Risk of perioperative thyroid storm in hyperthyroid patients: a systematic review.

BACKGROUND: Thyroid storm is a feared complication in patients with hyperthyroidism undergoing surgery. We assessed the risk of thyroid storm for different preoperative treatment options for patients with primary hyperthyroidism undergoing surgery. METHODS: Pubmed, EMBASE, and The Cochrane Library were searched systematically for all studies reporting on adult hyperthyroid patients undergoing elective surgery under general anaesthesia. Selected studies were categorised based on preoperative treatment: no treatment, antithyroid medication (thionamides), iodine, ß-blocking medication, or a combination thereof. Treatment effect, that is restoring euthyroidism, was extracted from the publications if available. Risk of bias was assessed using the Risk of Bias in Non-randomised Studies of Interventions (ROBINS-I) or the Cochrane Risk of Bias tool for randomised studies. RESULTS: The search yielded 7009 articles, of which 26 studies published between 1975 and 2020 were selected for critical appraisal. All studies had moderate to critical risk of bias, mainly attributable to risk of confounding, classification of intervention status, and definition of the outcome. All studies reported on thyroidectomy patients. We found no randomised studies comparing the risk of thyroid storm between treated and untreated patients. Cases of thyroid storm were reported in all treatment groups with incidences described ranging from 0% to 14%. CONCLUSION: Evidence assessing the risk of perioperative thyroid storm is of insufficient quality. Given the seriousness of this complication and the impossibility of identifying patients at increased risk, preoperative treatment of these patients remains warranted.

Pediatric volvulus induced thyroid storm.

Thyroid storm is an unusually rare but life-threatening pediatric occurrence, carrying significant mortality. Skewed towards the adolescent population, thyroid decompensation occurs due to inciting factors ranging from infection, trauma, surgery, burns, medications, direct thyroid trauma, and rarely volvulus. Emergent care focuses on both reversing the inciting event as well as quelling the metabolic hyperactivity associated with thyroid storm. In review of the available literature, this case is the first to date of thyroid storm secondary to malrotation with midgut volvulus in a previously euthyroid adolescent patient.

Diagnosis and management of thyroid disease in pregnancy.

Thyroid disease is common, affecting 1% to 2% of pregnant women. Pregnancy may modify the course of thyroid disease, and pregnancy outcomes can depend on optimal management of thyroid disorders. Consequently, obstetric providers must be familiar with thyroid physiology and management of thyroid diseases in pregnancy. Following a brief overview of physiology, this article provides an in-depth review of diagnosis and management of the spectrum of thyroid disease occurring in pregnancy. Recommendations for screening and treatment of hypo- and hyperthyroidism are summarized. Specific attention is given to the limitations of current research and the status of ongoing work.

Successful treatment of gastric perforation with thyrotoxic crisis.

Patients with thyrotoxic crisis presenting with another emergency are at a considerable risk. We report the successful treatment of a 55-year-old woman having gastric perforation with thyrotoxic crisis; the principle of treatment was delayed surgery after rapid preoperative restoration of thyroid function and cardiovascular status. The patient was admitted for severe abdominal pain and nausea with delirium, exophthalmos, diffuse goiter, tremulousness, diaphoresis, tabescence, pretibial edema, and atrial fibrillation. Computed tomography revealed free air over the liver surface. She had been diagnosed with uncontrolled hyperthyroidism 3 days before admission, with a free liothyronine (T(3)) of 23.2 pg/mL, a free levothyroxine sodium (T(4)) of greater than 7.78 ng/dL, and thyrotropin of less than 0.01 ng/mL. She was diagnosed with gastroduodenal perforation and thyrotoxic crisis, and we planned nonoperative management comprising nasogastric aspiration, cefmetazole sodium, omeprazole, thiamazole, and Lugol's solution. We also used landiolol, an ultrashort-acting beta(1)-adrenoceptor antagonist, and hydrocortisone. On the third day of admission, her thyroid function had improved with a free T(3) of 4.7 pg/mL and a free T(4) of 2.9 ng/dL; however, perforative peritonitis had worsened, and hence, omental patch repair was performed. She recovered uneventfully and was discharged after radioiodine administration. We discuss the management of a thyrotoxic patient with gastric perforation and focus on the importance of changing the management according to the patient's clinical course considering his thyroid function status and comparing the stress of surgery with that of perforative peritonitis in nonoperative management.

Emergencias endocrinas en pediatría: diagnóstico y manejo / Diagnosis and management of endocrine emergencies in pediatrics

The study of endocrine emergencies in childhood is important due to their high mortality and residual morbidity, that can be reduced with an adequate diagnosis and/or therapy. In this article, we review hypoglycemia, adrenal crisis, hypocalcemia, hypercalcemia and thyroid storm in children, with focus on initial diagnostic approach and management.

Tempestade tireoidiana / Thyroid storm

A tempestade tireoidiana ou crise tireotóxica é uma emergência endocrinológica que ameaça a vida. Caracteriza-se por taquicardia, febre e disfunções cardiovascular, gastrointestinal e neurológica. A patogenia dessa complicação não está bem estabelecida, mas provavelmente é multifatorial. O diagnóstico é clínico, pois não ocorre diferença, comparada aos níveis hormonais do hipertireoidismo não-complicado. Além de medidas gerais, o tratamento envolve o bloqueio da produção da secreção e dos efeitos periféricos do hormônio tireoidiano

Thyroid disease: an overview.

This article reviews thyroid anatomy and physiology, then presents a variety of common thyroid disorders, including hyper- and hypothyroidism, goiters, cretinism, thyroiditis and several types of thyroid cancer. Prevention of thyroid disease is discussed, along with medical imaging techniques for evaluating the thyroid gland.

Paralisia periódica tireotóxica (PPT) / Thyrotoxic periodic paralysis

A paralisia periódica tireotóxica (PPT) é caracterizada por episódio recorrentes de fraqueza muscular, de intensidade variável, associada com hiperfunçäo tireodiana, atingindo, de forma muito preferencial, jovensasiáticos do sexo masculino. É associada, via de regra, com baixos níveis séricos de potássio e, frequentemente, desencadeada por exercícios físicos e ingestäo de carboidratos. Nós descrevemos um caso da doença em um jovem brasileiro, do sexo masculino e sem ascendência asiática, que se apresentou com um episódio de paralisia muscular e sem diagnóstico prévio de hipertireodismo. Foram encontrados níveis aumentados de T3, T4 e T4 livre e o TSH estava diminuido devido a um bócio tóxico difuso. A PPT deve ser considerada no diagnóstico diferencial de todos os episódios agudos de paralisia muscular em pacientes jovens mesmo em nosso país. A determinaçäo de potássio sérico e hormônios tiroideanos auxiliam o diagnóstico. O diagnóstico preciso é importante para o tratamento antitiroideano que evita episódio subsequentes de paralisia muscular

Differential diagnosis of thyroid crisis and malignant hyperthermia in an anesthetized porcine model.

The intra-operative differential diagnosis between thyroid crisis and malignant hyperthermia can be difficult. Also stress alone can trigger MH. The purposes of this study were: 1) to investigate the metabolic and hemodynamic differences between thyroid crisis and MH, 2) determine how thyroid crisis affects the development of MH, and 3) determine if the stress of thyroid crisis can trigger MH in susceptible individuals. We studied MH susceptible and normal swine. Two groups of animals (MH susceptible and normal) were induced into thyroid crisis (critical core hyperthermia, sustained tachycardia and increase in oxygen consumption) by pretreatment with intraperitoneal triiodothyronine (T3) followed by large hourly intravenous injections of T3. Two similar groups were given intravenous T3 but no pretreatment. These animals did not develop thyroid crisis and served as controls. Thyroid crisis did not result in metabolic changes or rigidity characteristic of an acute episode of MH. When the animals were subsequently challenged with MH triggering agents (halothane plus succinylcholine) dramatic manifestations of fulminant MH episodes (acute serious elevation in exhaled carbon dioxide, arterial CO2, rigidity and acidemia) were noted only in the MH susceptible animals. Although thyroid crisis did not trigger MH in the susceptible animals it did decrease the time to trigger MH (14.1 +/- 7.2 minutes versus 47.2 +/- 17.7 minutes, p < 0.01) in susceptible animals. Hormone induced elevations in temperature and possibly other unidentified factors during thyroid crisis may facilitate the triggering of MH following halothane and succinylcholine challenge.

Crise tireotóxica: relato de três casos / Thyrotoxic crisis: report of 3 cases

No ano de 1996, foram diagnosticados três casos de crise tireotóxica (CT), no Serviço de Endocrinologia do Hospital de Clínicas da Universidade Federal do Paraná. Os três pacientes eram jovens (idades entre 21 e 28 anos) e apresentaram uma evoluçao desfavorável, apesar das medidas terapêuticas adotadas. Tiveram também em comum o mesmo fator precipitante que foi infecçao pulmonar. Como a CT é uma emergência relativamente rara, estes três casos clínicos motivaram uma revisao dos aspectos fisiopatológicos, critérios diagnósticos, quadro clínico e tratamento desta condiçao.

Parálisis hipokalémica tirotóxica / Thyrotoxic hypokalemic paralysis

Se presenta uno de 3 casos de parálisis hipocalémica tirotóxica reunidos en poco más de un año en el Hospital de Iquique. El paciente recibió cloruro de potasio al 10 porciento como tratamiento de su cuadro neurológico y I131 para su hipertiroidismo de base. Desde hace 6 meses se encuentra eutiroídeo y libre de crisis. Los otros dos casos corresponden a hobres jóvenes en tratamiento con propiltiouracilo en espera de recibir I131

Metabolic emergencies in obstetrics.

This article reviews maternal and fetal aspects of diabetic ketoacidosis, thyroid storm, Cushing's syndrome, addisonian crisis, pheochromocytoma, and hyper- and hypothyroidism.

Thyroid crises.

In the setting of characteristic features of thyrotoxicosis, the timely diagnosis and aggressive management of thyroid storm should result in a successful outcome. However, severe storm may lead to irreversible cardiovascular collapse, especially in the older patient who may have atypical features of thyrotoxicosis. The fundamental approach is prompt and optimal treatment in the emergency department once the presenting clinical features suggest its presence. Delay in the introduction of therapy while awaiting laboratory confirmation may result in further decompensation and death. The prevention of myxedema coma entails paying special attention to certain high-risk patient groups. These groups include older women with a history of Hashimoto's thyroiditis, or previous irradiation or thyroid surgery for hyperthyroidism. Inform such patients of the symptoms and signs of hypothyroidism, and perform annual thyroid function tests, such as a serum TSH, in order to provide early, adequate treatment once the test becomes positive.

A case approach: the pathophysiology of thyroid storm.

As is illustrated in the case report presented here, disorders other than malignant hyperthermia can lead to fever and tachydysrhythmias. Should such symptoms develop in a patient with a previous history of thyrotoxicosis, the possibility of thyroid storm should be considered. Careful monitoring must not cease with the termination of the operation, because this complication usually develops after surgery. Should the complication occur, a successful outcome is dependent upon an understanding of the pathophysiology of the disease process, aggressive monitoring, and appropriate pharmacological management.