Exploring the underwater life in transitional environments: Benthic foraminifera, ostracods, and dinoflagellate cysts - Biotic trends and EcoQS assessment in the Mar Piccolo of Taranto (Ionian sea, southern Italy).

Coastal areas have historically thrived as centers of human activities due to their resources, economic opportunities, and natural allure. The rapid growth of coastal populations has however brought forth a multitude of challenges to tackle, with pollution emerging as a significant and far-reaching issue. Our study focuses on the Mar Piccolo of Taranto (Ionian Sea, Southern Italy), a lagoon-like coastal basin (separated in two sub-basins) that, since decades, has been heavily affected by human activities and aquaculture, leading to environmental deterioration. Although past studies have looked at environmental conditions in the Mar Piccolo from a chemical perspective, the biological component (e.g., biological indicators) has been mostly neglected. In this study, we firstly aim to examine the distribution and diversity of foraminifera, ostracods, and dinoflagellate cysts in December 2016 and compare our findings with data collected in December 2011. Foraminiferal and ostracod communities exhibit similar patterns in the two sampling campaigns, while the communities of encysted dinoflagellates show differences concerning both densities and diversity. Then, we evaluate the Ecological Quality Status (EcoQS) using ecological indices. While the indices in the inner basin appear to reflect an actual ecological degradation, they yield conflicting results in the outer basin. In the outer basin, indeed, the indices overestimate the EcoQS. This study highlights the potential of these indices for characterizing the EcoQS but emphasizes the need for improvements in their reliability. This research also contributes to a more holistic understanding of environmental condition in the Mar Piccolo and underscores the importance of integrating biological quality elements into ecosystem management and remediation strategies.

Holistic perilous index-based environmental appraisal of Metal(oid)s in the sole coral-bearing island of northeastern bay of Bengal.

This study aimed to evaluate the concentration, distribution, along with the environmental and human health impact of eight heavy metals-Pb, Cr, Cu, Cd, Zn, Mn, Ni, and As-on St. Martin's Island in the northeastern Bay of Bengal, and in doing so to help implement new legislations to protect the island. Focusing on the island's significance as a tourist destination, with seafood being a prominent dietary component, three sample types (sediment, seawater, and crustaceans) were selected for a comprehensive assessment, considering seasonal variations. Concentration of metals was observed to be lower than the established standards in sediment samples, but in seawater samples, Pb, Cr, Cd and Zn were higher than US-EPA values for natural marine water. The metals displayed a decreasing trend of Zn > Ni > Pb > Cu > Mn > As > Cd > Cr in crustacean samples for both seasons. Crustacean samples displayed higher metal concentrations in winter than in monsoon. Pb exceeded the maximum allowable limit for crustaceans with a concentration of about 3 and 4 mg kg-1 in monsoon and winter respectively; being more than 6-8 times the standard for Bangladesh which is only about 0.5 mg kg-1. Health indices displayed that although adults may suffer less from carcinogenic/non-carcinogenic health effects, the risks are far greater for children. For both age groups, As and Ni displayed possibilities of developing cancer. Principal Component Analysis (PCA)shed light on the sources of metals and showed that most of them were from anthropogenic sources. Overall, this study found that the quality of the environment of the island was better in comparison to previous studies made before the pandemic, and so, if the trend continues, it may lead to a better environment for the organisms around the island and help to keep the negative physiological impacts from the consumption of these organisms to a minimal.

Quantification of Allergic Crustacean Tropomyosin Using Shared Signature Peptides in Processed Foods with a Mass Spectrometry-Based Proteomic Strategy.

Crustacean shellfish are major allergens in East Asia. In the present study, a major allergic protein in crustaceans, tropomyosin, was detected accurately using multiple reaction monitoring mode-based mass spectrometry, with shared signature peptides identified through proteomic analysis. The peptides were deliberately screened through thermal stability and enzymatic digestion efficiency to improve the suitability and accuracy of the developed method. Finally, the proposed method demonstrated a linear range of 0.15 to 30 mgTM/kgfood (R2 > 0.99), with a limit of detection of 0.15 mgTM/kg food and a limit of quantification of 0.5mgTM/kgfood and successfully applied to commercially processed foods, such as potato chips, biscuits, surimi, and hot pot seasonings, which evidenced the applicability of proteomics-based methodology for food allergen analysis.

A systematic review on microplastic contamination in marine Crustacea and Mollusca of Asia: Current scenario, concentration, characterization, polymeric risk assessment, and future Prospectives.

Microplastics (MPs) pollution has wreaked havoc on biodiversity and food safety globally. The false ingestion of MPs causes harmful effects on organisms, resulting in a decline in biodiversity. The present review comprehended the current knowledge of MP contamination in Crustacea and Mollusca from 75 peer-reviewed articles published in Asia between 2015 and 2023. A total of 79 species (27 Crustacea and 52 Mollusca) have been recorded to be contaminated with MPs. Out of the total 27 species of Crustacea, Metopograpsus quadridentatus (327.56 MPs/individual) and Balanus albicostatus (0.42 MPs/individual) showed the highest and lowest contamination, respectively. Out of the total 52 species of Mollusca, Dolabella auricularia (2325 MPs/individual) and Crassostrea gigas and Mytilus edulis (0.2 MPs/individual) showed the highest and lowest contamination, respectively. In terms of country-wise MP contamination, China has the highest number of contaminated species in both phylums among Asia. Findings of pollution indices revealed a very high risk of MP contamination in all the countries. Fiber was reported predominantly in both groups. Blue and black-colored MPs having <500 µm and <500 µm-1 mm size were found dominantly in Crustacea and Mollusca, respectively. Polypropylene was recorded as the dominant plastic polymer in both Crustacea and Mollusca. In essence, this review has provided a comprehensive insight into MP concentration in Crustacea and Mollusca of Asia, highlighting variations among species and geographic locations. This understanding is crucial for tackling urgent environmental challenges, safeguarding human health, and promoting global sustainability initiatives amid the escalating issue of plastic pollution. PRACTITIONER POINTS: Microplastic pollution has created havoc on biodiversity and food safety. A total of 27 and 52 species of crustaceans and Mollusca have been recorded to be contaminated with MPs. Metopograpsus quadridentate and Dolabella auricularia have shown higher MPs contamination. Polypropylene was recorded as the dominant plastic polymer in both crustacean and Mollusca. Findings of pollution indices revealed a very high risk of MP contamination in all the countries.

A novel dual-channel cassava starch/polyvinyl alcohol-based film for visual monitoring of shrimp freshness.

In this study, the polyvinylpyrrolidone-alizarin nanoparticles (PVP-AZ NPs) with favorable water dispersion and the carbon quantum dots (RQDs) with aggregate induced emission effect were synthesized to construct an eco-friendly film for food freshness monitoring. The introduction of PVP-AZ NPs and RQDs enhanced the network structure and thermal stability of the cassava starch/polyvinyl alcohol film, and reduced its crystallinity and light transmittance via non-covalent binding with the film-forming matrix. The developed film exhibited visually recognizable colorimetric and fluorescent responses to ammonia at 0.025-25 mg/mL, and it can be reused at least 6 times. Practical application experiment proved that the film, as an indicator label, can achieve accurate, real-time, and visual dynamic monitoring of the freshness of shrimp stored at 25 °C, 4 °C, and - 20 °C under daylight (orange yellow to purple) and UV light (red to blue). The integration of multivariate detection technology can eliminate the interference of external factors by self-correction to improve sensitivity and reliability, which provides a reference for the development of other food quality and safety monitoring platforms.

Biomonitoring of mercury and selenium in commercially important shellfish: Distribution pattern, health benefit assessment and consumption advisories.

This study aims to explore the concentrations of Se and Hg in shellfish along the Gulf of Mannar (GoM) coast (Southeast India) and to estimate related risks and risk-based consumption limits for children, pregnant women, and adults. Se concentrations in shrimp, crab, and cephalopods ranged from 0.256 to 0.275 mg kg-1, 0.182 to 0.553 mg kg-1, and 0.176 to 0.255 mg kg-1, respectively, whereas Hg concentrations differed from 0.009 to 0.014 mg kg-1, 0.022 to 0.042 mg kg-1 and 0.011 to 0.024 mg kg-1, respectively. Se and Hg content in bamboo shark (C. griseum) was 0.242 mg kg-1 and 0.082 mg kg-1, respectively. The lowest and highest Se concentrations were found in C. indicus (0.176 mg kg-1) and C. natator (0.553 mg kg-1), while Hg was found high in C. griseum (0.082 mg kg-1) and low in P. vannamei (0.009 mg kg-1). Se shellfishes were found in the following order: crabs > shrimp > shark > cephalopods, while that of Hg were shark > crabs > cephalopods > shrimp. Se in shellfish was negatively correlated with trophic level (TL) and size (length and weight), whereas Hg was positively correlated with TL and size. Hg concentrations in shellfish were below the maximum residual limits (MRL) of 0.5 mg kg-1 for crustaceans and cephalopods set by FSSAI, 0.5 mg kg-1 for crustaceans and 1.0 mg kg-1 for cephalopods and sharks prescribed by the European Commission (EC/1881/2006). Se risk-benefit analysis, the AI (actual intake):RDI (recommended daily intake) ratio was > 100%, and the AI:UL (upper limit) ratio was < 100%, indicating that all shellfish have sufficient level of Se to meet daily requirements without exceeding the upper limit (UL). The target hazard quotient (THQ < 1) and hazard index (HI < 1) imply that the consumption of shellfish has no non-carcinogenic health impacts for all age groups. However, despite variations among the examined shellfish, it was consistently observed that they all exhibited a Se:Hg molar ratio > 1. This finding implies that the consumption of shellfish is generally safe in terms of Hg content. The health benefit indexes, Se-HBV and HBVse, consistently showed high positive values across all shellfish, further supporting the protective influence of Se against Hg toxicity and reinforcing the overall safety of shellfish consumption. Enhancing comprehension of food safety analysis, it is crucial to recognize that the elevated Se:Hg ratio in shellfish may be attributed to regular selenoprotein synthesis and the mitigation of Hg toxicity by substituting Se bound to Hg.

Development of a chitosan and whey protein-based, biodegradable, colorimetric/fluorescent dual-channel monitoring label for real-time sensing of shrimp freshness.

To address the growing and urgent need for quick and accurate food spoilage detection systems as well as to reduce food resource wastage, recent research has focused on intelligent bio-labels using pH indicators. Accordingly, we developed a dual-channel intelligent label with colorimetric and fluorescent capabilities using black lycium anthocyanin (BLA) and 9,10-bis(2,2-dipyridylvinyl) anthracene (DSA4P) as colorimetric and fluorescent indicators within a composite film consisting of chitosan (Cs), whey protein (Wp), and sodium tripolyphosphate (STPP). The addition of STPP as a cross-linking agent significantly improved the hydrophobicity, mechanical properties, and thermal stability of the Cs/Wp composite films under low pH conditions. After the incorporation of BLA and DSA4P, the resulting dual-channel intelligent label (Cs/Wp/STPP/BLA/DSA4P) exhibited superior hydrophobicity, as indicated by a water contact angle of 78.03°. Additionally, it displayed enhanced mechanical properties, with a tensile strength (TS) of 3.04 MPa and an elongation at break (EAB) of 81.07 %, while maintaining a low transmittance of 28.48 % at 600 nm. After 25 days of burial in soil, the label was significantly degraded, which showcases its eco-friendly nature. Moreover, the label could visually detect color changes indicating volatile ammonia concentrations (25-25,000 ppm). The color of the label in daylight gradually shifted from brick-red to light-red, brownish-yellow, and finally light-green as the ammonia concentration increased. Correspondingly, its fluorescence transitioned from no fluorescence to green fluorescence with increasing ammonia concentration, gradually intensifying under 365-nm UV light. Furthermore, the label effectively monitored the freshness of shrimp stored at temperatures of 4 °C, 25 °C, and - 18 °C. Thus, the label developed in this study exhibits significant potential for enhancing food safety monitoring.

A SILAC-based accurate quantification of shrimp allergen tropomyosin in complex food matrices using UPLC-MS/MS.

The carryover of trace allergens in complex food matrices poses challenges for detection techniques. Here, we demonstrate an accurate UPLC-MS/MS quantification assay for the shrimp allergen tropomyosin with a full-length isotope-labelled recombinant tropomyosin (TM-I) internal standard in complex food matrices. The TM-I, expressed based on the SILAC technique, exhibited a high isotope labelling ratio (>99%), purity, and alignment with the natural sequence. This method determined the tropomyosin ranging from 0.2 to 100 ng/mL. Mean recoveries ranged from 89 to 116%, with intra- and inter-day RSDs below 12%, for three signature peptides across three types of commercially processed food matrices. The limits of quantitation were 1 µg/g in pop food and sauce, and 10 µg/g in surimi product, respectively. This study supports the use of recombinant full-length isotope-labelled proteins rather than stable-isotope labelling peptides as internal standards to achieve more accurate quantitation of food allergens as the digestion error is corrected.

The preservation effect of biodegradable gelatin coating incorporated with grape seed oil on glazed shrimp.

BACKGROUND: This study was conducted to investigate the quality and shelf life of shrimps (Parapenaeus longirostris, Lucas 1846) glazed with biodegradable gelatin solutions combined with grape (Vitis vinifera L.) seed oil (GSO). Therefore, shrimps were divided into five groups and were glazed with distilled water (control), G (gelatin), G + 5% GSO (gelatin with 5% GSO), G + 10% GSO (gelatin with 10% GSO) and G + 15% GSO (gelatin with 15% GSO). Glazed shrimps were vacuum packaged and stored at -18 °C for 12 months. Proximate composition of the shrimps was determined, and the microbial (total viable counts, psychrotrophic bacteria count and Enterobacteriaceae), sensorial, chemical (residual sulfite, pH, total volatile basic nitrogen, trimethylamine nitrogen, thiobarbituric acid reactive substances) analysis, colour measurement, and melanosis formation were evaluated throughout the storage period. RESULTS: According to the analysis results, edible G + GSO coatings improved the meat quality and the brightness of the shrimps. The combined treatment reduced the quality loss of the shrimps which was caused by lipid content and prevented the total psychotropic bacteria growth throughout the storage. Moreover, glazing with G + GSO retarded the melanosis formation of the frozen shrimps. CONCLUSION: The study results revealed that GSO may be a recommended alternatively to sodium metabisulfite, which is a hazardous chemical substance commonly used against melanosis of shrimps. © 2023 Society of Chemical Industry.

New records of Coronatella (Crustacea, Branchiopoda, Chydoridae) from Colombia with the first report of Coronatella undata and of the male of Coronatella monacantha / Novos registros de Coronatella (Crustacea, Branchiopoda, Chydoridae) na Colômbia com o primeiro relato de Coronatella undata e o macho de Coronatella monacantha

Biological samples obtained from a small temporary pond of northern Colombia yielded the first record Coronatella undata Sousa, Elmoor-Loureiro and Santos, 2015 and of the male of C. monacantha (Sars, 1901) for Colombia. In this study, the morphology of female of Coronatella undata and female and male of C. monacantha was described and compared to other species within the genus. C. undata was originally described from Brazil and, among the species of the Coronatella monacantha complex, seems to be closely related to C. acuticostata (Sars, 1903). C. undata shows some similarities with C. monacantha, but it can be identified by important diagnostic characters such as: 1) posterior-ventral corner of valve with two denticles, 2) seta on exopodite of trunk limb II rudimentary, 3) filter comb of trunk limb II with six setae, 4) ODL seta of trunk limb I shorter than longest seta of IDL. C. monacantha is the most reported species in the Neotropical region and the male most resemble C. paulinae Sousa, Elmoor-Loureiro & Santos, 2015 in relation to (i), length/wide of postabdomen ratio (ii) basal spine almost straight and (iii)) long basal spine reaching the mid-length of basal spine. However, they can be separated by (i) number of lateral seta on the antennule, (ii) postanal angle, (iii) position of gonopore (iv) presence of a denticle on posterior-ventral corner of valve.

Amostras biológicas obtidas de uma pequena lagoa temporária do norte da Colômbia proporcionaram o primeiro registro de Coronatella undata Sousa, Elmoor-Loureiro e Santos, 2015 e do macho de Coronatella monacantha (Sars, 1901) na Colômbia. Neste estudo, foi descrita a morfologia de fêmeas de C. undata e de fêmeas e machos de C. monacantha, comparando-a com outras espécies do gênero. Coronatella undata foi descrita originalmente no Brasil e, entre as espécies do complexo C. monacantha, parece estar intimamente relacionada com Coronatella acuticostata (Sars, 1903). Coronatella undata apresenta algumas semelhanças com C. monacantha, mas pode ser identificada por seus principais caracteres, tais como: 1) ângulo posterior ventral da valva com dois dentículos; 2) cerda rudimentar no exopodito do ramo do tronco II; 3) filtro da gnatobase do apêndice torácico II com seis cerdas; 4) cerda ODL do membro do tronco I mais curta que a cerda mais longa do IDL. Coronatella monacantha é a espécie mais relatada na região neotropical, e o macho se assemelha mais a Coronatella paulinae Sousa, Elmoor-Loureiro & Santos em relação à/ao: (i) razão comprimento / largura do pós-abdômen, (ii) espinho basal quase reto e (iii) espinho basal longo com a metade do comprimento do espinho basal. No entanto, eles podem ser separados pelo/pela: (i) número de cerdas laterais na antênula, (ii) ângulo postanal, (iii) posição do gonóporo e (iv) presença de dentículo no canto ventral posterior da valva.

Efecto del pulso de inundación sobre el ensamble de ostrácodos (Ostracoda: Podocopida) en microambientes en la Ciénaga Río Viejo, Colombia / Effect of the flood pulse on the ostracod assemblage (Ostracoda: Podocopida) in microenvironments in the Ciénaga Río Viejo, Colombia

Resumen Introducción: Las ciénagas hacen parte de la llanura de inundación de un río y son influenciadas por el pulso de inundación, fuerza que modula los cambios anuales en las variables bióticas y abióticas. Los ensambles biológicos tienen diferentes respuestas a este pulso y podrían presentar cambios en la composición y abundancia. Objetivo: Evaluar cómo se modifican las condiciones físico-químicas en los microambientes de vegetación flotante y el ensamble de ostrácodos a lo largo de un pulso de inundación en la Ciénaga Río Viejo, Santander, Colombia. Métodos: Se caracterizaron las variables físico-químicas de los microambientes de plantas acuáticas flotantes durante las cuatro fases hidrológicas del pulso de inundación: aguas bajas, altas, ascenso y descenso, en tres estaciones donde el pulso tuvo mayor efecto. Ostrácodos dulceacuícolas fueron recolectados de estos microambientes, identificados y contados. Resultados: Las condiciones ambientales dentro de los microhábitats fluctuaron siguiendo el pulso de inundación en el sistema. Se encontraron tres familias taxonómicas y seis especies de ostrácodos. No hubo diferencias en la composición y abundancia del ensamble de ostrácodos en el espacio y el tiempo, lo que sugiere que están protegidas contra los cambios ambientales causados por las fluctuaciones hidrológicas. La abundancia de especies cambió en respuesta a la variabilidad ambiental. Strandesia cf. sphaeroidea y Keysercypria sp. 2 están asociadas con aguas más someras y con mayor cobertura de vegetación acuática densa. Otras especies mostraron ser tolerantes a fluctuaciones hidrológicas y pueden estar relacionadas con la plasticidad ecológica, como Cytheridella ilosvayi, Diaphanocypris meridana y Stenocypris major, que han sido registradas en una variedad de ambientes acuáticos y con distribuciones a escala continental. Conclusiones: Los pulsos de inundación indujeron cambios ambientales en la Ciénaga de Río Viejo, pero los microhábitats con cobertura de vegetación flotante parecen estar protegidos contra el pulso hidrológico, permitiendo así que las comunidades de ostrácodos permanezcan casi sin alteraciones durante un pulso de inundación. Este conjunto de datos actualizado de agua dulce tropical contribuye a llenar los vacíos de conocimiento relacionados con la idoneidad del hábitat y la distribución de las comunidades de ostrácodos en Colombia.

Abstract Introduction: Swamps are lowland shallow tropical lakes in rivers floodplains, characterized by annual flood pulses that modulate changes in biotic and abiotic variables. Biological assemblages have different responses to flood pulses, remaining either undisturbed or with significant changes in composition and abundance. Objective: To evaluate how physical and chemical conditions are modified in mixed macrophytes microenvironments and ostracod species assemblages throughout a flood pulse in Rio Viejo swamp, Santander, Colombia. Methods: We characterized physical and chemical variables of microenvironments of aquatic floating plants, during four different hydrologic periods of the flood pulse: low, high, rising, and descending waters, at three stations where the flood pulse have the most important effect. Freshwater ostracods were collected from such microenvironments, identified, and counted. Results: Environmental conditions within microhabitats fluctuated following the flood pulse in the system. Three taxonomic families and six species of ostracods were observed. No differences in the composition and abundance of the spatio-temporal ostracod assemblages were observed, suggesting that they are buffered against environmental changes driven by hydrological fluctuations. Species abundance changed in response to environmental variability. Species such as Keysercypria sp. and Keysercypria sp. 2 are associated to shallower waters and more likely to dense aquatic vegetation cover. Other species showed to be more tolerant to hydrological fluctuations and may be related to ecological plasticity, species such as Cytheridella ilosvayi, Diaphanocypris meridana and Stenocypris major that have been recorded in a variety of aquatic environments and with distributions at continental scale. Conclusions: Flood pulses induced environmental changes in Rio Viejo Swamp, but microhabitats in mixed macrophyte cover seems to be buffered against the hydrological pulse, thus allowing almost undisturbed ostracod assemblages throughout a flood pulse. This updated tropical freshwater dataset contributes towards filling the knowledge gaps related to habitat suitability and distribution of ostracods communities in Colombia.

Exosomes drive ferroptosis by stimulating iron accumulation to inhibit bacterial infection in crustaceans.

Ferroptosis, characterized by iron-dependent cell death, has recently emerged as a critical defense mechanism against microbial infections. The present study aims to investigate the involvement of exosomes in the induction of ferroptosis and the inhibition of bacterial infection in crustaceans. Our findings provide compelling evidence for the pivotal role of exosomes in the immune response of crustaceans, wherein they facilitate intracellular iron accumulation and activate the ferroptotic pathways. Using RNA-seq and bioinformatic analysis, we demonstrate that cytochrome P450 (CYP) can effectively trigger ferroptosis. Moreover, by conducting an analysis of exosome cargo proteins, we have identified the participation of six-transmembrane epithelial antigen of prostate 4 in the regulation of hemocyte ferroptotic sensitivity. Subsequent functional investigations unveil that six-transmembrane epithelial antigen of prostate 4 enhances cellular Fe2+ levels, thereby triggering Fenton reactions and accelerating CYP-mediated lipid peroxidation, ultimately culminating in ferroptotic cell death. Additionally, the Fe2+-dependent CYP catalyzes the conversion of arachidonic acid into 20-hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid, which activates the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor. Consequently, the downstream target of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor, cluster of differentiation 36, promotes intracellular fatty acid accumulation, lipid peroxidation, and ferroptosis. These significant findings shed light on the immune defense mechanisms employed by crustaceans and provide potential strategies for combating bacterial infections in this species.

Efficacy of White Spot Syndrome Virus Protein VP28-Expressing Chlorella vulgaris as an Oral Vaccine for Shrimp.

The white spot syndrome virus (WSSV) is the causative agent of white spot disease, which kills shrimp within a few days of infection. Although WSSV has a mortality rate of almost 100% and poses a serious threat to the shrimp farming industry, strategies for its prevention and treatment are extremely limited. In this study, we examined the efficacy of VP28, a recombinant WSSV protein expressed in Chlorella vulgaris (C. vulgaris), as an oral shrimp vaccine. When compared with the control group, in which WSSV had a cumulative mortality of 100%, shrimp treated with 5% VP28-expressing C. vulgaris in their feed only had a 20% cumulative mortality rate 12 days after the WSSV challenge. When compared with the nonvaccinated group, the transcription of anti-lipopolysaccharide factor, C-type lectin, and prophenoloxidase genes, which are involved in shrimp defense against WSSV infection, was upregulated 29.6 fold, 15.4 fold, and 11.5 fold, respectively. These findings highlight C. vulgaris as a potential host for industrial shrimp vaccine production.

Chemical Constituents of the Deep-sea Gammarid Shrimp-Derived Fungus Penicillium citrinum XIA-16.

One new alkaloid, (S)-2-acetamido-4-(2-(methylamino)phenyl)-4-oxobutanoic acid (1), was isolated from the deep-sea-derived Penicillium citrinum XIA-16, together with 25 known compounds including ten polyketones (2-11), eight alkaloids (12-19), six steroids (20-25), and a fatty acid (26). Their planar and relative structures were determined by an analysis of 1D and 2D nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) as well as high resolution electrospray ionization mass spectroscopy (HR-ESI-MS) data. The absolute configuration of 1 was determined by comparison of the experimental and calculated electronic circular dichroism (ECD) spectra. Penicitrinol B (6) significantly inhibited RSL3-induced ferroptosis (EC50 =2.0 µM) by reducing lipid peroxidation and heme oxygenase 1 (HMOX1) expression. Under the concentration of 10 µM, penicitrinol A (7) was able to inhibit cuproptosis with the cell viabilities of 68.2 % compared to the negative control (copper and elesclomol) with the cell viabilities of 14.8 %.

Diversity under a magnifier lens: the case of Typhlotanaidae (Crustacea: Tanaidacea) in the N Atlantic.

Research focusing on 'stout-bodied' typhlotanaids collected from several sites around Iceland and adjacent N Atlantic region has resulted in the description of 15 species new to science, as well as the creation of eight new genera. Typhlotanais eximius Hansen, 1913 is redescribed and transferred to a new genus, while Typhlotanais crassus and Peraeospinosus adipatus are transferred to the genus Larsenotanais. The morphological and the molecular data were combined to consolidate and confirm the validity of the results obtained from both approaches. The polyphyletic nature of the Typhlotanaidae and its serious of its taxonomic diversity are emphasized, although molecular analysis reveals that the 'stout-bodied' Typhlotanaidae form monophyletic clade. Depth and temperature are identified as the main environmental parameters determining the distribution of this group of Typhlotanaidae. Several species are clearly associated with the shelf and upper bathyal of Iceland. The Greenland-Iceland-Faroe Ridge is shown to be a distinct zoogeographical barrier for typhlotanaids inhabiting the deeper slope and abyssal regions around Iceland.

A new mud shrimp of the genus Paragourretia Sakai, 2004, from the Gulf of Mexico (Crustacea: Decapoda: Ctenochelidae).

A new western Atlantic member of the ctenochelid genus Paragourretia Sakai, 2004 is described to accommodate a single unique specimen collected by dredge on muddy rubble substrates of the continental shelf in the southwestern Gulf of Mexico. Paragourretia sandrae n. sp. closely resembles Paragourretia biffari (Blanco Rambla & Liñero Arana, 1994), another regionally reported species for which photographs and additional illustrations are herein provided. While P. biffari and P. sandrae n. sp. are similar in habitus and known habitat to the more commonly encountered confamilial Dawsonius latispina (Dawson, 1967), the third maxillipeds in Paragourretia bear distinct exopods that are absent in Dawsonius Manning & Felder, 1991. As in eight other world congeners, P. sandrae n. sp. differs from both P. biffari and Dawsonius in lacking triangular ventrolateral projections on the sixth pleomere. It is further distinguished from P. biffari by lacking a distinctly incised notch in the anterodistal margin of the uropodal exopod and by absence of a median terminal spine on the telson. Additional sequence-quality specimens of P. sandrae n. sp. are required to clarify its relationships within the polyphyletic genus Paragourretia on a molecular genetic basis.

Bioenrichment preference and human risk assessment of arsenic and metals in wild marine organisms from Dapeng (Mirs) Bay, South China Sea.

Bioenrichment preference of arsenic and metals in wild marine organisms has been scarcely considered. Twenty species including fishes, cephalopods, crustaceans, and bivalve mollusks were collected from Dapeng (Mis) Bay and analyzed for arsenic and metals. Through this study, we had obtained the following four main conclusions: (1) average concentrations of arsenic and metals (µg/kg, wet weight) in the aquatic organism samples were 48.7 for Cr, 1762.0 for Mn, 20,632.8 for Fe, 33.0 for Co, 119.5 for Ni, 3184.7 for Cu, 12,040.5 for Zn, 389.0 for As, 189.1 for Se, 144.4 for Cd, 15.0 for Hg, and 55.3 for Pb; (2) factor analysis (FA) revealed that the studied twenty species exhibited three types of arsenic and metal bioenrichment preference;(3) non-carcinogenic health risk assessment indicated insignificant health effects from marine organism consumption; (4) carcinogenic health risk assessment revealed an unacceptable risk from consumption of nine species, seven of which were crustaceans.

Determination of aquatic hazard concentrations for the oil spill response product class of surface washing agents using species sensitivity distributions.

Surface washing agents (SWAs) are a diverse class of oil spill response products intended to facilitate removal of stranded oil from shorelines. This class of agents has high application rates relative to other categories of spill response products, but global toxicity data is generally limited to two standard test species: inland silverside and mysid shrimp. Here, we provide a framework to maximize the utility of limited toxicity data across a product class. To characterize species sensitivity to SWAs, the toxicity of three agents spanning a range of chemical and physical properties were tested in eight species. The relative sensitivity of mysids shrimp and inland silversides as surrogate test organisms was determined. Toxicity normalized species sensitivity distributions (SSDn) were used to estimate fifth centile hazard concentration (HC5) values for SWAs with limited toxicity data. Chemical toxicity distributions (CTD) of SWA HC5 values were used to compute a fifth centile chemical hazard distribution (HD5) to provide a more comprehensive assessment of hazard across a spill response product class with limited toxicity data than traditional single species or single agent approaches can give.

Highly-Selective Analytical Strategy for 90 Pesticides and Metabolites Residues in Fish and Shrimp Samples.

The analysis of pesticide residues in aquatic products is challenging due to low residue levels and the complex matrix interference. In this study, we developed a simple, fast method for the trace analysis of 90 pesticides and metabolites in aquatic products. The analytes covered a wide polarity range with log Kow (log octanol-water partition coefficient) ranging from -1.2 to 6.37. Grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idellus) and prawn (Penaeus chinensis) samples were chosen to validate the quantification method. The samples were extracted by 0.2% formic-acetonitrile, cleaned by solid-phase extraction (PRiME HLB), and analyzed by high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. The results showed good linearities for the analytes and were observed in the range of 0.05-50 µg/L. The recoveries of the method were within 50.4-118.6%, with the relative standard deviations being lower than 20%. The limits of quantifications (LOQs) of the method were in the range of 0.05-5.0 µg/kg, which were superior to values compared with other research. The developed method was applied to detect pesticide residues in prawn samples from eastern coastal areas of China. Three herbicide residues of diuron, prometryn, and atrazine were detected in prawn samples. The method was sensitive and efficient, which is of significance in expanding the screening scope and improving the quantitative analysis efficiency in aquatic products.