Children's physical activity in family child care homes: Influence of quality status, environment and policy features, and child characteristics.

BACKGROUND: About half of preschool-age children are not meeting recommendations of 15 min/h of physical activity (PA), and nearly one out of seven children between the ages of 2-5 years are living with obesity. Furthermore, children attending family child care homes (FCCHs), compared with larger child care centers, engage in lower levels of PA and appear to be at a higher risk of obesity. Therefore, examining PA and multi-level factors that influence PA in children who attend FCCHs is essential. METHODS: The Childcare Home Eating and Exercise Study (CHEER) examined PA behaviors of 184 children enrolled in 56 FCCHs and FCCH quality status, environment and policy features, and child characteristics. PA was assessed by accelerometer, and FCCH environment and policy was assessed via structured observation. Multiple linear regression was used to model associations between school day total PA and FCCH quality status, environment and policy features, and child characteristics. RESULTS: Child participants were on average 3.1 years old; participants were non-Hispanic Black (47.3%), Non-Hispanic White (42.9%), other race/ethnicity (7.1%), and Hispanic/Latin (2.7%). Children in FCCH settings participated in 11.2 min/h of total PA, which is below the recommended 15 min per hour. The PA environment and policy observation yielded a score of 11.8 out of a possible 30, which is not supportive of child PA. There were no associations between total child PA and FCCH quality status, environment and policy features, and child characteristics in these FCCH settings. CONCLUSIONS: This study was unique in its examination of PA and a comprehensive set of factors that may influence PA at the individual, organizational, environmental, and policy levels in a diverse sample of children attending FCCHs in South Carolina. Additional research is needed to better understand how to increase children's physical activity while they are in the FCCH setting. This research should use multi-level frameworks and apply longitudinal study designs.

Trackers for Adverse Events in Child Mental Health: descriptive analysis using the global trigger tool

Abstract The goal of this study is to identify the global trigger tool trackers used to place the adverse drug events presented in children that use psychotropic drugs accompanied by Child-adolescent Psychosocial Care Centers. This is a descriptive study carried out with the secondary data of 112 child care records that began in January 2017 in two Child-adolescent Psychosocial Care Centers. A median of medicine per child was 1.71 and among the most used we were to risperidone 100%, followed by valproic acid and periciazine with 16% each. A total of 42 adverse drug events were found in 36 medical records, being agitation 29.7% and agressive 16.2%, being the most frequent, and in 45.2% of infants presenting only one event. 50 were trackers detected in 83.3%, two records that identified adverse drug events. In 38.8% were found only one tracker, the most found ones were: combination of psychotropic medicines 32%, abrupt reduction of medicine dose 22% and abrupt cessation of medicine 12%. Finally, the present study showed that the global trigger tool evidenced adverse drug events by means of the detection of trackers in children and that it had to offer interventions to improve the quality of psychiatric therapy within two community services.

Mothers mothering in prison: an experience report of the nursing care project / Madres maternando en la prisión: relato de experiencia de lo proyecto asistencial de enfermería / Mães maternando na prisão: relato de experiência do projeto assistencial de enfermagem

ABSTRACT Objectives: to report the experience of designing and implementing the nursing care project with mothers and babies in prison. Methods: this is an experience report about the nursing care project with mothers and children in prison, having as a guiding axis Winnicottian concepts about the mother-baby relationship. Results: nursing consultations were held in childcare, thematic conversation circles and the manufacture of artifacts to encourage child development, as well as women's health care. The positive impact of the project has made it a health education program. Final Considerations: elaborating the nursing care project encouraged other ways of providing care and implementing it, using Winnicottian concepts. It is recommended that training institutions consider the prison and the individuals there as a field in the learning process of health professionals.

RESUMEN Objetivos: informar la experiencia de elaborar e implementar proyecto asistencial de enfermería con madres y bebés en la cárcel. Métodos: se trata de relato de experiencia sobre proyecto asistencial de enfermería con madres e hijos en la prisión, teniendo como eje orientador conceptos winnicottianos sobre la relación madre-bebé. Resultados: se realizaron consultas de enfermería en puericultura, ruedas de conversación temáticas y confección de artefactos para el estímulo al desarrollo infantil, además de cuidados a la salud de la mujer. El impacto positivo del proyecto lo convirtió en un programa de educación en salud. Consideraciones Finales: elaborar el proyecto asistencial de enfermería estimuló otros modos de prestar cuidados e implementarlo, utilizando los conceptos winnicottianos, se mostró apropiado. Se recomienda que instituciones formadoras consideren la prisión y los individuos que allí están como campo del proceso de aprendizaje de los profesionales de salud.

RESUMO Objetivos: relatar a experiência de elaborar e implementar o projeto assistencial de enfermagem com mães e bebês na prisão. Métodos: trata-se de um relato de experiência sobre o projeto assistencial de enfermagem com mães e filhos na prisão, tendo como eixo norteador conceitos winnicottianos sobre a relação mãe-bebê. Resultados: foram realizadas consultas de enfermagem em puericultura, rodas de conversa temáticas e confecção de artefatos para o estímulo ao desenvolvimento infantil, além de cuidados à saúde da mulher. O impacto positivo do projeto tornou-o um programa de educação em saúde. Considerações Finais: elaborar o projeto assistencial de enfermagem estimulou outros modos de prestar cuidados e implementá-lo, utilizando os conceitos winnicottianos. Recomenda-se que instituições formadoras considerem a prisão e os indivíduos que lá estão como campo do processo de aprendizagem dos profissionais de saúde.

Rol de los padres en el cuidado del niño gravemente enfermo. Perspectiva de padres y equipo de enfermería / Role of parents in caring for the seriously ill child. Parent and nursing team perspective

CONTEXTO: Actualmente, el rol que cumplen los padres en el cuidado de sus hijos hospitalizados gravemente enfermos en una Unidad de Paciente Crítico Pediátrico (UPCP), dista mucho de ser definido en nuestro medio. Sin embargo, las últimas recomendaciones incluyen a los padres y familia con un papel protagónico en el cuidado del usuario hospitalizado. OBJETIVO: Explorar las creencias de los padres y las expectativas del equipo de enfermería acerca del rol que debe cumplir un cuidador durante la hospitalización de un niño en la UPCP. MÉTODO: Estudio cualitativo fenomenológico. Se entrevista de forma semiestructurada a padres y/o cuidadores de niños que ingresan a UPCP de Hospital Dr. Luis Calvo Mackenna (HLCM) y a los profesionales del equipo de enfermería de la misma unidad. RESULTADO: Se identifican tres dimensiones a partir de las entrevistas realizadas: Elementos que constituyen el rol de padre y/o cuidador de un niño hospitalizado, patrones de cuidado de un niño hospitalizado y estrategias para incorporar a los padres en el cuidado de sus hijos.

CONTEXT: Actually, the role executed by parents taking care of their very seriously sick children in a Paediatric Intensive Care Unit (PICU), is too far to be defined in our context. However, the last recommendations include the parents and family as the protagonist of caring hospitalised users. OBJECTIVE: To explore the parents' beliefs and health care team expectations related to the role which should execute a carer while a child is hospitalised in a PICU. METHOD: Qualitative Phenomenon study. Parents and carers of children, who are admitted to PICU an Hospital in Santiago, Chile are interviewed in a semi-structured style. Also, the heath care team is interviewed. RESULT: Three dimensions are identified from the done interviews. Constitutive elements of the parent or carer role, caring pattern of a hospitalised child and strategies to incorporate the parents in the care of their children.

The Quality of Nutrition and Physical Activity Environments of Family Child-Care Homes in a State in the Southern United States.

BACKGROUND: Family child-care homes (FCCHs) are an important provider of nonparental child care for low-income families. Little is known about the quality of nutrition and physical activity environments of FCCHs in the southern United States, where child obesity and child poverty levels are high. OBJECTIVES: To assess the quality of the nutrition and physical activity environments of a sample of FCCHs in Mississippi and examine the differences by urban vs rural location. DESIGN: Cross-sectional study. PARTICIPANTS/SETTING: Data were from a random sample of 134 FCCHs that enroll children aged 3 to 5 years. The sample was stratified by urban vs rural location and participation in the Child and Adult Care Food Program. Providers completed a modified version of the Environment and Policy Assessment and Observation-Self Report tool by mail and reported on provisions, practices, policies, and the general FCCH nutrition and physical activity environment. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: A nutrition environment score (range=0 to18), physical activity environment score (range=0 to 24), and a combined nutrition and physical activity environment score (range=0 to 42) were calculated from Environment and Policy Assessment and Observation-Self Report tool data. STATISTICAL ANALYSES PERFORMED: Descriptive statistics and t tests were computed, with statistical significance set at P≤0.05. RESULTS: Average scores for the nutrition, physical activity, and combined nutrition and physical activity environment were 9.4, 11.1, and 20.5, respectively. The average nutrition environment score (9.6 vs 9.2; P=0.39) and physical activity environment score (11.3 vs 11.0; P=0.62) did not differ between urban and rural homes. The combined nutrition and physical activity scores (20.8 vs 20.2; P=0.50) also did not differ between urban and rural homes. CONCLUSIONS: Findings highlight the need to improve the nutrition and physical activity environments of FCCHs, regardless of geographic location. Further research is needed to understand barriers to providing higher-quality nutrition and physical activity environments.

Implementation Strategies Used by States to Support Physical Activity Licensing Standards for Toddlers in Early Care and Education Settings: An Exploratory Qualitative Study.

BACKGROUND: Child care settings have been a target for childhood obesity prevention efforts; changing licensing standards to require physical activity (PA)-related best practices is one strategy being used by states. The mechanisms used to support implementation by providers remain understudied, despite the potential for these efforts to significantly impact child-level outcomes. This qualitative study explored the mechanisms used and any outstanding challenges to implementation experienced by US states with one specific best practice PA licensing standard for toddlers (60-90 min of PA/day). METHODS: All states with the selected PA licensing standard were invited to participate (N = 9). Interviews were conducted with the licensing administrator and others in the state involved with implementation and referred by the Administrator (e.g., Licensing Inspectors). A total of 20 individuals from seven states were interviewed. All interviews were recorded, professionally transcribed, and analyzed to identify themes. RESULTS: A range of strategies was reported, however the majority of interviewees reported that providers experienced few challenges with implementation. Steps taken during the rulemaking process and technical assistance provided by licensing staff, government and nonprofit partners were frequently mentioned as contributing to implementation success. Challenges faced by licensing staff included lack of resources and a need for specific, age-appropriate PA-promoting activities that providers could easily implement. CONCLUSIONS: Based on the experience of participating states, other jurisdictions may want to explore adding PA-related requirements to their licensing standards. The lessons learned from these seven states may be helpful during the rulemaking and implementation processes.

Examining Nutrition and Physical Activity Policies and Practices in Maryland's Child Care Centers.

BACKGROUND: Child care settings provide opportunities for obesity prevention by implementing nutrition/physical activity best practices. This study examines how center policies, provider training, family education, and center demographics relate to best practices for nutrition/physical activity in Maryland's child care centers. METHODS: A survey, including minor modifications to The Nutrition and Physical Activity Self-Assessment for Child Care (Go NAP SACC), was sent by e-mail to center directors statewide. Best practice sum scores (dependent variable) were calculated, including physical activity (17 items), feeding environment (18 items), and food served (19 items). Adjusted regression models analyzed the number of nutrition/physical activity policies, provider training topics, and family education opportunities related to best practice scores. RESULTS: Response rate was 40% (n = 610/1506) with 69% independent centers (vs. organization sponsored), 19% with Child and Adult Care Food Program (CACFP enrolled), and 50.2% centers with majority (≥70%) Caucasian children and 16.8% centers with majority African American children. Centers reported 40.8% of physical activity best practices, 52.0% of feeding environment best practices, and 51.6% of food served best practices. Centers reported (mean) 7.9 of 16 nutrition/physical activity-relevant policies, 6.9 of 13 provider training topics, and 4.4 of 8 family education opportunities. Regression models yielded associations with best practices: policies and provider training with feeding environment (B = 0.26, p < 0.001; B = 0.26, p = 0.001, respectively); policies with foods served (B = 0.22, p = 0.002); and policies, provider training, and feeding environment with physical activity (B = 0.19, p = 0.001; B = 0.24, p = 0.010; B = 0.38, p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Nutrition/physical activity best practices in child care are supported by specific policies, provider training, and family education activities.

Social marketing approaches to nutrition and physical activity interventions in early care and education centres: a systematic review.

INTRODUCTION: Social marketing is a promising planning approach for influencing voluntary lifestyle behaviours, but its application to nutrition and physical activity interventions in the early care and education setting remains unknown. METHODS: PubMed, ISI Web of Science, PsycInfo and the Cumulative Index of Nursing and Allied Health were systematically searched to identify interventions targeting nutrition and/or physical activity behaviours of children enrolled in early care centres between 1994 and 2016. Content analysis methods were used to capture information reflecting eight social marketing benchmark criteria. RESULTS: The review included 135 articles representing 77 interventions. Two interventions incorporated all eight benchmark criteria, but the majority included fewer than four. Each intervention included behaviour and methods mix criteria, and more than half identified audience segments. Only one-third of interventions incorporated customer orientation, theory, exchange and insight. Only six interventions addressed competing behaviours. We did not find statistical significance for the effectiveness of interventions on child-level diet, physical activity or anthropometric outcomes based on the number of benchmark criteria used. CONCLUSION: This review highlights opportunities to apply social marketing to obesity prevention interventions in early care centres. Social marketing could be an important strategy for early childhood obesity prevention efforts, and future research investigations into its effects are warranted.

Child safety from the perspective of essential needs / A segurança da criança na perspectiva das necessidades essenciais / La seguridad del niño en la perspectiva de las necesidades esenciales

OBJECTIVE: to characterize the maternal care for children under one year of age with a view to child health promotion at home. METHOD: exploratory study with qualitative data analysis, thematic mode, based on the conceptual framework of the essential needs of children, based on interviews recorded with 16 mothers. RESULTS: the analysis of the maternal narratives showed elements that facilitate the promotion of child safety: presence and involvement of the parents, constant surveillance for physical and emotional protection, experiences to stimulate child development, support networks for childcare at home; and inhibiting elements of child safety: limited perception of characteristics of child development and of children's singularities, overprotection and difficulties to set limits. CONCLUSION: the study enhances the understanding of home care in child health promotion, directing professional actions to guarantee ongoing nurturing relationships, protection, respect for individual differences, experiences appropriate to child development, limit setting and construction of stable and supportive social networks. In addition, the relevance of considering the maternal perspective in child health care is considered, as a strategy to apprehend aspects related to the attendance of the growth and development needs, particularly for child health promotion at home. .

OBJETIVO: caracterizar os cuidados maternos às crianças menores de um ano para a promoção da segurança infantil no domicílio. MÉTODO: estudo exploratório, com análise qualitativa dos dados, modalidade temática, fundamentado no quadro conceitual das necessidades essenciais da criança, a partir de entrevistas gravadas com 16 mães. RESULTADOS: a análise das narrativas maternas mostrou elementos facilitadores da promoção da segurança infantil: presença e envolvimento dos pais, vigilância constante para proteção física e emocional, experiências estimuladoras do desenvolvimento, redes amparadoras para o cuidado da criança no domicílio; e elementos inibidores da segurança infantil: pouca percepção das características do desenvolvimento infantil e das singularidades da criança, superproteção e dificuldades para estabelecimento de limites. CONCLUSÃO: o estudo amplia a compreensão sobre o cuidado domiciliar na promoção da saúde infantil, orientando ações profissionais para garantir relacionamentos sustentadores contínuos, proteção, respeito às diferenças individuais, experiências adequadas ao desenvolvimento, estabelecimento de limites e construção de redes sociais estáveis e amparadoras. Também reafirma a relevância de se considerar as perspectivas maternas no cuidado da saúde da criança, como estratégia para apreender aspectos relacionados ao suprimento das necessidades do crescimento e desenvolvimento, particularmente à promoção da segurança infantil no domicílio. .

OBJETIVO: caracterizar los cuidados maternos a menores de un año para la promoción de la seguridad infantil en el domicilio. MÉTODO: estudio exploratorio, con análisis cualitativo de los datos, modalidad temática, fundamentado en el cuadro conceptual de las necesidades esenciales del niño, a partir de entrevistas grabadas con 16 madres. RESULTADOS: el análisis de las narraciones maternas mostró elementos facilitadores de la promoción de la seguridad infantil: presencia y participación de los padres; vigilancia constante para protección física y emocional; experiencias estimuladoras del desarrollo; redes de amparo para el cuidado del niño en el domicilio; y, elementos inhibidores de la seguridad infantil (poca percepción de las características del desarrollo infantil y de las singularidades del niño, sobreprotección y dificultades para establecimiento de límites). CONCLUSIÓN: el estudio amplia la comprensión sobre el cuidado domiciliar en la promoción de la salud infantil, orientando acciones profesionales para garantizar relaciones sustentadores continuas, protección, respeto a las diferencias individuales, experiencias adecuadas al desarrollo, establecimiento de límites y construcción de redes sociales estables y de amparo. También reafirma la relevancia de considerar las perspectivas maternas en el cuidado de la salud del niño, como la estrategia para aprender aspectos relacionados al suministro de las necesidades del crecimiento y desarrollo, particularmente para la promoción de la seguridad infantil en el domicilio. .

Evaluación de las prácticas de cuidado materno infantil en áreas con pobreza extrema del Perú, 2012 / Evaluating maternal child care practices in extreme poverty areas in Peru, 2012

Objetivos. Evaluar las prácticas de cuidado materno-infantil en áreas con pobreza extrema del Perú. Materiales y métodos. Estudio transversal realizado entre agosto y septiembre de 2012, con muestreo probabilístico, trietápico y estratificado por departamento. Se seleccionaron 540 hogares que tenían al menos un niño menor de 36 meses (475 hogares) y/o mujer gestante (80 hogares) en áreas rurales de Cajamarca, Amazonas, Huánuco, Ayacucho, Huancavelica, Apurímac, Cusco, Puno y Ucayali. Resultados. Con relación al último embarazo, 69,0% de la madres refirió haber tenido su primer control prenatal en el primer trimestre; 65,3% haber cumplido más de seis controles a lo largo del embarazo; 81,1% haber dado a luz en un establecimiento de salud, y solo 31,0% haber elegido un método de planificación familiar dentro de los 42 días posparto. Con relación al último niño menor de 3 años, 64,1% tuvo contacto precoz madre-niño, y 62,8% inició la lactancia materna dentro de la hora de nacido. Además, 89,6% de los niños menores de 6 meses recibía lactancia materna exclusiva, y 89,1% de los niños de 6 a 8 meses ya tenía alimentación complementaria. Fiebre, diarrea, vómitos y dificultad respiratoria fueron las señales de peligro más referidas para la búsqueda de atención en niños. Conclusiones. La evaluación ha permitido establecer una línea de base sobre la cual se diseñará e implementará una estrategia que posibilite una mejora en las prácticas clave de cuidado materno-infantil en la población objetivo del Programa de Apoyo a la Reforma del Sector Salud.

Objectives. To evaluate maternal and child care practices in areas with extreme poverty in Peru. Materials and methods. Cross-sectional study conducted between August and September 2012; with probabilistic, three-stage stratification by “department” (geographic region) sampling. 540 households were selected that had at least one child younger than 36 months (475 households) and/or a pregnant women (80 households), in rural areas of Cajamarca, Amazonas, Huanuco, Ayacucho, Huancavelica, Apurimac, Cusco, Puno and Ucayali. Results. Regarding the last pregnancy, 69.0% of the mothers reported having had their first prenatal care in the first trimester; 65.3% reported having completed more than six check-ups throughout the pregnancy; 81.1% reported having given birth in a health facility, and only 31.0% chose a method of family planning within 42 days postpartum. With regard to the last child under 3 years old, 64.1% had early mother-infant contact, and 62.8% initiated breastfeeding within one hour of birth. In addition, 89.6% of children under 6 months old exclusively received breastfeeding and 89.1% of children aged 6-8 months old already had received complementary feeding. Fever, diarrhea, vomiting and breathing difficulty were the most mentioned warning signs for seeking care for children. Conclusions. Through this study, a baseline has been established on which a strategy can be designed and implemented to improve best practices for maternal and child care as part of the “Programa de Apoyo” within the Health Sector Reform.

Improving the physical activity and nutrition environment through self-assessment (NAP SACC) in rural area child care centers in North Carolina.

OBJECTIVE: To determine if child care centers in rural, Western North Carolina met recommendations for nutrition and physical activity, if focusing on nutrition and physical activity practices and policies was effective in improving the center environment, and if differences existed between centers affiliated or unaffiliated with schools. METHODS: Of 33 child care centers in three counties, 29 submitted mini-grant requests and participated in a pre-post evaluation using Nutrition and Physical Activity Self-Assessment for Child Care (NAP SACC). NAP SACC assesses compliance for nutrition and physical activity recommendations and standards. Between October 2011 and April 2012, centers participated in workshops and goal setting specific to nutrition and physical activity. RESULTS: At baseline, over 95% of the centers met all recommendations. However, post-intervention, Wilcoxon Signed Ranks Test (p<0.05) indicated significant improvement across center types in five out of 37 nutrition and seven out of 17 physical activity standards following the intervention. Centers unaffiliated with schools made significant changes in ten nutrition standards, while those affiliated with schools improved in only two standards and decreased on one standard. CONCLUSION: Overall, rural child care centers in Western North Carolina were meeting standards, they were still able to strengthen policies and practices by following NAP SACC. This was especially true for centers unaffiliated with schools. Continued financial support may assist centers in sustaining increased physical activity in children.

Use of paid child care health care consultants in early care and education settings: results of a national study comparing provision of health screening services among Head Start and non-Head Start centers.

INTRODUCTION: Child care health consultants (CCHCs) are health professionals who provide consultation and referral services to child care programs. The use of CCHCs has been recommended as an important component of high-quality child care. The purpose of this study was to examine the potential association between the use of paid CCHCs and child care center director reports of (a) center maintenance of health records and emergency procedures and (b) center facilitation of health screenings and assessments. METHOD: A national, randomized telephone survey of directors of 1822 licensed child care center directors was conducted. RESULTS: With a response rate of 93%, most directors (72.7%) reported that they did not employ a CCHC. However, directors employing CCHCs were more likely to report provision of health-promoting screenings and assessments for children in their center. This pattern held true for both Head Start and non-Head Start centers. DISCUSSION: This study suggests that CCHCs can serve as health promotion advocates in early care and education settings, helping centers establish appropriate policies and arranging for health assessments and screenings for children.

Qualificando o cuidado à criança na Atenção Primária de Saúde / Qualifying child care in Primary Health Care / Calificando el cuidado a los niños en Atención Primaria de Salud

O cuidado à criança sustenta-se em um agir compartilhado, enriquecido por subjetividades de profissionais e família, com objetivo de atender às características peculiares do crescimento e do desenvolvimento infantil. Este estudo teve como objetivo compreender modos de cuidar e de cuidado à criança na Atenção Primária de Saúde, com base na Grounded Theory. Participaram da investigação 29 sujeitos entre gestores, coordenadores de serviços e de cursos de enfermagem e medicina, enfermeiros, médicos e mães de crianças atendidas pela Estratégia Saúde da Família em São Luís - MA. A entrevista semiestruturada foi utilizada para a coleta de dados. A categoria Qualificando o cuidado à criança na Atenção Primária de Saúde e suas subcategorias reconhecem que cuidar tem diferentes sentidos que se fundam no valor da vida e na dignidade humana e que o cuidado se constrói a partir de esforços, colaboração, comunicação, complementaridade e no fazer/agir de profissionais, famílias, serviços e gestores.

Child care is supported by a shared action enriched by subjectivities of professionals and family in order to meet peculiar characteristics of child growth and development. This study aimed to understand modes of child care in Primary Health Care, supported by the Grounded Theory. Twenty-nine subjects participated in the research, including managers, coordinators of nursing and medicine courses, doctors, nurses and mothers of children assisted by the Family Health Strategy in São Luís-MA, Brazil. To collect data it was used a semi-structured interview. The category Qualifying child care at PHC and its respective subcategories recognize that care has different meanings based on the value of life and human dignity and that the value of care is built by efforts, collaboration, communication, complementarity and in the actions of professionals, families, services and managers.

El cuidado a los niños debe estar sostenido en un acto compartido enriquecido por las subjetividades de profesionales y familia con el objetivo de atender a las características propias del crecimiento y desarrollo infantil. El objetivo de este estudio fue comprender las maneras de cuidado a los niños en la Atención Primaria de Salud apoyado en la Grounded Theoory. Participaron de la investigación 29 sujetos entre gerentes, coordinadores de servicios y de cursos de enfermería y medicina, enfermeros y médicos y madres de los niños atendidos por la Estrategia del Salud del Familia en el municipio de São Luís - MA. Para la colecta de datos fue utilizada la entrevista semiestructurada. La categoría Calificando el cuidado a los niños en la Atención Primaria de Salud y sus respectivas subcategorías reconocen que cuidar tiene sentidos diferentes que se fundan en el valor de la vida e en la dignidad humana y que el valor al cuidado se construye en los esfuerzos, en la colaboración, en la comunicación, en la complementariedad y en el hacer/actuar de profesionales, familias, servicios y gerentes.

Advocacia em saúde na atenção à criança: revisão da literatura / Health advocacy in child care: literature review / Abogacía en salud en la atención al niño: revisión de la literatura

Revisão narrativa da literatura, a partir das bases de dados LILACS e MEDLINE, entre 2004 e 2009, com a qual se objetivou identificar as publicações relativas à temática da advocacia em saúde no âmbito da atenção à saúde da criança. Foram analisados treze artigos e identificados três temas: Ênfase em conhecimentos, habilidades e atitudes para desenvolvimento de competências; Parcerias como um imperativo; Saúde e Direito: relação intersetorial. Os estudos sobre o exercício da advocacia em saúde são relevantes para nossa realidade, especialmente na atenção primária à saúde, chamando a atenção para as possibilidades de sua aplicabilidade no papel do enfermeiro atuante na estratégia saúde da família, junto a famílias e crianças.

This narrative literature review aimed to identify the publications about health law, in the ambit of child health care. The databases LILACS and MEDLINE were searched, between 2004 and 2009. Thirteen articles were analyzed, and three themes were identified: Emphasis on knowledge, abilities and attitudes for the development of competencies; Partnerships as an imperative; Health and Law: intersectorial relationship. The studies about the practice of health law are relevant to our reality, especially in primary health care, pointing out for the possibilities of its applicability in the role of the nurses acting in the family health strategy, with families and children.

Revisión narrativa de la literatura, por búsquedas en las bases de datos LILACS y MEDLINE, entre 2004 y 2009, con que se intentó identificar las publicaciones relativas a la temática de la abogacía en salud en el ámbito de la atención a la salud del niño. Fueron analizados trece artículos e identificados tres temas: Énfasis en conocimientos, habilidades y actitudes para desarrollo de competencias; Parecerías como un imperativo; Salud y Derecho: relación intersectorial. Los estudios sobre el ejercicio de la abogacía en salud son relevantes para nuestra realidad, especialmente en la atención primaria a la salud, llamando la atención para las posibilidades de su aplicabilidad en el papel del enfermero actuante en la estrategia de salud familiar, junto a familias y niños.

The relationship between sun protection policy and associated practices in a national sample of early childhood services in Australia.

Limiting exposure to sunlight during childhood can significantly reduce the risk of skin cancer. This was the first national study to assess the sun protection policies and practices of early childhood services across Australia. It also examined the key predictors of services' sun protection practices. In 2007, 1017 respondents completed a self-administered survey about the sun protection policies and practices in their early childhood service (response rate of 59%). Most (95%) had a written sun protection policy. The most common policy inclusions were hat wearing (91%), sunscreen use (87%) and enforcement of policy (97%). Less frequently reported inclusions were protective clothing (69%), information for parents/caregivers (58%) and regular reviews/updates of policies (65%). Basic sun protection practices (e.g. required any type of hat and sunscreen use) were more commonly reported than extensive practices (required protective clothing or regularly applied sunscreen). Higher sun protection policy scores, being a formal childcare service as opposed to a kindergarten/pre-school and having SunSmart status as opposed to not, were associated with higher sun protection practice scores (P < 0.001). Sun protection policies may be improved through encouraging services to have more specific policy inclusions and to model their policies on the SunSmart Early Childhood Program.

Oral health content of early education and child care regulations and standards.

OBJECTIVE: Almost two out of every three US children younger than five receive child care from someone other than their parents. Health promotion in early education and child care (EECC) programs can improve the general health of children and families, but little is known about the role of these programs in oral health. We identified U.S. EECC program guidelines and assessed their oral health recommendations for infants and toddlers. METHODS: State licensing regulations were obtained from the National Resource Center for Health and Safety in Child Care's online database. Professional standards were identified through a search of PubMed, early childhood organizations' websites, and early childhood literature. All EECC guidelines were reviewed for key terms related to oral health promotion in children and summarized by domains. RESULTS: Thirty-six states include oral health in their licensing regulations, but recommendations are limited and most often address the storage of toothbrushes. Eleven sets of standards were identified, four of which make recommendations about oral health. Standards from the American Academy of Pediatrics/American Public Health Association (AAP/APHA) and the Office of Head Start (OHS) provide the most comprehensive oral health recommendations regarding screening and referral, classroom activities, and education. CONCLUSIONS: Detailed guidelines for oral health practices exist but they exhibit large variation in number and content. States can use the comprehensive standards from the AAP/APHA and OHS to inform and strengthen the oral health content of their licensing regulations. Research is needed to determine compliance with regulations and standards, and their effect on oral health.

[Pediatric intermediate care demand, results of a survey in 3 French regions]. / Estimation des besoins en lits d'unité de surveillance continue pédiatrique, résultats d'une enquête sur 3 régions françaises.

In France, recent legislation for pediatric critical care organization endorsed the creation of a new level of pediatric care, the intermediate care units. These units treat children who require close monitoring and/or continuous monitoring due to potential failure of 1 or more organs, yet not to the degree of intensity of pediatric critical care. These rules do not provide precise admission and discharge guidelines for the pediatric patients requiring intermediate care. We conducted a questionnaire survey in all pediatric units in 3 French regions: Franche-Comté, Nord-Pas-de-Calais, and Rhône-Alpes. We obtained a response rate of 62.2% from the pediatric units. We estimated the pediatric intermediate care demand, with a unit occupancy rate of 80%, at 1.2 beds per 10 pediatric medical beds, 2.6 beds per 10 surgical beds, and 4 beds per 10 critical care unit beds or hemato-oncology beds. The intermediate care demand was higher in university-affiliated hospitals. One-third of the children referred to these units were less than 1 year old, 1/4 were less than 6 months old. We also described the diseases and potential organ failures of the patients who were referred to these intermediate care units. This study provides an estimate of the demand for pediatric intermediate care as defined in the French legislation and therefore helps implement projects to create such units. More specific criteria are still needed to oversee the implementation of these projects.

Best-practice guidelines for physical activity at child care.

Research has indicated that the child care center is a very strong predictor of preschool-aged children's physical activity levels, making this an important setting to help young children obtain physical activity that is appropriate for their health and development. However, some evidence suggests that organized child care may not adequately support children's physical activity needs. Although many organizations provide recommendations, guidelines, or standards for motor skill development and physical activity opportunities, no set of guidelines exist that directly target the overall physical activity environment at child care. Because of the lack of comprehensive recommendations, the Nutrition and Physical Activity Self-assessment for Child Care best-practice guidelines for healthy weight development were created on the basis of an extensive review of existing guidelines, research evidence, and expert review. The purpose of this article is to present these physical activity best-practice guidelines and provide data on how these guidelines compare to current practice in a large sample (N = 96) of child care centers in North Carolina. These best-practice guidelines include recommendations for 8 unique components of the child care environment, including active opportunities, fixed play environment, portable play environment, sedentary opportunities, sedentary environment, staff behavior, staff training/education, and physical activity policies. Our results showed that only a few of the best-practice guidelines were achieved by a majority of the 96 North Carolina child care centers that participated in this study. Establishing comprehensive guidelines for physical activity at child care could result in higher activity levels and healthier children, but more research is needed.

Como nossas crianças estão sendo transportadas nos veículos?: estudo em um Centro Educacional de Curitiba - PR com crianças de 1 a 4 anos / How are our children being transported?: a study in a Curitiba - PR preschool

Objetivo: Avaliar as condições do transporte de crianças (um a quatro anos) em veículos particulares em Curitiba - PR. Métodos: Delineamento - estudo transversal não controlado. Observação da colocação das crianças no interior dos veículos e preenchimento de protocolo previamente elaborado na saída de uma escola. Não foram avaliados tipo, certificação ou instalação das cadeiras. Resultados: Das 23 crianças do estudo, seis (26,08%) estavam soltas no banco traseiro, cinco (21,73%) presas ao cinto de segurança do banco traseiro, sem nenhum dispositivo de segurança, e nove (39,13%) estavam em cadeiras de segurança fixadas no banco traseiro, viradas para a frente. Três crianças foram transportadas no banco dianteiro, sendo que duas (8,69%) estavam sem o cinto de segurança e a outra (4,34%) presa a ele, todas sem cadeirinhas. Conclusão: As causas externas ocupam o segundo lugar na mortalidade pediátrica brasileira e os transportes o segundo lugar neste grupo. A National Highway Traffic Safety Administration orienta que crianças de um a quatro anos sejam transportadas em cadeirinhas de segurança certificadas e instaladas no banco traseiro dos veículos, viradas para a frente. Mesmo não tendo sido avaliados todos os critérios para o transporte seguro das crianças, em veículos de passeio, 60,86% estavam sendo transportadas incorretamente e apenas 39,13% adequadamente. Os resultados apresentados servem de alerta aos pediatras, para que maior atenção seja dada a esta orientação.