Inflammatory Biomarkers in the Short-Term Prognosis of Venous Thromboembolism: A Narrative Review.

The relationship between inflammation and venous thrombosis is not well understood. An inflammatory response may be both the cause and consequence of venous thromboembolism (VTE). In fact, several risk factors of VTE modulate thrombosis through inflammatory markers. Acute pulmonary embolism (PE) is burdened by a remarkable mortality rate, up to 34% in severely ill patients presenting with hemodynamic instability. Initial mortality risk stratification is based on hemodynamic instability. Patients with a situation of hemodynamic stability require immediate further risk assessment based on clinical, imaging, and circulating biomarkers, as well as the presence of comorbidities. Some inflammatory biomarkers have shown potential usefulness in the risk stratification of patients with VTE, especially acute PE. C-reactive protein on admission is associated with 30-day mortality and bleeding in VTE patients. P-selectin is associated with right ventricle dysfunction in PE patients and might be associated with VTE recurrences and the extension of thrombosis. Tissue factor microparticles are associated with VTE recurrence in cancer-associated thrombosis. Other inflammatory biomarkers present scarce evidence (inflammatory cytokines, erythrocyte sedimentation rate, fibrinogen, leukocyte count). In this manuscript, we will review the prognostic role of different inflammatory biomarkers available both for clinical practice and research in VTE patients.

Right Ventricular Pulmonary Artery Coupling and Mortality in Cardiac Intensive Care Unit Patients.

Background Impaired right ventricular (RV) pulmonary artery coupling has been associated with higher mortality in patients with chronic heart disease, but few studies have examined this metric in critically ill patients. We sought to evaluate the association between RV pulmonary artery coupling, defined by the ratio of tricuspid annular peak systolic tissue Doppler velocity (TASV)/estimated RV systolic pressure (RVSP), and mortality in cardiac intensive care unit patients. Methods and Results Using a database of unique cardiac intensive care unit admissions from 2007 to 2018, we included patients with TASV/RVSP ratio measured within 1 day of hospitalization. Hospital mortality was analyzed using multivariable logistic regression, and 1-year mortality was analyzed using multivariable Cox proportional-hazards analysis. We included 4259 patients with a mean age of 69±15 years (40.1% women). Admission diagnoses included acute coronary syndrome in 56%, heart failure in 52%, respiratory failure in 24%, and cardiogenic shock in 12%. The mean TASV/RVSP ratio was 0.31±0.14, and in-hospital mortality occurred in 7% of patients. Higher TASV/RVSP ratio was associated with lower in-hospital mortality (adjusted unit odds ratio, 0.68 per each 0.1-unit higher ratio; 95% CI, 0.58-0.79; P<0.001) and lower 1-year mortality among hospital survivors (adjusted unit hazard ratio, 0.83 per each 0.1-unit higher ratio; 95% CI, 0.77-0.90; P<0.001). Stepwise decreases in hospital and 1-year mortality were observed in each higher TASV/RVSP quintile. The TASV/RVSP ratio remained associated with mortality after adjusting for left ventricular systolic and diastolic function. Conclusions A low TASV/RVSP ratio is associated with increased short-term and long-term mortality among cardiac intensive care unit patients, emphasizing importance of impaired RV pulmonary artery coupling as a determinant of poor prognosis. Further study is required to determine whether interventions to optimize RV pulmonary artery coupling can improve outcomes.

Tricuspid annular plane systolic excursion (TAPSE) measured by echocardiography and mortality in COVID-19: A systematic review and meta-analysis.

BACKGROUND: In this systematic review and meta-analysis, we assessed the association between tricuspid annular plane systolic excursion (TAPSE) measured by echocardiography and mortality in coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). METHODS: We performed a systematic literature search using PubMed, Embase, and Scopus databases with the keywords "COVID-19" OR "SARS-CoV-2" OR "2019-nCoV" AND "Tricuspid annular plane systolic excursion" OR "TAPSE" until January 20, 2021. The main outcome was mortality. The effect estimate was reported as the hazard ratio (HR), which was pooled from the unadjusted and adjusted effect estimates retrieved from the studies included. Mean differences in TAPSE (in mm) between non-survivors and survivors were pooled. RESULTS: In total, 641 patients from seven studies were included in this systematic review and meta-analysis. TAPSE was lower in non-survivors compared with survivors (mean difference = -3.74 [-5.22, -2.26], p < 0.001; I2: 85.5%, p < 0.001). Each 1 mm decrease in TAPSE was associated with increased mortality (HR = 1.24 [1.18, 1.31], p < 0.001; I2: 0.0%, p = 0.491). In the pooled adjusted model, each 1 mm decrease in TAPSE was associated with increased mortality (HR = 1.21 [1.11, 1.33], p < 0.001; I2: 45.1%, p = 0.156). Meta-regression indicated that the difference in TAPSE between non-survivors and survivors was affected by chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (-0.183, p < 0.001) and pulmonary artery systolic pressure (-0.344, p = 0.039), but not by age (p = 0.668), male gender (p = 0.821), hypertension (p = 0.101), diabetes (p = 0.603), coronary artery disease (p = 0.564), smoking (p = 0.140), and left ventricular ejection fraction (p = 0.452). CONCLUSION: Every 1 mm decrease in TAPSE was associated with an increase in mortality of approximately 20%. PROSPERO ID: CRD42021232194.

Right ventricular undersizing is associated with increased 1-year mortality.

OBJECTIVES: Right heart hemodynamic management is critical, because many post-heart transplantation (HTx) complications are related to right ventricular (RV) failure. However, current guidelines on size and sex matching rely primarily on weight matching, with recent literature using total ventricular mass (TVM), which places less emphasis on the impact of RV mass (RVM) matching. The aim of the present study was to analyze the relationship of RVM matching and survival after HTx. METHODS: We performed the retrospective analysis using the UNOS database of adult HTx performed between January 1997 and December 2017. Previously validated equations were used to calculate TVM and RVM. The percent difference in ventricular mass in the donor and recipient pair was used for the size mismatch. All donor-recipient pairs were divided into 4 RVM groups by their mismatch ratio. We analyzed RVM matching and explored how RVM undersizing impacted outcomes. The primary outcome measure was 1-year survival; secondary outcomes measured included stroke and dialysis within 1 year and functional status. RESULTS: A total of 38,740 donor-recipient pairs were included in our study. The 4 RVM match groupings were as follows: <0%, 0% to 20%, 20% to 40%, and >40%. Utilization of donors who were older and of female sex resulted in greater RVM undersizing. Survival analysis demonstrated patients with RVM undersizing had worse 1-year survival (P < .001). RVM undersizing was an independent predictor of higher 1-year mortality (hazard ratio, 1.23; 95% confidence interval, 1.11 to 1.34; P < .001). RVM undersizing was also associated with higher rates of dialysis within 1-year of transplantation and poorer postoperative functional status. CONCLUSIONS: RVM undersizing is an independent predictor for worse 1-year survival. Donors who are older and female have lower absolute predicted RVM and may be predisposed to RVM undersizing. RVM-undersized transplantation requires careful risk/benefit considerations.

Long-term risk of heart failure and mortality following mitral valve surgery in patients with and without right ventricular pacemaker.

OBJECTIVES: Patients undergoing mitral valve surgery are at risk of developing postoperative conduction blocks and have a high incidence of heart failure (HF). Mitral valve surgery often results in reduced left ventricular systolic ejection fraction following surgery and the imposition of dyssynchrony with right ventricular (RV) pacing may further compromise stroke volume. Our aim was to investigate the risks of HF and mortality in patients with vs without RV pacemaker placement (PPM) after mitral valve surgery. METHODS: Using Danish nationwide databases, we identified all patients undergoing mitral valve repair or replacement surgery between 1997 and 2017, who were free from HF at baseline. The association of PPM implanted within 30 days following surgery with long-term risks of HF and mortality was investigated by multivariable Cox regression models. RESULTS: Of 4072 patients (33% female), 248 (6%) had a PPM implanted at 30-day postsurgery. Patients with PPM were older (68 vs 63 years), had a higher prevalence of concomitant aortic valve surgery (15% vs 11%), ischemic heart disease (13% vs 8%), and atrial fibrillation (19% vs 12%), compared with patients without PPM. Over a median follow-up of 5 years, 68 (27%) vs 825 (22%) patients with vs without PPM developed HF and 74 (30%) vs 1018 (27%) died. In multivariable-adjusted models, the hazard ratios associated with PPM were 1.00 (0.78-1.30), P = .93 for HF, and .96 (0.76-1.21), P = .72 for mortality. CONCLUSIONS: Postoperative implantation of a permanent RV pacemaker does not alter the long-term risks of HF and mortality following mitral valve surgery.

Thrombolysis in acute pulmonary embolism.

OBJECTIVES: Acute pulmonary embolism (APE) is an important cause of cardiovascular mortality, due mainly to hemodynamic instability. In these cases, the recommendation is to perform some reperfusion procedure, with systemic thrombolysis being the main therapy used. However, national data evaluating the efficacy and safety of thrombolysis are scarce. METHODS: Retrospective analysis of a case series. We included 13 patients diagnosed with high-risk APE and 4 patients with intermediate-high risk from a single-center, who were treated with alteplase 100mg. RESULTS: The mean age of the patients was 55 years, most of them female (76.4%). Among the risk factors for VTE were immobilization (41.17%), contraceptive use (35.29%), cancer (17.63%), and previous history of DVT (11.76%). The most frequent clinical manifestations of APE were dyspnea (88.23%), hypoxia (82.35%), hypotension (82.35%), and tachycardia (64.70%). 82.35% of the patients had echocardiographic signs of right ventricular dysfunction, and 52.94% had increased troponin and BNP. Severe bleeding associated with thrombolysis occurred in 17.54% of cases. No patient died due to bleeding. There were 8 deaths from right ventricular failure (47%), 6 in the cases of patients presenting as high-risk APE (35.3%), and 2 in the cases of intermediate-high risk (11.8%). CONCLUSION: Thrombolysis in patients with high-risk APE or intermediate-high risk had a severe bleeding rate of 17.6%. However, the high mortality of this population (47%) due to right ventricular failure justifies the use of this therapeutic modality.

Special Article - Exercise-induced right ventricular injury or arrhythmogenic cardiomyopathy (ACM): The bright side and the dark side of the moon.

There is still debate on the range of normal physiologic changes of the right ventricle or ventricular (RV) function in athletes. Genetic links to arrhythmogenic cardiomyopathy (ACM) are well-established. There is no current consensus on the importance of extensive exercise and exercise-induced injury to the RV. During the intensive exercise of endurance sports, the cardiac structures adapt to athletic load over time. Some athletes develop RV cardiomyopathy possibly caused by genetic predisposition, whilst others develop arrhythmias from the RV. Endurance sports lead to increased volume and pressure load in both ventricles and increased myocardial mass. The extent of volume increase and changes in myocardial structure contribute to impairment of RV function and pose a challenge in cardiovascular sports medicine. Genetic predisposition to ACM may play an important role in the risk of sudden cardiac death of athletes. In this review, we discuss and evaluate existing results and opinions. Intensive training in competitive dynamic/power and endurance sports leads to specific RV adaptation, but physiological adaptation without genetic predisposition does not necessarily lead to severe complications in endurance sports. Discriminating between physiological adaptation and pathological form of ACM or RV impairment provoked by reinforced exercise presents a challenge to clinical sports cardiologists.

Thrombolysis in acute pulmonary embolism

SUMMARY OBJECTIVES Acute pulmonary embolism (APE) is an important cause of cardiovascular mortality, due mainly to hemodynamic instability. In these cases, the recommendation is to perform some reperfusion procedure, with systemic thrombolysis being the main therapy used. However, national data evaluating the efficacy and safety of thrombolysis are scarce. METHODS Retrospective analysis of a case series. We included 13 patients diagnosed with high-risk APE and 4 patients with intermediate-high risk from a single-center, who were treated with alteplase 100mg. RESULTS The mean age of the patients was 55 years, most of them female (76.4%). Among the risk factors for VTE were immobilization (41.17%), contraceptive use (35.29%), cancer (17.63%), and previous history of DVT (11.76%). The most frequent clinical manifestations of APE were dyspnea (88.23%), hypoxia (82.35%), hypotension (82.35%), and tachycardia (64.70%). 82.35% of the patients had echocardiographic signs of right ventricular dysfunction, and 52.94% had increased troponin and BNP. Severe bleeding associated with thrombolysis occurred in 17.54% of cases. No patient died due to bleeding. There were 8 deaths from right ventricular failure (47%), 6 in the cases of patients presenting as high-risk APE (35.3%), and 2 in the cases of intermediate-high risk (11.8%). CONCLUSION Thrombolysis in patients with high-risk APE or intermediate-high risk had a severe bleeding rate of 17.6%. However, the high mortality of this population (47%) due to right ventricular failure justifies the use of this therapeutic modality.

RESUMO OBJETIVOS A embolia pulmonar aguda (EAP) é uma causa importante de mortalidade cardiovascular ao causar instabilidade hemodinâmica. Nesses casos, a recomendação é a realização de algum procedimento de reperfusão, sendo a trombólise sistêmica a principal terapia utilizada. No entanto, dados nacionais avaliando a eficácia e a segurança da trombólise são escassos. MÉTODO Análise retrospectiva de uma série de casos. Foram incluídos 13 pacientes com o diagnóstico de EAP de alto risco e quatro pacientes de risco intermediário-alto, de um único centro, e que foram tratados com alteplase 100 mg. RESULTADOS A média de idade dos pacientes foi 55 anos, sendo a maioria do gênero feminino (76,4%). Dos fatores de risco para TEV, estavam presentes a imobilização (41,17%), o uso de anticonceptivos (35,29%), câncer (17,63%) e história prévia de TVP (11,76%). As manifestações clínicas mais frequentes da EAP foram dispneia (88,23%), hipóxia (82,35%), hipotensão (82,35%) e taquicardia (64,70%); 82,35% dos pacientes apresentaram sinais ecocardiográficos de disfunção ventricular direita e 52,94% apresentaram aumento da troponina e BNP. Sangramento grave associado à trombólise ocorreu em 17,54% dos casos. Nenhum paciente faleceu em decorrência de sangramento. Houve oito mortes por insuficiência ventricular direita (47%): seis nos casos de paciente que se apresentaram como EAP de alto risco (35,3%) e duas nos casos de risco intermediário-alto (11,8%). CONCLUSÃO A trombólise nos pacientes com EAP de alto risco ou risco intermediário-alto apresentou uma taxa de sangramento grave de 17,6%. No entanto, a alta mortalidade dessa população (47%) por insuficiência ventricular direita justifica o uso desta modalidade terapêutica.

Right Ventricular Abnormalities on Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance Imaging in Patients With Sarcoidosis.

OBJECTIVES: This study aimed to determine the prevalence on cardiac magnetic resonance (CMR) of right ventricular (RV) systolic dysfunction and RV late gadolinium enhancement (LGE), their determinants, and their influences on long-term adverse outcomes in patients with sarcoidosis. BACKGROUND: In patients with sarcoidosis, RV abnormalities have been described on many imaging modalities. On CMR, RV abnormalities include RV systolic dysfunction quantified as an abnormal right ventricular ejection fraction (RVEF), and RV LGE. METHODS: Consecutive patients with biopsy-proven sarcoidosis who underwent CMR for suspected cardiac involvement were studied. They were followed for 2 endpoints: all-cause death, and a composite arrhythmic endpoint of sudden cardiac death or significant ventricular arrhythmia. RESULTS: Among 290 patients, RV systolic dysfunction (RVEF <40% in men and <45% in women) and RV LGE were present in 35 (12.1%) and 16 (5.5%), respectively. The median follow-up time was 3.2 years (interquartile range [IQR]: 1.6 to 5.7 years) for all-cause death and 3.0 years (IQR: 1.4 to 5.5 years) for the arrhythmic endpoint. On Cox proportional hazards regression multivariable analyses, only RVEF was independently associated with all-cause death (hazard ratio [HR]: 1.05 for every 1% decrease; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.01 to 1.09; p = 0.022) after adjustment for left ventricular EF, left ventricular LGE extent, and the presence of RV LGE. RVEF was not associated with the arrhythmic endpoint (HR: 1.01; 95% CI: 0.96 to 1.06; p = 0.67). Conversely, RV LGE was not associated with all-cause death (HR: 2.78; 95% CI: 0.36 to 21.66; p = 0.33), while it was independently associated with the arrhythmic endpoint (HR: 5.43; 95% CI: 1.25 to 23.47; p = 0.024). CONCLUSIONS: In this study of patients with sarcoidosis, RV systolic dysfunction and RV LGE had distinct prognostic associations; RV systolic dysfunction but not RV LGE was independently associated with all-cause death, whereas RV LGE but not RV systolic dysfunction was independently associated with sudden cardiac death or significant ventricular arrhythmia. These findings may indicate distinct implications for the management of RV abnormalities in sarcoidosis.

Right ventricular dysfunction is associated with the development of chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension but not with mortality post-acute pulmonary embolism.

Chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension (CTEPH), a late complication of pulmonary embolism (PE), is associated with high mortality. However, whether the right ventricular (RV) echocardiographic parameters can predict - in the short- and long-term - the development of CTEPH and mortality after PE remains unknown. Herein, we aim to investigate the incidence of CTEPH after acute PE and to evaluate the risk factors of CTEPH. In this retrospective cohort, patients with PE were followed for 10 years for the onset of CTEPH. The screening was initially conducted through echocardiography and confirmed by right heart catheterization. Also, transient and permanent risk factors were identified. Among 358 patients with PE, 8 patients (4%) were subsequently diagnosed with CTEPH at a median time of 36 months and 47 died during the follow-up period. Notably, both short- and long-term RV dilatation, hypertrophy, and increased pulmonary pressure increased the incidence of CTEPH. However, RV echocardiographic parameters failed to differentiate survivors from non-survivors. Instead, malignancy, respiratory, or chronic heart failure was strongly associated with post PE mortality in the multivariable analysis. According to our findings, post PE screening of CTEPH may facilitate early diagnosis and intervention for patients at high risk of developing CTEPH. Also, RV echocardiographic parameters are associated with subsequent CTEPH, but mortality is mainly dependent on underlying comorbidities.

Medical Therapy for Heart Failure Associated With Pulmonary Hypertension.

The past 2 decades have witnessed a >40% improvement in mortality for patients with heart failure and left ventricular systolic dysfunction. 1 This success has coincided with the stepwise availability of drugs that target neurohormonal activation: ß-adrenergic receptor blockers (ß-blockers), ACE (angiotensin-converting enzyme) inhibitors and ANG (angiotensin) II blockers, neprilysin inhibitors, and aldosterone antagonists. Our understanding of right heart failure (RHF) has lagged behind and many proven targeted therapies for left heart failure do not appear to provide similar benefits for RHF. Until recently, the right ventricle (RV) has often been viewed as less important than the left ventricle and in contemporary literature received the moniker "The Forgotten Ventricle". Recent advances in echocardiography and magnetic resonance imaging have enabled detailed assessments of RV anatomy and physiology in both health and disease allowing us to more accurately describe the clinical sequelae and end-organ manifestations of RHF. RV function is now recognized as one of the most important predictors of prognosis in many cardiovascular disease states. 2 Despite the significance of RV function to survival, there are no clinically approved therapies that directly nor selectively improve RV function. As well, relative to our understanding of left heart failure, the basis for RHF remains poorly understood. This article aims to condense the current knowledge on RV adaptation and failure, review current management strategies for RHF, and explore evolving therapeutic approaches.

Long-term clinical outcomes of valsartan in patients with a systemic right ventricle: Follow-up of a multicenter randomized controlled trial.

OBJECTIVES: In the VAL-SERVE (Valsartan in Systemic Right Ventricle) trial, three-year valsartan treatment improved systemic ventricular function only in symptomatic patients with congenitally or with an atrial switch corrected transposition of the great arteries. The aim of the current study was to investigate the longer-term clinical outcomes after valsartan treatment. METHODS: From 2006 to 2009, 88 adults were randomly allocated 1:1 to either valsartan or placebo for three consecutive years. Endpoints were defined as overall survival and freedom from clinical events (arrhythmia, heart failure, tricuspid valve surgery, death). RESULTS: Cardiac drug use and median follow-up after trial close-out (8.3 years) was similar between the randomization groups. Six patients (valsartan n = 3, placebo n = 3) died in 364 and 365 person-years (P = 0.999). No difference in the composite or separate clinical endpoints was found between the randomization groups, with corresponding long-term event-free survival rates of 50% and 34%. Nevertheless, in symptomatic patients valsartan significantly reduced the risk for events compared to placebo (HR 0.37, 95% CI 0.17-0.92). Analysis for repeated events and on-treatment analysis with any renin-angiotensin-aldosterone-system-inhibitor did not alter these results. CONCLUSIONS: Valsartan treatment in systemic RV patients did not result in improved survival at longer-term follow-up, but was associated with decreased risk of events in symptomatic patients.

Right Ventricular Functional Reserve in Early-Stage Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis: An Exercise Two-Dimensional Speckle Tracking Doppler Echocardiography Study.

BACKGROUND: The most important determinant of long-term survival in patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis is the right ventricular (RV) adaptation to the increased pulmonary vascular resistance. Our aim was to explore RV contractile reserve during stress echocardiography in early-stage IPF. METHODS: Fifty early-stage patients with IPF and 50 healthy control patients underwent rest and stress echocardiography, including RV two-dimensional speckle tracking echocardiography. At peak exertion, blood gas analysis and spirometry were also assessed. RESULTS: At rest, RV diameters were mildly increased in IPF; however, although RV conventional systolic function indexes were similar between the IPF and control groups, RV global longitudinal strain and RV lateral wall longitudinal strain (LWLS) were significantly reduced in the IPF cohort. During physical exercise, patients with IPF showed a reduced exercise tolerance with lower maximal workload (P < .01), level of oxygen saturation (P < .001), and peak heart rate (P < .01). Systolic and diastolic BP values were similar in both groups. Systolic pulmonary artery pressure (PAPs) increase (ΔPAPs) during exertion was higher in IPF vs healthy subjects (P < .0001); RV LWLS increase (ΔRV LWLS) during exercise was lower in patients with IPF vs control patients (P < .00001). By multivariable analysis, RV LWLS at rest and ΔRV LWLS were directly related to peak exertion capacity, PAPs, and blood oxygen saturation level (Spo2; P < .0001). Δ RV LWLS was directly related to diffusion lung carbon monoxide (P < .0001). CONCLUSIONS: RV myocardial dysfunction is already present at rest in early-stage IPF and worsens during exertion as detected by two-dimensional speckle-tracking echocardiography. The RV altered contractile reserve appears to be related to reduced exercise tolerability and impaired pulmonary hemodynamic.

From echocardiographic evaluation to biomarkers measurement: the role of myocardial dysfuction in mortality associated with sepsis / Da avaliação ecocardiográfica à medição de biomarcadores: o papel da disfunção miocárdica na mortalidade associada à sepse

Sepsis remains the leading cause of mortality and critical illness worldwide. Myocardial dysfunction is one of the most clinically relevant manifestations of sepsis and results from a complex interaction among genetic, molecular, metabolic, and structural changes. Despite the prominence given to the occurrence of systolic dysfunction during sepsis, the association between diastolic dysfunction and mortality is controversial, while diastolic dysfunction and right ventricular dysfunction are identified as independent predictors of mortality in the most recent studies. Elevation of biomarkers during sepsis may result from several mechanisms, and although the role of the B-type natriuretic peptide (BNP) and the N-terminal portion of its prohormone (NT-proBNP) as independent predictors of mortality is well defined, the same cannot be said about cardiac troponins due to conflicting results among currently available studies. The objective of the present review is to discuss the pathophysiological mechanisms of myocardial dysfunction induced by sepsis in adults and the role of echocardiography and cardiac biomarkers as tools for prognostic evaluation in this clinical setting

3D echocardiography derived right ventricular function is associated with right ventricular failure and mid-term survival after left ventricular assist device implantation.

BACKGROUND: Right heart failure remains a major cause of morbidity and mortality after left ventricular assist device (LVAD) implantation. Multiple 2D echocardiography derived parameters are associated with right ventricular failure (RV failure), but none of them has been proven to be a reliable predictor to date. We hypothesized that novel 3D-echocardiography (3DE) based parameters are associated with RV failure and predict long term outcome in patients undergoing LVAD implantation. METHODS: This single-center study retrospectively enrolled 26 patients undergoing continuous-flow LVAD implantation. RV failure was defined as prolonged inotropic support for >14 days after LVAD implantation or consecutive implantation of a right ventricular assist device. Based on transesophageal 3DE datasets acquired prior to surgery right ventricular size, ejection fraction and longitudinal strains were calculated. RESULTS: The overall RV failure rate was 19.2%. Patients suffering from RV failure had a significantly impaired 3D-right ventricular ejection fraction (3D-RVEF; 28 ±â€¯2% vs. 19 ±â€¯3%, p = 0.0145) and 3D derived RV free wall longitudinal strain (3D-RV-fws; -13.2 ±â€¯0.97% vs. -6.4 ±â€¯1.98%; p = 0.0056) when compared to patients without RV failure. ROC analysis for 3D-RV-fws (AUC 0.914) and 3D-RVEF (AUC 0.876) showed high discriminative capabilities in regard to detection of RV failure. Kaplan-Meier analysis showed an improved long-term survival of patients with a 3D-RV-fws <-11.9%. CONCLUSIONS: 3D-echocardiography derived RV ejection fraction and RV free wall strain are associated with right ventricular failure and long term outcome in patients undergoing LVAD implantation. These parameters have the potential to be future predictors for right heart failure in LVAD surgery.

Right Ventricular Dysfunction and Long-Term Risk of Sudden Cardiac Death in Patients With and Without Severe Left Ventricular Dysfunction.

BACKGROUND: Right ventricular systolic dysfunction (RVD) often coexists with various cardiopulmonary diseases. However, the association between RVD and risk of sudden cardiac death (SCD) has not been well studied. This study examined the risk of SCD associated with RVD in patients with heterogeneous underlying cardiac diseases. METHODS: The Mayo Clinic cardiac care unit database included 5463 consecutive patients with complete echocardiographic evaluation to assess right ventricular systolic function and RVD severity. Prospective surveillance follow-up was obtained for all patients. SCD was adjudicated when a malignant ventricular arrhythmia was documented as the primary rhythm leading to death. RESULTS: The prevalence of mild RVD and moderate-severe RVD was 14.9% and 17.1%, respectively. Patients with RVD were more likely to have a history of congestive heart failure, cardiac arrest, pulmonary disease, and lower baseline left ventricular ejection fraction compared with those with normal right ventricular systolic function. During a median follow-up of 14 months, the incidence of SCD was highest in patients with moderate-severe RVD (7.4% versus 4.4% in mild RVD versus 1.6% in normal right ventricular function; P<0.001). After adjustment for baseline characteristics, mild RVD (adjusted hazard ratio, 1.57; P=0.046) and moderate-severe RVD (adjusted hazard ratio, 1.91; P=0.006) were independently associated with an increased risk of SCD. Moderate-severe RVD remained an independent predictor of SCD for patients with left ventricular ejection fraction >35% without or with preexisting implantable cardioverter-defibrillator (adjusted hazard ratio, 4.12; P=0.003 and adjusted hazard ratio, 5.04; P<0.001, respectively). CONCLUSIONS: Presence of RVD in patients with a history of preexisting cardiac disease is an independent predictor of SCD irrespective of left ventricular ejection fraction.

Outcomes after surgical pulmonary embolectomy for acute submassive and massive pulmonary embolism: A single-center experience.

OBJECTIVES: Ideal treatment strategies for submassive and massive pulmonary embolism remain unclear. Recent reports of surgical pulmonary embolectomy have demonstrated improved outcomes, but surgical technique and postoperative outcomes continue to be refined. The aim of this study is to describe in-hospital survival and right ventricular function after surgical pulmonary embolectomy for submassive and massive pulmonary embolism with excessive predicted mortality (≥5%). METHODS: All patients undergoing surgical pulmonary embolectomy (2011-2015) were retrospectively reviewed. Patients with pulmonary embolism were stratified as submassive, massive without arrest, and massive with arrest. Submassive was defined as normotensive with right ventricular dysfunction. Massive was defined as prolonged hypotension due to the pulmonary embolism. Preoperative demographics, intraoperative variables, and postoperative outcomes were compared. RESULTS: A total of 55 patients were identified: 28 as submassive, 18 as massive without arrest, and 9 as massive with arrest. All patients had a right ventricle/left ventricle ratio greater than 1.0. Right ventricular dysfunction decreased from moderate preoperatively to none before discharge (P < .001). In-hospital and 1-year survival were 93% and 91%, respectively, with 100% survival in the submassive group. No patients developed renal failure requiring hemodialysis at discharge or had a postoperative stroke. CONCLUSIONS: In this single institution experience, surgical pulmonary embolectomy is a safe and effective therapy to treat patients with a submassive or massive pulmonary embolism. Although survival in this study is higher than previously reported for patients treated with medical therapy alone, a prospective trial comparing surgical therapy with medical therapy is necessary to further elucidate the role of surgical pulmonary embolectomy in the treatment of pulmonary embolism.

Additive and independent prognostic role of abnormal right ventricle and pulmonary hypertension in mitral-tricuspid surgery.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the additive and independent prognostic value of abnormal right ventricle (aRV) and pulmonary hypertension (PH) in patients undergoing mitral-tricuspid surgery. METHODS: From January 2009 to December 2012, 541 patients underwent mitro-tricuspid surgery. The entire cohort was divided into 6 subgroups: 63 cases had normal RV and no PH (Group A), 180 normal RV but moderate PH (Group B), 101 normal RV but severe PH (Group C), 15 abnormal RV and no-PH (Group D), 86 abnormal RV and moderate PH (Group E) and 96 abnormal RV and severe PH (Group F). RESULTS: Forty-two (7.8%) patients died in hospital due to any cause: 1.6% in group A, 3.9% in group B, 8.9% in group C, 13.3% in group D, 9.3% in group E, 15.6% in group E, p = 0.005. Among 78 patients with no-PH, mortality was significantly higher in patients with aRV (1.6%vs 13.3%. p = 0.03). Among 344 patients with normal RV, mortality was significantly higher in patients with severe PH (1.6% vs 3.9% vs 8.9%. p = 0.03). Comparing the presence of both abnormal RV and severe PH with the remaining patients, mortality was significantly higher in the first group (15.6% 6.1%, p = 0.004). Multivariable analysis confirmed either the independent or the additive role of RV and PH. CONCLUSIONS: In patients undergoing mitral-tricuspid valve surgery, the presence of either RV dysfunction/dilatation or severe pulmonary hypertension, might play an independent prognostic role for mortality. The worst scenario is surely the contemporary presence of both conditions.

Heart Transplantation in Patients >60 Years: Importance of Relative Pulmonary Hypertension and Right Ventricular Failure on Midterm Survival.

OBJECTIVES: To determine the impact of recipient age and perioperative risk factors on midterm survival after orthotopic heart transplantation (OHT). The authors hypothesized that perioperative variables are more important as predictors of mortality than is a recipient's age. DESIGN: Retrospective study. SETTING: Tertiary care university hospital. PARTICIPANTS: The study comprised 126 consecutive adults who underwent OHT. INTERVENTIONS: After Institutional Review Board approval, the authors analyzed 126 consecutive adult patients who underwent OHT between January 2009 and December 2015 and followed-up with them up until June 2016. Patients were divided into the following 2 groups according to the recipient's age at the time of transplantation: older group (≥60 y old) and younger group (18 to 59 y). MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: Actuarial survival rates for all patients were 88.1%, 78.6%, and 72.2% at 30 days, 1 year, and after a median follow-up of 18.9 months (midterm survival) (1st quartile: 8.1; 3rd quartile: 37.4), respectively. In the unadjusted analysis, the older group demonstrated a significant increase in 1-year mortality (p = 0.005) and a trend toward worse midterm mortality (p = 0.087). Multivariable analysis was performed using Cox proportional hazards regression analysis. Independent risk factors related to midterm mortality after OHT were as follows: preoperative relative pulmonary hypertension using the mean arterial-to-mean pulmonary artery pressure ratio ≤3 (hazard ratio [HR] 5.39, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.64-17.74, p = 0.006); cardiopulmonary bypass duration (per each 10-min increment) (HR 1.14, 95% CI 1.08-1.22, p < 0.001); and postoperative right ventricular dysfunction (HR 3.50, 95% CI 1.52-8.05, p = 0.003). Neither recipients ≥60 years old (HR 2.15, 95% CI 0.98-4.67, p = 0.054) nor donor/recipient body surface area ratio (HR 1.01, 95% CI 0.98-1.04, p = 0.463) was an independent risk factor for midterm mortality. CONCLUSIONS: In patients undergoing heart transplantation, survival was related more to preoperative relative pulmonary hypertension, cardiopulmonary bypass duration, and postoperative right ventricular failure than to recipient age. Older patients should be selected for OHT carefully, taking into consideration preoperative factors other than age.