Social Determinants of Health and Cancer Care: An ASCO Policy Statement.

ASCO's new policy statement on SDOH supports practices that sustain and advance cancer health equity.

Estrategia y plan de acción sobre la promoción de la salud en el contexto de los Objetivos de Desarrollo Sostenible 2019-2030 / Strategy and Plan of Action on Health Promotion within the Context of the Sustainable Development Goals 2019-2030 / Stratégie et plan d'action sur la promotion de la santé dans le contexte des objectifs de développement durable 2019-2030

El objetivo de esta Estrategia y plan de acción sobre la promoción de la salud en el contexto de los Objetivos de Desarrollo Sostenible 2019-2030 es renovar la promoción de la salud por medio de acciones sociales, políticas y técnicas que aborden los determinantes sociales de la salud, con el fin de mejorar la salud y reducir las inequidades en el contexto de la Agenda 2030. Este documento está vinculado a la Estrategia para el acceso universal a la salud y la cobertura universal de salud de la OPS y se centra en el trabajo con todos los niveles de gobierno, en particular el nivel local, para empoderar a las personas y comunidades en sus entornos y territorios. Dada su importancia, la intersectorialidad y la participación social se consideran como dos ejes transversales en todo el plan de acción y deberían reflejarse en las actividades para alcanzar cada línea estratégica (véase el anexo A). El compromiso con los principios del respeto de los derechos humanos, la equidad y la inclusión, teniendo en cuenta específicamente las cuestiones de género, la etnicidad, la interculturalidad y las discapacidades entre otros aspectos, es la base de todas las líneas estratégicas de acción. Cada país deberá adaptar la respuesta nacional, subnacional y local a su propia situación, contexto y prioridades. El presente plan de acción se basa en cuatro líneas estratégicas de acción que se refuerzan mutuamente, a saber, fortalecer los entornos saludables clave; facilitar la participación y el empoderamiento de la comunidad, y el compromiso de la sociedad civil; fortalecer la gobernanza y el trabajo intersectorial para mejorar la salud y el bienestar, y abordar los determinantes sociales de la salud, y fortalecer los sistemas y servicios de salud incorporando un enfoque de promoción de la salud.

The goal of this Strategy and Plan of Action on Health Promotion within the Context of the Sustainable Development Goals 2019-2030 is to renew health promotion through social, political, and technical actions, and addressing the sustainable development goals in order to improve health and reduce health inequities within the context of the 2030 Agenda. This document is linked to PAHO's Strategy for Universal Access to Health and Universal Health Coverage and focuses on work with all levels of government, but particularly the local level, to empower people and communities in their settings and territories. Given the importance of intersectoral action and social participation, these are considered as two cross-cutting axes throughout the Plan of Action and should be reflected in actions to achieve each strategic line. Commitment to the principles of respect for human rights, equity, and inclusivity, with specific consideration of gender, ethnicity, interculturality and disabilities, among others, underpins all the strategic lines of action. Each country will need to tailor its national, subnational, and local responses to its own situation, context and priorities. This Plan of Action is based on four mutually reinforcing strategic lines of action: strengthening key healthy settings; enabling community participation and empowerment and civil society engagement; enhancing governance and intersectoral work to improve health and well-being and address the social determinants of health; and strengthening health systems and services by incorporating a health promotion approach. The Strategy and Plan of Action on Health Promotion are aligned with the Universal Access to Health and Health Coverage 2014, the Astana Declaration 2018 and the Sustainable Development Goals.

Le but de la Stratégie et plan d'action sur la promotion de la santé dans le contexte des objectifs de développement durable 2019-2030 est de renouveler la promotion de la santé grâce à des mesures de nature sociale, politique et technique qui agissent sur les déterminants sociaux de la santé, afin d'améliorer la santé et de réduire les iniquités en santé dans le contexte du Programme à l'horizon 2030. Le présent document est lié à la Stratégie pour l'accès universel à la santé et la couverture sanitaire universelle de l'OPS et est axé sur la collaboration avec tous les niveaux de gouvernement, mais en particulier le niveau local, visant à accroître l'autonomie des personnes et des communautés dans leurs milieux et leurs territoires. Étant donné l'importance de l'action intersectorielle et de la participation sociale, ces deux aspects sont considérés comme représentant deux axes transversaux dans l'ensemble du plan d'action et devront se traduire par des mesures destinées à réaliser chaque axe stratégique (voir l'annexe A). L'adhésion aux principes de respect des droits de l'homme, de l'équité et de l'inclusivité, en tenant compte plus particulièrement du sexe, de l'appartenance ethnique, de l'interculturalité et des handicaps, entre autres facteurs, sous-tend tous les axes stratégiques d'intervention. Chaque pays devra adapter les réponses qu'il met en œuvre aux niveaux national, infranational et local à sa propre situation, à son propre contexte et à ses propres priorités. Ce plan d'action se fonde sur quatre axes stratégiques d'intervention qui se confortent mutuellement : renforcer des milieux sains névralgiques ; permettre la participation et l'autonomisation des communautés et la mobilisation de la société civile ; consolider la gouvernance et l'action intersectorielle en vue d'améliorer la santé et le bien-être et d'agir sur les déterminants sociaux de la santé, et renforcer les systèmes et les services sanitaires par l'intégration d'une approche de promotion de la santé.

Developing Primary Care-Based Recommendations for Social Determinants of Health: Methods of the U.S. Preventive Services Task Force.

The purpose of the U.S. Preventive Services Task Force (USPSTF) is to provide evidence-based recommendations on primary care screening, behavioral counseling, and preventive medications. A person's health is strongly influenced by social determinants of health, such as economic and social conditions; therefore, preventive recommendations that address these determinants would be ideal. However, differing social determinants have been proposed by a wide range of agencies and organizations, little prevention evidence is available, and responsible parties are in competition, all of which make the creation of evidence-based prevention recommendations for social determinants of health challenging. This article highlights social determinants already included in USPSTF recommendations and proposes a process by which others may be considered for primary care preventive recommendations. In many ways, incorporating social determinants of health into evidence-based recommendations is an evolving area. By reviewing the evidence on the effects of screening and interventions on social determinants relevant to primary care, the USPSTF will continue to provide recommendations on clinical preventive services to improve the health of all Americans.

Inclusion and Quality of Life for Older Adults: Nurses Advocating for Policy Change.

Social inclusion and social determinants of health (SDH) are key to healthy aging, and a failure to adequately address these influences can lead to negative health consequences such as the development and worsening of chronic conditions. Health policy is needed that prioritizes aging well in place as an "upstream" approach to address SDH and thereby improve health outcomes and promote quality of life. Globally, nurses are well positioned to advocate for such policy, given their commitment to fostering social inclusion and quality of life for older adults. This article presents a policy submission, made by nurses enrolled in a graduate health policy course, to Canada's Standing Committee on Human Resources and Social Development and the Status of Persons with Disabilities, for the Committee's report on Advancing Inclusion of and Quality of Life for Seniors ().

Understanding and addressing social determinants to advance cancer health equity in the United States: A blueprint for practice, research, and policy.

Although cancer mortality rates declined in the United States in recent decades, some populations experienced little benefit from advances in cancer prevention, early detection, treatment, and survivorship care. In fact, some cancer disparities between populations of low and high socioeconomic status widened during this period. Many potentially preventable cancer deaths continue to occur, and disadvantaged populations bear a disproportionate burden. Reducing the burden of cancer and eliminating cancer-related disparities will require more focused and coordinated action across multiple sectors and in partnership with communities. This article, part of the American Cancer Society's Cancer Control Blueprint series, introduces a framework for understanding and addressing social determinants to advance cancer health equity and presents actionable recommendations for practice, research, and policy. The article aims to accelerate progress toward eliminating disparities in cancer and achieving health equity.

Estrategia nacional de redes integradas de servicios de salud de Guatemala, ENRISSG / National strategy of integrated health services networks of Guatemala, ENRISSG

(Acuerdo ministerial No. 246-2019) Este documento propone un marco conceptual y operativo para entender las RISS desde la perspectiva y realidad de Guatemala, brinda los lineamientos orientadores y las acciones estratégicas para que los actores y prestadores de salud de un distrito o departamento se articulen en redes, optimicen las capacidades instaladas, garanticen la continuidad de la atención y consoliden vínculos interinstitucionales e intersectoriales que permitan abordajes integrales para mejorar la calidad de vida de las personas, las familias y las comunidades. La Estrategia de RISS se promueve como uno de los mecanismos para reducir la fragmentación de los sistemas de salud y como una de las principales expresiones operativas del enfoque de la APS en el proceso de atención integral, integrada y continua a las personas; contribuyendo a hacer una realidad varios de sus elementos más esenciales, tales como la cobertura y el acceso universal; la atención integral, integrada y continua; el cuidado apropiado, y la organización y gestión de los servicios de salud. El objetivo general del acuerdo ministerial que la avala es lograr acceso y cobertura de la salud, a través de la implementación de la Estrategia de Redes integradas, basada en la atención primaria de la salud, que permita una atención de salud equitativa, integral, integrada, continua y de calidad con en el derecho de la salud. Es de aplicación obligatoria para todas las dependencias que organicen e implementen redes integradas de servicios de salud a nivel de la república y permitirá orientar a los gerentes y los equipos multidisciplinarios, interinstitucionales e intersectoriales de un territorio definido, con lineamientos y acciones para el reordenamiento, articulación, coordinación, fortalecimiento y funcionamiento de los servicios de salud en red, fomentando la planificación, implementación, monitoreo, evaluación y rendición de cuentas.

Back to Basics: Social Determinants of Health.

Social determinants of health (SDOH) are the conditions that people are born into and live under that affect their health. Nurses are responsible for addressing these determinants when possible. Perioperative nurses encounter the effects of SDOH when patients express concern about surgery scheduling times, transportation, child care, and other support-related issues during the perioperative period. Some SDOH are related to social identity (eg, race, ethnicity, sexual orientation) as a result of the oppression and discrimination that some groups experience. Perioperative nurses can establish trust with their patients by identifying their needs and partnering with community-based organizations to address some of those needs (eg, transportation, legal assistance), which may help relieve stress for their patients and promote better postsurgical outcomes. Although health care workers can assist individual patients to address the effects of SDOH on their health and life, policy change is needed to ensure long-term benefits.

Determinantes sociales y condiciones de salud bucal de los adultos mayores / Social determinants and oral health conditions in the elderly

RESUMEN Introducción: El proceso salud-enfermedad en el adulto mayor está influenciado directamente por los determinantes sociales de la salud, por tanto, la salud bucal no escapa de ello. Objetivo: Determinar el comportamiento de los determinantes sociales y las condiciones de salud bucal en adultos mayores. Métodos: Se realizó un estudio descriptivo de corte transversal en 339 individuos de 60 años y más del Consultorio No. 5 del Policlínico Plaza de la Revolución, durante el periodo comprendido desde mayo de 2015 a enero 201. Se utilizó el interrogatorio y el examen clínico de la cavidad bucal, previo consentimiento informado de los participantes. Las variables estudiadas fueron: edad, sexo, ocupación, bienestar económico, estructura y funcionamiento familiar, condiciones de la vivienda, hábitos alimentarios y condiciones de salud bucal. Resultados: El grupo de edad más representado fue el de 60 a 69 años con el 53,4 por ciento, con predominio del sexo femenino. Solo el 27,9 por ciento de los adultos mayores que trabajaban tenían buenas condiciones de salud bucal y más del 60 por ciento de los examinados que refirieron no tener bienestar económico, presentaron una salud bucal regular. Predominaron las familias funcionales con condiciones de salud bucal evaluadas de buena y regular. El 73,5 por ciento de los que habitaban en viviendas en buen estado presentaron también buenas condiciones de salud bucal. Los adultos mayores con buenas condiciones de salud bucal representaron el 82,4 por ciento de los que poseen hábitos alimentarios adecuados. Conclusiones: El comportamiento favorable de los determinantes analizados pone de manifiesto su influencia positiva sobre el estado de salud bucal de los adultos mayores(AU)

ABSTRACT Introduction: The health-disease relationship in the elderly is directly influenced by social health determinants, and such influence includes oral health. Objective: Determine the behavior of social determinants and oral health conditions in the elderly. Methods: A cross-sectional descriptive study was conducted of 339 subjects aged 60 years and over from Consultation Office No. 5 of Plaza de la Revolución Polyclinic from May 2015 to January 2016. The study was based on interrogation and clinical examination of the oral cavity, prior informed consent by participants. The variables analyzed were age, sex, occupation, economic status, family structure and functioning, housing conditions, eating habits and oral health conditions. Results: The 60-69 age group was the best represented (53.4 percent), with a predominance of the female sex. Only 27.9 percent of the elderly people who had a regular job had good oral health conditions, and more than 60 percent of the patients examined who reported a low economic status had fair oral health conditions. There was a predominance of functional families with oral health conditions evaluated as good or fair. 73.5 percent of those with good housing conditions also had good oral health conditions. Elderly patients with good oral health conditions represented 82.4 percent of those with adequate eating habits. Conclusions: The favorable behavior of the determinants analyzed reflects their positive influence on the oral health status of elderly people(AU)

Screening for Housing Instability: Providers' Reflections on Addressing a Social Determinant of Health.

BACKGROUND: The Veterans Health Administration (VHA) has a long history of addressing social determinants of health, including housing. In 2012, the VA integrated a two-question Homelessness Screening Clinical Reminder (HSCR) into the electronic medical record in outpatient clinics to identify Veterans experiencing housing instability and ensure referral to appropriate services. OBJECTIVE: This study explores perspectives of VA clinical providers regarding administration of the HSCR, their role in addressing housing status, and how a patient's housing status impacts clinical decision-making. DESIGN: We conducted a qualitative study using in-depth semi-structured interviewing. PARTICIPANTS: Twenty-two providers were interviewed (20 physicians and two nurse practitioners) between March and September 2016. APPROACH: Interviews were conducted with Veterans Health Administration (VHA) physician and non-physician practitioners who had administered the HSCR and documented at least five positive screens between 2013 and 2015. Our interview guide investigated provider experiences with administering the HSCR and addressing affirmative responses. The guide also elicited details about how patients' housing instability was identified (if at all) prior to implementation of the screening reminder, and how practices changed following implementation of the HSCR. Transcripts were analyzed using a modified grounded theory approach. KEY RESULTS: Providers reported that the HSCR prompted them to incorporate patient housing status into routine assessment, which they typically did not do prior to its implementation. Providers discussed adverse impacts of housing instability on patients' overall health and described how they factored patients' housing instability into clinical decision-making. Although providers viewed the health system as having an important role in addressing housing concerns, there were mixed opinions on whether it was the role of providers to directly administer the screening. CONCLUSIONS: Integration of a screener for housing instability into the electronic medical record increased provider attention to housing instability into the social history, and positive responses commonly impacted plans of care.

Screening for Social Determinants of Health at Well-Child Appointments: A Quality Improvement Project.

Children living in poverty are vulnerable to the adverse effects associated with unmet basic needs, such as food and housing. Poverty threatens the overall growth and development of children placing them at risk for poor cognitive, behavioral, and psychological outcomes. Addressing social determinants of health in the pediatric primary care setting is within the role of the pediatric primary care provider. The Model for Improvement guided this quality improvement project in the implementation of food and housing insecurity screening during well-child appointments in a rural health clinic.

Social determinants of health associated with childhood accidents at home: An integrative review / Determinantes sociales de la salud asociados con accidentes domésticos en la infancia: una revisión integradora / Determinantes sociais da saúde associados a acidentes domésticos na infância: uma revisão integrativa

ABSTRACT Objective: to analyze the factors associated with childhood accidents at home according to the levels of the social determinants of health. Method: integrative review of the literature, with research in databases CINAHL, LILACS and PubMed, with the following main descriptors: child; social determinants of health; accidentes, home. We included 31 studies that related the social determinants of health and childhood accidents, in English, Portuguese and Spanish. Results: the proximal determinants identified were: age and sex of children, and ethnicity. Among the intermediate determinants of health, parental behavior, related to the supervision of an adult, prevailed. Parental employment and socioeconomic status were identified as distal determinants. Conclusion: the age and sex of the child, besides direct supervision, were the determinants most associated with accidents. The distal determinants should be better studied because their relation with the occurrence of domestic accidents has not been sufficiently clarified.

RESUMEN Objetivo: analizar los factores asociados a los accidentes domésticos en la infancia según los niveles de los determinantes sociales de la salud. Método: la revisión integradora de la literatura, con investigación en bases de datos CINAHL, LILACS y PubMed, con los siguientes descriptores principales: child; social determinants of health; accidentes, home. Se incluyeron 31 estudios relacionados con los determinantes sociales de la salud y accidentes domésticos en la infancia, en inglés, portugués y español. Resultados: los determinantes proximales identificados fueron: edad y sexo de los niños, y etnia. Entre los intermediarios, prevalecieron el comportamiento parental, relacionado a la supervisión de un adulto. El empleo de los padres y su situación socioeconómica fueron identificados como determinantes distales. Conclusión: la edad y el sexo de los niños, además de la supervisión directa, fueron los determinantes más asociados con los accidentes. Los determinantes distales deben ser más bien estudiados, pues su relación con la ocurrencia de los accidentes domésticos no se mostró suficientemente esclarecida.

RESUMO Objetivo: analisar os fatores associados aos acidentes domésticos na infância segundo os níveis dos determinantes sociais da saúde. Método: revisão integrativa da literatura, com pesquisa em bases de dados CINAHL, LILACS e PubMed, com os seguintes descritores principais: child; social determinants of health; accidentes, home. Foram incluídos 31 estudos que relacionaram os determinantes sociais da saúde e acidentes domésticos na infância, em inglês, português e espanhol. Resultados: os determinantes proximais identificados foram: idade e sexo das crianças, e etnia. Dentre os intermediários, prevaleceram o comportamento parental, relacionado à supervisão de um adulto. O emprego dos pais e a situação socioeconômica foram identificados como determinantes distais. Conclusão: a idade e o sexo da criança, além da supervisão direta, foram os determinantes mais associados aos acidentes. Os determinantes distais devem ser mais bem estudados, pois sua relação com a ocorrência dos acidentes domésticos não se mostrou suficientemente esclarecida.

Health diagnosis: a responsibility of community health nursing in Angola / Diagnóstico de salud: una responsabilidad de la enfermería comunitaria en Angola / Diagnóstico de saúde: uma responsabilidade da enfermagem comunitária em Angola

ABSTRACT Objective: To characterize the health situation of the population in the Imbondeiro neighborhood, sector C (Luanda). Method: This is a descriptive, cross-sectional and quantitative study. Families living in the sector were included, included in the sample by "door to door" contact. They accepted to participate through a free and consented form. Results: Health diagnosis of 341 family households was conducted, involving 1,312 people. A total of 46.02% are male and 54.08% are female; from these, 42.62% are children, 15.14% adolescents and 42.24% adults. Conclusion: The results obtained and presented are in accordance with the data from the National Institute of Statistics of Angola (INE), revealing that it is necessary to intervene and to promote healthy lifestyle habits, regarding issues such as domestic violence, alcohol consumption, inappropriate eating habits, sexually communicable diseases, among others.

RESUMEN Objetivo: Caracterizar la situación de salud de la población del barrio Imbondeiro, sector C (Luanda). Método: Estudio descriptivo, transversal, cuantitativo. Se incluyeron las familias residentes en el sector, que aceptaron participar de forma libre, aclarada, a las cuales se tuvo acceso de modo accidental, por contacto «puerta a puerta¼. Resultados: Se realizó el diagnóstico de salud de 341 agregados familiares, lo que implicó a 1321 personas, de las cuales un 46,02 % del sexo masculino y un 54,08 % del sexo femenino. De estos, un 42,62 % son niños, un 15,14 % adolescentes y un 42,24 % adultos. Conclusión: Los resultados obtenidos y presentados están de acuerdo con los datos del Instituto Nacional de Estadística, lo que revela la necesidad de intervenir en la promoción de hábitos de vida saludables, en cuestiones como violencia doméstica, consumo de alcohol, hábitos alimentarios inadecuados, enfermedades sexualmente transmisibles, entre otros.

RESUMO Objetivo: Caracterizar a situação de saúde da população do bairro do Imbondeiro, setor C (Luanda). Método: Estudo descritivo, transversal e quantitativo. Incluídas as famílias residentes no setor, que aceitaram participar de forma livre e esclarecida e acedidas de modo acidental, por contacto "porta a porta". Resultados: Fez-se o diagnóstico de saúde de 341 agregados familiares, envolvendo 1321 pessoas. 46,02% são do género masculino, 54,08% do género feminino; destes, 42,62% são crianças, 15,14% adolescentes e 42,24% adultos. A maioria das famílias é alargada. A alimentação engloba açúcares e hidratos de carbono. Existe consumo de álcool e violência. Conclusão: Os resultados obtidos e apresentados vão de encontro aos do Instituto Nacional de Estatística (INE), no que diz respeito às três faixas etárias estudadas e ao seu diagnóstico de situação de saúde, revelando ser necessário intervir na promoção de hábitos de vida saudáveis, em áreas como violência doméstica, consumo de álcool, hábitos alimentares, doenças sexualmente transmissíveis, entre outras.

Implementación de la vacunación contra el virus papiloma humano en Chile: una mirada desde los determinantes sociales de la salud "ingreso" y "género" / HPV vaccine implementation in Chile: an appraisal from the social determinants of health model

Cervical cancer is the fourth most common neoplasm in women worldwide and its incidence is associated with profound social inequities. In Chile, it is the second cause of death in women of reproductive age. The Chilean clinical guideline identifies the vaccine against Human Papillomavirus (HPV) as the main preventive measure. Since 2014, the Ministry of Health has implemented free immunization against HPV for girls and female adolescents. This article critically analyzes this public policy from the viewpoint of health equity, using as framework the Social Determinants of Health Model. Specifically, we address the structural determinants of income and gender, which act as material and social barriers for achieving immunization, affecting protection against cervical cancer. These barriers correspond to the high cost of the vaccine, and social attitudes/cultural beliefs towards sexual behavior in Latin America and Chile that affect the acceptability of vaccination. The Social Determinants of Health Model constitutes a useful tool for identifying health inequities and understanding public policy from an equity viewpoint that complements the biomedical and epidemiological understanding of disease. In this topic, the initiative aims to strengthen the idea of health as a human right and health promotion as an essential function of public health policy.

Influencia de los determinantes sociales en la salud del primer molar permanente / Influence of the social determinants in the first permanent molar health

Introducción: el proceso salud enfermedad depende de múltiples y complejas condiciones y no se rige solamente por las leyes conocidas de las ciencias naturales, sino que abarca también influencias psicológicas, socioeconómicas y ambientales. Estas son consideradas determinantes sociales de salud. Los factores causales que clínicamente producen la caries están bien identificados, pero no los determinantes socialesos a su prevalencia y menos asociados al primer molar permanente, considerado por diferentes autores como llave de la oclusión. Objetivo: determinar la salud del primer molar permanente, relacionado con algunos determinantes sociales de la salud en escolares de 11 a 16 años de edad. Materiales y métodos: para ello se decidió realizar una investigación observacional descriptiva prospectiva y transversal con el objetivo de determinar la salud del primer molar permanente, relacionado con algunos determinantes sociales de la salud en escolares de 11 a 16 años de la Escuela Secundaria Básica “Fermín y Yolanda” del municipio Unión de Reyes de septiembre 2014 de a abril de 2015. Resultados: se encontró que la mayoría de los adolescentes eran del sexo femenino, y tenían entre 13 y 14 años de edad. La mayoría de las familias de los adolescentes eran disfuncionales. De las barreras para conductas saludables estudiadas, la que más incidió fue la ingestión de alimentos que expenden alrededor de la escuela con el 95,3%. Conclusiones: a pesar de estos resultados el 60,7% de los molares permanentes eran saludables(AU).

Introduction: the health-disease process depends on multiple and complex conditions and it is not only ruled by the acknowledged laws of the natural sciences. It also includes psychological, socioeconomic and environmental influences. These are considered health social determinants. The causal factors clinically producing caries are well identified, but the social determinants related with its prevalence are not, less those associated to the first permanent molar considered by several authors as the key of the occlusion. Aim: to determine first permanent molar health related with several health social determinants in students aged 11-16 years. Materials and methods: a cross-sectional, prospective, descriptive and observational research was carry out with the aim of determining the health of the first permanent molar that is related with several health social determinants in students aged 11-16 years of the Basic Secondary School (Junior High School in the United States) “Fermin y Yolanda”, of the municipality Unión de Reyes from September 2014 to April 2015. Outcomes: most of the teenagers were females ones, aged 13-14 years. Most of their families were dysfunctional. From the studied barriers for healthy behaviour, the one with more incidences was the intake of food sold near the school with 95.3 %. Conclusions: in spite of these results, 60.7 % of the permanent molars were healthy (AU).

Infección por virus Zika como un reto para la Salud Pública / Zika virus infection as an edge for Public Health

La fiebre del Zika es una enfermedad viral transmitida por mosquitos causada por el virus del mismo nombre (ZIKV), y que consiste en fiebre leve, exantemas (principalmente maculo-papular), cefalalgia, artromialgias, malestar general y conjuntivitis no purulenta que acontece entre dos a siete días después de la picadura del mosquito vector(Aedes). Una de cada cuatro personas puede desarrollar síntomas y en quienes sí son afectados la enfermedad es usualmente leve, con síntomas que pueden durar dicho período. La apariencia clínica es muchas veces similar a la del dengue, que también se transmite por mosquitos. Esta afección se ha relacionado con brotes importantes en varias latitudes, pero, hasta el momento, no con la intensidad del actual y es que puede relacionarse con complicaciones neurológicas y autoinmunes a largo plazo incluyendo resultados perinatales desfavorables en embarazadas. Esto la convierte en un tema muy importante para la Salud Pública (AU).

Zika fever is a viral disease transmitted by mosquitoes where Zika virus is involved. Clinical manifestations include low fever, non-supurative conjunctivitis, maculopapular rash, headache, joints pain, malaise during the first two to seven days after mosquito vector Aëdes bites. One between four patients can develop those complaints although it is not usually severe. The differential diagnosis is match dengue and other arbovirosis. The symptoms could be present all this period. The illness is related with sprouts in many countries, but it looks a decrease nowadays. Zika complications can be neurological and autoimmune disorders and even perinatal malformations. That is a reason because it´s a very important problem for Public Health (AU).

Influencia del tutor en la educación en el trabajo / Tutor's influence in education at work

El método de tutoría actúa de forma flexible y se acomoda a cada uno de los estudiantes, de acuerdo con su personalidad, intereses, conocimientos, capacidades, nivel de dificultades y avances. Actúa dentro de un sistema de enseñanza aprendizaje colectivo. En este proceso juegan un papel importante los factores que influyen en la formación de la personalidad, y dentro de ellos la escuela; que como institución está llamada a cumplir el rol de mayor responsabilidad en la formación de las nuevas generaciones, pero para cumplir con este papel, requiere de un trabajo conjunto con el tutor del área práctica, ya que este resulta un eje fundamental para el desempeño del futuro profesional. En Cuba, en las condiciones de la formación profesionallos tutoresson docentes en ejercicio. Dada la importancia que tiene el tutor y el papel que debe jugar en la práctica profesional, para una correcta contribución a la preparación y formación de los futuros tecnólogos, este artículo se propuso fundamentar el valor que tiene este durante la educación en el trabajo. Se abordan aspectos de gran interés para su desempeño, relacionados con su labor desde el área práctica, incluyendo la formación en valores (AU).

The tutoring method works in a flexible way and is able to accommodate to every of the students according to their personality, interests, knowledge, capacity, difficulties level and advances. It functions as a part of a collective teaching-learning process. The factors influencing in personality's formation play an important role in this process, especially the school. As an institution, the school should play a role of higher importance in forming new generations, but to play this role a combined work with the tutor of the practical area is needed because the tutor is a main piece in the performance of the future professional. In Cuba, in the conditions of the professional training, tutors are pedagogues in exercise of their profession. Due to the importance of the tutor and the role he/she should play in the professional practice for a correct contribution to the training of future health technologists, this article had the purpose of explaining the importance they have in the education at work. Several aspects are approached that are of great interest for the sake of tutors´ performance, related with their practical work including values formation (AU).