Impact of closure of the in-house psychiatric care unit on prehospital and emergency ward length of stay and disposition locations in patients who attempted suicide: A retrospective before-and-after cohort study at a community hospital in Japan.

ABSTRACT: Suicide is an increasingly serious public health care concern worldwide. The impact of decreased in-house psychiatric resources on emergency care for suicidal patients has not been thoroughly examined. We evaluated the effects of closing an in-hospital psychiatric ward on the prehospital and emergency ward length of stay (LOS) and disposition location in patients who attempted suicide.This was a retrospective before-and-after study at a community emergency department (ED) in Japan. On March 31, 2014, the hospital closed its 50 psychiatric ward beds and outpatient consultation days were decreased from 5 to 2 days per week. Electronic health record data of suicidal patients who were brought to the ED were collected for 5 years before the decrease in in-hospital psychiatric services (April 1, 2009-March 31, 2014) and 5 years after the decrease (April 1, 2014-March 31, 2019). One-to-one propensity score matching was performed to compare prehospital and emergency ward LOS, and discharge location between the 2 groups.Of the 1083 eligible patients, 449 (41.5%) were brought to the ED after the closure of the psychiatric ward. Patients with older age, burns, and higher comorbidity index values, and those requiring endotracheal intubation, surgery, and emergency ward admission, were more likely to receive ED care after the psychiatric ward closure. In the propensity matched analysis with 418 pairs, the after-closure group showed a significant increase in median prehospital LOS (44.0 minutes vs 51.0 minutes, P < .001) and emergency ward LOS (3.0 days vs 4.0 days, P = .014) compared with the before-closure group. The rate of direct home return was significantly lower in the after-closure group compared with the before-closure group (87.1% vs 81.6%, odds ratio: 0.66; 95% confidence interval: 0.45-0.96).The prehospital and emergency ward LOS for patients who attempted suicide in the study site increased significantly after a decrease in hospital-based mental health services. Conversely, there was significant reduction in direct home discharge after the decrease in in-house psychiatric care. These results have important implications for future policy to address the increasing care needs of patients who attempt suicide.

The impact of living arrangements and deinstitutionalisation in the health status of persons with intellectual disability in Europe.

BACKGROUND: Despite progress in the process of deinstitutionalisation, very little is known about the health conditions of people with intellectual disability (PWID) who live in large institutions and PWID living in small residential services, family homes or independent living within the community. Furthermore, there are no international comparison studies at European level of the health status and health risk factors of PWID living in fully staffed residential services with formal support and care compared with those living in unstaffed family homes or independent houses with no formal support. METHODS: A total of 1269 persons with ID and/or their proxy respondents were recruited and face-to-face interviewed in 14 EU countries with the P15, a multinational assessment battery for collecting data on health indicators relevant to PWID. Participants were grouped according to their living arrangements, availability of formal support and stage of deinstitutionalisation. RESULTS: Obesity and sedentary lifestyle along with a number of illnesses such as epilepsy, mental disorders, allergies or constipation were highly prevalent among PWID. A significantly higher presence of myocardial infarctions, chronic bronchitis, osteoporosis and gastric or duodenal ulcers was found among participants in countries considered to be at the early stage of deinstitutionalisation. Regardless of deinstitutionalisation stage, important deficits in variables related to such medical health promotion measures as vaccinations, cancer screenings and medical checks were found in family homes and independent living arrangements. Age, number of people living in the same home or number of places in residential services, presence of affective symptoms and obesity require further attention as they seem to be related to an increase in the number of illnesses suffered by PWID. DISCUSSION: Particular illnesses were found to be highly prevalent in PWID. There were important differences between different living arrangements depending on the level of formal support available and the stage of deinstitutionalisation. PWID are in need of tailored primary health programs that guarantee their access to quality health and health promotion and the preventative health actions of vaccination programs, systematic health checks, specific screenings and nutritional controls. Extensive national health surveys and epidemiological studies of PWID in the EC member states are urgently needed in order to reduce increased morbidity rates among this population.

A contribuição da atenção domiciliar para a configuração de redes substitutivas de saúde: desinstitucionalização e transformação de práticas / Home care's contribution to alternative health care networks: deinstitutionalization and transformation of practices

OBJETIVO: Identificar o estado da arte da atenção domiciliar no âmbito do sistema público de saúde no Brasil, analisar o seu potencial de inovação no sentido da integralidade e da humanização da atenção e indicar pistas para a sua ampliação. MÉTODOS: Sete experiências de cuidado domiciliar em cinco municípios brasileiros foram analisadas por meio de estudos de caso, com base em entrevistas com os cinco gestores municipais e os sete coordenadores dos serviços, com todos os componentes das equipes de atenção domiciliar e com os usuários e os familiares dos 27 casos selecionados. Todas as entrevistas foram gravadas e depois transcritas. Foram ainda analisados documentos produzidos pelos serviços (proposta política, relatórios de gestão, relatórios de avaliação, rotinas e protocolos de atenção), observados atendimentos (ao menos um de cada uma das equipes em todos os sete serviços) e analisados os casos traçadores. RESULTADOS: Foram identificados os seguintes tipos de atendimento domiciliar: cuidado paliativo, cuidado a pacientes com AIDS, cuidado a portadores de feridas e lesões de pele, acompanhamento de bebês prematuros, acompanhamento de acamados crônicos, antibioticoterapia endovenosa como complementação do tratamento para infecções agudas. São aspectos a destacar: a qualidade e a humanização da atenção, o trabalho em equipe, o desenvolvimento de vínculo e a responsabilização por parte dos trabalhadores e a participação efetiva dos cuidadores e das famílias na produção dos projetos terapêuticos. CONCLUSÃO: As iniciativas examinadas mostraram que a atenção domiciliar é possível até em ambientes economicamente precários e que pode contribuir efetivamente para a produção de integralidade e de continuidade do cuidado, devendo ser ampliada no âmbito do sistema público de saúde.

OBJECTIVE: To identify state-of-the-art home care within Brazil's public health system, evaluate its potential for improving the comprehensiveness and humanization of care, and identify areas for expanding this care modality. METHODS: Seven home care initiatives were examined and cases were analyzed through interviews with five municipal services managers, seven service coordinators, all home-care team members, and with the service recipients, as well as the family members of the 27 cases selected. All of the interviews were recorded and transcribed. We also analyzed documents created by the home care services (policy manuals, management reports, evaluation reports, and care protocols), observed each team providing care (at least once for each of the seven service types), and analyzed the selected cases. RESULTS: The following types of home care were identified: palliative, AIDS, skin lesions/wounds, premature infant, bedridden patient, and supplemental intravenous antibiotic therapy for acute infection. The following positive aspects should be highlighted: the quality and humanization of care, team work, the bond developed with patients and family, the sense of responsibility taken on by the health workers, and the effective participation of caretakers and families in carrying out therapy plans. CONCLUSION: The initiatives examined show that home care is possible even in economically disadvantaged environments and that it may effectively contribute to providing integrated and continued care. Home care should be expanded in the context of the public health system.

[Home care's contribution to alternative health care networks: deinstitutionalization and transformation of practices]. / A contribuição da atenção domiciliar para a configuração de redes substitutivas de saúde: desinstitucionalização e transformação de práticas.

OBJECTIVE: To identify state-of-the-art home care within Brazil's public health system, evaluate its potential for improving the comprehensiveness and humanization of care, and identify areas for expanding this care modality. METHODS: Seven home care initiatives were examined and cases were analyzed through interviews with five municipal services managers, seven service coordinators, all home-care team members, and with the service recipients, as well as the family members of the 27 cases selected. All of the interviews were recorded and transcribed. We also analyzed documents created by the home care services (policy manuals, management reports, evaluation reports, and care protocols), observed each team providing care (at least once for each of the seven service types), and analyzed the selected cases. RESULTS: The following types of home care were identified: palliative, AIDS, skin lesions/wounds, premature infant, bedridden patient, and supplemental intravenous antibiotic therapy for acute infection. The following positive aspects should be highlighted: the quality and humanization of care, team work, the bond developed with patients and family, the sense of responsibility taken on by the health workers, and the effective participation of caretakers and families in carrying out therapy plans. CONCLUSION: The initiatives examined show that home care is possible even in economically disadvantaged environments and that it may effectively contribute to providing integrated and continued care. Home care should be expanded in the context of the public health system.

Cause-specific mortality in psychiatric patients after deinstitutionalisation.

BACKGROUND: Since the late 1970s, the psychiatric service system in Norway has been changed gradually according to the principles of deinstitutionalisation. AIMS: To document the mortality of psychiatric patients in a deinstitutionalised service system. METHODS: The case register of a psychiatric hospital covering the period 1980-1992 was linked to the Central Register of Deaths. Age-adjusted death rates and standardised mortality ratios (SMRs) were computed. RESULTS: Patients with organic psychiatric disorders had significantly higher mortality regardless of cause of death. SMRs ranged from 0.9 for death by cancer in women to 36.3 for suicide in men. For unnatural death, SMRs were highest in the first year after discharge. Compared to the periods 1950-1962 and 1963-1974, there has been an increase in SMRs for cardiovascular death and suicide in both genders. CONCLUSIONS: Deinstitutionalisation seems to have had as its cost a relative rise both in cardiovascular death and unnatural deaths for both genders, but most pronounced in men.

Acerca del programa de asistencia familiar de la Colonia de Asistencia psiquiátrica Dr. Bernardo Etchepare / Family Assistance Program at Dr. Bernardo Etchepare psychiatric Hospital

Se efectúa un seguimiento a lo largo de cinco años de una muestra representativa de pacientes psiquiátricos crónicos del Programa de Asistencia Familiar abocado a egresos y rehabilitación, que funciona en el Hospital Dr. Bernardo Etchepare. La finalidad es efectuar una evaluación del funcionamiento del mismo y del equipo interdisciplinario que lo sustenta. El aporte de este trabajo surge de que este es el primer estudio estadístico de dicho programa que, pese a ser priorizado por el Programa Nacional de Salud Mental de nuestro país (1986) y por la institución donde funciona, no logra un crecimiento adecuado debido a las barreras inherentes a los dinamismos institucionales y sociales. Dicha conclusión verificada por un análisis real y su evaluación habilitaría a tomar medidas a nivel institucional para modificar esta situación. Este es el único programa con estas características, cuya función es favorecer la reinserción social de los pacientes y al mismo tiempo desgravitar las grandes instituciones psiquiátricas. De los resultados de la presente investigación destacamos la permanencia de los pacientes en el programa, en un alto porcentaje con el mismo cuidador, el bajo número de reingresos, la reducción de la medicación recibida y un buen índice de rehabilitación

Mortality in persons with developmental disabilities after transfer into community care.

More than 2,000 persons with developmental disabilities have been transferred from California state institutions into community care in recent years. We investigated whether this has been accompanied by a change in mortality rates, using data on 1,878 clients moved since April 1993. Mortality rates were compared to those expected for comparable persons in institutions. Risk-adjusted mortality rates for movers exceeded institutional rates by 51%, p < .05. After removal of cancer deaths in both groups, this increased to 67%. The effect was largest shortly after the move and in the subjects who had moved most recently. The deinstitutionalization process in California appears to have resulted in a substantial increase in mortality, indicating the need to ensure continuous, consistent, and competent medical care and supervision in the community.

Mortality in psychiatric hospital patients: a cohort analysis of prognostic factors.

BACKGROUND: This work followed a group of patients living in a psychiatric hospital in Central Italy in 1978 at the time of enforcement of the Italian reform law (No. 180) for closing down mental hospitals. The study had the following aims: a) to compare in terms of mortality patients discharged into the community with patients who did not experience deinstitutionalization; b) to determine the survival of the cohort of patients and to analyse prognostic risk factors for death; c) to analyse differences in mortality rates between psychiatric patients and the general population. METHODS: The study was designed as an historical follow-up investigation. Univariate (product limit) and multivariate (proportional hazards model) methods were used to estimate prognostic variables and related death risks. Mortality was assessed using standardized mortality ratios (SMR) on the entire cohort as well as after stratification according to age, sex, cause of death and discharge status, assuming the Abruzzo Region's population as standard. RESULTS: Length of hospitalization and discharge from hospital are prognostic variables for death risk, with relative risks respectively of 4.22 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 2.41-7.40) for a length of hospitalization of 10-25 years, and 8.13 (95% CI: 4.73-13.88) for non-discharge. The global SMR of the cohort was 2.68 (95% CI: 2.42-3.07). Non-discharged patients showed higher SMR than discharged. Excess mortality was found both in males and females for circulatory, respiratory and undefined diseases. A significantly lower mortality for cancer was observed in male patients. A strong excess mortality was observed in younger patients (20-29 years: SMRmales = 43.57; SMRfemales = 97.52). CONCLUSIONS: Longer periods of hospitalization and non-discharge from hospital are the main risk factors for death in psychiatric patients, who globally experience higher death rates than the general population for a wide spectrum of causes of death, whatever their diagnosis or gender. These findings strongly suggest positive actions in order to overcome the effects of institutionalization.