Adherence to the World Cancer Research Fund and the American Institute for Cancer Research lifestyle recommendations for cancer prevention and Cancer of Unknown Primary risk.

BACKGROUND & AIMS: The World Cancer Research Fund (WCRF) and American Institute for Cancer Research (AICR) updated their cancer prevention recommendations in 2018. Adherence to these recommendations has been associated with lower cancer risk and mortality. However, adherence in relation to Cancer of Unknown Primary (CUP) risk has not been studied. This study investigates whether adherence to the WCRF/AICR recommendations is associated with CUP risk. METHODS: Data from the prospective Netherlands Cohort Study on diet and cancer was used to measure adherence to the recommendations in relation to CUP risk. The cohort includes 120 852 participants (aged 55-69 years), who completed a self-administered questionnaire on cancer risk factors at baseline. Adherence was investigated with respect to body fatness, physical activity, plant foods, meat consumption and alcohol. Incident CUP cases were identified through record linkage to the Netherlands Cancer Registry and Dutch Pathology Registry. A follow-up of 20.3 years, resulted in 856 incident CUP cases and 3911 subcohort members with complete information available for case-cohort analyses. Multivariable adjusted hazard ratios were estimated using proportional hazards models and were adjusted for age at baseline, sex, cigarette smoking (status, frequency, and duration) and total energy intake. RESULTS: Highest adherence appeared to be associated with decreased CUP risk in the age-sex adjusted model (HR: 0.76, 95% CI: 0.62-0.92). After additional adjustment for cigarette smoking (status, frequency, and duration), the association attenuated and was no longer statistically significant. No multiplicative interactions were observed between sex nor smoking status and overall adherence in relation to CUP. CONCLUSION: Within this cohort, highest adherence to the WCRF/AICR recommendations is not statistically significantly associated with decreased CUP risk after multivariable adjustment.

Fascículo 1: protocolos de uso do guia alimentar para a população brasileira na orientação alimentar de pessoas adultas com obesidade, hipertensão arterial e diabetes mellitus: bases teóricas e metodológicas - versão preliminar / Issue 1: protocols for the use of the food guide for the Brazilian population in the dietary guidance of adults with obesity, arterial hypertension and diabetes mellitus: theoretical and methodological bases - preliminary version

Este é o primeiro fascículo da série intitulada "Protocolos de Uso do Guia Alimentar para a População Brasileira na orientação alimentar de pessoas adultas com obesidade, hipertensão arterial e diabetes mellitus". Um conjunto de três protocolos compõe essa série que foi elaborada com a finalidade de disseminar as recomendações do Guia Alimentar para a População Brasileira e instrumentalizar a orientação alimentar individualizada pelos profissionais da Atenção Primária à Saúde (APS). O presente fascículo apresenta a base teórica e metodológica utilizada para a construção de cada protocolo, a partir das recomendações do Guia Alimentar adaptadas ao contexto de cada doença.

Fascículo 2: protocolo de uso do guia alimentar para a população brasileira na orientação alimentar de pessoas adultas com obesidade - versão preliminar / Issue 2: protocol for the use of the dietary guide for the Brazilian population in the dietary guidance of obese adults - preliminary version

Este é o segundo fascículo da série intitulada "Protocolos de Uso do Guia Alimentar para a População Brasileira" na orientação alimentar de pessoas adultas com obesidade, hipertensão arterial e diabetes mellitus. Ele é destinado ao cuidado de pessoas adultas com obesidade acompanhadas na Atenção Primária à Saúde (APS). Esta elaboração teve o objetivo principal de instrumentalizar os profissionais não nutricionistas da APS para a orientação alimentar individualizada, a partir da integração das recomendações presentes no Guia Alimentar às especificidades da obesidade na fase da vida adulta.

Fascículo 5: protocolos de uso do guia alimentar para a população brasileira na orientação alimentar da pessoa na adolescência / Issue 5: protocols for the use of the food guide for the Brazilian population in dietary guidance of the person in adolescence

Este quinto fascículo da série Protocolos de Uso do Guia Alimentar para a População Brasileira tem como objetivo apresentar o protocolo direcionado à pessoa na adolescência (10 a 19 anos), como um instrumento de apoio à prática clínica no cuidado individual na Atenção Primária à Saúde (APS).

Fascículo 4: protocolos de uso do guia alimentar para a população brasileira na orientação alimentar de crianças de 2 a 10 anos / Issue 4: protocols for the use of the food guide for the Brazilian population in the dietary guidance of children aged 2 to 10 years

Este quarto fascículo da série Protocolos de Uso do Guia Alimentar para a População Brasileira tem como objetivo apresentar o protocolo direcionado às crianças de 2 a 10 anos, como um instrumento de apoio à prática clínica no cuidado individual na Atenção Primária à Saúde (APS). A infância é caracterizada por intensas descobertas e transformações nas práticas alimentares das crianças. A partir dos dois anos de idade, as crianças começam a definir suas preferências e a formar sua autonomia nas escolhas alimentares. É comum que a criança tenha a atenção desviada para outras atividades, ao mesmo tempo em que ocorre a diminuição da velocidade de crescimento. Neste período, podem surgir outras características típicas dessa fase, como a seletividade e/ ou redução do apetite, ou ainda o consumo excessivo de alimentos não saudáveis, como os ultraprocessados, que irão impactar o seu crescimento e desenvolvimento. Segundo dados do Sistema Nacional de Vigilância Alimentar e Nutricional (SISVAN) em 2020 e de estudos recentes, o padrão alimentar das crianças ainda é baseado na tradicional e saudável combinação do arroz e feijão, entretanto, já apresenta uma participação significativa de alimentos ultraprocessados em contraposição ao consumo insuficiente de frutas, legumes e verduras.

Matriz para organização dos cuidados em alimentação e nutrição na atenção primária à saúde - versão preliminar / Matrix for the organization of food and nutrition care in primary health care - preliminary version

A alimentação é um direito constitucional, assim como a saúde, e é reconhecida como determinante da saúde. A agenda de Alimentação e Nutrição prevista no artigo 6º da Lei n.° 8.080, de 19 de setembro de 1990, prevê atribuições específicas para o Ministério da Saúde, as Secretarias Estaduais e Municipais de Saúde. Assim, considerando as atribuições do Ministério da Saúde e reconhecendo a Atenção Primária à Saúde (APS) como porta de entrada do sistema e coordenadora do cuidado, apresentamos proposta para organização de ações essenciais para os cuidados em Alimentação e Nutrição na APS. A partir da compreensão de "matriz" enquanto fonte e, também, como um conjunto organizado de elementos ou de informações que contribui para resolução de problemas, esta Matriz para organização dos cuidados em Alimentação e Nutrição na Atenção Primária à Saúde tem o propósito de fornecer bases que apoiem a estruturação destes cuidados nos diversos territórios cobertos pela APS no Brasil. Vale ressaltar que não se pretende instituir um modelo pronto a ser replicado igualmente em todo o País. Espera-se que gestores (as) e profissionais de saúde inseridos(as) na APS encontrem aqui um conjunto de elementos essenciais e mobilizadores para organizar e garantir uma melhor oferta de cuidados em Alimentação e Nutrição para a população sob sua responsabilidade, enquanto parte da atenção integral à saúde. Ressalta-se que os elementos apresentados nessa Matriz são provenientes de um aprendizado coletivo, fruto da experimentação de práticas, bem como do conhecimento produzido a partir delas e sobre elas, no âmbito da gestão e da atenção à saúde no complexo cenário epidemiológico brasileiro, no qual as diferentes formas de má nutrição e insegurança alimentar que afetam a população são desafios concomitantes a serem enfrentados por políticas públicas intersetoriais.

Adherence to a Mediterranean-Style Dietary Pattern and Cancer Risk in a Prospective Cohort Study.

A Mediterranean-style diet is a healthy eating pattern that may benefit cancer risk, but evidence among Americans is scarce. We examined the prospective association between adherence to such a diet pattern and total cancer risk. A Mediterranean-style dietary pattern (MSDP) score was derived from a semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaire at exam 5 (1991-1995). Subjects included 2966 participants of the Framingham Offspring Study who were free of prevalent cancer. Cox proportional hazards regression models were used to estimate hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs), adjusting for demographic, lifestyle, and anthropometric measures. Cox-models were also used to examine effect modification by lifestyle and anthropometric measures. During 18 years of median follow-up, 259 women and 352 men were diagnosed with cancer. Women with moderate or higher adherence to the MSDP had ≥25% lower risks of cancer than women with the lowest MSDP (HR (moderate vs. lowest): 0.71, 95% CI: 0.52-0.97 and HR (highest vs. lowest): 0.74; 95% CI: 0.55-0.99). The association between MSDP score and cancer risk in men was weaker except in non-smokers. Beneficial effects of the MSDP in women were stronger among those who were not overweight. In this study, higher adherence to MSDP was associated with lower cancer risk, especially among women.

Lifestyle, WCRF/AICR Recommendations, and Esophageal Adenocarcinoma Risk: A Systematic Review of the Literature.

One of the most notable changes in the epidemiology of esophageal cancer (EC) is the rising incidence and prevalence of esophageal adenocarcinoma (EAC) in developed countries. The aim of this systematic review was to collect and summarize all the available evidence regarding lifestyle, diet, and EAC risk. We searched the PubMed and Scopus databases in January 2021 for studies providing information about lifestyle, diet, WCRF/AICR recommendations, and EAC risk; published in English; without a time filter. The Newcastle-Ottawa Scale was used to assess risk of bias. The results are stratified by risk factor. A total of 106 publications were included. Half of the case-control studies were judged as high quality, whilst practically all cohort studies were judged as high quality. Body mass index and waist circumference were associated with increased EAC risk. Physical activity did not appear to have a significant direct role in EAC risk. A diet rich in fruit, vegetables, and whole grains appeared to be more protective than a Western diet. Alcohol does not seem to be related to EAC, whereas smokers, particularly heavy smokers, have an increased risk of EAC. Prevention remains the best option to avert EAC. Comprehensible and easy to follow recommendations should be provided to all subjects. Protocol ID number: CRD-42021228762, no funds received.

Adherence to Dietary and Physical Activity Guidelines in Australian Undergraduate Biomedical Students and Associations with Body Composition and Metabolic Health: A Cross-Sectional Study.

There is a paucity of data on whether Australian university students are meeting specific nutrient guidelines, and the relationship between diet and physical activity patterns with body composition and metabolic health. In this study, biomedical students from The University of Queensland were recruited (150 males and 211 females, 19-25 years), and nutritional intake (ASA24-Australia) and physical activity levels (Active Australia Survey) quantified. Body composition (height, waist circumference, body mass, BMI, and percentage body fat; BOD POD) and metabolic health (oral glucose tolerance test) were also measured. Median daily energy intake was 6760 kJ in females and 10,338 kJ in males, with more than 30% of total energy coming from energy-dense, nutrient-poor foods. Only 1 in 10 students met fruit or vegetable recommendations, with less than one third meeting recommendations for fibre, calcium, and potassium. Intakes of calcium and iron were particularly low among female students, with only 16% and 6% of students meeting the recommended dietary intake (RDI), respectively. The majority of males and almost half of all females exceeded the suggested dietary target (SDT) for sodium. Sufficient physical activity (≥150 min over ≥5 sessions per week) was met by more than 80% of students. Body composition and blood glucose concentrations were largely normal but an early sign of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR > 2.0), measured in a subset of students, was present in 21% of males and 17% of females. Modest reductions in blood glucose levels and percentage body fat were associated with increasing vigorous activity. Low intakes of fibre, calcium, and potassium could be corrected by increasing fruit, vegetable, and dairy intake, and, among females, health promotion messages focusing on iron-rich foods should be prioritised. While these nutrient deficiencies did not translate into immediate metabolic heath concerns, dietary behaviours can track into adulthood and have lasting effects on overall health.

Factors Related to Diet Quality: A Cross-Sectional Study of 1055 University Students.

Given that there is only a limited body of evidence available concerning the dietary habits of Spanish university students, the present study assesses the quality of this group's diet, their adherence to the National Food-Based Dietary Guidelines, and the predictive factors of their diet quality. To do so, a cross-sectional study was performed on a sample of 1055 students. The quality of the participants' diets was then analysed by using the Spanish Healthy Eating Index, and then their level of compliance was assessed in light of the dietary recommendations put forth by the Spanish Society for Community Nutrition. According to these standards, only 17.4% of the participants had a healthy diet. The level of compliance with the recommendations was poor, highlighting especially the low levels of "fruit" and "vegetables" that they consumed as well as high levels of "cold meats and cuts" and "sweets". The factors that predicted a worse diet are being male, living alone, low levels of physical activity, smoking, high alcohol intake, leading a sedentary lifestyle, psychological distress, and insomnia (p < 0.005). Furthermore, participants with low or high body weights showed signs of a higher quality diet (p < 0.001). The present findings suggest that a significant proportion of university students ought to change their dietary habits; these also attest to the importance of developing strategies that are directly targeted at university students in order to promote a healthy diet.

Healthful and Unhealthful Plant-Based Diets and Risk of Breast Cancer in U.S. Women: Results from the Nurses' Health Studies.

BACKGROUND: Plant-based diets have been associated with lower risk of various diseases, including type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular disease, and other cardiometabolic risk factors. However, the association between plant-based diet quality and breast cancer remains unclear. METHODS: We prospectively followed 76,690 women from the Nurses' Health Study (NHS, 1984-2016) and 93,295 women from the NHSII (1991-2017). Adherence to an overall plant-based diet index (PDI), a healthful PDI (hPDI), and an unhealthful PDI (uPDI) was assessed using previously developed indices. Cox proportional hazards models were used to estimate HR and 95% confidence intervals (CI) for incident invasive breast cancer. RESULTS: Over 4,841,083 person-years of follow-up, we documented 12,482 incident invasive breast cancer cases. Women with greater adherence to PDI and hPDI were at modestly lower risk of breast cancer [(HRQ5 vs. Q1, 0.89; 95% CI, 0.84-0.95); (HRQ5 vs. Q1, 0.89; 95% CI, 0.83-0.94)]. We observed significant heterogeneity by estrogen receptor (ER) status, with the strongest inverse association between hPDI and breast cancer observed with ER-negative tumors [HRQ5 vs. Q1, 0.77; 95% CI, 0.65-0.90; P trend < 0.01]. We also found an inverse association between extreme quintiles of healthy plant foods and ER-negative breast cancer [HR, 0.74; 95% CI, 0.61-0.88; P trend < 0.01]. CONCLUSIONS: This study provides evidence that adherence to a healthful plant-based diet may reduce the risk of breast cancer, especially those that are more likely to be aggressive tumors. IMPACT: This is the first prospective study investigating the relation between healthful and unhealthful plant-based dietary indices and risk of total and subtype-specific breast cancer.

Promoting Health and Food Literacy through Nutrition Education at Schools: The Italian Experience with MaestraNatura Program.

MaestraNatura is an innovative nutrition education program aimed at both enhancing awareness about the importance of a healthy food-lifestyle relationship and the ability to transfer the theoretical principles of nutrition guidelines to everyday life. The educational contents of the program resulted from the analysis of the answers to a questionnaire submitted to students aged 6-13 in order to assess their degree of knowledge about nutritional facts. Educational paths were specifically designed and implemented to address the main knowledge gaps identified through the analysis of the answers and were then tested for teachers' satisfaction in a sample of 56 schools in the north, centre, and south of Italy, involving 790 classes, 600 teachers, and 15,800 students. The results showed an approval rating from teachers from 90% to 94%. Said paths were designed for primary (6-10 years old) and first-level secondary (11-13 years old) school students. In addition, in a pilot study carried out in nine Educational Institutes located in an area close to Rome (Lazio region), a specific path was tested for effectiveness in increasing students' knowledge about fruit and vegetables by conducting questionnaires before (T0) and after (T1) the didactic activities. Results showed a significant increase in right answers at T1 with respect to T0 (z = 2.142, p = 0.032). Fisher's exact probability test showed an answer variability depending on the issue considered. In conclusion, this work could be considered as a first necessary step toward the definition of new educational program, aimed at increasing food literacy and favouring a healthier relationship with food, applicable in a widespread and effective manner, also outside of Italy.

Dietary Protein Requirements in Children: Methods for Consideration.

The current protein requirement estimates in children were largely determined from studies using the nitrogen balance technique, which has been criticized for potentially underestimating protein needs. Indeed, recent advances in stable isotope techniques suggests protein requirement as much as 60% higher than current recommendations. Furthermore, there is not a separate recommendation for children who engage in higher levels of physical activity. The current evidence suggests that physical activity increases protein requirements to support accretion of lean body masses from adaptations to exercise. The indicator amino acid oxidation and the 15N-end product methods represent alternatives to the nitrogen balance technique for estimating protein requirements. Several newer methods, such as the virtual biopsy approach and 2H3-creatine dilution method could also be deployed to inform about pediatric protein requirements, although their validity and reproducibility is still under investigation. Based on the current evidence, the Dietary Reference Intakes for protein indicate that children 4-13 years and 14-18 years require 0.95 and 0.85 g·kg-1·day-1, respectively, based on the classic nitrogen balance technique. There are not enough published data to overturn these estimates; however, this is a much-needed area of research.

Development and Validation of the General Dietary Behavior Inventory (GDBI) in Scope of International Nutrition Guidelines.

Unhealthy eating is associated with various diseases, such as cardiovascular, neurodegenerative, or oncological. There are neither economical nor behavior-related questionnaires available in the German language to assess general dietary behavior. Therefore, the aim of this validation study was to develop an instrument considering these aspects and verifying its construct and criterion validity. The new questionnaire is based on the general nutrition recommendations of the World Health Organization and the German Nutrition Society. It consists of 16 items that contrast dietary behaviors on a semantic differential scale. Our German-speaking convenience sample consisted of 428 participants. The construct validity of the General Dietary Behavior Inventory (GDBI) could be confirmed by examining convergent and discriminant validity. Furthermore, criterion validity was confirmed (significant negative correlations with body weight, Body Mass Index, and positive correlations with physical/mental health as well as life satisfaction). A cluster analysis revealed two different dietary behavior clusters representing a rather healthy and a rather unhealthy dietary behavior cluster. The results indicate that the GDBI is a validated and economical instrument to assess general dietary behavior. In practical research, this questionnaire helps to assess dietary behavior and to derive interventions for a healthy dietary behavior in concordance with international nutrition recommendations.

Association between the nutrient profile system underpinning the Nutri-Score front-of-pack nutrition label and mortality in the SUN project: A prospective cohort study.

BACKGROUND & AIMS: Front-of-pack nutrition labelling is a key public health policy that can be adopted as part of a comprehensive set of measures to promote healthy diets. The Nutri-Score, a five-colour summary label based on a modified version of the British Food Standards Agency Nutrient Profiling System (FSAm-NPS), is being considered for implementation in several European countries including Spain. This study aimed to prospectively assess the association between the FSAm-NPS and mortality rate in a Spanish cohort of university graduates. METHODS: Analyses included 20 503 participants (mean [SD] age: 38 [12] years) from the SUN cohort. Dietary intake was assessed at baseline and after 10-years of follow-up with a validated semi-quantitative food-frequency questionnaire. The FSAm-NPS was calculated for each food/beverage based on their amount of energy, saturated fat, sugar, sodium, fibre, protein, fruits, vegetables, legumes, nuts, rapeseed, walnut and olive oils per 100 g of product. The FSAm-NPS Dietary Index (DI) was computed as an energy-weighted mean of the FSAm-NPS scores of all foods and beverages consumed by each participant. Multivariable-adjusted Cox proportional hazards models were used to estimate hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for all-cause and cause-specific mortality according to baseline and updated FSAm-NPS DI scores. RESULTS: Over a median follow-up of 10.9 years, 407 participants died. A higher baseline FSAm-NPS DI score, reflecting consumption of foods with lower nutritional quality and hence less favourable Nutri-Score rating, was directly associated with all-cause mortality (HR Q4 versus Q1 = 1.82; 95% CI: 1.34 to 2.47; p-trend<0.001) and cancer mortality (HR: 2.44; 95% CI: 1.54 to 3.85; p-trend<0.001). No association was found for cardiovascular mortality. CONCLUSIONS: The consumption of food products with a higher FSAm-NPS score (lower nutritional quality) was associated with a higher rate of all-cause and cancer mortality in a large prospective cohort of Spanish, middle-aged university graduates. These findings further support the implementation of Nutri-Score in Euro-Mediterranean countries.

Relationship between the diet quality index in nursing mothers and the fatty acid profile of mature breast milk / Relação entre o índice de qualidade da dieta de nutrizes e o perfil de ácidos graxos do leite materno maduro

ABSTRACT Objective: To evaluate the relationship between the maternal diet quality and the fatty acid composition of breast milk in the first trimester of lactation. Methods: This is an observational cross-sectional epidemiological study of nursing mothers. The data collection instruments were a semi-structured questionnaire for sample characterization and a recall of usual intake. Diet quality was assessed based on the healthy eating index (HEI). Samples of mature breast milk were obtained by hand milking. Milk fat was extracted using the Bligh-Dyer method and methylated with 0.25 mol/L sodium methoxide in methanol diethyl ether. A gas chromatograph equipped with a flame ionization detector determined the milk fatty acid profile. Pearson's and Spearman's correlation tests evaluated association between the variables. Subsequently, a multiple linear regression model was built and multivariate regression analysis was applied. Results: Our findings revealed an inverse relationship between the consumption of total fruits and the polyunsaturated fatty acid profile and a direct association of the intake of total fruits and total grains with monounsaturated and saturated fatty acids. Conclusions: The results of this study suggest that maternal diet quality affects the fatty acid composition of breast milk.

RESUMO Objetivo: Avaliar a relação entre a qualidade da dieta materna e a composição do leite humano em ácidos graxos no primeiro trimestre de lactação. Métodos: Trata-se de um estudo epidemiológico observacional e transversal com nutrizes. Os instrumentos de coleta dos dados foram questionário semiestruturado para caracterização da amostra e o recordatório de ingestão habitual. A qualidade da dieta foi avaliada por meio do índice de alimentação saudável (IAS). Amostras de leite materno maduro foram obtidas por meio de ordenha manual. A extração da gordura do leite ocorreu mediante o método de Bligh-Dyer, e essa gordura foi metilada com metóxido de sódio 0,25 mol/L em metanol dietil éter. O perfil de ácidos graxos do leite foi determinado por um cromatógrafo a gás equipado com detector por ionização de chamas. Realizaram-se teste de correlação de Pearson e teste de Spearman para verificar associação entre as variáveis. Posteriormente se aplicaram o modelo de regressão linear múltiplo e a análise de regressão multivariada. Resultados: Foi possível observar relação inversa entre o consumo de frutas totais e o perfil de ácidos graxos poli-insaturados e relação direta entre o consumo de frutas totais e cereais totais e os ácidos monoinsaturados e saturados. Conclusões: Sugere-se que a qualidade da dieta reflete na composição de ácidos graxos do leite materno.

Fascículo 3: protocolos de uso do guia alimentar para a população brasileira na orientação alimentar de gestantes / Issue 3: protocols for the use of the food guide for the Brazilian population in the dietary guidance of pregnant women

Este terceiro fascículo da série Protocolos de Uso do Guia Alimentar para a População Brasileira tem como objetivo apresentar o Protocolo de Uso do Guia Alimentar para a População Brasileira na Orientação Alimentar de Gestantes como um instrumento de apoio à prática clínica no cuidado individual na Atenção Primária à Saúde (APS). Na gestação, é particularmente relevante o consumo de uma grande variedade de alimentos in natura e minimamente processados e água, para suprir a necessidade de nutrientes fundamentais para esse evento da vida, como ferro, ácido fólico, cálcio, vitaminas A e D, entre outros. A alimentação saudável na gestação favorece o bom desenvolvimento fetal e a saúde e o bem-estar da gestante, além de prevenir o surgimento de agravos, como diabetes gestacional, hipertensão e ganho de peso excessivo. Segundo os dados da Pesquisa de Orçamentos Familiares (POF) de 2017-2018, o padrão de consumo alimentar de gestantes no Brasil é caracterizado majoritariamente pelo consumo de alimentos in natura ou minimamente processados, com destaque para o consumo de arroz, feijão, carnes, vísceras e frutas, e uma menor participação de alimentos ultraprocessados em comparação a seus pares não gestantes.

Fascículo 2: protocolos de uso do guia alimentar para a população brasileira na orientação alimentar da população idosa / Issue 2: protocols for the use of the food guide for the Brazilian population in dietary guidance for the elderly population

Este é o segundo fascículo da série de Protocolos de Uso do Guia Alimentar para a População Brasileira. O fascículo 2 tem como objetivo apresentar o Protocolo de Uso do Guia Alimentar para a População Brasileira na Orientação Alimentar da Pessoa Idosa como um instrumento de apoio à prática clínica no cuidado individual na Atenção Primária à Saúde (APS). Esse grupo de indivíduos inclui aqueles com 60 anos ou mais de idade.

Fascículo 1: protocolos de uso do guia alimentar para a população brasileira na orientação alimentar: bases teóricas e metodológicas e protocolo para a população adulta / Issue 1: protocols for use of the food guide for the Brazilian population in dietary guidance: theoretical and methodological bases and protocol for the adult population

Este material é o primeiro fascículo da Série Protocolos de Uso do Guia Alimentar para a População Brasileira. Ele apresenta a base metodológica para a elaboração dos protocolos, as orientações para compreensão e utilização e traz o primeiro Protocolo de Uso do Guia Alimentar para a População Brasileira na Orientação Alimentar voltado para a população adulta. Hoje, sabemos que a má alimentação lidera o ranking dos fatores de risco relacionados à carga global de doenças no mundo, sendo o que mais contribui para mortalidade e o segundo fator que mais contribuiu para os anos de vida perdidos. A melhoria nas condições de alimentação da população poderia prevenir uma em cada cinco mortes no mundo. Assim, investir em ferramentas que apoiem os profissionais de saúde na implantação das recomendações do Guia Alimentar para a População Brasileira é prioridade do Ministério da Saúde.

Telessaúde, Telemedicina, aplicativos de celular e uso de mensagens de texto/SMS na melhora da alimentação em adultos / Telehealth, Telemedicine, mobile apps and the use of text messages/SMS in improving nutrition in adults

Esta revisão rápida foi comissionada e subsidiada pelo Ministério da Saúde, no âmbito do projeto GEREB-010-FIO-20 e faz parte da Coleção "Rapid response for health promotion". Intervenções baseadas em novas tecnologias têm sido adaptadas com o objetivo de melhorar indicadores individuais de consumo alimentar. Destacam-se neste cenário as atividades realizadas de modo remoto, por meio de teleconsulta, quando profissionais e pacientes interagem simultaneamente por meio de canais de comunicação eletrônicos, via internet e ligações telefônicas, por exemplo. Igualmente, o uso de aplicativos de celular (mHealth) e mensagens de textos têm se consolidado como alternativas no monitoramento e gestão clínica para iniciativas de mudanças comportamentais e melhora em índices antropométricos e de consumo alimentar. Pergunta: Qual é a eficácia/efetividade e a segurança das intervenções oferecidas via telessaúde, telemedicina e de aplicativos de celular e uso de mensagens de texto/SMS para melhora da alimentação em adultos? Métodos: A partir de um protocolo prévio, nove bases eletrônicas da literatura foram consultadas em novembro de 2020, para identificar revisões sistemáticas (RS), publicadas em inglês, português e espanhol, sem restrição quanto ao ano de publicação. A qualidade metodológica das revisões sistemáticas foi avaliada utilizando o instrumento AMSTAR 2. Para executar esta revisão rápida em 13 dias, apenas o processo de triagem de títulos e resumos foi realizado em duplicidade e de forma independente. Resultados: A busca nas bases de dados resultou em 8.249 referências, e após o processo de seleção e elegibilidade 3 revisões sistemáticas foram incluídas para compor esta revisão rápida. Com relação à qualidade metodológica, uma revisão sistemática foi considerada de moderada confiança e duas foram de confiança criticamente baixa. Foram encontrados resultados das intervenções de aplicativos no consumo de frutas e vegetais e de intervenções de mensagens de texto com informações a respeito do consumo alimentar em geral. O aplicativo Vegethon mostrou aumentar o consumo de vegetais em comparação ao acompanhamento para perda de peso. Contudo, mensagens de texto combinadas a curso online de educação nutricional não apresentaram diferenças em relação à realização apenas do curso. Quanto ao consumo alimentar em geral, mensagens de texto associadas a ações presenciais e materiais educativos demonstraram resultados melhores que as ações presenciais realizadas de forma isolada na adesão às recomendações alimentares, tamanho da porção, ingestão de óleo e consumo de carboidratos, mas sem efeito sobre adesão ao regime alimentar recomendado. Conclusão: Esta revisão rápida mostrou efeitos positivos de aplicativos e de mensagens de texto combinados a outras intervenções sobre o consumo de vegetais e alimentação saudável em geral. Entretanto, devese interpretar com cautela os resultados, uma vez que são provenientes de poucos estudos primários com pequenas amostras de participantes

This rapid review was commissioned and subsidized by the Ministry of Health, within the scope of the GEREB-010-FIO-20 project and is part of the "Rapid response for health promotion" Collection. Interventions based on new technologies have been adapted with the aim of improving individual indicators of food consumption. In this scenario, activities carried out remotely, through teleconsultation, when professionals and patients interact simultaneously through electronic communication channels, via the internet and telephone calls, for example, stand out. Likewise, the use of cell phone applications (mHealth) and text messages have been consolidated as alternatives in clinical monitoring and management for behavioral change initiatives and improvement in anthropometric and food consumption indices. Question: What is the efficacy/effectiveness and safety of interventions offered via telehealth, telemedicine and mobile apps and use of text/SMS messages to improve nutrition in adults? Methods: Based on a previous protocol, nine electronic literature databases were consulted in November 2020 to identify systematic reviews (SR), published in English, Portuguese and Spanish, without restriction as to the year of publication. The methodological quality of the systematic reviews was assessed using the AMSTAR 2 instrument. To perform this rapid 13-day review, only the title and abstract screening process was performed in duplicate and independently. Results: The search in the databases resulted in 8,249 references, and after the selection and eligibility process, 3 systematic reviews were included to compose this rapid review. Regarding methodological quality, one systematic review was considered moderately reliable and two were critically low. Results were found from app interventions on fruit and vegetable consumption and text message interventions with information about food consumption in general. The Vegethon app has been shown to increase vegetable consumption compared to tracking for weight loss. However, text messages combined with an online nutritional education course did not show differences in relation to the course alone. Regarding food consumption in general, text messages associated with face-to-face actions and educational materials showed better results than face-to-face actions carried out in isolation in terms of adherence to food recommendations, portion size, oil intake and carbohydrate consumption, but with no effect on adherence to the recommended diet. Conclusion: This rapid review showed positive effects of apps and text messages combined with other interventions on vegetable consumption and healthy eating in general. However, the results should be interpreted with caution, as they come from few primary studies with small sample sizes of participants.