Cordia Dichotoma: A Comprehensive Review of its Phytoconstituents and Endophytic Fungal Metabolites and their Potential Anticancer Effects.

Cordia Dichotoma is a valuable medicinal plant belonging to the family Boraginaceae. It consists of several beneficial secondary metabolite components, including alkaloids, carbohydrates, flavonoids, glycosides, saponins, and tannins. Numerous studies have been conducted to assess the anticancer properties of Cordia Dichotoma on MCF-7, A-549, PC3, and HeLa cancer cell lines, primarily utilizing ethanolic extract, methanolic extract, and chloroform extract. The results of these studies have demonstrated significant effects. Furthermore, several studies have revealed the rich phytoconstituent content of Cordia Dichotoma with some significant components previously utilized by researchers to investigate the anticancer properties of specific compounds. This review discusses several of these components, including ß-sitosterol, α-amyrin, Quercitrin, Robinin, betulin, Taxifolin, and Hesperetin. Additionally, a recent study uncovered that the anticancer effect of metabolites from endophytic fungi residing on the Cordia Dichotoma plant is attributed to a property of the plant itself. This review focuses on the current state of anticancer research related to this plant and its components.

Essential oil of Cordia curassavica (Jacq) Roem. & Schult: in vitro and in silico evaluation of effects on dengue virus replication and cytokines production / Aceite esencial de Cordia curassavica (Jacq) Roem. & Schult: evaluación in vitro e in silico del efecto sobre la replicación del virus dengue y la producción de citoquinas

The lack of effective conventional therapie s against dengue has created an interest in herbal preparations as alternative therapies. In the present study, in vitro effects of Cordia curassavica essential oil (EO) on both dengue virus replication and cytokine production were examined. Predictions of molecular interactions between EO compounds and virus and cell proteins were performed with AutoDock Vina. The EO inhibited replication of dengue virus serotypes at IC 50 < 30 µg/mL, and it reduced 87% TNF - α, 67% IL - 8 and 46% IFN - α in LPS - stimulated PBMCs. The main EO compounds were trans - ß - caryophyllene (21.4%), germacrene D (17.8%), α - copaene (16.5%), trans - ß - guaiene (8.2%), and α - pinene (6.0%). The first two compounds, δ - cadinene, α - muurolene, α - cubebene and ß - burbonene were coupled to proteins involved in the TLR - 4 cytokine effector pathway. 3,7 - Guaiadiene was coupled to the viral E and C proteins. This study demonstrates the potential of C. curassavica EO as a starting point for discovering novel therapeutic for dengue.

La falta de terapias eficaces para el dengue ha suscitado interés por preparados herbales como terapias alternativas. En el presente estudio se examinaron efectos in vitro del aceite e sencial (AE) de Cordia curassavica sobre la replicación del virus dengue y producción de citoquinas. Se realizaron predicciones de interacciones moleculares entre los compuestos del AE y proteínas virales y celulares con AutoDock Vina. El AE inhibió la rep licación de serotipos del virus a CI 50 < 30 µg/mL y redujo 87% TNF - α, 67% IL - 8 y 46% IFN - α en MNCP. Los principales compuestos del AE fueron trans - ß - cariofileno, germacreno D, α - copaeno, trans - ß - guaieno y α - pineno. Los dos primeros compuestos, el δ - cadineno, el α - muuroleno, el α - cubebeno y el ß - burboneno se acoplaron a proteínas implicadas en la vía efectora de citoquinas TLR - 4. El 3,7 - guaiadiene se acopló a las proteínas virales E y C. Este estudio demuestra el potencial del AE de C. curassavica como punto de partida para descubrir nuevas tera pias para el dengue.

Cordia oncocalyx and oncocalyxones: From the phytochemistry to the anticancer action and therapeutic benefits against chronic diseases.

Cordia oncocalyx Allemão is an endemic economically underexploited plant from Brazilian semi-arid region. Herein, we carried out a well-defined bibliographic review about the pharmacological activities of oncocalyxones from C. oncocalyx and mechanisms responsible for the biomedical properties. MeSH terms were used in the scientific databases for a narrative exploration. Technological development and bioproducts were also examined. Cordia oncocalyx is a deciduous tree of sexual reproduction rich in terpenoid quinones. Among them, oncocalyxone A, a 1,4-benzoquinone, the main compound from heartwood ethanol extracts, revealed anti-inflammatory and anti-edematogenic actions induced by carrageenan and dextran and antinociceptive potential in mice provoked by acetic acid and formalin. Oncocalyxone A inhibits platelet aggregation via activation of the soluble guanylate cyclase enzyme and blocks glycation processes. In addition to the antimicrobial effects against protozoa, fungi and bacteria and relaxation of smooth muscles, oncocalyxone A reduces mean blood pressure and glycemia in diabetic rats, decreases glomerular filtration parameters and tubular transport of electrolytes, and presents in vitro antimitotic and cytotoxic action upon different types of cancers, including resistant lung carcinoma lines. It has low oral acute toxicity (LD50 > 2000 mg/kg) and activates cellular apoptosis through the production of free radicals and interactions with DNA. However, no patents were found, which also emphasizes that Brazil, as the cradle of the main articles on C. oncocalyx, is wasting time and money. Moreover, slight systemic deleterious effects in mammals stimulate the use of oncocalyxone A and related compounds as lead constituents of safer drugs against chronic diseases.

Phytochemical screening of Cordia glabrata (MART.) A.DC. extracts and its potential antioxidant, photoprotective, antimicrobial and antiviral activities / Triagem fitoquímica de extratos de Cordia glabrata (MART.) A.DC. e sua potencial atividade antioxidante, fotoprotetora, antimicrobiana e antiviral

Species of the genus Cordia have shown biological activities, such as anti-inflammatory, analgesic, antioxidant, antiviral, and antifungal activities. The species Cordia glabrata (MART) A.DC. Has no information concerning its phytochemical profile and possible biological activities. Thus, this study aimed to evaluate this profile in ethanolic extracts of young, adult and senescent leaves, as well as their antioxidant, photoprotective, antimicrobial, and virucidal potentials. Phytochemical analysis was performed by TLC (thin-layer chromatography) and showed the presence of flavonoids, tannins, and terpenes. The evaluation by UPLC-MS/MS (Ultra performance liquid chromatography - tandem mass spectrometer) evidenced the presence of caffeic (3.89 mgL-¹), p-cumaric (6.13 mgL-¹), and ferulic (0.58 mgL-¹) acids, whilst, in GC/MS (Gas chromatography–mass spectrometry) analysis there was a greater amount of palmitic (51.17%), stearic (20.34%), linoleic (9.62%), and miristic (8.16%) fatty acids. The DPPH (2,2-Diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) and ABTS+ (2′-Azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid)) radicals were used to verify the potential antioxidant activity, observing a better activity for the leaf extract in the adult phenological stage: 54.63 ± 1.06 µgmL-¹ (DPPH) and 44.21 ± 1.69 mM (ABTS). The potential photoprotective activity of the extracts was determined by spectrophotometry and the in vitro values of SPF (Sun Protection Factor) in young and adult leaves (5.47 and 5.41, respectively) showed values close to the minimum SPF of 6.0 required by ANVISA (Brazilian Health Regulatory Agency). It was not observed an antimicrobial activity for Staphylococcus aureus with a minimum inhibitory concentration of 2000 µgmL-¹, however the anti-herpetic assay against the Herpes simplex virus type 2 (HSV-2) showed a potent virucidal activity at the tested concentrations with CV50 value <0.195 µgmL-¹ and a Selectivity Index (SI = CC50 / CV50) greater than 448. The results [...].

Espécies do gênero Cordia apresentam atividades biológicas, como anti-inflamatória, analgésica, antioxidante, antiviral e antifúngica. Para a espécie Cordia glabrata (MART) A.DC., ainda não existem informações sobre seu perfil fitoquímico e possíveis atividades biológicas, deste modo, o presente estudo teve como objetivo avaliar este perfil em extratos etanólicos de folhas jovens, adultas e senescentes, bem como o potencial antioxidante, fotoprotetor, antimicrobiano e virucida. A análise fitoquímica foi realizada por CCD (Cromatografia em Camada Delgada), mostrando a presença de flavonóides, taninos e terpenos. Na avaliação por CLAE EM/EM (Cromatografia Líquida de Ultra Eficiência acoplada a Espectrometria de Massas) foi evidenciado a presença dos ácidos caféico (3,89 mgL-¹), p-cumárico (6,13 mgL-¹) e ferúlico (0,58 mgL-¹), paralelamente, na CG/EM (Cromatografia Gasosa acoplada a Espectrometria de Massas) verificou-se maior quantidade dos ácidos graxos palmítico (51,17%), esteárico (20,34%), linoléico (9,62%) e mirístico (8,16%). Os radicais DPPH (2,2-Difenil-1-picrilhidrazil) e ABTS+ (2′-Azino-bis (ácido 3-etilbenzotiazolina-6-sulfônico)) foram utilizados para verificar o potencial antioxidante, observando se uma atividade superior para o extrato da folha em sua fase fenológica adulta: 54,63 ± 1,06 µgmL-¹ (DPPH) e 44,21 ± 1,69 mM (ABTS+). A potencial atividade fotoprotetora dos extratos foi determinada espectrofotometricamente e os valores in vitro de FPS (Fator de Proteção Solar) em folhas jovens e adultas (5,47 e 5,41 respectivamente) apresentaram valores próximos ao FPS mínimo de 6,0 exigido pela ANVISA (Agência Nacional de Vigilância Sanitária). Não foi observada atividade antimicrobiana para Staphylococcus aureus sendo a concentração inibitória mínima de 2000 µgmL-¹, no entanto o ensaio anti-herpético contra o vírus Herpes simplex tipo 2 (HSV-2) mostrou uma potente atividade virucida nas concentrações testadas [...].

Anticancer Activity of Cordia dichotoma against a Panel of Human Cancer Cell Lines and Their Phytochemical Profiling via HPLC and GCMS.

The current study was conducted to examine the in vitro anticancer potential of Cordia dichotoma (bark, leaves, pulp and seed). The plant material was collected from UT of J&K and methodical bioassays were carried out on ten human cancer cell lines (Michigan Cancer Foundation-7 (MCF-7), M.D. Anderson-Metastatic Breast (MDA-MB-231), Neuroblastoma-2a (N2A), SH-SY5Y, U-251, HCT-116, SW-620, A-549, MIA PaCa-2, Panc-1) from five different origins (breast, CNS, colon, lung, pancreas) respectively. Methanolic extracts were produced and fractions were then obtained from the extracts and evaluated for cytotoxicity. Mechanistic assays, HPLC, and GCMS profiling were performed on the highest active fraction. The Sulforhodamine B (SRB) assay determined the in vitro cytotoxicity. The findings revealed that the bark portion had in vitro cytotoxicity against the A-549 human lung cancer cell line. To our knowledge, this is the first study to show that the plant's bark has anticancer properties and induced chromatin condensation, confirmed cell death via ROS generation, and significantly decreased colony formation in A-549 cell line from lung origin in a dose-dependent manner. Furthermore, HPLC and GCMS investigations indicated the presence of a number of bioactive molecules such as gallic acid (144,969.86) uV*sec, caffeic acid (104.26) uV*sec, ferulic acid (472.87) uV*sec, vanillic acid (13,775.39) uV*sec, palmitic acid (18.34%), cis vaccenic acid (28.81%), etc. and one of the compounds was reported for the first time from the bark. As a result of its promising efficacy, it may become an essential cancer chemopreventive or chemotherapeutic medication for patients with lung carcinoma.

Essential oils of Cordia species, compounds and applications: a systematic review / Aceites esenciales de especies de Cordia, compuestos y aplicaciones: una revisión sistemática

The purpose of this systematic review was to identify the available literature on the essential oil from species of genus Cordia. This study followed the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews. The search was conducted on four databases: LILACS, PubMed, Science Direct, and Scopus until June 5th, 2020, with no time or language restrictions. Sixty out of the 1,333 initially gathered studies fit the inclusion criteria after the selection process. Nine species of Cordia were reported in the selected studies, out of which 79% of the evaluated studies reported essential oil from Cordia curassavica. The essential oil extraction methods identified were hydrodistillation and steam distillation. As for biological application, antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, larvicidal and antioxidant activities were the most reported. The main compounds reported for essential oil were ß-caryophyllene, α-humulene, α-pinene, bicyclogermacrene, and sabinene. The information reported in this systematic review can contribute scientifically to the recognition of the importance of the genus Cordia.

El propósito de esta revisión sistemática fue identificar la literatura disponible sobre el aceite esencial de especies del género Cordia. Este estudio siguió los elementos de informe preferidos para revisiones sistemáticas. La búsqueda se realizó en cuatro bases de datos: LILACS, PubMed, Science Direct y Scopus hasta el 5 de junio de 2020, sin restricciones de tiempo ni de idioma. Sesenta de los 1.333 estudios reunidos inicialmente cumplieron los criterios de inclusión después del proceso de selección. Se informaron nueve especies de Cordia en los estudios seleccionados, de los cuales el 79% de los estudios evaluados informaron aceite esencial de Cordia curassavica. Los métodos de extracción de aceite esencial identificados fueron la hidrodestilación y la destilación al vapor. En cuanto a la aplicación biológica, las actividades antimicrobianas, antiinflamatorias, larvicidas y antioxidantes fueron las más reportadas. Los principales compuestos reportados para el aceite esencial fueron ß-cariofileno, α-humuleno, α-pineno, biciclogermacreno y sabineno. La información reportada en esta revisión sistemática puede contribuir científicamente al reconocimiento de la importancia del género Cordia.

Physicochemical composition, phytochemical analysis and biological activity of ciricote (Cordia dodecandra A. D.C.) fruit from Yucatán.

The physicochemical properties, proximate composition, minerals, total polyphenols, carotenoids, phenolic compounds, antioxidant, and antibacterial activities of ciricote (Cordia dodecandra A. DC.) tropical fruit were investigated. Minerals were quantified by using micro-Energy Dispersive X-Ray Fluorescence. Lutein and ß-carotene were identified in ciricote fruit by using UPLC-PDA analysis. The highest values of the total polyphenols content and antioxidant activity were presented in ethanolic crude extracts obtaining by the ultrasonic-assisted method with freeze-dried fruit. The phenolic acids profile was identified and quantified by UPLC-PDA-ESI-MS. The main phenolic acids were caffeoyl hexoside, rufescenolide, quercetin 3-O-rutinoside, and rosmarinic acid. The ciricote extracts presented antibacterial activity against Staphylococus aureus (Gram+) and Salmonella typhymurium (Gram-). In conclusion, the ciricote (Cordia dodecandra A. DC.) tropical fruits could be very useful source of biological macromolecules, micro-elements, and phytochemical compounds for the food and pharmaceutical industry.

Cytotoxicity of Essential Oil Cordia verbenaceae against Leishmania brasiliensis and Trypanosoma cruzi.

The species Cordia verbenacea DC (Boraginaceae), known as the whaling herb and camaradinha, is a perennial shrub species native to the Atlantic Forest. Its leaves are used in folk medicine as an anti-inflammatory, analgesic, antiulcerogenic and curative agent, in the form of teas or infusions for internal or topical use. The present study aimed to verify the cytotoxicity of the essential oil and the leishmanicidal and trypanocidal potential of C. verbenacea. The essential oil was characterized by GC-MS. The in vitro biological activity was determined by anti-Leishmania and anti-Trypanosoma assays. The cytotoxixity was determined using mammalian fibroblasts. The C. verbenacea species presented α-pinene (45.71%), ß-caryophyllene (18.77%), tricyclo[2,2,1-(2.6)]heptane (12.56%) as their main compounds. The essential oil exhibited strong cytotoxicity at concentrations below 250 µg/mL (LC50 138.1 µg/mL) in mammalian fibroblasts. The potent anti-trypanosome and anti-promastigote activities occurred from the concentration of 62.5 µg/mL and was considered clinically relevant. The results also demonstrate that at low concentrations (<62.5 µg/mL), the essential oil of C. verbenacea managed to be lethal for these activities. This can be considered an indication of the power used in daily human consumption. Therefore, it can be concluded that the essential oil of C. verbenacea contains a compound with remarkable antiparasitic activities and requires further research.

Protection against UVB deleterious skin effects in a mouse model: effect of a topical emulsion containing Cordia verbenacea extract.

Cordia verbenacea DC (Boraginaceae) is a flowering shrub found along the Brazilian Atlantic Forest, Brazilian coast, and low areas of the Amazon. The crude extract of its leaves is widely used in Brazilian folk medicine as an anti-inflammatory, both topically and orally. The aim of this study is to evaluate the activity of C. verbenacea ethanolic leaves extract (CVE) against UVB-triggered cutaneous inflammation and oxidative damage in hairless mice. CVE treatment recovered cutaneous antioxidant capacity demonstrated by scavenging ABTS+ free radical and iron-reducing antioxidant potential evaluated by FRAP. CVE also controlled the following UV-triggered events in the skin: reduced glutathione (GSH) depletion, catalase activity decrease, and superoxide anion (O⋅-) build-up. Furthermore, mice treated with CVE exhibited less inflammation, shown by the reduction in COX-2 expression, TNF-α, IL-1ß, IL-6, edema, and neutrophil infiltration. CVE also regulated epidermal thickening and sunburn cells, reduced dermal mast cells, and preserved collagen integrity. The best results were obtained using 5% CVE-added emulsion. The present data demonstrate that topical administration of CVE presents photochemoprotective activity in a mouse model of UVB inflammation and oxidative stress. Because of the intricate network linking inflammation, oxidative stress, and skin cancer, these results also indicate the importance of further studies elucidating a possible role of C. verbenacea in the prevention of UVB-induced skin cancer and evaluating a potential synergy between CVE and sunscreens in topical products against UVB damaging effects to the skin.

Review: Role of the chemical compounds present in the essential oil and in the extract of Cordia verbenacea DC as an anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial and healing product.

Cordia verbenacea DC is a plant whose geographical distribution is all over Brazil, but mainly on the country's coastal areas. It is used by folk medicine to treat inflammations and chronic pain with application of the raw extract of macerated leaves in the region of pain. This paper aims to provide an integrative review of the role of chemical compounds present in the extract and the essential oil of Cordia verbenacea DC for their anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial and healing properties. The extract of Cordia verbenacea DC is widely found within popular culture as teas, decoctions, infusions, pomades/creams for anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial and healing uses. Its extract is mainly composed of α-humulene, α-pinene, trans-caryophyllene, artemetin, spathulenol and allo-aromadrendene. The described effects of the chemical compounds found in the extract are applied to muscle bruising and myofascial pain, edema reduction and chronic tendonitis, when used topically (with a comercial product being marketed); and to rheumatic, neuralgic and arthritic processes, when used orally as an anti-ulcerative agent; as well as for its healing and analgesic properties when used topically or as infusion according to test results using animals. Besides its use in chronic pain and topical application, in vitro studies have revealed the importance of antimicrobial action by inhibiting the bacterial growth of the components present in the Cordia verbenacea DC extract. In addition to expanding knowledge about Cordia verbenacea, other studies are being developed with the extract and essential oil in order to expand knowledge about healing aspects of topical use. Although other studies are being conducted, the results presented in this analysis provide a rich database of the activities found in the compounds found in the extract and the essential oil, in addition to promoting knowledge of the best extraction method cited. Therefore, such studies constitute a preliminary source of information to encourage new pieces of research, species conservation, safe management of the species, use of the extract/essential oil and development of plant-based products.

Extraction, chemical composition, rheological behavior, antioxidant activity and functional properties of Cordia myxa mucilage.

This paper aims to investigate chemical composition, rheological behavior, antioxidant activity and functional properties of Cordia myxa mucilage (CMM). Response surface methodology (RSM) demonstrated that optimum conditions for CMM extraction were as follow: ultrasound power of 99.37 W, extraction temperature of 88.05 °C and solid to water ratio of 16.25 w/w. CMM had, on average, 77.51% carbohydrate, 5.86% total ash, 8.90% protein, 6.90% moisture, and 1.00% fat. Due to a high level of nutrients, CMM can be suggested as a value added by-product in food and pharmaceutical systems. CMM is a low molecular weight polysaccharide containing three fractions with various molecular weights. FT-IR spectrum illustrated that this polymer had all typical bands and peaks characteristics of polysaccharides. Based on steady shear measurements, CMM can be introduced as a new source of hydrocolloid with high-temperature stability. CMM had the desirable antiradical capacity, water solubility and water/oil holding capacity.

Evidence for gastroprotective, anti-inflammatory and antioxidant potential of methanolic extract of Cordia dichotoma leaves on indomethacin and stress induced gastric lesions in Wistar rats.

The Cordia dichotoma (CD) is having anticancer and other pharmacological effects as it contains mainly flavonoids. The present study was aimed to demonstrate the gastroprotective effect of methanolic extract of CD leaves (MECD) obtained using Soxhlet extractor. In this study the qualitative phytochemical analysis of MECD revealed the presence of bioflavonoids and determination of quercetin was confirmed by HPLC analysis. The MECD was administered orally at doses 50 mg/kg, 100 mg/kg and 200 mg/kg against indomethacin induced gastric ulceration and stress-induced gastric ulceration in Wistar rats. Omeprazole at 10 mg/kg orally was used as the reference standard. The various parameters like gastric volume, gastric pH, total acidity, ulcer index, percent protection were estimated for assessment of anti-secretory and gastroprotective effects of MECD. At the same time antioxidant parameters like superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) and malondialdehyde (MDA) in addition to that inflammatory parameters such as tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin-6 and interleukin-10 were also estimated according to their respective method of estimation using analyzing kit. The MECD have reduced gastric volume, total acidity and gastric mucosal damage in both the experimental models significantly and dose dependently as compared with control group. Similarly the antioxidant enzymes like SOD and CAT were increased while MDA levels were decreased significantly, at the same time TNF-α and IL-6 levels were decreased and anti-inflammatory IL-10 levels were increased significantly in MECD treated groups. Thus the pretreatment with MECD has shown significant gastroprotective potential probably due to its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties.

Quali-quantitative characterization of the volatile constituents in Cordia verbenacea D.C. essential oil exploiting advanced chromatographic approaches and nuclear magnetic resonance analysis.

Cordia verbenacea D.C. (Boraginaceae, Varronia curassavica Jacq. synonym) is a medicinal plant, native from Brazil, especially the leaves are used in folk medicine. The aim of this study was to extend the characterization of the volatile fraction of the essential oil obtained from this plant, by using GC-FID, GC-MS, and chiral GC. Moreover, to further clarify the composition of the volatile fraction, preparative multidimensional-GC (prep-MDGC) was used to collect unknown compounds, followed by NMR characterization. Specifically, the chemical characterization, both qualitative and quantitative, of the volatile fraction of the essential oil obtained from Cordia verbenacea cultivated in the Minas Gerais area (central area of Brazil) was investigated for the first time. The principal components from a quantitative point of view were α-pinene (25.32%; 24.48g/100g) and α-santalene (17.90%; 17.30g/100g), belonging to the terpenes family. Chiral-GC data are reported for the enantiomeric distribution of 7 different components. Last, to obtain the complete characterization of the essential oil constituents, prep-MDGC analysis was used to attain the isolation of two compounds, not present in the principal MS databases, which were unambiguously identified by NMR investigation as (E)-α-santalal and (E)-α-bergamotenal, reported for the first time in Cordia verbenacea essential oil.

Chemical constituents from Cordia alliodora and C. colloccoca (Boraginaceae) and their biological activities.

Two new natural products, 5-O-[ß-D-apiofuranosyl-(1→6)-ß-d-glucopyranosyl]-1-isoindolinone (1) as well as N-(2E)-3-[(2S,3R)-2-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)-3-(hydroxymethyl)-7-methoxy-2,3-dihydro-1-benzofuran-5-yl]acryloylglycine (2), along with four known compounds (3-6), were isolated from the methanolic extract of Cordia alliodora root bark. Furthermore, the methanolic extract of Cordia colloccoca leaves, afforded the known flavonoids afzelin (7) and quercitrin (8). The isolated secondary metabolites were assayed for their antimicrobial activities against a panel of 6g positive and negative bacteria and three human pathogenic fungi. Moreover, their antiproliferative effect was also evaluated in vitro against the human non-small-cell bronchopulmonary carcinoma line NSCLC-N6, the epidermoid lung cancer cell line A549 as well as the normal human skin fibroblast cell line (AG01523).

Antioxidant, cytotoxic and alpha-glucosidase inhibition activities from the Mexican berry "Anacahuita" (Cordia boissieri)

This study describes the total phenolic and flavonoid content as well as cytotoxic, alpha-glucosidase inhibition and antiradical/antioxidant potential of extracts obtained from the edible fruits of Cordia boissieri, which is widely distributed throughout northeastern Mexico. Phenolic and flavonoid content were evaluated by means of the Folin-Ciocalteu method and aluminum chloride colorimetric assay respectively. The antiradical/antioxidant activity was determined by the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) scavenging and Trolox Equivalent Antioxidant Capacity (TEAC) assays. Cytotoxic activity was assessed by means of human cancer cell lines (MCF-7 and HeLa), alpha-glucosidase inhibition was determined by colorimetric assay using p-Nitrophenyl α-D-glucopyranoside (PNPG) as a substrate. Results indicate that extract of C. boissieri fruit has a good antioxidant potential to show a EC50: 137.76 ± 35 μg/mL and 65 ± 2 μM/g in the DPPH and TEAC assays respectively, inhibitor of the enzyme alpha-glucosidase involved in sugar uptake (IC50: 215.20 ± 35 μg/mL), cytotoxic activities against MCF-7 (IC50: 310 ± 42 μg/mL) and HeLa (IC50: 450.4 ± 21 μg/mL) cancer cell lines as well as an important phenolic content with 230 ± 23 mg/100g and 54± 11 mg/100g of phenols and flavonoids totals respectively. These results point towards an interesting potential for the fruits of C. boissieri as chemopreventive properties and expand the possibilities for agro-industrial uses(AU)

Este estudio describe el contenido de fenoles y flavonoides totales, el efecto citotóxico, la inhibición de la enzima alfaglucosidasa y el potencial antirradical/ antioxidante del extracto obtenidos a partir de los frutos de Cordia boissieri, especie distribuida por todo el noreste de México. El contenido de fenoles y flavonoides totales se determinó por medio de los métodos de Folin-Ciocalteu y cloruro férrico respectivamente. La actividad antirradical / antioxidante se determinó mediante el secuestro del radical libre 2,2-difenil-1-picrilhidrazil (DPPH) y el ensayo de Capacidad Antioxidante Equivalente al Trolox (CAET). La actividad citotóxica se evaluó sobre las líneas celulares de cáncer humano (MCF-7 y HeLa), para determinar la inhibición de la enzima alfa-glucosidasa se utilizó el ensayo colorimétrico utilizando como sustrato p-Nitrofenil-α-D-Glucopiranósido (PNPG). Los resultados indican que el extracto del fruto de C. boissieri tiene un buen contenido de antioxidantes al mostrar una CE50 de 137.76 ± 35 μg/mL y de 65 ± 2 μM/g en los ensayos de DPPH y CAET respectivamente, un efecto inhibitorio interesante sobre la enzima alfa-glucosidasa, implicadas en la absorción de azúcar (CI50: 215.20 ± 35 μg/mL), efecto citotóxico contra las células cancerosas MCF-7 (CI50: 310 ± 42 μg/mL) y HeLa (450.4 ± 21 μg/mL), así como un importante contenido compuestos fenólicos con 230 ± 23 mg / 100g y 54 ± 11 mg / 100 g de fenoles y flavonoides totales, respectivamente. Estos resultados sugieren el potencial del fruto de C. boissieri como una fuente importante de compuestos quimiopreventivos y amplían las posibilidades para su aprovechamiento agroindustrial(AU)

Hypolipidemic and antioxidant activity of the aqueous extract from the uneaten pulp of the fruit from Cordia dichotoma in healthy and hyperlipidemic Wistar albino rats.

Hyperlipidemia is a major risk factor for coronary heart disease. Hyperlipidemia increases the incidence of myocardial ischemia and cardiac events. This study evaluated the potential hypolipidemic and antioxidant action of the aqueous extract from the uneaten pulp of the fruit from Cordia dichotoma ("CDNP extract"). In vivo studies were performed for 10 weeks on dietary hyperlipidemic and healthy Wistar albino rat models that received two dose levels of the CDNP extract (0.50 and 1.00 g/kg body weight). Serum lipid profiles were determined for the experimental animals. Dietary hyperlipidemic rats were characterized by an elevated lipid profile compared to the healthy control, i.e., increased levels of serum total cholesterol (TC), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), very low density lipoprotein cholesterol (VLDL-C), and triglycerides (TG), although the level of high-density lipoprotein (HDL-C) was reduced. Levels of antioxidant enzymes, i.e., glutathione reductase (GR), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), glutathione-S-transferase (GST), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and catalase (CAT), were significantly higher in the dietary hyperlipidemic rats than in the normal healthy ones, while the level of malondialdehyde (MDA) was significantly lower. Force-feeding hyperlipidemic Wistar albino rats with the CDNP extract at two doses decreased TC, LDL-C, VLDL-C, and TG to normal levels. The risk ratio, which was as high as 870 % for the hyperlipidemic rats was decreased by the treatment to levels close to that calculated for the healthy control rats. Levels of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) were very low in the hyperlipidemic Wistar albino rats but increased significantly when CDNP extract was adminstered, attaining similar HDL-C levels to those of healthy control rats. Treatment with the CDNP extract also improved the levels of antioxidant enzymes (GR, GST, GPx, SOD, and CAT) in hyperlipidemic Wistar albino rats. Thus, the CDNP extract improves the lipid metabolism of healthy and hyperlipidemic Wistar albino rats and can be employed in the management of dietary hyperlipidemia.

Antioxidant, cytotoxic and alpha-glucosidase inhibition activities from the Mexican berry "Anacahuita" (Cordia boissieri).

This study describes the total phenolic and flavonoid content as well as cytotoxic, alpha-glucosidase inhibition and antiradical/antioxidant potential of extracts obtained from the edible fruits of Cordia boissieri, which is widely distributed throughout northeastern Mexico. Phenolic and flavonoid content were evaluated by means of the Folin-Ciocalteu method and aluminum chloride colorimetric assay respectively. The antiradical/antioxidant activity was determined by the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) scavenging and Trolox Equivalent Antioxidant Capacity (TEAC) assays. Cytotoxic activity was assessed by means of human cancer cell lines (MCF-7 and HeLa), alpha-glucosidase inhibition was determined by colorimetric assay using p-Nitrophenyl a-D-glucopyranoside (PNPG) as a substrate. Results indicate that extract of C. boissieri fruit has a good antioxidant potential to show a EC50: 137.76 ± 35 ptg/mL and 65 ±2 ltM/g in the DPPH and TEAC assays respectively, inhibitor of the enzyme alpha-glu- cosidase involved in sugar uptake (ICSO: 215.20 ± 35 µg/ mL), cytotoxic activities against MCF-7 (IC50: 310 ± 42 µg/mL) and HeLa (IC500: 450.4 ±21µgg/mL) cancer cell lines as well as an important phenolic content with 230 t 23 mg/1OOg and 54±11 mg100g g of phenols and flavonoids totals respectively. These results point towards an interesting potential for the fruits of C. boissieri as chemopreventive properties and expand the possibilities.

Phytochemical composition and antioxidant capacity of Cordia dichotoma seeds.

This study aims to determine the phytochemical composition and antioxidant activity of air-dried Cordia dichotoma seeds. Total polyphenolic content was analyzed via the Folin-Ciocalteu method. Total triterpenoid content and amino acids was analyzed colorimetrically. The rosmarinic acid content was examined using high-performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry. The ethanolic extracts contained polyphenolic compounds (1.0%), triterpenoids (0.075%), amino acids (1.39%), and rosmarinic acid (0.0028%). The results from this study indicate that C. dichotoma seeds are a rich source of polyphenolic compounds and amino acids, which can be used for quality assessment. The ethanolic extract of C. dichotoma seeds has good antioxidant capacity.

Mutagenic potential of Cordia ecalyculata alone and in association with Spirulina maxima for their evaluation as candidate anti-obesity drugs.

Obesity is one of the most important nutritional disorders, and can be currently considered as an epidemic. Although there are few weight reduction drugs available on the market, some new drug candidates have been proposed, including Cordia ecalyculata, a Brazilian plant with anorectic properties, and Spirulina maxima, a cyanobacterium with antioxidant and anti-genotoxic activity. In this study, we evaluated the mutagenic potential of C. ecalyculata at doses of 150, 300, and 500 mg/kg alone and in association with S. maxima at doses of 75, 150, and 250 mg/kg, respectively, through an in vivo micronucleus test, using mice of both sexes, and an in vitro micronucleus test and comet assay, using human peripheral blood. For all tests, cyclophosphamide was used as a positive control. The results showed that treatment of 300 mg/kg C. ecalyculata and the combination treatment of 500 mg/kg C. ecalyculata with 250 mg/kg S. maxima resulted in anorectic effects. The mutagenic tests did not reveal any clastogenic or genotoxic activity for any treatment, indicating that these candidates could be marketed as weight-reduction drugs. Moreover, the drugs contain chemo-preventive substances that can protect against tumorigenesis, which has been associated with obesity.