, likes and shares), identified by Netvizz, were extracted. We collected 3,489 comments, which were organized in a textual corpus submitted to IRAMUTEQ software and analyzed from the perspective of immanent critical analysis of Critical Theory. As a result, we present the way in which authoritarian thinking manifests itself in the rationalization of contemporary society and in discursive practices in online social networks, rooted in the Brazilian socio-political sphere, threatening the democratic process and the construction of a plural and free society.(AU)

Este estudio tiene como objetivo analizar las huellas de la mentalidad potencialmente autoritaria a partir de los discursos de usuarios en Facebook vinculados a páginas políticas autodeclaradas de derecha y de izquierda en Brasil. La netnografía se utiliza como marco metodológico para la inmersión en línea en las páginas "Eu era Direita e não sabia" y "Jovens de Esquerda", seleccionadas por Facebook Audience Insights, herramienta proporcionada por Facebook. Se extrajeron las ocho publicaciones con mayor compromiso (número de comentarios, gustos y compartidas), identificadas por Netvizz. Se recogieron 3.489 comentarios, los cuales fueron organizados en un corpus textual sometido al software IRAMUTEQ y analizado bajo la perspectiva del análisis crítico inmanente de la teoría crítica. Los resultados presentan la forma en que el pensamiento autoritario se manifiesta en la racionalización de la sociedad contemporánea y en prácticas discursivas en redes sociales en línea, arraigada en el ámbito sociopolítico brasileño, que amenazan el proceso democrático y la construcción de una sociedad plural y liberada.(AU)

Um conhecimento encarnado e o ensino da psicologia social / An incarnate knowledge and social psychology teaching / Un conocimiento encarnado y la enseñanza de la psicología social

Este artigo tem como objetivo trabalhar com a concepção de "conhecimento encarnado" defendida por Ignácio Martín-Baró, estabelecendo relações entre este conceito e o campo da Psicologia Social. Num primeiro momento, fazemos uma pequena contextualização dos efeitos de uma greve universitária que durou quatro meses, considerando que os principais efeitos que devemos debater são aqueles que estão relacionados às experimentações do espaço educacional, assim como às ressonâncias das narrativas externas ao mundo universitário. Em seguida, mesclamos experiências do cotidiano da universidade com narrativas de diferentes atores sociais sobre a greve e a própria formação, a fim de desenvolver uma teoria analítica das práticas educacionais em Psicologia Social a partir de um diálogo com Ignácio Martín-Baró. Destacamos as três perguntas apresentadas pelo autor para problematizar a história da Psicologia Social: o que nos mantém unidos numa ordem social? O que nos integra à ordem estabelecida? O que nos libera da desordem estabelecida? Entre os diferentes conceitos criados pelo autor, privilegiamos a ideia de conhecimento encarnado, realidade vivida, realidade estudada e ação ideológica.(AU)

This article aims to work with the conception of "incarnate knowledge" defended by Ignácio Martin-Baró establishing relationships between this concept and the field of Social Psychology. At first, we briefly contextualize the effects of a strike in the university environment that lasted four months, considering that the main effects that we should debate are those related to experimentations of the educational space and the resonances of the external narratives in the university world. Then, we blended experiences of the university's quotidian with narratives of different social actors about the strike and the training itself to develop an analytic theory of the educational practices in Social Psychology from a dialog with Ignácio Martin-Baró. We highlight three questions presented by the author to challenge the history of Social Psychology: what holds us together in a social order? What integrates us into the established order? What frees us from the established disorder? Among the different concepts created by the author, we privileged the idea of incarnate knowledge, lived reality, studied reality, and ideological action.(AU)

Este artículo pretende trabajar con la concepción de conocimiento defendida por Ignácio Martín-Baró, estableciendo relaciones entre este conocimiento y el campo de la psicología social. En un primer momento, hacemos una pequeña contextualización de los efectos de una huelga universitaria, que tuvo una duración de cuatro meses, considerando que los principales efectos los cuales debemos debatir son aquellos que están relacionados con las experimentaciones del espacio educacional, así como las resonancias de las narrativas externas al mundo universitario. A continuación, mezclamos experiencias de un cotidiano de la universidad con narrativas de diferentes actores sociales sobre la huelga y la propia formación, con la finalidad de desarrollar una teoría analítica de las prácticas educacionales en la psicología social a partir de un diálogo con Ignácio Martin-Baró. Destacamos las tres preguntas presentadas por el autor para problematizar la historia de la psicología social: ¿Qué nos mantiene unidos en el orden social establecido? ¿Qué nos integra al orden establecido? ¿Qué nos libera del desorden establecido? Entre los diferentes conceptos creados por el autor, privilegiamos la idea de un conocimiento encarnado, realidad vivida, realidad estudiada y acción ideológica.(AU)

A multiple mediation model of trait worry and hazardous drinking among treatment-seeking smokers: the roles of coping and conformity drinking motives.

Alcohol use is associated with poorer smoking cessation-related outcomes, and smokers with elevated levels of worry experience greater smoking cessation problems. Yet, little is known about the explanatory mechanisms that may underlie the relationship between trait worry and hazardous drinking among smokers. Therefore, this study explored the explanatory roles of coping and conformity drinking motives in the relationship between trait worry and hazardous drinking outcomes including alcohol consumption, alcohol problems, maximum number of drinks, and the number of prior alcohol quit attempts among treatment-seeking smokers. Participants included 377 treatment-seeking smokers who consumed at least one alcoholic drink in the last year (48% female; 86.2% Caucasian; Mage = 34.83 years, SD = 13.38). Results showed a significant indirect effect of trait worry through coping-related drinking motives in relation to alcohol consumption, alcohol problems, maximum number of drinks, and number of prior drinking quit attempts. These findings were evident after controlling for gender, cigarette dependence, and current psychopathology. These findings suggest that coping drinking motives are one mechanism that may explain the relation between trait worry and hazardous drinking outcomes among treatment-seeking smokers.

Adolescent Personality Risk Factors for Tobacco Smoking and Alcohol Misuse in Adult Men.

Background: Social identity theory proposes that people define themselves in terms of the social groups they belong to or aspire to belong to. Tobacco smoking and alcohol use in men have been hypothesized to be symbolic of adult male status. The current study examines whether adolescent personality characteristics linked to masculinity and nonconformity are associated with tobacco smoking and alcohol misuse in men. Methods: The analysis is based on the results of a cross-sectional study conducted in 2018 on a stratified, random sample of 703 adult male residents of Warsaw, Poland, with elementary- and secondary-school education. All survey data were collected through a paper-and-pencil questionnaire. A path model is employed to examine the direct and indirect effects of adolescent characteristics on tobacco smoking and alcohol consumption. Results: According to the path model, retrospective perceptions of self-reported character strength, rebellion against unjustified prohibitions and rules, ease in making decisions, willingness to differ from others, and interest in the opposite gender in adolescence had a significant direct effect on tobacco smoking in adolescence and a significant indirect effect on tobacco smoking in adulthood. The variables representing character strength, rebellion against unjustified prohibitions and rules, ease in making decisions, and interest in the opposite gender in adolescence also showed a significant direct effect on alcohol use in adolescence. Conclusion: Masculinity and nonconformity were related to addictive behaviors in men, which might have health policy implications. In this paper, associating traditional masculinity with health orientation in society is proposed as a possible preventive intervention.

Understanding the Meaning of Conformity to Feminine Norms in Lifestyle Habits and Health: A Cluster Analysis.

Background: Gender roles impact different spheres of life and lead women to behavioral patterns and lifestyle habits associated with femininity, generating important differences between men and women in health. The present study analyzed relationships between conformity to the feminine norms and different lifestyle indicators: Educational level, marital status, alcohol consumption, tobacco consumption, sleeping hours, social support, and physical activity. Additionally, cluster analysis was developed in order to identify different patterns of gender role conformity. Methods: The sample was made up of 347 women age 18-70 from Spain. Data collection was conducted during 2014. Results: Multiple logistic regression analyses produced odds ratios showing that women with lower feminine role conformity were more likely to use tobacco and alcohol, but less likely to share their lives with someone. Cluster analysis found four different profiles of gender role conformity related to different patterns of alcohol consumption and marital status. Conclusions: Conformity to feminine norms was associated with basic affective conditions such as sharing life with others and with alcohol and tobacco consumption, but not with physical activity, social support, and sleep duration. Whereas tobacco and alcohol use have important health implications, public health systems should pay attention to gender-related variables in order to design and implement specific prevention programs.

El continente semántico de las representaciones: conocimiento compartido socialmente / The semantic continent of representations: socially shared knowledge

Resumen Objetivo: Identificar el continente semántico de las representaciones sociales, partiendo de la hipótesis teórica de que "el conocimiento es socialmente compartido". Método: El artículo presenta tres estudios en los que participaron un total de 1.659 sujetos, 52 % hombres y 48 % mujeres, seleccionados de manera intencional, por conveniencia, mayores de 16 años de edad, habitantes de la ciudad de Santa Marta, Colombia. Con metodología mixta y preponderancia en lo cualitativo, mediante las técnicas de Análisis Prototípico y Categorial de Representación Social, Análisis de Contenido y Lexicográfico, Asociación Libre de Palabras, apoyados con otros instrumentos, con 20 palabras o frases inductoras para extraer información. Resultados: En los diferentes estudios se produjeron 5.983 tokens (palabras totales) y 1.806 types (palabras diferentes) y el promedio de types por sujeto fue de 1,3. El estudio demuestra que el conocimiento tiene Contenido, Organización y Significado concreto e individual, aunque compartido socialmente, y la estructura semántica que se moviliza conserva unidades significantes cuantitativamente comunes y reducidas. Conclusión: Se demuestra que el continente semántico tiende a ser compacto, lo que sugiere que la cognición tiende a economizar energía y facilitar el comportamiento, yendo a interrelaciones más eficientes y estables.

Abstract Objective: This paper aims to identify semantic continet of social representations, focus on a theoretical hypothesis as follows: "socially shared knowledge". Method: This paper shows three studies. 1659 participants were sampled, 52 % men and 48 % women, intentionally selected, by convenience, over 16 years of age, inhabitants in Santa Marta, Colombia. A mixed methodology showing preponderance of qualitative results; also, techniques of Prototypical and Categorical Analysis of Social Representation, Content Analysis and Lexicographic, Free Association of Words, supported with other instruments, 20 words or phrases inducing to extract information were used. Results: According to different studies 5983 types (total words) and 1806 types (different words) and average of types per subject was 1.3. The study demonstrates that knowledge has concrete and individual although socially shared contents and the semantic structure that moved retains significant quantitatively common and reduced units. Conclusion: It has been shown in this research that the semantic content tends to be compact, suggesting that cognition tends to save energy and facilitate behavior, addressed to more efficient and stable interrelationships.

Heterogeneous Patterns of Marijuana Use Motives Using Latent Profile Analysis.

Background: Given that marijuana use is often associated with detrimental physical and mental health problems, research examining motives for its use is critical for effective remedial and preventive treatment. To date, the majority of research on marijuana use motives has used variable-centered analyses, which overlooks potentially meaningful heterogeneous response patterns and the associations of those patterns with other risk/protective factors. Methods: To address this gap, in the current study, we conducted a person-centered analysis (latent profile analysis) to identify subgroups of participants based on endorsed marijuana use motives, and examined the construct validity of the optimal class solution (covariates included sociodemographic (e.g., age), psychiatric (e.g., depression), and marijuana-use indices (e.g., use-frequency, use-related problems). Participants were 898 college students (Mage = 20.93, SDage = 3.10; 68.9% female) who completed an anonymous online survey examining substance use and psychological well-being, were 18 years or older, and endorsed lifetime marijuana use. Data were collected November 2016 through February 2018. Results: Results identified four unique classes of coping, conformity, social, and enhancement marijuana use motives: (a) "Low Motives" (37.6%), (b) "High Conformity" (4.9%), (c) "Low Conformity" (45.8%), and (d) "High Motives" (11.7%). In terms of covariates, higher motive classes tended to report more frequent and problematic use. The two classes uniquely characterized by conformity motives only differed on past-month marijuana use frequency. Conclusions/Importance: The current findings provide evidence that specific classes of motives were not only associated with marijuana use frequency and problems but other risk and protective factors, such as anxiety sensitivity and social support.

Um sobrevoo pelo estado da arte sobre gênero e sexualidade na pesquisa / An overview of the state of the on gender and sexuality in research / Un sobrevuelo por el estado del arte sobre género y sexualidad en la investigación

Atualmente o Brasil se encontra em um cenário preocupante em termos de violações de direitos, sobretudo no que se refere às minorias sexuais. Tendo em vista que tal cenário produz intenso sofrimento, é importante que se construam espaços de pesquisa, discussão e reflexão que possam trazer maior densidade e visibilidade às problemáticas sociais que envolvam gênero e sexualidade. Neste sentido, este estudo, marcado pela perspectiva genealógica de Foucault, trata-se de uma pesquisa de revisão bibliográfica, cuja análise deu-se por meio de um estudo quantitativo, que foi construído a partir da análise das bases de dados SciELO, LILACS e Lattes. Tal análise teve por objetivo apontar como as temáticas relacionadas ao gênero e à sexualidade são abordadas nas produções das ciências humanas, especialmente na Psicologia. Diante dos resultados, constatou-se que a ciência psicológica não é uma das áreas mais envolvidas com o tema. No entanto, vale salientar que os estudos da Psicologia encontrados apontam para uma análise mais crítica e que aposta na produção dos sentidos, distanciando-se de uma perspectiva mais positivista.(AU)

Brazil is in a worrying scenario in terms of violations of rights, especially with regard to sexual minorities. Taking into account that this scenario produces intense suffering, it is important to construct spaces of data, discussion and reflection which relate to networks that evolve gender and sexuality. In this sense, this study, marked by the genealogical perspective of Foucault, is a bibliographical research, using a quantitative study, which was constructed from the analysis of the databases SciELO, LILACS and Lattes. This analysis sought to point out how gender and sexuality issues are approached in the humanities productions, especially in Psychology. It was found that the psychological science is not involved with this subject. However, it is worth mentioning that the studies of Psychology studied here point to a more critical analysis that defends the production of senses, distancing itself from a more positivist perspective.(AU)

Brasil se encuentra actualmente en un escenario preocupante en términos de violaciones de derechos, especialmente con respecto a las minorías sexuales. Dado que este escenario produce un sufrimiento intenso, es importante crear espacios para la investigación, el debate y la reflexión que puedan aportar mayor densidad y visibilidad a los problemas sociales relacionados con el género y la sexualidad. En este sentido, este estudio, marcado por la perspectiva genealógica de Foucault, es una investigación de revisión bibliográfica, cuyo análisis tuvo lugar a través de un estudio cuantitativo, que se construyó a partir del análisis de Scielo, Lilacs y Lattes. Este análisis tuvo como objetivo señalar cómo se abordan los temas relacionados con el género y la sexualidad en las producciones de las ciencias humanas, especialmente en Psicología. Dados los resultados, se descubrió que la ciencia psicológica no es una de las áreas más involucradas con el tema. Sin embargo, es digno de mención que los estudios de Psicología encontrados apunten hacia un análisis más crítico y que apuesten por la producción de los sentidos, alejándose de una perspectiva más positivista.(AU)

La crítica y la educación médica: hacia un conocimiento liberador. Parte I / Critique and medical education: towards liberating knowledge. Part I

Resumen: Como marco intelectivo e interpretativo de este trabajo se propone y argumenta el diagnóstico del momento actual como colapso civilizatorio, provocado por la dominancia de los intereses de lucro sin límites, que ha sido posible por la insensibilidad y la permisividad mayoritarias de la población ante una degradación social y ecosistémica extrema. Detrás de tal «anestesia¼ está la dominación de conciencias y cuerpos basada en una educación que reproduce las ideas y las prácticas prevalentes en cada espacio social y perpetúa los rasgos degradantes: individualismo, especialización excluyente, pasividad, competitividad, consumismo y vulnerabilidad a la manipulación mediática. En esta primera parte, la crítica de la esfera educativa de la educación médica significó diferenciar y contrastar dos tipos de educación radicalmente distintos. El primero es la educación pasiva, de vigencia universal que subyace a la degradación, cuyo núcleo es la idea de conocimiento equiparable a un aprendizaje memorístico y acumulativo de información heterónoma y desvinculada, y por una pedagogía implícita centrada en estimular y facilitar el consumo y la asimilación acrítica de las verdades establecidas. El segundo es la educación participativa, una propuesta de superación de la pasiva, en la que el conocimiento es elaboración y reelaboración propia de los educandos con la mediación imprescindible de la crítica profunda, que construyen y reconstruyen versiones propias de sí mismos y su contexto; su pedagogía se resume en contagiar entusiasmo por entender quiénes somos y dónde estamos, y procurar ambientes propicios para la crítica y la elaboración de un conocimiento penetrante y liberador, que ha mostrado su factibilidad en situaciones concretas.

Abstract: This essay defines the current moment as a civilizatory collapse, consequence of the dominance of limitless profit interests, which has been possible due to the insensitivity and permissiveness of most of the population in the face of extreme social and ecosystemic degradations. In the background of such "anesthesia" there is the predominant education and its key role in the reproduction of prevalent social ideas and practices and in the perpetuation of degrading traits: individualism, exclusionary specialization, passivity, competitiveness, consumerism and vulnerability to media manipulation. With this intellective and interpretive framework, the concept of deep and creative critique was updated in order to deepen the critique of medical education, allowing for the differentiation and contrast of two radically different types of education. Firstly, the passive education, reproductive of the degrading traits of universal validity, whose core is the idea of knowledge comparable to a cumulative rote learning of heteronomous and unrelated information, and by an implicit pedagogy focused on facilitating the consumption and uncritical assimilation of established truths. Secondly, the participatory education (proposal to overcome the passive), where knowledge is the elaboration and re-elaboration of students with the essential mediation of critique. The students construct and reconstruct their own versions of themselves and their context; the implicit pedagogy is condensed in infecting enthusiasm to understand who we are and where we are, and procure conducive environments for critique and the elaboration of a progressively penetrating and liberating knowledge that has shown its feasibility in specific situations.

The Protective Effects of School Connectedness on Substance Use and Physical Activity.

PURPOSE: Cross-sectional evidence suggests that school connectedness is an important correlate of health-related behaviors among adolescents, but prospective studies are needed to strengthen the case for a causal relationship. This study investigated the prospective relationship between school connectedness and four health-related behaviors: cigarette smoking, marijuana use, binge drinking, and physical activity. METHODS: We analyzed 4 years of data from the COMPASS study. Participants included in this analysis were 33,313 students who provided information on sociodemographic, school connectedness, and the four health-related behaviors for at least two consecutive years. Generalized Estimating Equation models were used to examine whether the change in school connectedness scores predicted the change in an individual child's trajectory of health-related behaviors across 9th, 10th, 11th, and 12th grades. RESULTS: As students moved to higher grades, school connectedness decreased, and the likelihood of being a less frequent smoker, marijuana user, and binge drinker, and meeting physical activity guidelines declined. An increase in school connectedness scores was associated with an increased likelihood of meeting physical activity recommendations (OR = 1.06, p < .01), being a less frequent smoker, marijuana user, and binge drinker (OR = 1.30, 1.17, 1.10, respectively; p's < .0001) across the 4 years. CONCLUSIONS: This study provides prospective evidence supporting the protective effects of school connectedness on substance abuse and physical activity, and highlights the importance of fostering school connectedness to support healthy adolescent development.

Predictors of youth e-cigarette use susceptibility in a U.S. nationally representative sample.

OBJECTIVES: Given that nicotine is one of the most addictive substances and that adolescents who are exposed to nicotine via e-cigarettes can progress to conventional cigarette smoking, there is a need to identify youth who are susceptible to e-cigarette use and prevent them from initiating e-cigarette use. Susceptibility to e-cigarette use, defined as the absence of a firm decision not to use e-cigarettes, is a useful concept that can be used to predict e-cigarette initiation and identify youth who have high risk of initiating e-cigarettes. This study was conducted to investigate factors that affect youth susceptibility to e-cigarette use. METHODS: Youth who have never smoked conventional cigarettes and who had seen or heard of e-cigarettes but never used them (N = 9853) were drawn from the Population Assessment of Tobacco and Health (PATH) Study Wave 1 youth dataset collected from 2013 to 2014. Data were analyzed using logistic regression to investigate intrapersonal and environmental determinants of youth susceptibility to e-cigarette use. RESULTS: Overall, 24.2% (n = 2410) of youth who have never used e-cigarettes were susceptible to e-cigarette use. Psychological problems and rebelliousness were associated with increased susceptibility. Ever use of alcohol, marijuana, and other substances and household secondhand smoke exposure were found to be risk factors. Perceptions of e-cigarettes as addictive and harmful worked as protective factors. CONCLUSIONS: The results revealed determinants of e-cigarette use susceptibility. Multi-level intervention approach is needed to prevent youth from being susceptible to e-cigarette initiation.

Motives for simultaneous alcohol and marijuana use among young adults.

The majority of young adults who use alcohol and marijuana sometimes use the two substances simultaneously. Understanding why young adults engage in simultaneous alcohol and marijuana (SAM) use may inform interventions and help offset negative consequences. To date, research has not yet examined motives for SAM use. The current study tested a 26-item measure of motives for SAM use in a community sample of young adults to identify the factor structure and to evaluate associations of subscales of SAM motives with alcohol and marijuana motives and substance use. Young adults from the Seattle metropolitan area (N=286; 58% female, 67% White/Caucasian) were asked about their motives for using alcohol, marijuana, and SAM as well as their use of alcohol and marijuana and related consequences in the past month. Exploratory factor analysis with promax rotation identified four factors to characterize motives for SAM use: (1) conformity (8 items, α=0.87, e.g., "to fit in with a group I like," "pressure from others"), (2) positive effects (6 items, α=0.88, e.g., "cross-faded effects are better," "to get a better high") (3) calm/coping (3 items, α=0.77, e.g., "to calm me down," "to cope with anxiety"), and (4) social (5 items, α=0.78, e.g., "because it is customary on special occasions," "as a way to celebrate"). Results revealed that alcohol, marijuana, and SAM motives were moderately correlated. Even after controlling for alcohol or marijuana motives, SAM motives were associated with SAM use and marijuana use/consequences (but not alcohol use/consequences).

Dynamic Norms Promote Sustainable Behavior, Even if It Is Counternormative.

It is well known that people conform to normative information about other people's current attitudes and behaviors. Do they also conform to dynamic norms-information about how other people's behavior is changing over time? We investigated this question in three online and two field experiments. Experiments 1 through 4 examined high levels of meat consumption, a normative and salient behavior that is decreasing in the United States. Dynamic norms motivated change despite prevailing static norms, increasing interest in eating less meat (Experiments 1-3) and doubling meatless orders at a café (Experiment 4). Mediators included the anticipation of less meat eating in the future ( preconformity) and the inference that reducing meat consumption mattered to other people (Experiments 2 and 3). In Experiment 5, we took advantage of a natural comparison to provide evidence that dynamic norms can also strengthen social-norm interventions when the static norm is positive; a positive dynamic norm resulted in reduced laundry loads and water use over 3 weeks during a drought.

Risky substance use and peer pressure in Swiss young men: Test of moderation effects.

BACKGROUND: Peer pressure (PP) toward misconduct is a well-known risk factor for substance use. However, the way it interacts with social factors and the associations of the aspects of PP other than PP toward misconduct have been understudied. This study examined the associations of three aspects of PP with risky substance use and tested whether the associations of PP toward misconduct were moderated by social factors. METHOD: A representative sample of 5,680 young Swiss males completed a questionnaire assessing risky alcohol, cigarette, and cannabis use, PP toward misconduct, toward peer involvement, and toward peer conformity, as well as social support (SS) and neighbourhood cohesion. Multinomial logistic regression models were used. RESULTS: PP toward misconduct was positively associated with all substance use outcomes. The PP toward misconduct-risky alcohol use association was stronger in individuals reporting high than in those reporting low levels of PP toward peer involvement, SS, and neighbourhood cohesion. The PP toward misconduct-risky cannabis use association was stronger in individuals reporting high than in those reporting low levels of SS and neighbourhood cohesion. The PP toward misconduct-smoking association was stronger in individuals reporting high than in those reporting low levels of PP toward peer involvement. CONCLUSIONS: The risk for substance use associated with PP toward misconduct varies as a function of social factors. Being well connected with others (high level of PP toward peer involvement and SS), and living in a cohesive neighbourhood may amplify the risk for risky substance use associated with PP toward misconduct.

A inserção da organização social no setor saúde (OSS) no projeto da assistência no Ceará sob a lente da semiótica

O SUS brasileiro é fruto de uma reflexão revolucionária no pensamento da construção social em Saúde, iniciada em um período de grande efervescência política de luta pela redemocratização do País. Na construção do SUS, dois textos são fundantes: A Constituição Federal de 1988 e a lei 8080/90. Ambos pertencem ao domínio discursivo jurídico. Essa reflexão revisitou os chamados princípios doutrinários do SUS, apoiados sobre os seguintes fundamentos: igualdade, universalidade, solidariedade, integralidade e saúde como direito de todos e dever do Estado brasileiro, premissas que dão sustentação ao Sistema de Saúde brasileiro, essências pelas quais não há sustentação do ponto de vista da construção semiótica, para a existência do SUS, por serem estes o enunciado e os valores euforizados, modalizantes, para o saber fazer do Estado na consecução do objeto Saúde. O Estado, no texto, tem a função social precípua da proteção de proprietários e a viabilização da propriedade. O SUS por meio das leis federais nº 8.080/90 e 8.142/90, leis orgânica da saúde e do controle social,ou da participação comunitária, respectivamente, insere-se significantemente no sentido das esferas social de Arendt e pública política de Habermas. Para a análise da Saúde nesse contexto optamos pela abordagem Semiótica proposta por Greimas...

The Brazilian SUS is the result of a revolutionary thought in the thinking of social construction in Health, started in a period of great political ferment of struggle for democratization of the country the construction of SUS, two (2) texts are founding:The Federal Constitution of 1988 and the law nº 8080/90. Both belong to the legal discursive domain. For the analysis of Health in this context we opted for the Semiotics approach proposed by Greimas...

El Ejército zapatista de liberación nacional y su crítica de las psicologías conformista, despótica y desmemoriada / The zapatista army of national liberation and its critique of conformist, despotic and forgetful psychologies

El discurso de un conocido grupo guerrillero mexicano, el Ejército Zapatista de Liberación Nacional, es tomado, no como un objeto de estudio, sino como una forma de estudio, es decir, como fuente de una perspectiva psicológica de reflexión e investigación, de acción y transformación. De modo más preciso, el artículo presenta la crítica puntual que el Ejército Zapatista de Liberación Nacional dirige hacia tres psicologías ideológicas profanas y empíricas, tácitamente aceptadas y ampliamente difundidas en la sociedad, a saber, las psicologías conformista, despótica y desmemoriada. Se considera que estas tres psicologías subyacen a ciertas corrientes y teorías en la disciplina psicológica científica hegemónica dentro del ámbito académico.

The discourse of a well-known Mexican guerrilla group, the Zapatista Army of National Liberation, is taken, not as a study object, but as a form of study, i.e., as a source of a psychological perspective of reflection and research, of action and transformation. More precisely, the paper discusses the Zapatista critique towards three secular and empirical ideological psychologies -the three tacitly accepted and widespread in society -, namely the conformist, despotic and forgetful psychologies. It is considered that these psychologies underlie certain trends and theories in the hegemonic scientific psychological discipline within academia.

Longitudinal trajectories of marijuana use from adolescence to young adulthood.

BACKGROUND: Marijuana use is increasingly widespread among adolescents and young adults; however, few studies have examined longitudinal trajectories of marijuana use during this important developmental period. As such, we examined adolescent trajectories of marijuana use and the psychosocial factors that may differentiate individuals who escalate their marijuana use over adolescence and young adulthood from those who do not. METHODS: Participants were 1204 9th and 10th graders at baseline who were over-sampled for cigarette use and were followed over 6-years, as part of an extensive longitudinal study, the Social and Emotional Contexts of Adolescent Smoking Patterns (SECASP) study. Growth Mixture Modeling (GMM) was used to model trajectories of marijuana use and Mixed Effects Regression analyses were used to examine psychosocial correlates of marijuana use escalation over time. RESULTS: Our results revealed three trajectories of non-escalating users (low users, medium users, and high users) and one escalating user trajectory. We found that relative to Non-escalators the Escalators had higher cigarette smoking (p<.0001), novelty-seeking (p=.02), aggressive and anti-social behavior (p<.007), and problem behavior related to peer context (p=.04). Moreover, there were important time and Group by Time interactions in some of these relationships. On the other hand, parental control and depression did not differ between escalators and low and medium non-escalating users. CONCLUSIONS: Cigarette smoking, novelty-seeking, aggressive and anti-social behavior, and peer influence are related to 'escalating' marijuana use throughout adolescence and young adulthood.

O discurso sobre a alimentação saudável como estratégia de biopoder / The discourse on healthy eating as a strategy of biopower

O artigo traz reflexões sobre a noção de alimentação saudável, produzida no imaginário social na sociedade ocidental contemporânea, orientada por uma concepção de saúde reduzida à busca de cura ou prevenção da doença. Subsídios teóricos das Ciências Sociais e Humanas propiciaram melhores condições para compreender a alimentação como temática intersticial de articulação entre o biológico e o psicossocial. Destacamos a alimentação saudável derivada da racionalidade científica moderna e de normatividade geral e problematizamos a discursividade da promoção da alimentação saudável a partir do conceito de biopoder de Foucault. Não negamos o valor das evidências epidemiológicas sobre a relação direta entre alimentação e adoecimento e reconhecemos que conhecer é melhor do que ignorar quando é preciso agir. No entanto, por entendermos que para o (re)estabelecimento da saúde, em nutrição, é necessário mais do que prescrever nutrientes e alimentos, acreditamos que não devemos normatizar a alimentação e olhar para a informação científica como algo absoluto. Instrumentos conceituais e fundamentos teóricos que não estão no "verdadeiro" do discurso biológico fazem-se necessários nas proposições sobre a alimentação saudável, uma vez que interesses políticos e econômicos dos setores hegemônicos ligados à dimensão biomédica não deixam muito espaço para a discussão das questões psíquicas e sociais...

The article approaches some thoughts about the notion of healthy eating produced in the social imaginary in contemporary Western society oriented for health as a search for cure or disease prevention. Theoretical basis of Sciences and Humanities provided better conditions to understand feeding as an interstitial thematic articulation between the biological and psychosocial. First, we emphasize healthy eating derived from modern scientific rationality and general normativity. Then we problematize the discursivity of health promotion from the Foucault's concept of biopower. We do not deny the value of the epidemiological evidence about the direct relationship between food and illness and we recognize that knowing is better than ignoring when action is needed. However, we believe that we should not normalize feeding and look at scientific information as something absolute, because we believe that for the (re)establishment of health more than prescribing nutrients and food is required. The economic and the political interests of hegemonic sectors related to the biomedical dimension does not allow much space for the discussion of psychological and / or social matters. So, new conceptual tools and theoretical foundations that are not in the "true" of the biological discourse are needed in propositions on healthy eating...