Five novel Hymenobacter species isolated from air: Hymenobacter cellulosilyticus sp. nov., Hymenobacter cellulosivorans sp. nov., Hymenobacter aerilatus sp. nov., Hymenobacter sublimis sp. nov. and Hymenobacter volaticus sp. nov.

Five Hymenobacter strains isolated from air samples collected from the Suwon and Jeju regions of the Republic of Korea were studied using polyphasic taxonomic methods. Using 16S rRNA gene sequences and the resulting phylogenetic tree, the strains were primarily identified as members of the genus Hymenobacter. Digital DNA-DNA hybridization values and average nucleotide identities values for species delineation (70 and 95-96 %, respectively) between the five strains and their nearest type strains indicated that each strain represented a novel species. All strains were aerobic, Gram-stain-negative, mesophilic, rod-shaped and catalase- and oxidase-positive, with red to pink coloured colonies. The genome sizes of the five strains varied from 4.8 to 7.1 Mb and their G+C contents were between 54.1 and 59.4 mol%. Based on their phenotypic, chemotaxonomic and genotypic characteristics, we propose to classify these isolates into five novel species within the genus Hymenobacter for which we propose the names, Hymenobacter cellulosilyticus sp. nov., Hymenobacter cellulosivorans sp. nov., Hymenobacter aerilatus sp. nov., Hymenobacter sublimis sp. nov. and Hymenobacter volaticus sp. nov., with strains 5116 S-3T (=KACC 21925T=JCM 35216T), 5116 S-27T (=KACC 21926T=JCM 35217T), 5413 J-13T (=KACC 21928T=JCM 35219T), 5516 S-25T (=KACC 21931T=JCM 35222T) and 5420 S-77T (=KACC 21932T=JCM 35223T) as the type strains, respectively.

Characterization of radiation-resistance mechanism in Spirosoma montaniterrae DY10T in terms of transcriptional regulatory system.

To respond to the external environmental changes for survival, bacteria regulates expression of a number of genes including transcription factors (TFs). To characterize complex biological phenomena, a biological system-level approach is necessary. Here we utilized six computational biology methods to infer regulatory network and to characterize underlying biologically mechanisms relevant to radiation-resistance. In particular, we inferred gene regulatory network (GRN) and operons of radiation-resistance bacterium Spirosoma montaniterrae DY10[Formula: see text] and identified the major regulators for radiation-resistance. Our results showed that DNA repair and reactive oxygen species (ROS) scavenging mechanisms are key processes and Crp/Fnr family transcriptional regulator works as a master regulatory TF in early response to radiation.

Hymenobacter piscis sp. nov., isolated from a fish pond.

Bacterial strain NST-14T, isolated from a freshwater fish pond in Taiwan, was characterized using a polyphasic taxonomy approach. The strain was Gram-stain-negative, strictly aerobic, non-motile, rod-shaped and formed pink colonies. Optimal growth occurred at 30 °C, pH 7 and in the absence of NaCl. Phylogenetic analyses based on 16S rRNA gene sequences and coding sequences of 92 protein clusters indicated that strain NST-14T formed a phylogenetic lineage in the genus Hymenobacter. Analysis of 16S rRNA gene sequences showed that strain NST-14T had the highest similarity to Hymenobacter actinosclerus CCUG 39621T (97.7%), Hymenobacter amundsenii P5136T (97.3%) and Hymenobacter humicola P6312T (96.9%). Strain NST-14T showed 75.1-85.3 % average nucleotide identity, 73.7-89.8 % average amino acid identity and 14.5-26.0 % digital DNA-DNA hybridization with the type strains of other closely related Hymenobacter species. Strain NST-14T contained iso-C15 : 0, C16 : 1 ω5c and summed feature 3 (C16 : 1 ω7c and/or C16 : 1 ω6c) as the predominant fatty acids. The major hydroxyl fatty acids were iso-C17 : 0 3-OH and iso-C15 : 0 3-OH. The polar lipids were phosphatidylethanolamine, one unidentified glycolipid, four unidentified aminophospholipids, one unidentified aminolipid, two unidentified phospholipids and three unidentified lipids. The major polyamine was homospermidine. The major isoprenoid quinone was MK-7. The DNA G+C content of the genomic DNA was 62.4 mol%. Differential phenotypic properties, together with the phylogenetic inference, demonstrate that strain NST-14T should be classified as a novel species of the genus Hymenobacter, for which the name Hymenobacter piscis sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is NST-14T (=BCRC 81249T=LMG 31686T).

Hymenobacter puniceus sp. nov., radiation resistant bacteria isolated from soil in South Korea.

Two novel Gram-negative bacterial strains BT190T and BT191 were isolated from soil collected in Uijeongbu city (37°44'55″N, 127°02'20″E), Korea. Phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequences revealed that strains BT190T and BT191 belong to a distinct lineage within the genus Hymenobacter (family Hymenobacteraceae, order Cytophagales, class Cytophagia). The level of 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity between the strains BT190T and BT190 was 99.5%. The strains BT190T and BT191 were closely related to Hymenobacter swuensis DY53T (97.0% 16S rRNA gene similarity), Hymenobacter metallilatus 9PBR-2 T (96.8%), Hymenobacter tibetensis XTM003T (96.8%) and Hymenobacter yonginensis HMD1010T (96.6%). The genome size of strain BT190T was 4,859,864 bp. The DNA G+C content of strain BT190T was 55.3 mol%. Bacterial growth was observed at 4-30 °C (optimum 25 °C) and pH 6.0-9.0 (optimum, pH 6.0-7.0) on R2A agar. Colonies of strains BT190T and BT191 were raised, smooth, circular and red-pink colored. The sole respiratory quinone of strain BT190T was MK-7 and the predominant cellular fatty acids were iso-C15:0, C16:1 ω5c, summed feature 3 (C16:1 ω6c / C16:1 ω7c) and summed feature 4 (iso-C17:1 I / anteiso-C17:1 B). The major polar lipids of strain BT190T were aminophospholipid (APL) and phosphatidylethanolamine (PE). Based on the chemotaxonomic, biochemical, and phylogenetic analysis, strains BT190T and BT191 can be suggested as a novel bacterial species within the genus Hymenobacter, for which the name Hymenobacter puniceus sp. nov is proposed. The type strain of Hymenobacter puniceus is BT190T (= KCTC 72342 T = NBRC 114860 T).

Hymenobacter taeanensis sp. nov., radiation resistant bacterium isolated from coastal sand dune.

An aerobic, Gram-stain-negative, non-motile, non-spore-forming, rod-shaped, and light pink-colored bacterial strain, designated TS19T, was isolated from a sand sample obtained from a coastal sand dune after exposure to 3 kGy of gamma radiation. Phylogenetic analysis based on the 16S rRNA gene sequences revealed that the isolate was a member of the genus Hymenobacter and was most closely related to H. wooponensis WM78T (98.3% similarity). Strain TS19T and H. wooponensis showed resistance to gamma radiation with D10 values (i.e., the dose required to reduce the bacterial population by tenfold) of 7.3 kGy and 3.5 kGy, respectively. The genome of strain TS19T consists of one contig with 4,879,662 bp and has a G + C content of 56.2%. The genome contains 3,955 protein coding sequences, 44 tRNAs, and 12 rRNAs. The predominant fatty acids of strain TS19T were iso-C15:0, summed feature 4 (iso-C17:1 I and/or anteiso-C17:1 B), summed feature 3 (C16:1 ω6c and/or C16:1 ω7c), and C16:1 ω5c. The major polar lipids were phosphatidylethanolamine, and one unidentified aminophospholipid. The main respiratory quinone was menaquinone-7. Based on the phylogenetic, physiological, and chemotaxonomic characteristics, strain TS19T represents a novel species, for which the name Hymenobacter taeanensis sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is TS19T (= KCTC 72897T = JCM 34023T).

Hymenobacter guriensis sp. nov., and Hymenobacter duratus sp. nov., Radiation-Resistant Species Isolated from Soil in South Korea.

Two novel Gram-stain-negative, non-motile, aerobic, rod-shaped, circular, convex, red-colored and UV-tolerant strains BT594T and BT646T were isolated from soil collected in Guri city (37° 36' 0″ N, 127° 9' 0″ E) and Gwangju city (37° 22' 0″ N, 127° 17' 0″ E), respectively, South Korea. 16S rDNA sequence analysis indicated that strains BT594T and BT646T belong to a distinct lineage within the genus Hymenobacter (family Hymenobacteraceae, order Cytophagales, class Cytophagia, phylum Bacteroidetes, kingdom Bacteria). The 16S rDNA gene sequence similarity between the two strains BT594T and BT646T was 96.2%. The strain BT594T was closely related to Hymenobacter psychrotolerans Tibet-IIU11T (97.0% 16S rDNA gene similarity) and Hymenobacter tibetensis XTM003T (96.3%). The strain BT646T was closely related to Hymenobacter psychrotolerans Tibet-IIU11T (98.6%), Hymenobacter kanuolensis T-3 T (96.8%) and Hymenobacter perfusus LMG 26000 T (96.7%). The two strains were found to have the same quinone system, with MK-7 as the major respiratory quinone. The major polar lipids of strains BT594T and BT646T were phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) and aminophospholipids (APL). The major cellular fatty acids of strain BT594T were anteiso-C15:0 (17.9%), iso-C15:0 (16.1%) and summed feature 3 (C16:1 ω6c / C16:1 ω7c) (10.0%). The major cellular fatty acids of strain BT646T were summed feature 3 (C16:1 ω6c / C16:1 ω7c) (18.3%), C16:0 (17.2%) and summed feature 4 (iso-C17:1 I / anteiso-C17:1 B) (14.5%). Based on the polyphasic analysis, strains BT594T and BT646T can be suggested as two novel bacterial species within the genus Hymenobacter and the proposed names are Hymenobacter guriensis and Hymenobacter duratus, respectively. The type strain of Hymenobacter guriensis is BT594T (= KCTC 21863 T = NBRC 114853 T) and the type strain of Hymenobacter duratus is BT646T (= KCTC 21915 T = NBRC 114854 T).

Hymenobacter properus sp. nov., Hymenobacter ruricola sp. nov., and Hymenobacter jeongseonensis sp. nov., three new species isolated from mountain and beach soil in South Korea.

Three Gram-stain-negative, aerobic, circular, convex, red-colored and rod-shaped bacterial strains, designated BT439T, BT662T and BT683T were obtained from soil collected in South Korea. The phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequences of the strains revealed a distinct lineage within the genus Hymenobacter. The complete genome sequence of strains BT439T, BT662T and BT683T is 5,542,738 bp, 5,964,541 bp, and 5,192,601 bp size, respectively. All three strains were found to have MK-7 as the major respiratory quinone. The major polar lipids of strains BT439T and BT662T were identified as phosphatidylethanolamine, aminophospholipids and amino lipids. Strain BT683T contained phosphatidylethanolamine. The major cellular fatty acids of strain BT439T were iso-C15:0, summed feature 3 (C16:1 ω6c/C16:1 ω7c) and anteiso-C15:0; strain BT662T possessed iso-C15:0 and summed feature 3 (C16:1 ω6c/C16:1 ω7c); strain BT683T were summed feature 3 (C16:1 ω6c/C16:1 ω7c), C16:1 ω5c, iso-C15:0 and anteiso-C15:0. Based on the polyphasic analysis, strains BT439T, BT662T and BT683T can be suggested as three novel bacterial species within the genus Hymenobacter and the proposed names are Hymenobacter properus sp. nov., Hymenobacter ruricola sp. nov. and Hymenobacter jeongseonensis sp. nov., respectively. The type strain of Hymenobacter properus is BT439T (= KCTC 72900T = NBRC 114849T), Hymenobacter ruricola is BT662T (= KACC 21966T = NBRC 114855T) and the type strain of Hymenobacter jeongseonensis is BT683T (= KACC 22013T = NBRC xxxxxT).

Spirosoma profusum sp. nov., and Spirosoma validum sp. nov., radiation-resistant bacteria isolated from soil in South Korea.

Two novel Gram-negative, rod-shaped bacterial strains BT702T and BT704T were isolated from soil collected in Jeongseon (37° 22' 45″ N, 128° 39' 53″ E), Gangwon province, South Korea. Phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequences revealed that strains BT702T and BT704T belong to distinct lineage within the genus Spirosoma (family Cytophagaceae, order Cytophagales, class Cytophagia and phylum Bacteroidetes). The strain BT702T was closely related to Spirosoma flavus 15J11-2T (96.7% 16S rRNA gene similarity) and Spirosoma metallilatum TX0405T (93.3%). The strain BT704T was closely related to Spirosoma koreense 15J8-5T (94.6%), Spirosoma endophyticum DSM 26130T (93.8%) and Spirosoma humi S7-4-1T (93.8%). The genome sizes of type strains BT702T and BT704T are 8,731,341 bp and 8,221,062 bp, respectively. The major cellular fatty acids of strains BT702T and BT704T were C16:1 ω5c and summed feature 3 (C16:1 ω6c/C16:1 ω7c). The strains were found to have the same quinone system, with MK-7 as the major respiratory quinone. The major polar lipids of strain BT702T was identified to be phosphatidylethanolamine (PE), aminophospholipid (APL) and aminolipid (AL), while that of strain BT704T consisted of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) and aminophospholipid (APL). Based on the polyphasic analysis (phylogenetic, chemotaxonomic and biochemical), strains BT702T and BT704T can be suggested as two new bacterial species within the genus Spirosoma and the proposed names are Spirosoma profusum and Spirosoma validum, respectively. The type strain of Spirosoma profusum is BT702T (= KCTC 82115T = NBRC 114859T) and type strain of Spirosoma validum is BT704T (= KCTC 82114T = NBRC 114966T).

Hymenobacter radiodurans sp. nov., isolated from soil in the Republic of Korea.

A bacterial strain, designated 17J36-26T, was isolated from the UV-irradiated soil from Jeju Island, South Korea. Cells are Gram negative, strictly aerobic, non-motile, non-spore forming, rod shaped, and catalase and oxidase positive. The major fatty acids of strain 17J36-26T were summed feature 4 (17:1 iso I/17:1 anteiso B), summed feature 3 (16:1 ω6c/16:1 ω7c), C16:1 ω5c and iso-C15:0. The polar lipid profile contained phosphatidylethanolamine, unidentified aminophospholipid, phospholipids and four unidentified lipids. The G+C content of the strain 17J36-26T was 62.6 mol%. The 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis showed that strain 17J36-26T was phylogenetically related to Hymenobacter qilianensis DK6-37T and Hymenobacter roseosalivarius AA718T (97.5% and 96.8% sequence similarity, respectively). Strain 17J36-26T showed resistance to UV radiation. Both average nucleotide identity (ANI) and in silico DNA-DNA hybridization (isDDH) values between strains 17J36-26T and type strains of Hymenobacter species were lower than the cut-off (≥ 95-96% for ANI and ≥ 70% for isDDH) to define a bacterial new species. The polyphasic approach using genotypic, phenotypic and chemotaxonomic data showed that strain 17J36-26T could be distinguished from its phylogenetically related species, and thus, the strain representative of a novel species within the genus Hymenobacter, for which the name Hymenobacter radiodurans sp. nov. (type strain 17J36-26T = KCTC 62269T = JCM 33185T) is proposed.

Hymenobacter busanensis sp. nov., radiation-resistant species isolated from soil in South Korea.

Two bacterial strains designated as MA3T and BT182 were isolated from a soil sample in South Korea. Cells of the two strains were Gram-stain-negative, non-motile, rod-shaped and formed red colonies on R2A agar at 25 °C. The 16S rRNA genes of the two strains shared a sequence similarity of 99.8%. Both strains shared the highest 16S rRNA gene similarity of 96.8% with Hymenobacter edaphi NLT, followed by Hymenobacter paludis KBP-30T (96.3%), Hymenobacter coalescens WW84T (96.3%) and Hymenobacter gummosus ANT-18T (96.3%). Growth was observed at 15-37 °C (optimum 30 °C), pH 6-8 (optimum pH 7) and in the presence up to 1% NaCl. The genome size of strains MA3T and BT182 is 4.9 Mb and 4.8 Mb, respectively. The genomic G + C content of both strains is 62.0 mol%. The main polar lipid of the strains was phosphatidylethanolamine, the only respiratory quinone detected was menaquinone-7 and the major fatty acids were anteiso-C15:0, iso-C15:0, summed feature 4 (iso-C17:1 I/anteiso-C17:1 B) and summed feature 3 (C16:1 ω6c/C16:1 ω7c), supporting the affiliation of these strains with the genus Hymenobacter. Based on the phylogenetic, genotypic, phenotypic and chemotaxonomic data, strains MA3T and BT182 represent a novel species of the genus Hymenobacter, for which the name Hymenobacter busanensis is proposed. The type strain is MA3T (= KCTC 72631T = NBRC 114193T).

Spirosoma aureum sp. nov., and Hymenobacter russus sp. nov., radiation-resistant bacteria in Cytophagales order isolated from soil.

A Gram-stain-negative, aerobic, nonmotile, yellow-colored strain BT328T and Gram-stain-negative, aerobic, non-motile, red-colored strain BT18T were isolated from the soil collected in Korea. Phylogenetic analyses based on 16S rRNA gene sequence revealed that strain BT328T formed a distinct lineage within the family Spirosomaceae (order Cytophagales, class Cytophagia) and was most closely related to a member of the genus Spirosoma, Spirosoma terrae 15J9-4T (95.9% 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity). Optimal growth occurred at 25 °C, pH 7.0 and in the absence of NaCl. The predominant cellular fatty acids were summed feature 3 (C16:1 ω6c/C16:1 ω7c) and C16:1 ω5c. The major respiratory quinone was MK-7. The major polar lipid was phosphatidylethanolamine. Phylogenetic analyses based on 16S rRNA gene sequences revealed that strain BT18T formed a distinct lineage within the family Hymenobacteraceae (order Cytophagales, class Cytophagia, phylum Bacteroidetes) and was most closely related to members of the genus Hymenobacter, Hymenobacter knuensis 16F7C-2T (97.0% 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity). Optimal growth occurred at 25 °C and pH 7.0 without NaCl. The major fatty acids were iso-C15:0 and anteiso-C15:0. The major menaquinone was MK-7. The major polar lipid was phosphatidylethanolamine. Biochemical, chemotaxonomic and phylogenetic analyses indicated that strains BT328T and BT18T represents a novel bacterial species within the genus Spirosoma and Hymenobacter, respectively. For which the name Spirosoma aureum and Hymenobacter russus is proposed. The type strain of S. aureum is BT328T (=KCTC 72365T = NBRC 114506T) and the type strain of H. russus is BT18T (=KCTC 62610T = NBRC 114380T).

Rhodocytophaga rosea sp. nov. and Nibribacter ruber sp. nov., two radiation-resistant bacteria isolated from soil.

Two bacterial strains, 172606-1T and BT10T, were isolated from soil, Korea. Both strains were Gram-stain-negative and rod-shaped bacteria. Phylogenetic analyses based on 16S rRNA gene sequences showed that strain 172606-1T formed a distinct lineage within the family Cytophagaceae (order Cytophagales, class Cytophagia, phylum Bacteroidetes). Strain 172606-1T was most closely related to a member of the genus Rhodocytophaga (93.8% 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity to Rhodocytophaga aerolata 5416T-29T). The complete genome sequence of strain 172606-1T is 8,983,451 bp size. Optimal growth occurred at 25 °C and pH 7.0 without NaCl. The major cellular fatty acids were identified as iso-C15:0 and C16:1 ω5c. The major respiratory quinone was MK-7. The major polar lipid was phosphatidylethanolamine. Phylogenetic analyses based on 16S rRNA gene sequences showed that strain BT10T belongs to the genus Nibribacter and is closely related to Nibribacter koreensis GSR 3061T (96.5%), Rufibacter glacialis MDT1-10-3T (95.7%), Rufibacter sediminis H-1T (95.1%) and Rufibacter quisquiliarum CAI-18bT (94.9%). The complete genome sequence of strain BT10T is 4,374,810 bp size. The predominant (> 10%) cellular fatty acids of strain BT10T were iso-C15:0 and summed feature 4 (anteiso-C17:1 B/iso-C17:1 I) and a predominant quinone was MK-7. In addition, strain BT10T has phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) as the major polar lipid. On the basis of biochemical, chemotaxonomic and phylogenetic analyses, strain 172606-1T represents a novel bacterial species of the genus Rhodocytophaga, for which the name Rhodocytophaga rosea is proposed and strain BT10T represents a novel species of the genus Nibribacter, for which the name Nibribacter ruber is proposed. The type strains of Rhodocytophaga rosea and Nibribacter ruber are 172606-1T (= KCTC 62096T = NBRC 114410T) and BT10T (= KCTC 62607T = NBRC 114383T), respectively.

Pontibacter pudoricolor sp. nov., and Pontibacter russatus sp. nov. radiation-resistant bacteria isolated from soil.

Gram-stain-negative, aerobic, non-flagellated, red-colored strains BT214T and BT326T were isolated from soil collected in Uijeongbu city, Korea. Phylogenetic analyses based on 16S rRNA gene sequences revealed that strains BT214T and BT326T formed a distinct lineage within the family Hymenobacteraceae (order Chitinophagales, class Chitinophagia) and were most closely related to members of the genus Pontibacter, Pontibacter populi HLY7-15T (96.9% 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity) and Pontibacter amylolyticus 9-2T (96.1%), respectively. Optimal growth of two strains occurred at 25 °C, pH 7.0 and in the absence of NaCl. The predominant cellular fatty acids were summed feature 4 (iso-C17:1 I/anteiso-C17:1 B) and iso-C15:0. The major respiratory quinone of two strains was MK-7. The major polar lipid of two strains was phosphatidylethanolamine. Biochemical, chemotaxonomic and phylogenetic analyses indicated that strains BT214T and BT326T represent novel bacterial species within the genus Pontibacter, for which the names Pontibacter pudoricolor and Pontibacter russatus are proposed. The type strains of Pontibacter pudoricolor and Pontibacter russatus are BT214T and BT326T, respectively.

Hymenobacter lutimineralis sp. nov., belonging to the family Hymenobacteraceae, isolated from zeolite.

A red-pigmented bacterial strain, designated KIGAM108T, within the family Hymenobacteraceae was isolated from zeolite in the Gampo-41 mine of the Gyeongju, Republic of Korea. This strain was a Gram-negative, strictly aerobic, non-spore forming, rod-shaped bacterium. Phylogenetic analysis of the 16S rRNA gene sequence of strain KIGAM108T found that it was related to the genus Hymenobacter, with similarities of 96.6, 96.4, 95.5, and 95.0% to H. fastidiosus VUG-A124T, H. algoricola VUG-A23aT, H. crusticola MIMBbqt21T, and H. daecheongensis DSM 21074T, respectively. Strain KIGAM108T grew in the presence of 0-0.5% (w/v) NaCl at 4-37 °C and pH 6.0-10.0. This isolate contained MK-7 as a respiratory quinone. The polar lipids of strain KIGAM108T were identified as phosphatidylethanolamine, two unidentified aminophospholipids, one unidentified phospholipid and five unidentified lipids. The major fatty acids profile showed summed feature 3 (C16:1ω6c and/or C16:1ω7c) (22.3%), anteiso-C15:0 (17.1%), C16:1ω5c (13.3%), and iso-C15:0 (11.0%). The genomic DNA G + C content was 60.0 mol%. Based on the polyphasic taxonomic data, strain KIGAM108T is considered to represent a novel species of the genus Hymenobacter, for which the name Hymenobacter lutimineralis sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is KIGAM108T (=KCTC 72263T =JCM 33444T).

Fibrisoma montanum sp. nov., isolated from soil of Mountain Danxia, China.

A Gram-stain-negative, non-motile, rod-shaped, aerobic bacterium, designated HYT19T, was isolated from soil of Mountain Danxia in southern China. It showed the highest similarity of 16S rRNA gene sequence (97.0%) and formed a monophyletic clade with Fibrisoma limi BUZ 3T. Strain HYT19T grew at 16-37 °C (optimum 28-30 °C) and at pH 6-7. The draft genome size of strain HYT19T was 7.8 Mb with a DNA G+C content of 54.0 mol%. The digital DDH and average nucleotide identity values between strain HYT19T and F. limi BUZ 3T were 28.8% and 85.1%, respectively. MK-7 was the sole respiratory quinone. The major polar lipids were phosphatidylethanolamine, unidentified aminophospholipid, two unidentified aminolipids, unidentified phospholipid and unidentified lipid. The strain contained C16:1ω5c, iso-C15:0, summed feature 3 (C16:1ω6c and/or C16:1ω7c), C16:0, iso-C17:0 3-OH and anteiso-C15:0 as the major fatty acids. On the basis of phylogenetic, genomic, phenotypic and chemotaxonomic analysis, we propose a new species Fibrisoma montanum sp. nov. of genus Fibrisoma. The type strain is HYT19T (= CCTCC AB 2018342T = JCM 33105T).

Pontibacter oryzae sp. nov., a carotenoid-producing species isolated from a rice paddy field.

A taxonomic study using a polyphasic approach was performed on a Gram-stain negative, red-pink, aerobic, non-motile, asporogenous, rod-shaped bacterium, designated strain KIRANT, isolated from soil collected from a rice paddy field. The 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis showed that strain KIRANT is phylogenetically related to Pontibacter actiniarum KMM 6156T, Pontibacter korlensis X14-1T, Pontibacter odishensis JC130T, Pontibacter litorisediminis YKTF-7T and Pontibacter aurantiacus NP1T (97.6, 97.5, 97.3, 97.3 and 96.7% sequence similarity, respectively). The major fatty acids of strain KIRANT were identified as iso-C15:0, iso-C15:0 3-OH and summed feature 4. The predominant menaquinone was identified as MK-7. The polar lipid profile was found to consist of phosphatidylethanolamine, four unidentified phospholipids, an unidentified glycolipid, an unidentified aminolipid and four unidentified lipids. The genome of strain KIRANT has a G + C content of 48.3 mol%. The in silico DNA-DNA hybridization and average nucleotide identity values between strain KIRANT and the closely related strains P. actiniarum KMM 6156T and P. korlensis X14-1T were 21.2%/21.8% and 76.4%/75.1%, respectively. On the basis of the data from phenotypic tests and genotypic differences between strain KIRANT and its close phylogenetic relatives, strain KIRANT is concluded to represent a new species belonging to the genus Pontibacter, for which the name Pontibacter oryzae sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is KIRANT (= KACC 19815T = JCM 32880T).

Runella soli sp. nov., isolated from garden soil.

A Gram-stain negative, aerobic, salmon-pink, non-motile and rod-shaped bacterium, designated strain 15J11-1T, was isolated from a soil sample collected from the university garden in Nowongu, South Korea. The 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis showed that strain 15J11-1T is phylogenetically related to Runella slithyformis DSM 19594T and Runella palustris HMF3829T (96.9% and 95.4% sequence similarity, respectively). The major fatty acids of strain 15J11-1T were identified as iso-C15:0, iso-C17:0 3-OH, C16:1ω5c and summed feature 3 (C16:1ω7c and/or C16:1ω6c). The predominant respiratory quinone was identified as MK-7. The polar lipids were found to comprise of phosphatidylethanolamine, three unidentified aminolipids, five unidentified glycolipids, two unidentified aminoglycolipids, an unidentified phospholipid and an unidentified polar lipid. The G + C content in the genomic DNA of the strain 15J11-1T was determined to be 49.9 mol%. Based on the results of genotypic, phenotypic and chemotaxonomic analyses, strain 15J11-1T is concluded to represent a novel species of the genus Runella, for which the name Runella soli sp. nov. (type strain 15J11-1T = KCTC 52021T = NBRC 112817T) is proposed.

Chryseolinea soli sp. nov., isolated from soil.

A yellow-colored bacterium with gliding motility, strain KIS68-18T, was isolated from a soil sample at Bijin Island in Tongyeong city, Republic of Korea. The cells were strictly aerobic, Gram-staining-negative, non-spore-forming, and rod-shaped. The strain grew at the range of 10-35°C (optimum, 25-30°C), pH 5.5-8.0 (optimum, 6.0-7.5), and 0-0.5% (w/v) NaCl. A phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequences revealed that strain KIS68-18T was closely related to Chryseolinea serpens DSM 24574T (98.9%) and had low sequence similarities (below 92.6%) with other members of the family 'Cytophagaceae' in the phylum Bacteroidetes. The major respiratory quinone system was MK-7 and the predominant cellular fatty acids were C16:1ω5c (38.8%), iso-C15:0 (18.5%), and summed feature 3 (C16:1ω7c and/or C16:1ω6c, 10.6%). The polar lipids consisted of phosphatidylethanolamine, one unidentified phospholipid, three unidentified aminophospholipids, two unidentified aminolipids, and five unidentified lipids. The DNA G + C content was 50.9%. Based on the phylogenetic, physiological, and chemotaxonomic data, stain KIS68-18T represents a novel species of the genus Chryseolinea, for which the name Chryseolinea soli sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain of Chryseolinea soli is KIS68-18T (= KACC 17327T = NBRC 113100T).

Hymenobacter persicinus sp. nov., a novel member of the family Hymenobacteraceae.

A bacterial strain, 1-3-3-3T, was isolated from a soil sample collected in Jeollabuk-do province, South Korea. Cells were observed to be Gram-stain negative, short rod-shaped and colonies to be red-pink in colour. Analysis of 16S rRNA gene sequences identified this strain as a member of the genus Hymenobacter in the family Hymenobacteraceae, with high levels of 16S rRNA sequence similarity with Hymenobacter algoricola VUG-A23aT (98.0%), Hymenobacter knuensis 16F7C-2 (97.9%), Hymenobacter fastidiosus VUG-A124T (97.1%), Hymenobacter elongatus VUG-A112T (97.0%), Hymenobacter chitinivorans Txc1T (97.0%) and Hymenobacter aquaticus 16F3PT (96.7%). Growth of strain 1-3-3-3T was observed at 10-30 °C, pH 6-8 and in the presence of 0-1.0% NaCl. The genomic G + C content was determined to be 61.6 mol %. The predominant respiratory quinone of the isolate was found to be MK-7; the major fatty acids were identified as iso-C15:0 (19.9%), summed feature 3 (C16:1ω7c/C16:1ω6c, 19.7%), summed feature 4 (iso-C17:1 I/anteiso-C17:1 B, 17.8%), C16:1ω5c (12.5%) and anteiso-C15:0 (11.2%), and the major polar lipid was found to be phosphatidylethanolamine. The phenotypic and chemotaxonomic data support the affiliation of strain 1-3-3-3T with the genus Hymenobacter. However, the DNA-DNA relatedness between the isolate and its closest phylogenetic neighbours was lower than 34%. The DNA-DNA hybridization result and the differentiating phenotypic properties clearly indicate that strain 1-3-3-3T represents a novel species in the genus Hymenobacter, for which the name Hymenobacter persicinus sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is 1-3-3-3T (= KCTC 52742T = JCM 32191T).

Pontibacter terrae sp. nov., isolated from soil.

A bacterial strain, designated 17SD1-15T, was isolated from soil. Cells of this strain were Gram-stain-negative and aerobic rods. The major fatty acids of strain 17SD1-15T were iso-C15 : 0 and summed feature 4 (anteiso-C17 : 1 B and/or iso-C17 : 1 I). The polar lipids were phosphatidylethanolamine, one phospholipid and five unidentified lipids. The G+C content of the genomic DNA of strain 17SD1-15T was 49.0 mol%. The 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis showed that strain 17SD1-15T was phylogenetically related to Pontibacter saemangeumensis GCM0142T, Pontibacter korlensis X14-1T, Pontibacter yuliensis H9XT, Pontibacter diazotrophicus H4XT and Pontibacter humi SWU8T (98.3, 96.4, 96.4, 96.4 and 96.0 % sequence similarity, respectively). DNA-DNA relatedness between 17SD1-15T and the most closely related type strain of Pontibacter species was 42.9±0.8 %. The low level of DNA-DNA relatedness identified strain 17SD1-15T as a member of a novel species in the genus Pontibacter. The results of genotypic and phenotypic data, including chemotaxonomic traits, showed that strain 17SD1-15T could be distinguished from its phylogenetically related species. Therefore, strain 17SD1-15T represents a novel species within the genus Pontibacter, for which the name Pontibacter terrae sp. nov. is proposed, with the type strain 17SD1-15T (=KCTC 52915T=NBRC 113057T).