Factors affecting gastrointestinal function recovery after cesarean section among Chinese mothers: A cross-sectional study.

This study was conducted to explore the influencing factors of gastrointestinal function recovery after cesarean section (CS), which could provide a reference for the enhanced recovery after surgery in obstetrics. This is a cross-sectional survey on Chinese mothers receiving CS. The participants's socio-demographic characteristics, perioperative diet, medical condition and gastrointestinal function after surgery were collected by a self-designed questionnaire. Binary logistic regression analysis was employed to explore the influencing factors of gastrointestinal function recovery after CS. A total of 1501 (94.76%) valid questionnaires were collected. The first borborygmus was 2.21 ± 0.63 hours, and the first anal exhaust was 35.73 ± 14.85 hours after the CS. The incidence of abdominal distension and intestinal obstruction were 15.1% and 0.7%, respectively. The parity, type of CS, 2-hours bleeding after surgery, time of first meal after surgery, whether taking peppermint water after surgery were the independent influencing factors for gastrointestinal function recovery after CS. We should pay more attention to the mothers with scarred uterus, manage the labor process strictly, and reduce 2-hours bleeding after surgery. The mothers with CS should also be encouraged to eat early and take peppermint water to promote intestinal peristalsis actively.

Evidence-based labor management: postpartum care after vaginal delivery (part 6).

In the setting of postpartum care after vaginal delivery, rooming-in is associated with a higher rate of exclusive breastfeeding rate at hospital discharge, but there is insufficient evidence to support or refute rooming-in to increase breastfeeding at 6 months. Education and support for breastfeeding are valuable interventions to promote initiation of breastfeeding whether it is offered by a healthcare professional, nonhealthcare professional, or peer. A combined intervention, a professional provider-led intervention, having a protocol available for the provider training program, and implementation during both the prenatal and postnatal periods increased the rate of exclusive breastfeeding for 6 months. There is no single effective treatment for breast engorgement. Breast massage, continuing breastfeeding, and pain relief are recommended by national guidelines. Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and acetaminophen are better than placebo for relief of pain caused by uterine cramping and perineal trauma; acetaminophen is effective in breastfeeding individuals who underwent episiotomy; and local cooling pain relievers have been shown to reduce perineal pain for 24 to 72 hours, compared with no treatment. There is insufficient evidence to assess the safety and efficacy of postpartum routine universal thromboprophylaxis after vaginal delivery. Anti-D immune globulin administration is recommended in Rhesus-negative individuals who have given birth to a Rhesus-positive infant. There is very low-quality evidence that a universal complete blood count is useful in reducing the risk of receiving blood products. In the absence of any postpartum complication, there is insufficient evidence to recommend a routine postpartum ultrasound. Measles, mumps, and rubella combination; varicella; human papillomavirus; and tetanus, diphtheria, and pertussis vaccines should be administered in nonimmune individuals in the postpartum period. Smallpox and yellow fever vaccines should be avoided. Individuals undergoing postplacental placement are more likely to use an intrauterine device at 6 months than those advised to follow-up for placement during outpatient postpartum care. An implant is safe and effective for immediate postpartum contraception. There is insufficient evidence to support or refute the routine administration of micronutrient supplements in breastfeeding women. Placentophagia does not provide any benefits and exposes mothers and offspring to infectious risks. Therefore, it should be discouraged. Because of the low level of evidence, there is insufficient data to assess the efficacy of home visits in the postpartum period. There is insufficient evidence to recommend when to resume daily activities, and individuals should be counseled to return to prepregnancy level of activity or exercise when comfortable. Sexual activity, housework exercise, driving, climbing stairs, and lifting weights should be resumed as soon as postpartum individuals want. A behavioral educational intervention reduces depression symptoms and increases breastfeeding duration. Physical activity after delivery is protective against postpartum mood disorders. There is no strong evidence that supports early discharge after vaginal delivery compared with standard discharge (ie, ≥48 hours).

Nutrición de la embarazada, primer pilar de la nutrición para la vida / Nutrition of the pregnant, the first pillar of a nutrition for life

Following healthy eating patterns is important for pregnant and lactating women for a number of reasons. Increasing calories and nutrient intake is necessary to support the growth and development of the baby and maintain the health of the mother. Having access to a healthy dietary pattern before and during pregnancy will improve pregnancy outcomes. In addition, following a healthy diet plan before and during pregnancy as well as while breastfeeding has the potential to influence the health of mother and child in successive stages of life. Pregnancy and breastfeeding are special stages in a woman's life and nutrition plays a vital role before, during and after these stages in maintaining the health of the mother and her child. Consideration should be given to achieving and maintaining a healthy weight before pregnancy, gaining weight during pregnancy as recommended, and returning to a healthy weight after the postpartum period. Events that occur in the early stages of life play an important role in the development of chronic diseases. It is recognized that diet and lifestyle during pregnancy are crucial determinants for modulating the microbiota of the offspring, through a vertical transfer from the dysbiotic maternal environment. In addition, intestinal colonization is maximized in the first two years of life through the type and timing of feeding of the newborn

Seguir patrones de alimentación saludables es importante para las mujeres embarazadas y mujeres lactantes por varias razones. Aumento de calorías y la ingesta de nutrientes es necesaria para apoyar el crecimiento y desarrollo del bebé y mantener la salud de la madre. Tener acceso a un patrón dietético saludable antes y durante el embarazo mejorará. resultados del embarazo. Además, seguir un plan de dieta saludable antes y durante el embarazo, así como durante la lactancia, tiene el potencial influir en la salud de la madre y el niño en las sucesivas etapas de la vida. El embarazo y la lactancia son etapas especiales en la vida de una mujer y la nutrición juega un papel vital antes, durante y después de estas etapas en el mantenimiento de la salud de la madre y su hijo. Consideración debe darse para lograr y mantener un peso saludable antes embarazo, aumento de peso durante el embarazo según lo recomendado, y volver a un peso saludable después del período posparto. Los eventos que ocurren en las primeras etapas de la vida juegan un papel importante en el desarrollo de enfermedades crónicas. Se reconoce que la dieta y El estilo de vida durante el embarazo son determinantes cruciales para modular la microbiota de la descendencia, a través de una transferencia vertical desde el ambiente materno disbiótico. Además, la colonización intestinal se maximiza en los primeros dos años de vida a través del tipo y el momento de alimentación del recién nacido

The INTER-ACT E-Health Supported Lifestyle Intervention Improves Postpartum Food Intake and Eating Behavior, but Not Physical Activity and Sedentary Behavior-A Randomized Controlled Trial.

Unhealthy postpartum lifestyle is related to long-term adverse psychological, metabolic and cardiovascular health outcomes as well as to complications in the next pregnancy. Especially women with preceding excessive gestational weight gain are at risk. This paper aims to evaluate the effect of the postpartum phase of the INTER-ACT randomized controlled trial (RCT) on food intake, eating behavior, physical activity and sedentary time at the end of the intervention (six months postpartum) and at six-months follow-up (12 months postpartum). The study population comprised women with excessive gestational weight gain in the preceding pregnancy. The lifestyle intervention combined a smartphone application with four face-to-face coaching sessions between six weeks and six months postpartum. After the intervention, restrained eating score was 1 point higher (95% CI 0.5, 1.5; p < 0.001), uncontrolled eating score was 1 point lower (95% CI -1.9, -0.2; p = 0.02) and energy intake was 69 kcal lower (95% CI -123, -15; p = 0.01) in the intervention group compared to the control group. The differences were no longer statistically significant at follow-up. No significant effects on emotional eating, physical activity and sedentary behavior were found. In conclusion, the postpartum phase of the INTER-ACT RCT was effective in improving nutrition-related outcomes, however, these improvements could not be sustained at follow-up. ClinicalTrials.gov identifier: NCT02989142.

Factors influencing exclusive breastfeeding rates until 6 months postpartum: the Japan Environment and Children's Study.

This research aimed to examine the efficacy of the early initiation of breastfeeding within 1 h of birth, early skin-to-skin contact, and rooming-in for the continuation of exclusive breastfeeding until 6 months postpartum. The research used data from the Japan Environment and Children's Study (JECS), a nationwide government-funded birth cohort study. A total of 80,491 mothers in Japan between January 2011 and March 2014 who succeeded or failed to exclusively breastfeed to 6 months were surveyed in JECS. Multiple logistic regression model was used to analyse the data. The percentage of mothers who succeeded in exclusively breastfeeding to 6 months is 37.4%. Adjusted odds ratios were analysed for all 35 variables. Early initiation of breastfeeding (adjusted odds ratio [AOR]: 1.455 [1.401-1.512]), early skin-to-skin contact (AOR: 1.233 [1.165-1.304]), and rooming-in (AOR: 1.567 [1.454-1.690]) affected continuation of exclusive breastfeeding. Regional social capital (AOR: 1.133 [1.061-1.210]) was also discovered to support the continuation of breastfeeding. In contrast, the most influential inhibiting factors were starting childcare (AOR: 0.126 [0.113-0.141]), smoking during pregnancy (AOR: 0.557 [0.496-0.627]), and obese body type during early pregnancy (AOR: 0.667 [0.627-0.710]).

Comparative mammary gland postnatal development and tumourigenesis in the sheep, cow, cat and rabbit: Exploring the menagerie.

Sheep, cows, cats, and rabbits are kept by humans for agricultural purposes and as companion animals. Much of the mammary research in these species has focussed on mastitis in the case of ruminants and rabbits, and mammary tumourigenesis in cats and rabbits. However, similarities with the human breast suggest that these species may be currently underutilised as valuable comparative models of breast development and disease. The mammary gland undergoes cyclical postnatal development that will be considered here in the context of these non-traditional model species, with a focus on the mammary microenvironment at different postnatal developmental stages. The second part of this review will consider mammary tumour development. Ruminants are thought to be relatively 'resistant' to mammary tumourigenesis, likely due to multiple factors including functional properties of ruminant mammary stem/progenitor cells, diet, and/or the fact that production animals undergo a first parity soon after puberty. By contrast, unneutered female cats and rabbits have a propensity to develop mammary neoplasms, and subsets of these may constitute valuable comparative models of breast cancer.

Racial/Ethnic Differences in Prenatal and Postnatal Counseling About Maternal and Infant Health-Promoting Practices Among Teen Mothers.

STUDY OBJECTIVE: Disparities in perinatal counseling among all pregnant women exist, yet teen data are lacking. We evaluated racial/ethnic differences in (1) prenatal and (2) postnatal counseling of teen mothers. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS: This retrospective cross-sectional study included Pregnancy Risk Assessment Monitoring System data from 2012-2016 and included mothers 19 years of age and younger. INTERVENTIONS AND MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Counseling measures included tobacco, alcohol and illicit drugs, weight gain, HIV testing, influenza vaccination, breastfeeding, infant safe sleep, postpartum depression, and contraception. Bivariate associations of maternal/infant characteristics and counseling were estimated using χ2 tests. Multivariable logistic regression was used to assess the independent relationship between race/ethnicity and counseling. RESULTS: A weighted sample of 544,930 teen mothers was analyzed. Compared with non-Hispanic white (NHW) teens, non-Hispanic black teens were more likely to receive counseling on tobacco (adjusted odds ratio [aOR], 1.4; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.10-1.77), alcohol (aOR, 1.77; 95% CI, 1.28-2.46), illicit drugs (aOR, 1.79; 95% CI, 1.33-2.41), and HIV testing (aOR, 1.62; 95% CI, 1.26-2.09). Compared with NHW teens, Hispanic teens were less likely to receive tobacco counseling (aOR, 0.78; 95% CI, 0.64-0.97) and more likely to receive influenza vaccine counseling (aOR, 1.44; 95% CI, 1.18-1.76). No difference was found in receipt of postnatal counseling. CONCLUSION: Racial/ethnic differences in receipt of perinatal counseling exist, with non-Hispanic black teens being more likely to receive counseling on substance use and HIV testing and Hispanic teens being more likely to receive influenza vaccine recommendations compared with NHW teens. Ongoing investigation is needed to understand drivers of these differences.

Renal cystic diseases during the perinatal and neonatal period.

Renal cystic diseases are a clinically and genetically diverse group of renal diseases that can manifest in utero, infancy, or throughout childhood and adulthood. These diseases may be unilateral or bilateral with a single cyst or multiple cysts, or with increased echogenicity of the renal cortex without macroscopic cysts. Certain cystic renal diseases are life-threatening, with many developing chronic kidney and hepatic disease if not recognized early enough. Therefore, due to the prevalence and life-altering complications of this specific group of diseases in vulnerable populations, it is crucial for clinicians and healthcare providers to have an overall understanding of cystic diseases and how to pre-emptively detect and manage these conditions. In this review, we discuss in detail the epidemiology, genetics and pathophysiology, diagnosis, presentation, and management of numerous genetic and sporadic renal cystic diseases, such as polycystic kidney disease, multicystic dysplastic kidney, and calyceal diverticula, with an emphasis on prenatal care and pregnancy counseling.

Midwifery continuity of care versus standard maternity care for women at increased risk of preterm birth: A hybrid implementation-effectiveness, randomised controlled pilot trial in the UK.

BACKGROUND: Midwifery continuity of care is the only health system intervention shown to reduce preterm birth (PTB) and improve perinatal survival, but no trial evidence exists for women with identified risk factors for PTB. We aimed to assess feasibility, fidelity, and clinical outcomes of a model of midwifery continuity of care linked with a specialist obstetric clinic for women considered at increased risk for PTB. METHODS AND FINDINGS: We conducted a hybrid implementation-effectiveness, randomised, controlled, unblinded, parallel-group pilot trial at an inner-city maternity service in London (UK), in which pregnant women identified at increased risk of PTB were randomly assigned (1:1) to either midwifery continuity of antenatal, intrapartum, and postnatal care (Pilot study Of midwifery Practice in Preterm birth Including women's Experiences [POPPIE] group) or standard care group (maternity care by different midwives working in designated clinical areas). Pregnant women attending for antenatal care at less than 24 weeks' gestation were eligible if they fulfilled one or more of the following criteria: previous cervical surgery, cerclage, premature rupture of membranes, PTB, or late miscarriage; previous short cervix or short cervix this pregnancy; or uterine abnormality and/or current smoker of tobacco. Feasibility outcomes included eligibility, recruitment and attrition rates, and fidelity of the model. The primary outcome was a composite of appropriate and timely interventions for the prevention and/or management of preterm labour and birth. We analysed by intention to treat. Between 9 May 2017 and 30 September 2018, 334 women were recruited; 169 women were allocated to the POPPIE group and 165 to the standard group. Mean maternal age was 31 years; 32% of the women were from Black, Asian, and ethnic minority groups; 70% were in employment; and 46% had a university degree. Nearly 70% of women lived in areas of social deprivation. More than a quarter of women had at least one pre-existing medical condition and multiple risk factors for PTB. More than 75% of antenatal and postnatal visits were provided by a named/partner midwife, and a midwife from the POPPIE team was present at 80% of births. The incidence of the primary composite outcome showed no statistically significant difference between groups (POPPIE group 83.3% versus standard group 84.7%; risk ratio 0.98 [95% confidence interval (CI) 0.90 to 1.08]; p = 0.742). Infants in the POPPIE group were significantly more likely to have skin-to-skin contact after birth, to have it for a longer time, and to breastfeed immediately after birth and at hospital discharge. There were no differences in other secondary outcomes. The number of serious adverse events was similar in both groups and unrelated to the intervention (POPPIE group 6 versus standard group 5). Limitations of this study included the limited power and the nonmasking of group allocation; however, study assignment was masked to the statistician and researchers who analysed the data. CONCLUSIONS: In this study, we found that it is feasible to set up and achieve fidelity of a model of midwifery continuity of care linked with specialist obstetric care for women at increased risk of PTB in an inner-city maternity service in London (UK), but there is no impact on most outcomes for this population group. Larger appropriately powered trials are needed, including in other settings, to evaluate the impact of relational continuity and hypothesised mechanisms of effect based on increased trust and engagement, improved care coordination, and earlier referral on disadvantaged communities, including women with complex social factors and social vulnerability. TRIAL REGISTRATION: We prospectively registered the pilot trial on the UK Clinical Research Network Portfolio Database (ID number: 31951, 24 April 2017). We registered the trial on the International Standard Randomised Controlled Trial Number (ISRCTN) (Number: 37733900, 21 August 2017) and before trial recruitment was completed (30 September 2018) when informed that prospective registration for a pilot trial was also required in a primary clinical trial registry recognised by WHO and the International Committee of Medical Journal Editors (ICMJE). The protocol as registered and published has remained unchanged, and the analysis conforms to the original plan.

Evaluation of an Inpatient Postpartum Human Papillomavirus Immunization Program.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the result of an inpatient postpartum human papillomavirus (HPV) immunization pilot program in a diverse, low-income patient population from an urban, hospital-based obstetrics and gynecology clinic. METHODS: In this cohort study, we present results from the first 2 years of the inpatient postpartum HPV immunization program, in which vaccine-eligible postpartum women were identified and immunized during their hospital stays. The program was implemented after educational outreach with prenatal and postpartum clinicians and nurses. Associations between receipt of the HPV vaccine as an inpatient and the characteristics of patients, and the likelihood of and missed opportunities for receiving a subsequent dose of the HPV vaccine as an outpatient were determined using logistic regression, time-to-event analyses, chi-squared tests and t-tests. RESULTS: From April 11, 2017, to April 10, 2019, 394 (59.2%) of 666 postpartum women were eligible for the inpatient postpartum HPV immunization program. The majority (265/394, 67.3%) received the immunization pilot program HPV dose; 36 of those 265 (13.6%) completed the series with that dose. Among women due for additional doses after hospital discharge, those who received the inpatient dose were more likely to receive a subsequent outpatient dose (138/229) than were those who did not receive an inpatient dose (39/129; hazard ratio 2.51, 95% CI 1.76-3.58). On average, there were 30.7 fewer (95% CI 5.8-55.6, P<.02) missed opportunities for subsequent outpatient doses for every 100 eligible visits among women who received the inpatient dose, compared with women who did not. By the end of the study, the proportion of women who had completed the vaccine series was higher among women who received the inpatient dose (95/265, 35.8%) than in those who did not (12 out 129, 9.3%; odds ratio 5.45, 95% CI 2.86-10.38). CONCLUSION: The inpatient postpartum HPV immunization program was associated with increased rates of immunization and addressed a previously missed opportunity. Inpatient immunization programs can serve as a critical way to address gaps in vaccine uptake.

Diagnosis and treatment of advanced HER2-positive breast cancer in young pregnant female: A case report.

RATIONALE: The incidence of pregnancy-associated breast cancer (PABC) is increasing nowadays, and its diagnosis and treatment remain complicated due to the consideration of the fetus. The available data on PABC are primarily derived from case reports since there are ethical restrictions on conducting randomized clinical trials. In the present work, we reported a case of the human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2)-positive PABC and described the diagnosis and treatment for such type of breast cancer. PATIENT CONCERNS: A 27-year-old patient was admitted to our hospital with the complaints of right breast mass for 3 days, and she was a first-time pregnant woman with a single live intrauterine fetus at 26 + 3 weeks of gestation. Physical examination of the right breast revealed a palpable and hard mass with obscure boundaries (5.0 cm × 4.0 cm) in the upper outer quadrant. Significant axillary lymph nodes (2.0 cm) were also present. DIAGNOSIS: PABC. INTERVENTION: To protect the fetus, breast ultrasonography was used to test her breast mass, a core needle biopsy was adopted to confirm the diagnosis, and abdominal ultrasound and chest X-ray were used to evaluate the metastasis. The patient was scheduled for neoadjuvant therapy using bi-weekly pirarubicin in combination with cyclophosphamide (AC) without anti-HER2 therapy for consideration of the fetus's safety. After 4 cycles of AC, the patient delivered a healthy male infant. After the delivery, all the treatments were carried out according to the standard recommendation for HER2 + breast cancer as non-pregnant patients. OUTCOMES: After the surgery, the disease-free survival for the patient was 12 months until brain metastasis was diagnosed. She was still undergoing second-line anti-HER2 therapy and currently in a stable situation. Besides, the child was also healthy so far. LESSONS: The methods for the diagnosis and treatment of PABC that result in teratogenesis should be avoided to protect the fetus. Mammogram and chest X-ray were safe approaches for the fetus. Moreover, chemotherapy-based on pirarubicin in combination with cyclophosphamide had no risk to the fetus.

Association between Neonatal Intensive Care Unit Admission and Supine Sleep Positioning, Breastfeeding, and Postnatal Smoking among Mothers of Late Preterm Infants.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the association between neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) admission and breastfeeding practices, infant supine sleep positioning, and postnatal smoking among mothers of late preterm infants. STUDY DESIGN: Data from 36 states using the 2000-2013 Pregnancy Risk Assessment Monitoring System were analyzed. χ2 tests and 95% CI assessed infant and maternal characteristics and recommended care practices for late preterm infants based on NICU admission after birth. Adjusted prevalence ratios (APR) for breastfeeding initiation and continuation at 10 weeks, supine sleep position, and postnatal smoking were estimated using multivariable logistic regression models, controlling for infant and maternal characteristics. Analyses were weighted and SEs accounted for the complex survey design. RESULTS: Our sample included 62 494 late preterm infants, representing a weighted population of 1 441 451 late preterm infants. In the adjusted analysis, mothers of late preterm infants admitted to a NICU were more likely to initiate breastfeeding (APR 1.07; 95% CI 1.05-1.09) and place their infants in supine sleep position (1.04; 95% CI 1.01-1.06) than mothers of late preterm infants not admitted to a NICU. There was no significant difference between groups for breastfeeding continuation or postnatal smoking. CONCLUSIONS: Mothers of late preterm infants admitted to a NICU were more likely to initiate breastfeeding and practice supine sleep position than mothers of late preterm infants not admitted to a NICU. Future work should seek to identify the drivers of these differences to develop effective strategies to engage mothers in these health promoting infant care practices.

Labor and delivery guidance for COVID-19.

This document addresses the current coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic for providers and patients in labor and delivery (L&D). The goals are to provide guidance regarding methods to appropriately screen and test pregnant patients for COVID-19 prior to, and at admission to L&D reduce risk of maternal and neonatal COVID-19 disease through minimizing hospital contact and appropriate isolation; and provide specific guidance for management of L&D of the COVID-19-positive woman, as well as the critically ill COVID-19-positive woman. The first 5 sections deal with L&D issues in general, for all women, during the COVID-19 pandemic. These include Section 1: Appropriate screening, testing, and preparation of pregnant women for COVID-19 before visit and/or admission to L&D Section 2: Screening of patients coming to L&D triage; Section 3: General changes to routine L&D work flow; Section 4: Intrapartum care; Section 5: Postpartum care; Section 6 deals with special care for the COVID-19-positive or suspected pregnant woman in L&D and Section 7 deals with the COVID-19-positive/suspected woman who is critically ill. These are suggestions, which can be adapted to local needs and capabilities.

Diagnóstico prenatal y posnatal de anomalías del tracto urinario / Pre- natal and post-natal diagnosis of urinary tract anomalies

Introducción: El ultrasonido prenatal aporta una magnífica forma de introducirnos en la patofisiología renal humana, pero es incapaz de detectar todas las anomalías. Objetivos: Identificar las principales anomalías de riñón y tracto urinario en pacientes con diagnóstico prenatal o posnatal de estas anomalías. Métodos: Se incluyeron en el estudio todos los pacientes que llegaron remitidos al servicio de Nefrología del Hospital Pediátrico Docente William Soler entre el 1ero. de octubre de 2015 y el 30 de septiembre de 2017, por haberse detectado alteraciones en el ultrasonido prenatal durante el seguimiento de un embarazo normal y aquellos en los que después del nacimiento se comprobó alguna anormalidad en forma incidental o por síntomas relacionados. Se programó seguimiento clínico, imagenológico y terapéutico de acuerdo con la anomalía detectada. Resultados: El estudio incluyó 81 pacientes, 65 con diagnóstico prenatal y 16 con hallazgo posnatal. El sexo masculino estuvo representado por el 66,7 por ciento y la anomalía más frecuente estudiada resultó la displasia renal multiquística (23,4 por ciento). En segundo lugar, el diagnóstico morfológico correspondió a dilataciones del tracto urinario, que en su estudio posnatal se clasificaron como hidronefrosis (20,9 por ciento), pielectasias (17,4 por ciento) y reflujo vesicoureteral (7,4 por ciento). Conclusiones: El ultrasonido prenatal para la detección de anomalías de riñón y tracto urinario es un proceder diagnóstico de gran utilidad porque permite prepararnos para enfrentar estas anomalías antes que presente síntomas relacionados y además puede proporcionar una adecuada información a los padres. No todas las anomalías congénitas se detectan mediante ecografía prenatal(AU)

Introduction: The prenatal ultrasound provides a great way to introduce us to the human renal pathophysiology, but is unable to detect all of the anomalies. Objectives: To identify the main anomalies of the kidney and urinary tract in patients with prenatal or postnatal diagnosis of those. Methods: There were included in the study all the patients who were referred to the Nephrology Service of William Soler Pediatric Teaching Hospital from October 1, 2015 to September 30, 2017 being detected alterations in the prenatal ultrasound during the follow-up of a normal pregnancy and those in which after birth any abnormality was found incidentally or by related symptoms. Clinical, imaging and therapeutic follow-up were scheduled in accordance with the anomaly detected. Results: The study included 81 patients, 65 with prenatal diagnosis and 16 with post-natal finding. The male sex was represented by the 66.7 percent and the most common anomaly studied was the multicystic dysplastic kidney (23.4 percent). Secondly, the morphological diagnosis corresponded to dilations of the urinary tract, which in the post-natal study were classified as hydronephrosis (20.9 percent), pyelectasis (17.4 percent) and vesicoureteral reflux (7.4 percent). Conclusions: The prenatal ultrasound for the detection of kidney and urinary tract´s anomalies is a diagnosis of great utility because it allows us to prepare to face these anomalies before they present related symptoms and it can also provide adequate information to parents. Not all congenital anomalies are detected by prenatal ultrasound(AU)

Telemedicine in Low-Risk Obstetrics.

Telemedicine has been used to expand access to routine prenatal care for patients in rural areas and areas without enough obstetrician/gynecologists. Telemedicine can be used to reduce face-to-face visits, to increase patient autonomy and satisfaction, for behavioral modification, and to aid in smoking cessation. Patients and providers alike find telemedicine a useful adjunct to routine care.

rhIGF-1/BP3 Preserves Lung Growth and Prevents Pulmonary Hypertension in Experimental Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia.

Rationale: Antenatal factors, such as chorioamnionitis, preeclampsia, and postnatal injury, are associated with an increased risk for bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD) and pulmonary hypertension (PH) after preterm birth. IGF-1 (insulin-like growth factor-1) is markedly decreased in normal preterm infants, but whether IGF-1 treatment can prevent BPD or PH is unknown.Objectives: To evaluate whether postnatal treatment with rhIGF-1 (recombinant human IGF-1)/BP3 (binding peptide 3) improves lung growth and prevents PH in two antenatal models of BPD induced by intraamniotic exposure to endotoxin (ETX) or sFlt-1 (soluble fms-like tyrosine kinase 1), and in a postnatal model due to prolonged hyperoxia.Methods: ETX or sFlt-1 were administered into the amniotic sac of pregnant rats at Embryonic Day 20 to simulate antenatal models of chorioamnionitis and preeclampsia, respectively. Pups were delivered by cesarean section at Embryonic Day 22 and treated with rhIGF-1/BP3 (0.02-20 mg/kg/d intraperitoneal) or buffer for 2 weeks. Study endpoints included radial alveolar counts (RACs), vessel density, and right ventricular hypertrophy (RVH). Direct effects of rhIGF-1/BP3 (250 ng/ml) on fetal lung endothelial cell proliferation and tube formation and alveolar type 2 cell proliferation were studied by standard methods in vitro.Measurements and Main Results: Antenatal ETX and antenatal sFlt-1 reduced RAC and decreased RVH in infant rats. In both models, postnatal rhIGF-1/BP3 treatment restored RAC and RVH to normal values when compared with placebo injections. rhIGF-1/BP3 treatment also preserved lung structure and prevented RVH after postnatal hyperoxia. In vitro studies showed that rhIGF-1/BP3 treatment increased lung endothelial cell and alveolar type 2 cell proliferation.Conclusions: Postnatal rhIGF-1/BP3 treatment preserved lung structure and prevented RVH in antenatal and postnatal BPD models. rhIGF-1/BP3 treatment may provide a novel strategy for the prevention of BPD in preterm infants.

Perineorrhaphy Compared With Pelvic Floor Muscle Therapy in Women With Late Consequences of a Poorly Healed Second-Degree Perineal Tear: A Randomized Controlled Trial.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate outcomes after pelvic floor muscle therapy, as compared with perineorrhaphy and distal posterior colporrhaphy, in the treatment of women with a poorly healed second-degree obstetric injury diagnosed at least 6 months postpartum. METHODS: We performed a single center, open-label, randomized controlled trial. After informed consent, patients with a poorly healed second-degree perineal tear at minimum 6 months postpartum were randomized to either surgery or physical therapy. The primary outcome was treatment success, as defined by Patient Global Impression of Improvement, at 6 months. Secondary outcomes included the Pelvic Floor Distress Inventory, the Pelvic Floor Impact Questionnaire, the Pelvic Organ Prolapse/Urinary Incontinence Sexual Questionnaire, and the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale. Assuming a 60% treatment success in the surgery group and 20% in the physical therapy group, plus anticipating a 20% loss to follow-up, a total of 70 patients needed to be recruited. RESULTS: From October 2015 to June 2018, 70 of 109 eligible patients were randomized, half into surgery and half into tutored pelvic floor muscle therapy. The median age of the study group was 35 years, and the median duration postpartum at enrollment in the study was 10 months. There were three dropouts in the surgery group postrandomization. In an intention-to-treat analysis, with worst case imputation of missing outcomes, subjective global improvement was reported by 25 of 35 patients (71%) in the surgery group compared with 4 of 35 patients (11%) in the physical therapy group (treatment effect in percentage points 60% [95% CI 42-78%], odds ratio 19 [95% CI 5-69]). The surgery group was superior to physical therapy regarding all secondary endpoints. CONCLUSION: Surgical treatment is effective and superior to pelvic floor muscle training in relieving symptoms related to a poorly healed second-degree perineal tear in women presenting at least 6 months postpartum. CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRATION: ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT02545218.

Glyphosate-based herbicide induces hyperplastic ducts in the mammary gland of aging Wistar rats.

Glyphosate-based herbicide (GBH) exposure is known to have adverse effects on endocrine-related tissues. Here, we aimed to determine whether early postnatal exposure to a GBH induces long-term effects on the rat mammary gland. Thus, female Wistar pups were injected with saline solution (Control) or GBH (2 mg glyphosate/kg/day) on postnatal days (PND) 1, 3, 5 and 7. At 20 months of age, mammary gland samples were collected to determine histomorphological features, proliferation index and the expression of steroid hormone receptors expression, by immunohistochemistry, and serum samples were collected to assess 17ß-estradiol (E2) and progesterone (P4) levels. GBH exposure induced morphological changes evidenced by a higher percentage of hyperplastic ducts and a fibroblastic-like stroma in the mammary gland. GBH-treated rats also showed a high expression of steroid hormone receptors in hyperplastic ducts. The results indicate that early postnatal exposure to GBH induces long-term alterations in the mammary gland morphology of aging female rats.

Breastfeeding: Australian Breastfeeding Association volunteers are positive deviants in Australian society.

PROBLEM: Australian breastfeeding rates are low, and strategies to increase them have been inadequate. New approaches for supporting breastfeeding are required. BACKGROUND: Preliminary data suggested that Australian Breastfeeding Association members had higher exclusive breastfeeding rates than the general Australian population. The Engaging Mothers: Breastfeeding Experiences Recounted project provided an opportunity to determine which practices were influencing better breastfeeding outcomes. AIMS: (1) To determine whether Australian Breastfeeding Association volunteer trainees were positive deviants regarding breastfeeding practices, (2) to explore characteristics or behaviours underpinning beneficial breastfeeding practices and (3) to identify modifiable characteristics to inform breastfeeding promotion. METHODS: A cross-sectional, one-group survey design was used. Breastfeeding-related quantitative and qualitative data were obtained from lactation history questionnaires collected on application to train as volunteers with the Australian Breastfeeding Association (N=174), and analysed using descriptive statistics. FINDINGS: Participants in this project had higher levels of exclusive breastfeeding to around 6 months (64%) and longer duration of breastfeeding (80% to one year) than the general Australian population, going beyond World Health Organization targets. Identified modifiable factors were knowledge and motivation to breastfeed, partner and peer support, birthing outcomes, immediate skin-to-skin contact, formula supplementation and positive attitudes to breastfeeding at work and breastfeeding in public. DISCUSSION: Participants could be defined as positive deviants with positive attitudes towards breastfeeding. The personal behaviours and practices of this group may help inform future breastfeeding interventions. CONCLUSIONS: Identifying positive deviants and supporting the broader community to adopt behaviours that explain improved breastfeeding outcomes could be powerful methods to produce change.