Health Effects of Ionizing Radiation on the Human Body.

Radioactivity is a process in which the nuclei of unstable atoms spontaneously decay, producing other nuclei and releasing energy in the form of ionizing radiation in the form of alpha (α) and beta (ß) particles as well as the emission of gamma (γ) electromagnetic waves. People may be exposed to radiation in various forms, as casualties of nuclear accidents, workers in power plants, or while working and using different radiation sources in medicine and health care. Acute radiation syndrome (ARS) occurs in subjects exposed to a very high dose of radiation in a very short period of time. Each form of radiation has a unique pathophysiological effect. Unfortunately, higher organisms-human beings-in the course of evolution have not acquired receptors for the direct "capture" of radiation energy, which is transferred at the level of DNA, cells, tissues, and organs. Radiation in biological systems depends on the amount of absorbed energy and its spatial distribution, particularly depending on the linear energy transfer (LET). Photon radiation with low LET leads to homogeneous energy deposition in the entire tissue volume. On the other hand, radiation with a high LET produces a fast Bragg peak, which generates a low input dose, whereby the penetration depth into the tissue increases with the radiation energy. The consequences are mutations, apoptosis, the development of cancer, and cell death. The most sensitive cells are those that divide intensively-bone marrow cells, digestive tract cells, reproductive cells, and skin cells. The health care system and the public should raise awareness of the consequences of ionizing radiation. Therefore, our aim is to identify the consequences of ARS taking into account radiation damage to the respiratory system, nervous system, hematopoietic system, gastrointestinal tract, and skin.

Are there any completely sterile organs or tissues in the human body? Is there any sacred place?

The human microbiome comprises an ample set of organisms that inhabit and interact within the human body, contributing both positively and negatively to our health. In recent years, several research groups have described the presence of microorganisms in organs or tissues traditionally considered as 'sterile' under healthy and pathological conditions. In this sense, microorganisms have been detected in several types of cancer, including those in 'sterile' organs. But how can the presence of microorganisms be detected? In most studies, 16S and internal transcribed spacer (ITS) ribosomal DNA (rDNA) sequencing has led to the identification of prokaryotes and fungi. However, a major limitation of this technique is that it cannot distinguish between living and dead organisms. RNA-based methods have been proposed to overcome this limitation, as the shorter half-life of the RNA would identify only the transcriptionally active microorganisms, although perhaps not all the viable ones. In this sense, metaproteomic techniques or the search for molecular metabolic signatures could be interesting alternatives for the identification of living microorganisms. In summary, new technological advances are challenging the notion of 'sterile' organs in our body. However, to date, evidence for a structured living microbiome in most of these organs is scarce or non-existent. The implementation of new technological approaches will be necessary to fully understand the importance of the microbiome in these organs, which could pave the way for the development of a wide range of new therapeutic strategies.

Effects of body part thickness on low-contrast detail detection and radiation dose during adult chest radiography.

INTRODUCTION: Differences in patient size often provide challenges for radiographers, particularly when choosing the optimum acquisition parameters to obtain radiographs with acceptable image quality (IQ) for diagnosis. This study aimed to assess the effect of body part thickness on IQ in terms of low-contrast detail (LCD) detection and radiation dose when undertaking adult chest radiography (CXR). METHODS: This investigation made use of a contrast detail (CD) phantom. Polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) was utilised to approximate varied body part thicknesses (9, 11, 15 and 17 cm) simulating underweight, standard, overweight and obese patients, respectively. Different tube potentials were tested against a fixed 180 cm source to image distance (SID) and automatic exposure control (AEC). IQ was analysed using bespoke software thus providing an image quality figure inverse (IQFinv ) value which represents LCD detectability. Dose area product (DAP) was utilised to represent the radiation dose. RESULTS: IQFinv values decreased statistically (P = 0.0001) with increasing phantom size across all tube potentials studied. The highest IQFinv values were obtained at 80 kVp for all phantom thicknesses (2.29, 2.02, 1.8 and 1.65, respectively). Radiation dose increased statistically (P = 0.0001) again with increasing phantom thicknesses. CONCLUSION: Our findings demonstrate that lower tube potentials provide the highest IQFinv scores for various body part thicknesses. This is not consistent with professional practice because radiographers frequently raise the tube potential with increased part thickness. Higher tube potentials did result in radiation dose reductions. Establishing a balance between dose and IQ, which must be acceptable for diagnosis, can prevent the patient from receiving unnecessary additional radiation dose.

Dental Implant Corrosion Products May Accumulate in the Human Body.

BACKGROUND: Corrosion products resulting from the degradation of the dental implant surface due to biological fluids and infection may accumulate in the body and lead to clinical consequences. PURPOSE: The primary aim of this study is to measure the accumulation of dental implant corrosion products in the human body and the secondary aim is to estimate the association between corrosion products and fatigue. STUDY DESIGN, SETTING, SAMPLE: This study was designed as a prospective cross-sectional and was conducted with patients presenting at to the Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery. The study included patients with Grade IV dental implants made of pure titanium (Ti) at the bone level and Grade V abutments composed of Ti, aluminum (Al), and vanadium (V). Individuals possessing different metallic implants and those prone to metal exposure were not included in the study. Blood and hair samples were procured from each participant and subsequently analyzed. PREDICTOR VARIABLES: The predictor variable is implant exposure, and it was divided into 3 groups; Group I, patients with healthy dental implants; Group II, patients with peri-implantitis; Control Group, individuals without dental implants. MAIN OUTCOME VARIABLES: The primary outcome variables are Al, Ti, V levels in blood and hair samples and the secondary outcome variable is the fatigue questionnaire score. COVARIATES: Age and gender, along with the dental implant number and duration of exposure within the study groups, are utilized as covariates. ANALYSES: Groups were compared using the Kruskal-Wallis and Mann-Whitney U-tests. Spearman's correlation coefficient determined relationships between groups, signifying significance with P values <.05. RESULTS: The sample consisted of 30 patients aged 18 to 68, with 53% being female and 47% male. The differences among the 3 groups in the median values of blood Ti, V; hair Al, Ti, V; and fatigue questionnaire scores were not statistically significant (P > .05). However, the median blood Al value was statistically higher in Group II (P < .05). CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE: While the presence of healthy dental implants may not affect the accumulation of Al, Ti, and V within the body, patients with peri-implantitis exhibited elevated blood Al levels, possibly due to infection influencing the corrosion process.

Trilha Digital Gamificada: Relato de experiência de um trabalho colaborativo entre Universidade e Escola / Gamified Digital Trail: Experience report of collaborative work between University and School / Sendero Digital Gamificado: Informe de experiencia de trabajo colaborativo entre Universidad y Escuela

tendo como foco a criação de um recurso pedagógico digital inovador destinado a aprimorar o ensino de fisiologia humana na Escola Básica. Método:Trata-se de um relato de experiência, de caráter descritivo, acerca das vivências de professores da Universidade Estadual de Feira de Santana e de uma Escola Pública do Estado da Bahia, entre outubro de 2022 a outubro de 2023. As atividades foram organizadas em duas etapas interconectadas: 1) Realização de um Curso de formação de Educação à Distância (EaD) durante a Semana Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia (SNCT). 2) Elaboração de um material didático inovador envolvendo as tecnologias digitais educacionais, como produto final do Curso EaD realizado na SNCT. Resultados:Elaboração do jogo de tabuleiro, intitulado jogo de trilha gamificada denominada "Trilha Corpo Humano: Conhecer para Cuidar". Conclusão:A proposta desenvolvida no presente trabalho vislumbrou a inovação da prática pedagógica, por meio do desenvolvimento de novas tecnologias educacionais, contribuindo para a melhoria do ensino na Escola.

Objective: To report the experience of integrating University and Primary School Teachers, focusing on the creation of an innovative digital pedagogical resource aimed at improving the teaching of human physiology in Primary Schools. Method:This is an experience report, of a descriptive nature, about the experiences of teachers at the State University of Feira de Santana and a Public School in the State of Bahia, between October 2022 and October 2023. The activities were organized in two interconnected stages: 1) Carrying out a Distance Education (EaD) training course during National Science and Technology Week (SNCT). 2) Creation of innovative teaching material involving digital educational technologies, as the final product of the Distance Learning Courseheld at SNCT. Results:Preparation of the board game, entitled gamified trail game called "Human Body Trail: Knowing to Care". Conclusion: The proposal developed in this work envisioned the innovation of pedagogical practice, through the development of new educational technologies, contributing to the improvement of teaching at School.

Objetivo: Reportar la experiencia de integración de Profesores Universitarios y de Educación Primaria, centrándose en la creación de un recurso pedagógico digital innovador orientado a mejorar la enseñanza de la fisiología humana en la Escuela Primaria. Método: Se trata de un relato de experiencia, de carácter descriptivo, sobre las vivencias de docentes de la Universidad Estatal de Feira de Santana y de una Escuela Pública del Estado de Bahía, entre octubre de 2022 y octubre de 2023. Las actividades se organizaron en dos espacios interconectados. etapas: 1) Realización de un curso de capacitación en Educación a Distancia (EaD) durante la Semana Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología (SNCT). 2) Desarrollo de material didáctico innovador que involucre tecnologías educativas digitales, como producto final del Curso a Distancia realizado en el SNCT. Resultados:Elaboración del juego de mesa, titulado Juego de Sendero gamificado denominado "Human Body Trail: Saber Cuidar". Conclusión:La propuesta desarrollada en este trabajo vislumbró la innovación de la práctica pedagógica, a través del desarrollo de nuevas tecnologías educativas, contribuyendo a la mejora de la enseñanza en la Escuela.

PEDAGOGICAL ASPECTS OF THE IMPACT OF SMOKING ON THE HUMAN BODY BASED ON RADIOGRAPHIC DENSITY INDICATORS OF MAXILLARY SINUS BONE WALLS.

The most effective process of quitting smoking can be achieved through precise and complete identification of the adverse effects on the human body. The aim was to examine the influence of smoking on the density of the walls of the paranasal sinuses. 80 individuals of the young age and both genders were included into the research. Depending on the presence of pathological changes in the sinuses and smoking habits, all participants were divided into four groups. It was found that in the group of smokers without any paranasal sinus pathology, the density is 2.66% lower than the intact group. This figure is significantly higher in patients suffering from rhinosinusitis but not smoking, where it is 45.18%. The maximum difference from the control group is observed in individuals suffering from chronic rhinosinusitis and being smokers, with a difference of 81.03%. Pedagogical aspects of the impact of smoking on the human body based on radiographic density indicators of maxillary sinus bone walls were detected. It has been observed that smoking can exacerbate the negative impact of inflammatory processes in the paranasal sinuses.

The total mass, number, and distribution of immune cells in the human body.

The immune system is a complex network of cells with critical functions in health and disease. However, a comprehensive census of the cells comprising the immune system is lacking. Here, we estimated the abundance of the primary immune cell types throughout all tissues in the human body. We conducted a literature survey and integrated data from multiplexed imaging and methylome-based deconvolution. We also considered cellular mass to determine the distribution of immune cells in terms of both number and total mass. Our results indicate that the immune system of a reference 73 kg man consists of 1.8 × 1012 cells (95% CI 1.5-2.3 × 1012), weighing 1.2 kg (95% CI 0.8-1.9). Lymphocytes constitute 40% of the total number of immune cells and 15% of the mass and are mainly located in the lymph nodes and spleen. Neutrophils account for similar proportions of both the number and total mass of immune cells, with most neutrophils residing in the bone marrow. Macrophages, present in most tissues, account for 10% of immune cells but contribute nearly 50% of the total cellular mass due to their large size. The quantification of immune cells within the human body presented here can serve to understand the immune function better and facilitate quantitative modeling of this vital system.

Bacterial biofilms in the human body: prevalence and impacts on health and disease.

Bacterial biofilms can be found in most environments on our planet, and the human body is no exception. Consisting of microbial cells encased in a matrix of extracellular polymers, biofilms enable bacteria to sequester themselves in favorable niches, while also increasing their ability to resist numerous stresses and survive under hostile circumstances. In recent decades, biofilms have increasingly been recognized as a major contributor to the pathogenesis of chronic infections. However, biofilms also occur in or on certain tissues in healthy individuals, and their constituent species are not restricted to canonical pathogens. In this review, we discuss the evidence for where, when, and what types of biofilms occur in the human body, as well as the diverse ways in which they can impact host health under homeostatic and dysbiotic states.

Crímenes del futuro. Primer plano del cuerpo / Crimes of the Future. Close-up of the Body

En "Crímenes del futuro", David Cronenberg pone a jugar el cruce de las variables cuerpo y tecnología. El cuerpo, como campo de intervención y transformación por la acción de la tecnología, se ofrece al espectador a modo de presentación artística. El guion de la película es abordado a través de un recorrido, por momentos irónico, por momentos "monstruoso", tomando en cuenta los cruces con el discurso del psicoanálisis. Se acentúan así las distintas maneras de gozar del ser humano con y del cuerpo, ubicándolo siempre en primer plano

In "Crimes of the future", David Cronenberg brings to play the intersection of the variables body and technology. The body, as a field of intervention and transformation by the action of technology, is offered to the viewer as an artistic presentation. The film's script is approached through a journey, at times ironic, at times "monstrous", taking into account the intersections with the discourse of psychoanalysis. Thus, the different ways of enjoying the human being with and of the body are accentuated, always placing it in the foreground

Molecular mechanisms underlying the anticancer property of Dendrobium in various systems of the human body: A review.

Dendrobium, which belongs to the family of Orchidaceae, is a highly valuable traditional Chinese medicine commonly used in China. It exerts pharmacological activities such as antitumor and hypoglycemia effects, and its main components are alkaloids, polysaccharides, and terpenoids, among others. In recent years, research on the clinical application of Dendrobium in antitumor therapy has gained increasing attention. Accumulating evidence suggests that the active components of Dendrobium possess significant inhibitory effects on the viability of cancer cells as evident from in vivo and in vitro experiments, which indicates that Dendrobium exerts significant anticancer effect in treating and preventing cancer development, inhibiting the underlying potential molecular mechanisms, including suppression of cancer cell growth and proliferation, epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), apoptosis induction, tumor angiogenesis, and reinforcement of cisplatin (DDP) -induced apoptosis. We herein present a review that summarizes the research progress of the application of Dendrobium in cancer therapy and its molecular mechanisms. This review describes the positive aspects of the active ingredients of Dendrobium in the treatment of cancers in various systems of the human body, their inhibitory effects on tumor survival and tumor microenvironment, and their potential mechanisms. Additionally, this review proposes future application prospects of Dendrobium in cancer therapy to promote further research and future extensive clinical applications of Dendrobium in cancer therapy.

High whole-body bone mineral density in ossification of the posterior longitudinal ligament.

BACKGROUND CONTEXT: Recent studies suggest that ossification of the posterior longitudinal ligament (OPLL) is exacerbated by systemic metabolic disturbances, including obesity. However, although an increase in bone mineral density (BMD) measured at the lumbar spine has been reported in patients with OPLL, no studies have investigated the systemic BMD of patients with OPLL in detail. PURPOSE: We investigated whether patients with OPLL develop increased whole-body BMD. STUDY DESIGN: Single institution cross-sectional study. PATIENT SAMPLE: Data were collected from Japanese patients with symptomatic OPLL (OPLL [+]; n=99). Control data (OPLL [-]; n=226) without spinal ligament ossification were collected from patients who underwent spinal decompression, spinal fusion, or hip replacement surgery. OUTCOME MEASURES: Demographic data, including age, body mass index (BMI), comorbidities, history of treatment for osteoporosis, and history of vertebral and nonvertebral fractures, was obtained from all participants. In addition, whole-body BMD, including the lumbar spine, thoracic spine, femoral neck, skull, ribs, entire upper extremity, entire lower extremity, and pelvis, were measured in all participants using whole-body dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry. METHODS: Patient data were collected from 2018 to 2022. All participants were categorized based on sex, age (middle-aged [<70 years] and older adults [≥70 years]), and OPLL type (localized OPLL [OPLL only in the cervical spine], diffuse OPLL [OPLL in regions including the thoracic spine]), and OPLL [-]) and each parameter was compared. The factors associated with whole-body BMD were evaluated via multivariable linear regression analysis. RESULTS: Compared with the OPLL (-) group, the OPLL (+) group of older women had significantly higher BMD in all body parts (p<.01), and the OPLL (+) group of older men had significantly higher BMD in all body parts except the ribs, forearm, and skull (p<.01). The factors associated with increased BMD of both the femoral neck (load-bearing bone) and skull (nonload-bearing bone) were age, BMI, and coexisting diffuse OPLL in women and BMI and coexisting localized OPLL in men. CONCLUSIONS: Patients with OPLL have increased whole-body BMD regardless of sex, indicating that it is not simply due to load-bearing from obesity. These findings suggested that OPLL is associated with a systemic pathology.

Uncertainty in the range of the protons and C-ions in particle therapy due to a hydration level of a human body model.

Cancer treatment with protons and carbon ions relies on the property of the accelerated charged particles to deposit most of their energy in the vicinity of their range (around the Bragg peak). The level of hydration in a cancer patient's body may vary within hours. Some patients may be heavy to moderately dehydrated, and some may be well and even excessively hydrated. In this research, we aim to estimate the uncertainty of the protons and C-ion ranges because of the different hydration levels of the human body. For the study of the impact of body hydration level on the particle's ranges, we have designed a new phantom model - a homogeneous mixture of an Average HUuman BOdy constituting elements (AHUBO) in three states of hydration: normal (n), dehydrated (d), and excessively hydrated (e) by applying corresponding recalibration in the "atomic-stoichiometry model" due to the water sufficiency/deficiency. The purpose of the study is to estimate the shift in the ranges depending on the hydration level, possibly suggest particle beam energy adjustments to overcome the range uncertainties, to deliver the prescribed dose to the tumour while sparing the healthy tissue. Herein we present the results of the FLUKA-Flair simulations of the therapeutic range of energies of protons (50-105 MeV) and C-ions (30-210 MeV) respectively, into an AHUBO head phantom model at three levels of hydration (normal, dehydrated, and excessively hydrated). The range uncertainty was estimated via the shifts of the Bragg-peaks position for the three different hydration levels. The estimations showed that the range uncertainty (ΔR) due to body hydration for the maximum energy in the range for protons at 105 MeV is about 0.04 mm and for C-ions at 190 MeV/u is about 0.06 mm.

Automatic body part identification in real-world clinical dermatological images using machine learning.

BACKGROUND: Dermatological conditions are prevalent across all population sub-groups. The affected body part is of importance to their diagnosis, therapy, and research. The automatic identification of body parts in dermatological clinical pictures could therefore improve clinical care by providing additional information for clinical decision-making algorithms, discovering hard-to-treat areas, and research by identifying new patterns of disease. PATIENTS AND METHODS: In this study, we used 6,219 labelled dermatological images from our clinical database, which were used to train and validate a convolutional neural network. As a use case, qualitative heatmaps for the body part distribution in common dermatological conditions was generated using this system. RESULTS: The algorithm reached a mean balanced accuracy of 89% (range 74.8%-96.5%). Non-melanoma skin cancer photos were mostly of the face and torso, while hotspots of eczema and psoriasis image distribution included the torso, legs, and hands. CONCLUSIONS: The accuracy of this system is comparable to the best to-date published algorithms for image classification challenges, suggesting this algorithm could boost diagnosis, therapy, and research of dermatological conditions.

Corpo e processos formativos em tempos de pandemia / Body and formative processes in pandemic times / Cuerpo y procesos formativos en tiempos de pandemia

Este artigo discute processos formativos partindo da análise do corpo e do movimento nas artes performativas para pensar um ethos de aprendizagem inventiva. As limitações impostas pela pandemia da COVID-19 compuseram o debate, tornando a investigação uma análise de experiência, na medida em que as pesquisadoras envolveram seu corpo e seu conhecimento, focalizando seu próprio processo formativo em meio ao isolamento social e ao uso das mídias digitais. Utilizou-se a pesquisa-intervenção para acompanhar os processos de transformação aos quais as pesquisadoras estavam sujeitas na medida em que investigavam. Indica-se novos modos de aprender, lançando mão do dispositivo grupal num ethos de aprendizagem inventiva. (AU)

This article discusses formative processes starting from the analysis of the body and movement in the performing arts to think about na ethos of inventive learning. The limitations imposed by the COVID-19 pandemic made up the debate, making the investigation ananalysis of experience, as the researchers involved their bodies and their knowledge, focusing on his own training process amid social isolation and the use of digital media. Research-intervention was used to accompany the transformation processes to which there searchers were subjected as they investigated. New ways of learning are indicated, using the group device in an ethos of inventive learning. (AU)

Este artículo analisa los processos formativos a partir del análisis del cuerpo y el movimento em las artes de performances para pensar en un ethos de aprendizaje inventivo. Las limitaciones impuestas por la pandemia COVID-19 compusieron el debate, convirtiendo la investigación en un análisis de la experiencia, ya que los investigadores involucraron sus cuerpos y sus conocimientos, enfocándose em su próprio processo de formación em médio del aislamiento social y el uso de médios digitales. La investigación de intervención se utilizo para monitorear los processos de transformación a los que estaban sujetos los investigadores mientras investigaban. Se indican nuevas formas de aprendizaje, haciendo uso del dispositivo grupal em um ethos de aprendizaje inventivo. (AU)

The influence of physiological and lifestyle factors on essential mineral element isotopic compositions in the human body: implications for the design of isotope metallomics research.

In the last 20 years, the application of high-precision isotopic analysis of essential mineral elements (Mg, K, Ca, Fe, Cu, and Zn) to biomedicine (sometimes referred to as isotope metallomics) has revealed that their stable isotopic compositions are altered by the metal dysregulation that is fundamental to the pathogenesis of many cancers and other diseases. Despite many published works showing the diagnostic and prognostic potential of this approach, a number of factors that may influence the stable isotopic composition of these essential mineral elements in healthy individuals remain unstudied. In this perspective article, we summarize the available evidence from trophic level studies, animal models, and ancient and modern humans, relating to physiological and lifestyle factors that appear likely (there is evidence indicating their influence) or unlikely (there is evidence indicating their lack of influence) to require controlling for when investigating variations in essential mineral element isotopic compositions in human subjects. We also discuss factors that require additional data to properly assess. There is evidence that sex, menopausal status, age, diet, vitamin and metal supplementation, genetic variation, and obesity influence the isotopic composition of at least one essential mineral element in the human body. The task of investigating potential influences on essential mineral element isotopic compositions in the human body is sizeable, but presents an exciting research opportunity, with each incremental advance helping to improve the quality of research output in the context of isotope metallomics.

Human health risk assessment of edible body parts of chicken through heavy metals and trace elements quantitative analysis.

Food safety and security have now been regarded as a significant emerging area within the food supply chain leading to scientific and public health concerns in the global world. The poultry sector is a substantial threat to heavy metal intoxication for Bangladeshi people due to contaminated drinking water and feed sources, as well as the poultry sector's surrounding environment and soil. This study was carried out to ascertain the residual concentrations of heavy metals (Pb, Cd) and trace elements (Cr, Fe, Cu, and Zn) in various edible chicken body parts (breast, liver, gizzard, heart, kidney, and brain) to observe the quality of the consumed chickens and to assess public health risk. Atomic absorption spectrometry (AAS) was used to check the content of toxic heavy metals and trace elements in 108 samples of 18 broiler chickens collected from six different locations of Dhaka North City Corporation markets in Bangladesh. The measured concentrations (mg/kg fresh weight) ranged from 0.33±0.2 to 4.6±0.4, 0.004±0.0 to 0.125±0.2, 0.006±0.0 to 0.94±0.4, 4.05±4.2 to 92.31±48.8, 0.67±0.006 to 4.15±2.7, and 4.45±0.62 to 23.75±4.3, for Pb, Cd, Cr, Fe, Cu, and Zn respectively. Except for Pb and Cu most of the investigated heavy metals and trace element levels in chickens were lower than the maximum allowable concentration (MAC) set by FAO/WHO and other regulatory agencies., The estimated level of Pb was nearly six times higher in the chicken brain. The estimated daily intake (EDI) values for all the studied metals were below the preliminary tolerated daily intake (PTDI). The target hazard quotient (THQ) values of the broiler chicken meat samples varied for adults and children, and the range was found to be 0.037-0.073 for Pb, 0.007-0.01 for Cd, 0.0-0.08 for Cr, 0.002-0.004 for Fe, for 0.00-0.002 Cu, and 0.004-0.008 for Zn, not exceeding the maximum level of 1 according to USEPA. The calculated THQ and total target hazard quotient (TTHQ) values were measured at less than one, suggesting that the consumption of chicken meat has no carcinogenic danger to its consumers. The Target carcinogenic risks (TCRs) of Pb, Cd, Cr, and Cu were within acceptable limits. The TCR values for children were, to some extent, higher than that of adults, which proposes that regular monitoring of both harmful and essential elements in chicken samples is necessary to determine whether or not any possible health risk to consumers exists. In terms of health, this study demonstrated that consumers are chronically exposed to elemental contamination with carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic effects.

A Prospective Cohort Study of Radiation Exposure to a Spine Surgeon's Exposed Body Parts During Utilization of Intraoperative Radiation-based Imaging.

STUDY DESIGN: Prospective cohort study. SUMMARY OF BACKGROUND DATA: C-arm fluoroscopy and O-arm navigation are vital tools in modern spine surgeries, but their repeated usage can endanger spine surgeons. Although a surgeon's chest and abdomen are protected by lead aprons, the eyes and extremities generally receive less protection. OBJECTIVE: In this study, we compare differences in intraoperative radiation exposure across the protected and unprotected regions of a surgeon's body. METHODS: Sixty-five consecutive spine surgeries were performed by a single spine-focused neurosurgeon over 9 months. Radiation exposure to the primary surgeon was measured through dosimeters worn over the lead apron, under the lead apron, on surgical loupes, and as a ring on the dominant hand. Differences were assessed with rigorous statistical testing and radiation exposure per surgical case was extrapolated. RESULTS: During the study, the measured radiation exposure over the apron, 176 mrem, was significantly greater than that under the apron, 8 mrem (P = 0.0020), demonstrating a shielding protective effect. The surgeon's dominant hand was exposed to 329 mrem whereas the eyes were exposed to 152.5 mrem of radiation. Compared with the surgeon's protected abdominal area, the hands (P = 0.0002) and eyes (P = 0.0002) received significantly greater exposure. Calculated exposure per case was 2.8 mrem for the eyes and 5.1 mrem for the hands. It was determined that a spine-focused neurosurgeon operating 400 cases annually will incur a radiation exposure of 60,750 mrem to the hands and 33,900 mrem to the eyes over a 30-year career. CONCLUSIONS: Our study found that spine surgeons encounter significantly more radiation exposure to the eyes and the extremities compared with protected body regions. Lifetime exposure exceeds the annual limits set by the International Commission on Radiologic Protection for the extremities (50,000 mrem/y) and the eyes (15,000 mrem/y), calling for increased awareness about the dangerous levels of radiation exposure that a spine surgeon incurs over one's career.

Concepções de corpo operadas no campo da Educação Física: uma revisão narrativa / Conceptions of body operated in the field of Physical Education: theoretical essay on its relations with human health / Concepciones del cuerpo operado en el ámbito de la Educación Física: ensayo teórico sobre sus relaciones con la salud humana

Esta revisão narrativa buscou descrever e caracterizar os conceitos de corpo operados no campo da Educação Física brasileira. O material explorado indicou que os conceitos são apropriados de obras clássicas, ramificam-se e representam abordagens teóricas distintas que influenciam os conhecimentos, saberes e práticas. Os conceitos demonstram as divergências e contradições entre a dimensão natural e social, assim como a hegemonia do modelo biomédico no campo. O conceito de práticas corporais tem sido basilar para construir intervenções humanizadas e críticas com sujeitos e comunidades, considerando suas necessidades de saúde (AU).

This narrative review aimed to describe and characterize the concepts of body operated in the field of Brazilian Physical Education. The material explored indicated that the concepts are appropriated from classical works, branch out and represent divergent theoretical approaches that influence knowledge, know-how, and practices. The concepts demonstrate the divergences and contradictions between the natural and social dimensions, as well as the hegemony of the biomedical model in the field. The concept of body practices has been fundamental to build humanized and critical interventions with subjects and communities considering their health needs (AU).

Esta revisión narrativa tuvo como objetivo describir y caracterizar los conceptos de cuerpo operado en el ámbito de la Educación Física brasileña. El material explorado indica que los conceptos se apropian de obras clásicas, se ramifican y representan enfoques teóricos divergentes que influyen en el saber, el saber hacer y las prácticas. Los conceptos demuestran las divergencias y contradicciones entre las dimensiones natural y social, así como la hegemonía del modelo biomédico en el campo. El concepto de prácticas corporales ha sido fundamental para construir intervenciones humanizadas y críticas con individuos y comunidades teniendo en cuenta sus necesidades sanitarias (AU).

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs): Updated aspects of their determination, kinetics in the human body, and toxicity.

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are legacy pollutants of considerable public health concern. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons arise from natural and anthropogenic sources and are ubiquitously present in the environment. Several PAHs are highly toxic to humans with associated carcinogenic and mutagenic properties. Further, more severe harmful effects on human- and environmental health have been attributed to the presence of high molecular weight (HMW) PAHs, that is PAHs with molecular mass greater than 300 Da. However, more research has been conducted using low molecular weight (LMW) PAHs). In addition, no HMW PAHs are on the priority pollutants list of the United States Environmental Protection Agency (US EPA), which is limited to only 16 PAHs. However, limited analytical methodologies for separating and determining HMW PAHs and their potential isomers and lack of readily available commercial standards make research with these compounds challenging. Since most of the PAH kinetic data originate from animal studies, our understanding of the effects of PAHs on humans is still minimal. In addition, current knowledge of toxic effects after exposure to PAHs may be underrepresented since most investigations focused on exposure to a single PAH. Currently, information on PAH mixtures is limited. Thus, this review aims to critically assess the current knowledge of PAH chemical properties, their kinetic disposition, and toxicity to humans. Further, future research needs to improve and provide the missing information and minimize PAH exposure to humans.