Intervención educativa en prevención preconcepcional de efectos embriofetales de la diabetes mellitus. Policlínico Universitario Carlos Verdugo, 2018-2019 / Educational intervention in preconceptional prevention of embryo fetal effects of diabetes mellitus. University Policlinic Carlos Verdugo, 2018-2019

RESUMEN Introducción: los efectos embriofetales derivados de la exposición a la diabetes mellitus, durante el período prenatal de la vida, se extienden a la etapa posnatal con importantes repercusiones para la salud, incluyendo el efecto transgeneracional de la enfermedad. Objetivo: evaluar la efectividad de una intervención educativa para incrementar el nivel de conocimientos en prevención preconcepcional de efectos embriofetales de la diabetes mellitus en mujeres en edad fértil, pertenecientes al Consultorio 1 del Policlínico Universitario Carlos Verdugo, del municipio Matanzas, entre enero de 2018 y diciembre de 2019. Materiales y métodos: se realizó un estudio de intervención que constó de tres etapas. Un universo de 198 mujeres en edad fértil pertenecientes al Consultorio 1 del Policlínico Universitario Carlos Verdugo, durante el período señalado. Se empleó la encuesta para medir factores de riesgo de diabetes mellitus y conocimientos de las féminas en prevención preconcepcional de los efectos embriofetales de la enfermedad. Resultados: la edad superior a 30 años y la presencia de sobrepeso u obesidad fueron los factores de riesgo más detectados. Resultó calificado de malo el nivel de conocimientos en prevención preconcepcional de efectos embriofetales de la diabetes, previo a la intervención. Conclusiones: después de la implementación del programa educativo, se elevó el conocimiento sobre prevención preconcepcional de efectos embriofetales de la diabetes mellitus en las mujeres en edad fértil del consultorio 1 del Policlínico Universitario Carlos Verdugo, del municipio Matanzas, lo que demostró su efectividad (AU).

ABSTRACT Introduction: the embryo-fetal effects derived of the exposition to diabetes mellitus during the prenatal period of the life, extend to the postnatal stage, with important repercussions for health, including the disease's transgenerational effect. Objective: to assess the effectiveness of an educational intervention for increasing knowledge on pre-conceptional prevention of embryo-fetal effects of diabetes mellitus in fertile-aged women belonging to Family Doctor's office 1, of the University Policlinic Carlos Verdugo, municipality of Matanzas, from January 2018 to December 2019. Materials and methods: an interventional study was carried out, divided into three stages. The universe were 198 fertile-aged women belonging to Family Doctor's office 1, of the University Policlinic Carlos Verdugo, during the stated period. A survey was used to measure diabetes mellitus risk factors and women's knowledge on pre-conceptional preventing the disease's embryo-fetal effects. Results: age over 30 and being overweight or obese were the most frequently found risk factors. The knowledge level on pre-conceptional preventing diabetes mellitus embryo-fetal effects was poor before the intervention. Conclusions: after implementing the educational program, knowledge on pre-conceptional prevention of diabetes mellitus embryo-fetal effects increased among fertile-aged women of the Family Doctor's 1, of the policlinic Carlos Verdugo, of the municipality of Matanzas, demonstrating its effectiveness (AU).

Patterns of Postpartum Ambulatory Care Follow-up Care Among Women With Hypertensive Disorders of Pregnancy.

Background Preeclampsia and gestational hypertension are hypertensive disorders of pregnancy (HDP) that identify an increased risk of developing chronic hypertension and cardiovascular disease later in life. Postpartum follow-up may facilitate early screening and treatment of cardiovascular risk factors. Our objective is to describe patterns of postpartum visits with primary care and women's health providers (eg, family medicine and obstetrics) among women with and without HDP in a nationally representative sample of commercially insured women. Methods and Results We conducted a retrospective cohort study using insurance claims from a US health insurance database to describe patterns in office visits in the 6 months after delivery. We identified 566 059 women with completed pregnancies between 2005 and 2014. At 6 months, 13% of women with normotensive pregnancies, 18% with HDP, and 23% with chronic hypertension had primary care visits (P<0.0001 for comparing HDP and chronic hypertension groups with control participants). Only 58% of women with HDP had 6-month follow-up with any continuity provider compared with 47% of women without hypertension (P<0.0001). In multivariable analysis, women with severe preeclampsia were 16% more likely to have postpartum continuity follow-up (adjusted odds ratio, 1.16; 95% CI, 1.2-1.21). Factors associated with a lower likelihood of any follow-up included age ≥30 years, Black race, Hispanic ethnicity, and having multiple gestations. Conclusions Rates of continuity care follow-up after a pregnancy complicated by hypertension were low. This represents a substantial missed opportunity to provide cardiovascular risk screening and management to women at increased risk of future cardiovascular disease.

Changes in long-term prognosis with increasing postnatal survival and the occurrence of postnatal morbidities in extremely preterm infants offered intensive care: a prospective observational study.

BACKGROUND: Decisions regarding provision of intensive care and post-discharge follow-up for infants born extremely preterm (<28 weeks' gestation) are based on the risks of mortality and neurodevelopmental disability. We aimed to elucidate the changes in probability of three outcomes (death, survival with major disability, and survival without major disability) with postnatal age in extremely preterm infants offered intensive care, and the effect of postnatal events on the probability of survival without major disability. METHODS: In this prospective observational study, we used data from three geographical cohorts composed of all extremely preterm livebirths offered intensive care at birth during three distinct periods (1991-92, 1997, and 2005) in Victoria, Australia. Participants were assessed at 8 years' corrected age for major neurodevelopmental disability, defined as moderate or severe cerebral palsy, general intelligence more than 2 SDs below term-born control means, blindness, or deafness. Probabilities of outcomes conditional on survival to different postnatal ages were calculated by logistic regression. Multivariable logistic regression was used to assess factors predictive of survival with major disability. FINDINGS: 751 (82%) of 915 extremely preterm livebirths free of lethal anomalies were offered intensive care, of whom 546 (73%) survived to age 8 years. Of the 499 survivors assessed, 86 (17%) had a major disability. With increasing gestational age at birth or days of postnatal survival, the probability of death decreased and of survival without major disability increased. By contrast, the probability of survival with major disability varied little with gestational age or postnatal survival. In survivors, major disability was associated with the occurrence of four important postnatal events: grade 3 or 4 intraventricular haemorrhage (odds ratio 2·61 [95% CI 1·11-6·15]), cystic periventricular leukomalacia (9·17 [3·57-23·53]), postnatal corticosteroid use (1·99 [1·03-3·85]), and surgery (2·78 [1·51-5·13]). 241 survivors (48%) had no major postnatal events during the newborn period, and had the lowest prevalence of major disability (17 participants [7%]). The probability of survival without major disability decreased with increasing number of major events (0·93 [0·89-0·96] for no events vs 0·31 [0·11-0·59] for three or more events). INTERPRETATION: Long-term prognosis in terms of death and major neurodevelopmental disability changes rapidly after birth for extremely preterm infants. Counselling of families and post-discharge planning should be individualised to changing circumstances following birth. FUNDING: National Health and Medical Research Council of Australia.

[Current Practice of Pre- and Postnatal Screening and Future Developments for Evidence Based Guidelines]. / Aktueller Stand und zukünftige Entwicklung der prä- und postnatalen Vorsorge- bzw. Screeninguntersuchungen ­ Evidenz tut Not.

Objectives: In this selective review we provide an overview of the current pre- and postnatal screenings up to 18 years established in Germany to inform physicians of different medical fields (gynecologists, pediatricians, general practitioners, other medical specialists who treat children, adolescents or pregnant females). Current State: Research on screening for different types of cancer has frequently failed to show any benefit. Thus, there is a need to broaden the evidence basis related to medical screenings especially for children and adolescents. Outlook: Potential future developments of pre- and postnatal screenings are illustrated including their social impact. The lack of an early detection of mental health problems is pointed out. An interdisciplinary collaboration and research is required to accumulate evidence with regard to medical screenings and to consider health economic and ethical aspects.

Aspectos culturales de la puérpera que influyen en el cuidado del primer hijo / Cultural aspects of the puerpera that influence the care for the first child

Introducción: durante el nacimiento del primer hijo, la madre brinda prácticas de cuidado de acuerdo a sus mitos y creencias, adquiridos por transmisión generacional tanto familiar como cultural. Objetivo: describir los mitos, creencias y prácticas de las puérperas en relación al cuidado de su primer hijo. Métodos: estudio fenomenológico y hermenéutico. Población de 15 madres puérperas primigestantes, con edades entre 14 y 30 años. La información se obtuvo mediante entrevistas. Resultados: mujeres amas de casa con una tipología familiar extensa, con características socioculturales muy marcadas que facilitan la falta de conocimientos frente al cuidado de su primer hijo. De igual manera, el significado de tener un primer hijo se asocia a una experiencia nueva, con sentimientos de felicidad, alegría, amor y unión familiar. Conclusiones: las madres jóvenes presentaron una serie de creencias y mitos que repercuten en el bienestar el niño. Describen la experiencia de su primer hijo como algo nuevo que requiere un proceso de aprendizaje único aunque complicado, se evidenció fuerte influencia de las mujeres cercanas a la familia(AU)

Introduction: During the birth of the first child, the mother provides care practices by her myths and beliefs, generationally transmitted by both the family and the cultural context. Objective: To describe the myths, beliefs and practices of the puerperae regarding the care for the first child. Methods: Phenomenological and hermeneutic study. Target group of 15 first-time puerperae mothers, at ages 14-30. The information was obtained by interview. Results: Housewives women with diverse family typologies, much marked sociocultural characteristics that foster the lack of knowledge regarding the care for the first child. Also, the meaning of having the first child is associated with a new experience, with feelings of happiness, love and family junction. Conclusions: The young mothers presented a series of beliefs and myths that have a repercussion in the child welfare. They describe the first child experience as something new requiring a unique learning process, complicated though. A strong influence was observed from the family close women(AU)

Reduced pro-inflammatory profile of γδT cells in pregnant patients with rheumatoid arthritis.

BACKGROUND: During pregnancy, many patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) experience disease improvement, whereas patients with ankylosing spondylitis often suffer from persistent active disease. Here we investigated whether pregnancy-related changes in disease activity were associated with changes in the proportion and function of γδT cells. METHODS: The study population comprised 55 patients with RA, 31 patients with ankylosing spondylitis, and 35 healthy controls. Among these participants, 28 RA patients, 21 ankylosing spondylitis patients, and 23 healthy controls were investigated once before conception when possible, at each trimester of pregnancy, and at 8 weeks postpartum. Data were compared with age-matched non-pregnant patients to obtain disease-related background. In all subjects, peripheral Vδ1 and Vδ2 T cells were analyzed for cell frequencies, the activation marker CD69, the cytotoxicity markers NKG2D and NKG2A, and the intracellular cytokines tumor necrosis factor (TNF)α, interferon (IFN)γ, interleukin (IL)-17 and IL-10. RESULTS: Pregnant patients showed a decreased Vδ2/Vδ1 ratio in the third trimester, which resulted from a slightly reduced proportion of Vδ2 cells. Changes in RA disease activity during pregnancy and postpartum were not associated with numerical proportions of γδT cells but with changes of the cell activation marker CD69 on Vδ1 and Vδ2 cells. Only RA patients showed reduced proportions of TNFα-positive Vδ1and Vδ2 cells and IFNγ-positive Vδ2 cells at the third trimester of pregnancy, a finding that was not apparent in the entire population of CD3 T cells. The proportions of IL-17-positive γδT cells and IL-10-positive γδT cells did not differ between pregnant and non-pregnant women of the different groups. CONCLUSIONS: Changes of disease activity in pregnant RA patients were associated with functional changes in both γδT cell subsets. This reduced pro-inflammatory profile of γδT cells might contribute to the immunomodulation resulting in pregnancy-induced improvement of RA.

Crecimiento en recién nacidos prematuros de muy bajo peso natal / Growth of very low birthweight pre-term neonates

Introducción: la expectativa de crecimiento óptimo de recién nacidos pretérminos, cuyos pesos al nacer fueron muy bajos, no está totalmente dilucidada, lo cierto es que esta población no crece de forma homogénea. Objetivos: caracterizar el crecimiento posnatal durante el primer año de vida, y determinar los factores asociados al crecimiento recuperador de esos recién nacidos. Métodos: se realizó un estudio descriptivo longitudinal prospectivo, que incluyó a los prematuros con peso natal inferior a 1 500 g nacidos en 4 hospitales ginecobstétricos de Ciudad de La Habana, entre el 1ro. de enero de 2005 y el 31 de diciembre de 2007. Resultados: la muestra estuvo conformada por 73 pacientes, 37 del sexo femenino (50,7 por ciento). El 60,2 por ciento nació entre las 32-36 semanas de gestación, el 50,6 por ciento con un peso entre 1 200-1 399 g, y el 36 por ciento con una talla entre 38-40,9 cm. A los 3 meses el 70 por ciento se encontró por debajo del 3 percentil de talla/edad y peso/edad, y al año más del 50 por ciento alcanzó percentiles normales. La menor edad gestacional, el embarazo único, la lactancia materna exclusiva (68,5 por ciento), su mayor duración, así como la ausencia de infecciones, se relacionaron con mayor ganancia de peso, con significación estadística. Conclusiones: los recién nacidos pretérmino y de muy bajo peso al nacer tienen un ritmo de crecimiento acelerado durante el primer año de vida. Este crecimiento recuperador está relacionado con factores perinatales, posnatales y nutricionales(AU)

Introduction: the expectations of optimal growth of preterm newborns, whose birthweights were very low, are not totally clear; the real thing is that this population does not show homogeneous growth. Objectives: to characterize the postnatal growth for the first year of life and to determine those factors associated with their catch-up growth. Methods: a prospective longitudinal and descriptive study was conducted, which included preterm infants with birthweight under 1 500 g, born at 4 gynecobstetric hospitals from January 1st 2005 to December 31st, 2007 in Havana. Results: the sample was made up of 73 patients of whom 37 were females (50.7 percent). Of this number, 60,2 percent was born with 32-36 weeks of gestation; 50.6 percent weighing 1 200-1 399 g and 36 percent showed a size of 38 to 40,9 cm. After three months, 70 percent was found to be less than 3 percentile of size/age and weight/age, but at one year, over 50 percent reached normal percentile values. The smaller gestational age, the only pregnancy, the exclusive breastfeeding (68.5 percent), longer duration of breastfeeding as well as lack of infections were all related to statistically significant higher weight gain. Conclusions: the preterm newborns with very low birthweight experience accelerated growth rate in their first year of life. This catch-up growth is linked to perinatal, postnatal and nutritional factors(AU)

Breastfeeding education and support trial for overweight and obese women: a randomized trial.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate a specialized breastfeeding peer counseling (SBFPC) intervention promoting exclusive breastfeeding (EBF) among overweight/obese, low-income women. METHODS: We recruited 206 pregnant, overweight/obese, low-income women and randomly assigned them to receive SBFPC or standard care (controls) at a Baby-Friendly hospital. SBFPC included 3 prenatal visits, daily in-hospital support, and up to 11 postpartum home visits promoting EBF and addressing potential obesity-related breastfeeding barriers. Standard care involved routine access to breastfeeding support from hospital personnel, including staff peer counselors. Data collection included an in-hospital interview, medical record review, and monthly telephone calls through 6 months postpartum to assess infant feeding practices, demographics, and health outcomes. Bivariate and logistic regression analyses were conducted. RESULTS: The intervention had no impact on EBF or breastfeeding continuation at 1, 3, or 6 months postpartum. In adjusted posthoc analyses, at 2 weeks postpartum the intervention group had significantly greater odds of continuing any breastfeeding (adjusted odds ratio [aOR]: 3.76 [95% confidence interval (CI): 1.07-13.22]), and giving at least 50% of feedings as breast milk (aOR: 4.47 [95% CI: 1.38-14.5]), compared with controls. Infants in the intervention group had significantly lower odds of hospitalization during the first 6 months after birth (aOR: 0.24 [95% CI: 0.07-0.86]). CONCLUSIONS: In a Baby-Friendly hospital setting, SBFPC targeting overweight/obese women did not impact EBF practices but was associated with increased rates of any breastfeeding and breastfeeding intensity at 2 weeks postpartum and decreased rates of infant hospitalization in the first 6 months after birth.

Indigenous newborn care.

Infant mortality and morbidity disparities occur between non-Indigenous and Indigenous populations of Australia, Canada, New Zealand, and the United States. Neonatal mortality is due to high-risk births, which vary according to prevalence of the maternal risk factors of smoking, alcohol consumption, infection, and disorders of nutritional status, whereas postneonatal mortality is predominantly influenced by environmental factors. Aside from changing socioeconomic conditions, a continuum of maternal and child health care is likely to be the most effective measure in reducing these health disparities.

A prática da amamentação após o método mãe canguru no Rio de Janeiro: a necessidade de educação em saúde e intervenção de Enfermagem no domicílio / Breastfeeding practices after kangaroo mother method in Rio de Janeiro: the necessity for health education and nursing intervention at home / La práctica de amamantar después del Método Mamá Canguro en Río de Janeiro: la necesidad de educación en salud e intervención de enfermería en el domicilio

O “ensino-aprendizagem” integra o Método Mãe Canguru (MMC) brasileiro para promover as habilidades maternas na amamentação de bebês prematuros ou baixo peso. Por desconhecermos se o que foi ensinado integrou o círculo interno da família, nosso objetivo foi analisar como esse conhecimento sobre amamentação exclusiva foi incorporado no contexto dos domicílios. A pesquisa participante aconteceu no domicilio de 11 grupos de mães, familiares e vizinhos. O saber local dos vizinhos e familiares substituiu o conhecimento ensinado à mãe no MMC e mudou a alimentação desses bebês. A educação em saúde deve estenderse para além do hospital e incluir os familiares e pessoas significativas.

Physical activity patterns during pregnancy through postpartum.

BACKGROUND: Realizing the importance of regular physical activity, particularly in the prevention of chronic diseases and unhealthy weight gain, it is important to study how physical activity changes during and after pregnancy using prospective study designs. The aim of this study was to describe the mode, duration, intensity, and changes in physical activity during pregnancy through one year postpartum among a cohort of women. METHODS: This study was part of the third Pregnancy, Infection and Nutrition Postpartum Study at the University of North Carolina Hospitals. A cohort of 471 women was followed at 17-22 and 27-30 weeks' gestation and at 3 and 12 months postpartum. The participants reported the mode, frequency, duration, and intensity of all physical activities that increased their breathing and heart rate in the past week. RESULTS: Overall physical activity for the cohort decreased from 17-22 weeks to 27-30 weeks of gestation, but rebounded up at 3 months postpartum and remained stable at 12 months postpartum. The mean MET h/wk values for each time point were 24.7 (standard deviation, SD 26.8), 19.1 (SD 18.9), 25.7 (SD 29.3), and 26.7 (SD 31.5). In postpartum, women reported more care-giving and recreational activity and less indoor household activity, as compared to their activity level during pregnancy. CONCLUSION: For health benefits and weight management, health care professionals are encouraged to provide pregnant and postpartum women with information on recommendations of physical activity, particularly regarding the minimum duration and intensity level.

Advances in postnatal neuroimaging: relevance to pathogenesis and treatment of brain injury.

The human brain is susceptible to a wide variety of insults. The permanent residua of these abnormalities are represented in dysfunction of one or more areas of neurodevelopment. A full understanding of normal brain development, mechanisms of brain injury, and consequences for subsequent brain development is required to determine which infants are at risk for neurodevelopmental handicap, and to monitor the effects of new treatments and management regimens designed to prevent these disabilities. Advanced magnetic resonance techniques, such as quantitative morphometric magnetic resonance techniques, diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance techniques, and magnetic resonance spectroscopy applied to the study of early human brain development have given us a better understanding of the pathophysiologic mechanisms of brain injury and its effects on subsequent brain development. Magnetic resonance imaging has provided an invaluable tool for the study of the fetal and newborn brain in vivo.

RhD isoimmunization and current management modalities.

OBJECTIVE: To review the literature on current perspectives and treatment of RhD isoimmunization. DATA SOURCES: A search was conducted on MEDLINE and CINAHL, and supplemental articles/ bulletins were obtained from cited references and the Web site of the American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists. Recent texts also were reviewed. Key search words: isoimmunization, Rho (d) immune globulin, fetal erythroblastosis, intrauterine blood transfusions, alloimmunization. STUDY SELECTION: Articles and comprehensive works from indexed journals in the English language relevant to key words and published after 1995 were evaluated. Historically relevant periodicals and texts were also reviewed and selected. DATA EXTRACTION: Data were extracted and organized under the following headings: testing of the antepartum patient, antepartum treatment of isoimmunization, testing of the postpartum patient, anti-D immune globulin, antepartum anti-D immune globulin prophylaxis, other antepartum and obstetric indications for anti-D immune globulin administration, postpartum anti-D immune globulin prophylaxis, nursing implications, and future possibilities. DATA SYNTHESIS: RhD isoimmunized pregnancies continue to contribute to worldwide perinatal and neonatal morbidity and mortality. This review describes the basic knowledge necessary to care for these pregnancies and the current management modalities. CONCLUSIONS: The management options for RhD compromised gestations continue to evolve almost as quickly as technological advances are made. Multiple areas of research in this field have surfaced, and nurses can become valuable members of these research teams. The literature also indicates that with the available knowledge and resources, the current rate of RhD isoimmunization can be further decreased with closer adherence to proposed management guidelines by all health care professionals.

Programa de salud materno-infantil / Maternal-infantile health program

Resulta prioritaria la atención materno-infantil, donde se pretende reducir en por lo menos 50 las cifras actuales de mortalidad materna e infantil. Donde las principales causas son las afecciones originadas en el periodo perinatal y las enfermedades infecciosas, intestinales y respiratorias, esto en los niños, en la mortalidad materna las principales causas son la hemorragia del embarazo y el parto. Señalamiento de lineas estratégicas: Enfasis en lo concerniente a nutrición y prevención de riesgos. Concluye el documento con un listado de documentos impresos en relación al programa de atención materno-infantil, tripticos y audiovisuales

Asepsia y antisepsia en el manejo del recien nacido / Asepsis and antisepsis in the management of the newborn

Trabajo dirigido al personal de enfermeria que tiene a su cargo el cuidado del recien nacido. Abarca temas relacionados con la asepsia y antisepsia que se debe tener, para prevenir infecciones en este bebe. El lavado de manos es de suma importancia en este cuidado, y se debe hacer hasta el tercer medio del antebrazo, utilizando jabon, frotando las manos vigorosamente, friccionando los espacion interdigitales y limpiando bien las unas. La administracion de medicamentos es un procedimiemnto facil pero requiere de la aplicacion de tecnicas limpias y aseptica. Las vias de administracion son basicamente oral y parenteral. Al aspirar secreciones del recien nacido todo el material debe estar esterilizado, aspirando suavemente y en forma intermitente para no traumatizar los tejidos. El sondeo nasogastrico se utiliza con fines diagnosticos preventivos y terapeuticos. Se debe utilizar una tecnica aseptica con el fin de prevenir infecciones