Childhood granulomatous periorificial dermatitis in 31 Chinese children successfully treated with oral roxithromycin.

Data regarding the treatment of childhood granulomatous periorificial dermatitis (CGPD) using oral therapies are limited. This study included 31 Chinese children with CGPD treated with oral roxithromycin. After 12 weeks of treatment, 90.3% of the patients recovered, and there were no severe adverse effects. Our results suggest that oral roxithromycin is an effective and safe treatment for CGPD.

Perioral dermatitis: Diagnosis, proposed etiologies, and management.

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Perioral dermatitis is a common cutaneous condition characterized by acneiform facial eruptions often with an eczematous appearance. A granulomatous subtype exists in addition to the classic variant. While topical corticosteroids have been largely implicated in this condition, its etiology is not completely understood. METHODS: Using the keywords "corticosteroids," "dermatology," "fusobacteria," "perioral dermatitis," and "periorificial dermatitis," we searched the databases PubMed, MEDLINE, and EMBASE to find the relevant literature. Only articles in English were chosen. The level of evidence was evaluated and selected according to the highest level working our way downwards using the Oxford Centre of Evidence-Based Medicine 2011 guidance. RESULTS: This systematic review found the strongest evidence to support topical corticosteroid misuse as the principal causative factor in the pathogenesis of perioral dermatitis. CONCLUSION: In terms of treatment, further research is required to robustly investigate promising treatment options including tetracyclines, topical metronidazole, topical azelaic acid, adapalene gel, and oral isotretinoin.

Childhood granulomatous periorificial dermatitis: case report and review of the literature.

Childhood granulomatous periorificial dermatitis (CGPD), considered a clinical variant of perioral dermatitis, typically affects prepubertal children of African descent. It is a condition of unknown etiology characterized by the presence of a monomorphic yellow-brown papular eruption limited to the perioral, perinasal, and periocular regions that histopathologically shows a granulomatous pattern. This disorder should be differentiated from other conditions as granulomatous rosacea, sarcoidosis, and lupus miliaris disseminatus faciei. We report a case of a 9-year-old boy who presented with flesh-colored perorificial papules on the face, evolving for two months. Upon treatment with topical tacrolimus for follicular eczema, an aggravation of the condition was observed. A skin biopsy confirmed the diagnosis of CGPD. Our patient was successfully treated with a combination of topical metronidazole and topical erythromycin.

Intralesional Steroids for the Management of Periorificial Granulomatous Dermatitis

A 42-year-old male with skin type I and a history of rosacea and eczema presented with crusting, erythema, and pustules distributed on the left oral commissure. Angular cheilitis was diagnosed and regular petrolatum use recommended until resolution of the lesion. Eight days later, with no improvement in symptoms, fungal and bacterial cultures were performed which resulted in the growth of cutibacterium acnes, a variant of p. acnes.

Recalcitrant granulomatous periorificial dermatitis with good response to low-dose oral isotretinoin.

Granulomatous periorificial dermatitis is a clinical variant of periorificial dermatitis. We present the case of an 18-year-old girl with several reddish papular lesions in the perioral, perinasal, and periorbital regions unresponsive to conventional therapy. After 6 months of therapy with low-dose oral isotretinoin, the lesions fully remitted.

Off-label Uses of Topical Pimecrolimus.

Pimecrolimus is a topical calcineurin inhibitor currently approved for second-line use in the management of mild-to-moderate atopic dermatitis in patients age 2 years and older. Given the safety profile and nonsteroidal mechanism of pimecrolimus, there has been significant interest in its use in the treatment of a variety of dermatological conditions. This article reviews research that has been published on the off-label uses of topical pimecrolimus, with a focus on published RCTs. Convincing evidence exists supporting pimecrolimus' efficacy in oral lichen planus and seborrheic dermatitis. For other conditions studied to date, pimecrolimus may prove to be a useful treatment alternative when conventional agents fail. Adverse events seen with its off-label use were typically application site reactions, the most common being a transient burning sensation. In summary, pimecrolimus appears to be an effective agent in the treatment of multiple dermatological conditions and may be worth considering as a pharmacologic alternative in several conditions when first-line treatment fails, or for areas that are more susceptible to the adverse effects of topical corticosteroids.

Potassium Iodide for Cutaneous Inflammatory Disorders: A Monocentric, Retrospective Study.

OBJECTIVES: Potassium iodide (KI) is a medication that has been used for decades in dermatology and it is mentioned as a treatment option in all major dermatology textbooks. Yet, there is little recent information on its efficacy. In our study, we wanted to retrospectively evaluate the therapy response to KI in our patients. METHODS: The hospital information system was searched for patients treated with KI at the Department of Dermatology (University Hospital Zurich) in the last 20 years (January 1, 1998 to December 31, 2017). A total of 52 patients were found and, subsequently, 35 patients were included in our study. RESULTS: KI was prescribed for the following skin conditions: erythema nodosum, disseminated granuloma anulare, necrobiosis lipoidica, nodular vasculitis, cutaneous sarcoidosis, and granulomatous perioral dermatitis/ rosacea. The median duration of KI intake was 5 ± 7.7 weeks (range 1-26). The global assessment of efficacy by the treating physician showed an improvement of disease in about a third of all patients. No response was seen in 14 patients and 9 even had a progression of disease. An adverse event was documented in 16 cases. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings show that an improvement was reached in only about a third of all cases. High response rates with only mild side effects (in 16 out of 35 patients) were observed.

Dermatite perioral granulomatosa com acometimento extrafacial na infância: boa resposta terapêutica com uso de azitromicina oral / Granulomatous perioral dermatitis with extra-facial involvement in childhood: good therapeutic response with oral azithromycin

RESUMO Objetivo: Apresentar um caso de dermatite perioral granulomatosa (DPG) com acometimento extrafacial e resposta terapêutica satisfatória ao uso de macrolídeo oral por curto período. Descrição do caso: Escolar de nove anos, sexo feminino, com quadro exuberante de DPG com acometimento extrafacial. Durante o período de evolução, submeteu-se a múltiplas terapêuticas ineficazes, apresentando melhora significativa das lesões após o uso de azitromicina por cinco dias. Comentários: A DPG é uma afecção dermatológica inflamatória representada por erupções papuloeritematosas em região perioral, nasal e periorbitária, mais comum em crianças e adolescentes. Raramente estende-se à região genital, ao tronco e às extremidades, caracterizando o comprometimento extrafacial. De etiologia ainda desconhecida, parece apresentar correlação com uso de corticosteroides tópicos e outros agentes.

ABSTRACT Objective: To present a case of granulomatous perioral dermatitis (GPD) with extra-facial involvement and good response to short-term treatment with oral macrolide. Case description: A 9-year-old girl presented with exuberant GPD with extra-facial involvement. During follow-up, she received multiple ineffective therapies, but showed significant improvement of the lesions after the use of azithromycin for five days. Comments: GPD is an inflammatory dermatological condition represented by papulo-erythematous eruptions on perioral, nasal and periorbital regions, more prevalent in children and adolescents. It rarely extends to the genital region, trunk, and extremities, which characterizes its extra-facial manifestation. Its etiology is unknown, but it seems to have a correlation with the use of topical corticosteroids and other agents.

GRANULOMATOUS PERIORAL DERMATITIS WITH EXTRA-FACIAL INVOLVEMENT IN CHILDHOOD: GOOD THERAPEUTIC RESPONSE WITH ORAL AZITHROMYCIN. / DERMATITE PERIORAL GRANULOMATOSA COM ACOMETIMENTO EXTRAFACIAL NA INFÂNCIA: BOA RESPOSTA TERAPÊUTICA COM USO DE AZITROMICINA ORAL.

OBJECTIVE: To present a case of granulomatous perioral dermatitis (GPD) with extra-facial involvement and good response to short-term treatment with oral macrolide. CASE DESCRIPTION: A 9-year-old girl presented with exuberant GPD with extra-facial involvement. During follow-up, she received multiple ineffective therapies, but showed significant improvement of the lesions after the use of azithromycin for five days. COMMENTS: GPD is an inflammatory dermatological condition represented by papulo-erythematous eruptions on perioral, nasal and periorbital regions, more prevalent in children and adolescents. It rarely extends to the genital region, trunk, and extremities, which characterizes its extra-facial manifestation. Its etiology is unknown, but it seems to have a correlation with the use of topical corticosteroids and other agents.

OBJETIVO: Apresentar um caso de dermatite perioral granulomatosa (DPG) com acometimento extrafacial e resposta terapêutica satisfatória ao uso de macrolídeo oral por curto período. DESCRIÇÃO DO CASO: Escolar de nove anos, sexo feminino, com quadro exuberante de DPG com acometimento extrafacial. Durante o período de evolução, submeteu-se a múltiplas terapêuticas ineficazes, apresentando melhora significativa das lesões após o uso de azitromicina por cinco dias. COMENTÁRIOS: A DPG é uma afecção dermatológica inflamatória representada por erupções papuloeritematosas em região perioral, nasal e periorbitária, mais comum em crianças e adolescentes. Raramente estende-se à região genital, ao tronco e às extremidades, caracterizando o comprometimento extrafacial. De etiologia ainda desconhecida, parece apresentar correlação com uso de corticosteroides tópicos e outros agentes.

[Granulomatous periocular eruption]. / Dermatite périoculaire granulomateuse.

BACKGROUND: Herein, we report a case of atypical periorificial dermatitis in a patient that had been receiving treatment for some time for atopic dermatitis. The specific feature of this rash was its periocular predominance with no perioral involvement, its clinical aspect and its histological picture evocative of sarcoidosis. PATIENTS AND METHODS: A 33-year-old man was being treated for a atopic dermatitis limited to the face and poorly responsive to dermal corticosteroids. Treatment was initiated with topical tacrolimus 0.1%. After 4 years, dependence on this treatment was noted, with daily application being needed to control the lesions. One year later, symmetric lesions were seen on the eyelids and periorbital regions; these were erythematous, micropapular and poorly delineated in a setting of oedema. Biopsy revealed epithelioid granulomatous inflammation, and, to a lesser degree, sarcoidal giant-cell features without caseous necrosis. Staging tests to identify systemic sarcoidosis were negative. Treatment with hydroxychloroquine at 400mg per day and discontinuation of topical tacrolimus resulted in complete remission of the lesions within 2 months. Hydroxychloroquine was discontinued after 6 months, and no relapses had occurred after 2 years of follow-up. DISCUSSION: Three diagnostic hypotheses may be posited for these granulomatous facial lesions. We opted for a diagnosis of granulomatous periorificial dermatitis despite the fact that exclusively periorbital involvement is rare (this condition is generally associated with perioral dermatitis). The second was that of pure cutaneous sarcoidosis, but the topography and clinical appearance of the lesions did not correspond to any of the cutaneous forms classically described. The third was that of tacrolimus-induced granulomatous rosacea, but the histological picture is different. CONCLUSION: The present case underscores the fact that a histological appearance of sarcoidosis on skin biopsy may be associated with perioral dermatitis.

Pediatric periorificial dermatitis.

Periorificial dermatitis (POD) has been documented in the pediatric population in patients as young as 3 months, with a slight predominance in girls compared to boys. Many patients have a personal or family history of atopic disorders. Periorificial dermatitis typically presents with erythematous to flesh-colored papules and rarely pustules near the eyes, nose, and mouth. Although the etiology is unknown, many patients have had recent exposure to a topical or less commonly an inhaled or systemic corticosteroid. Although steroids may initially control the skin lesions, disease often rebounds after discontinuing therapy. Diagnosis of POD is clinical. Laboratory tests are not helpful in making the diagnosis, and the histology of POD resembles rosacea. It is important to rule out other acneform diagnoses based on the age of the patient, clinical history, and presentation of the lesions. Topical metronidazole has been successful in the pediatric population. For pediatric patients with extrafacial skin lesions or more severe disease, oral antibiotics such as tetracycline, doxycycline, minocycline, azithromycin, and erythromycin can be used, depending on the age of the patient.

Subantimicrobial-dose doxycycline monohydrate in dermatology.

Subantimicrobial doxycycline is an anti-inflammatory drug that decreases cathelicidin, kallikrein 5, reactive oxygen species, nitric oxide, and matrix metalloproteinases. Clinical trials demonstrated a comparable efficacy to 100-mg doxycycline in papulopustular rosacea with improvement of inflammatory lesions, quality of life, and improved safety profile. Case series and case reports suggested efficacy in other inflammatory skin diseases. The response of papulopustular rash during targeted anticancer therapies is mixed. Further studies are needed.

PERIORAL DERMATITIS: STILL A THERAPEUTIC CHALLENGE.

Perioral dermatitis is a common and often chronic dermatosis. In its classic form, it primarily affects women aged 15 to 45 years, but there are also variants including lupus-like and granulomatous perioral dermatitis, where granulomatous form is more common in childhood and affects mostly prepubescent boys. The etiopathogenesis of the disease remains unclear, but there is a frequent finding of prolonged use of topical products, especially corticosteroids, in the treatment of rosacea and seborrheic dermatitis, preceding the clinical manifestation of perioral dermatitis. Other causes important for the occurrence of the disease include various skin irritants, as well as other physical and hormonal factors, which all share the epidermal barrier dysfunction as an underlying main pathogenic factor. Clinical presentation of papulovesicular eruption in the perioral region with a typical narrow spared zone around the edge of the lips is characteristic. Therapeutic approach should be individually addressed, depending on the severity of clinical presentation and patient's age, with special attention to patient's education and continuous psychological support. In mild forms of perioral dermatitis, 'zero therapy' is the treatment of choice. In the initial treatment period, patients with steroid-induced perioral dermatitis should be closely followed up because the rebound phenomenon usually develops after cessation of previous topical treatment. In moderate disease, treatment includes topical metronidazole, erythromycin, and pimecrolimus, whereas in more severe cases the best validated choice is oral tetracycline in a subantimicrobial dose until complete remission is achieved. Systemic isotretinoin should be considered as a therapeutic option for patients refractory to all standard therapies.

Azelaic Acid: Evidence-based Update on Mechanism of Action and Clinical Application.

Azelaic acid is a complex molecule with many diverse activities. The latter include anti-infective and anti-inflammatory action. The agent also inhibits follicular keratinization and epidermal melanogenesis. Due to the wide variety of biological activities, azelaic acid has been utilized as a management tool in a broad spectrum of disease states and cutaneous disorders. This paper reviews the clinical utility of azelaic acid, noting the quality of the evidence supporting each potential use.

[Childhood granulomatous periorificial dermatitis]. / Granulomatöse periorifizielle Dermatitis der Kindheit.

CASE REPORT: A 14-year-old patient of African ancestry presented with multiple papules in the perioral, perinasal and periocular areas. Histopathology showed sarcoidal granulomas. DIAGNOSIS: After exclusion of systemic sarcoidosis, the diagnosis of childhood granulomatous periorificial dermatitis was made. THERAPY: Topical treatment with erythromycin resulted in complete regression. CONCLUSION: Childhood granulomatous periorificial dermatitis is mainly observed in dark-skinned children of African, Caribbean, or Asian origin. The nosological position of the dermatosis is controversial. Originally classified as sarcoidosis, childhood granulomatous periorificial dermatitis is now generally regarded as a special form of perioral dermatitis.