Adverse obstetric outcomes among female childhood and adolescent cancer survivors in Sweden: A population-based matched cohort study.

INTRODUCTION: Cancer treatment during childhood may lead to late adverse effects, such as reduced musculoskeletal development or vascular, endocrine and pulmonary dysfunction, which in turn may have an adverse effect on later pregnancy and childbirth. The aim of the present study was to investigate pregnancy and obstetric outcomes as well as the offspring's health among childhood and adolescent female cancer survivors. MATERIAL AND METHODS: This register-based study included all women born between 1973 and 1977 diagnosed with cancer in childhood or adolescence (age <21), as well as an age-matched comparison group. A total of 278 female cancer survivors with their first childbirth were included in the study, together with 829 age-matched individuals from the general population. Logistic regression and analysis of variance were used to investigate associations between having been treated for cancer and the outcome variables, adjusting for maternal age, nicotine use and comorbidity. RESULTS: Survivors were more likely to have preeclampsia (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] 3.46, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.58 to 7.56), undergo induction of labor (aOR 1.66, 95% CI 1.05 to 2.62), suffer labor dystocia (primary labor dystocia aOR 3.54, 95% CI 1.51 to 8.34 and secondary labor dystocia aOR 2.43, 95% CI 1.37 to 4.31), malpresentation of fetus (aOR 2.02, 95% CI 1.12 to 3.65) and imminent fetal asphyxia (aOR 2.55, 95% CI 1.49 to 4.39). In addition, deliveries among survivors were more likely to end with vacuum extraction (aOR 2.53, 95% CI 1.44 to 4.47), with higher risk of clitoral lacerations (aOR 2.18, 95% CI 1.47 to 3.23) and anal sphincter injury (aOR 2.76, 95% CI 1.14 to 6.70) and emergency cesarean section (aOR 2.34 95% CI 1.39 to 3.95). Survivors used pain-reliving methods to a higher extent compared with the comparison group. There was no increased risk of neonate diagnoses and malformations. The results showed that survivors who had been diagnosed with cancer when they were younger than 14 had an increased risk of adverse obstetric outcomes. CONCLUSIONS: The study demonstrates increased risk of pregnancy and childbirth complications among childhood and adolescent cancer survivors. There is a need to optimize perinatal care, especially among survivors who were younger than 14 at time of diagnosis.

Claims about medical malpractices resulting in neonatal and maternal impairment in Iran.

BACKGROUND: Today even low incidence of complications for mothers or neonates during pregnancy, delivery or postpartum is unacceptable to the public and can result in claims because of greater expectation from patients and an increase in media coverage. The present study was conducted to investigate the reasons for medical malpractice claims on maternal and neonatal impairment, which are achieved in Iranian Legal Medicine Organization councils. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The present cross-sectional and retrospective study used convenience sampling to collect data of total claims from 31 provinces archived in the supreme council of the ILMO in 2 years. In this article, the medical malpractice claims on maternal and neonatal impairment during pregnancy, labour, delivery and early postpartum were reported. The data were collected through a validated researcher-made checklist and were analyzed in SPSS 16. RESULTS: Among total of 299 cases of impairment, cerebral palsy (33.34%), Erb's palsy due to shoulder dystocia (24.24%) and Down Syndrome (24.24%) were the main confirmed causes of malpractice for neonatal impairment and Retained Surgical Mass (20.5%), Salpingectomy and/or Oophorectomy Related to EP (17.2%), Hysterectomy (17.2%) and Episiotomy Related complication (17.2%) were the main confirmed causes of malpractice for maternal impairment. CONCLUSION: Considering this fact that medical malpractice was confirmed in a large proportion of some preventable and important complications, therefore, results of this study can be used for developing educational programs for related healthcare providers to prevent those complications.

Maniobra Kristeller, consecuencias físicas y éticas según sus protagonistas / Kristeller Maneuver, physical and ethical consequences according to its central characters

Introducción: La maniobra Kristeller consiste en hacer presión del fondo uterino en el período expulsivo, la segunda etapa del trabajo de parto. Objetivo: Determinar la prevalencia, características de la aplicación de la maniobra Kristeller y consecuencias físicas y éticas en puérperas de un hospital de alta complejidad en Lima, Perú. Métodos: Diseño descriptivo transversal y prospectivo. Se incluyeron 250 puérperas de parto vaginal, con gestación única a término, atendidas en el Hospital Nacional Hipólito Unanue, entre agosto y diciembre de 2016. Se usó cuestionario -Stop Kristeller- realizado por la Asociación Española El parto es nuestro. Se les aplicó un cuestionario validado por expertos a las puérperas durante su estancia. Se realizó análisis descriptivo mostrando los resultados en frecuencias y porcentajes. Resultados: Se evidenció que a 116 de ellas (46,4 por ciento) se les realizó la maniobra Kristeller. Con respecto a las características de la realización de la maniobra 77,6 por ciento refirió que se realizó con las palmas de las manos, más del 70 por ciento refirió que fue entre una y tres veces y 75,9 por ciento señaló que solo una persona la realizó. El 32,8 por ciento reportó haber sufrido desgarro vaginal y 51,7 por ciento refirió que no solicitaron su consentimiento para realizar la maniobra. Conclusiones: Existe elevada prevalencia de la utilización de la maniobra, las características de su aplicación siguen pautas descritas por Samuel Kristeller, entre las consecuencias físicas encontradas están los desgarros perineales superficiales y profundos y en muchos casos las condiciones bioéticas no se cumplieron(AU)

Introduction: The Kristeller maneuver consists in making fundal pressure during the second stage of labor. Objective: To determine the prevalence, characteristics of the application of Kristeller maneuver and the physical and ethical consequences in puerperal women of a highly complex hospital in Lima, Peru. Methods: A cross-sectional and prospective descriptive study was carried out in 250 puerperal women of vaginal delivery, with single gestation at term, assisted at Hipólito Unanue National Hospital, from August to December 2016. This research used the Stop Kristeller questionnaire - prepared by the Spanish Association El parto es nuestro. A questionnaire validated by experts was applied to the puerperal women during their stay. A descriptive analysis was made and the results in frequencies and percentages are shown. Results: It was showed that 116 of them (46.4 percent) underwent Kristeller maneuver. Regarding the characteristics of the maneuver performance, 77.6 percent reported that it was performed with hand palms, more than 70 percent reported that this maneuver was done between one and three times and 75.9 percent indicated that only one person performed it. Vaginal tear was reported in 32.8 percent and 51.7 percent reported their consent to perform the maneuver was not requested. Conclusions: There is high prevalence of the use of this maneuver. The characteristics of its application follow the guidelines described by Samuel Kristeller. Superficial and deep perineal tears are among the physical consequences and in many cases, bioethical conditions were not fulfilled(AU)

Optimizing Care for Ugandans with Untreated Abdominal Surgical Conditions.

BACKGROUND: Abdominal operations account for a majority of surgical volume in low-income countries, yet population-level prevalence data on surgically treatable abdominal conditions are scarce. OBJECTIVE: In this study, our objective was to quantify the burden of surgically treatable abdominal conditions in Uganda. METHODS: In 2014, we administered a two-stage cluster-randomized Surgeons OverSeas Assessment of Surgical Need survey to 4,248 individuals in 105 randomly selected clusters (representing the national population of Uganda). FINDINGS: Of the 4,248 respondents, 185 reported at least one surgically treatable abdominal condition in their lifetime, giving an estimated lifetime prevalence of 3.7% (95% CI: 3.0 to 4.6%). Of those 185 respondents, 76 reported an untreated condition, giving an untreated prevalence of 1.7% (95% CI: 1.3 to 2.3%). Obstructed labor (52.9%) accounted for most of the 238 abdominal conditions reported and was untreated in only 5.6% of reported conditions. In contrast, 73.3% of reported abdominal masses were untreated. CONCLUSIONS: Individuals in Uganda with nonobstetric abdominal surgical conditions are disproportionately undertreated. Major health system investments in obstetric surgical capacity have been beneficial, but our data suggest that further investments should aim at matching overall surgical care capacity with surgical need, rather than focusing on a single operation for obstructed labor.

Risk of labor dystocia increases with maternal age irrespective of parity: a population-based register study.

INTRODUCTION: Advanced maternal age is associated with labor dystocia (LD) in nulliparous women. This study investigates the age-related risk of LD in first, second and third births. MATERIAL AND METHODS: All live singleton cephalic births at term (≥ 37 gestational weeks) recorded in the Swedish Medical Birth Register from 1999 to 2011, except elective cesarean sections and fourth births and more, in total 998 675 pregnancies, were included in the study. LD was defined by International Classification of Diseases, version 10 codes (O620, O621, O622, O629, O630, O631 and O639). In each parity group risks of LD at age 25-29 years, 30-34 years, 35-39 years and ≥ 40 years compared with age < 25 years were investigated by logistic regression analyses. Analyses were adjusted for year of delivery, education, country/region of birth, smoking in early pregnancy, maternal height, body mass index, week of gestation, fetal presentation and infant birthweight. RESULTS: Rates of LD were 22.5%, 6.1% and 4% in first, second and third births, respectively. Adjusted odd ratios (OR) for LD increased progressively from the youngest to the oldest age group, irrespective of parity. At age 35-39 years the adjusted OR (95% CI) was approximately doubled compared with age 25 and younger: 2.13 (2.06-2.20) in first birth; 2.05 (1.91-2.19) in second births; and 1.81 (1.49-2.21) in third births. CONCLUSIONS: Maternal age is an independent risk factor for LD in first, second and third births. Although age-related risks by parity are relatively similar, more nulliparous than parous women will be exposed to LD due to the higher rate.

Indications and appropriateness of caesarean sections performed in a tertiary referral centre in Uganda: a retrospective descriptive study.

INTRODUCTION: The WHO has identified an ideal caesarean section rate for a nation of 10-15%, but much higher rates are seen in tertiary referral centres in resource-poor countries. Interventions by the author to improve care and reduced unnecessary caesareans were undertaken including staff education and production of clinical guidelines. This study aimed to identify indications for caesareans and whether the decision to perform caesareans was appropriate in order to improve care, and whether the above interventions had an impact on this process. METHODS: Two groups of 100 consecutive cases from October 2014 and 100 from February 2015 were retrospectively selected that resulted in caesarean. These case notes were analysed for demographic data, caesarean indication and appropriateness. RESULTS: In 46% of cases the decision for caesarean was considered appropriate. No significant difference (p>0.05) was found between the two groups in terms of patient demographics or appropriateness of caesarean (43% in Oct-14 compared to 48% in Feb-15). The most common group of indications for caesarean was dystocia (43.5%) with 28% appropriate; followed by fetal distress (18.5%) with 30% appropriate; previous scar (17%) with 85% appropriate; malpresentation (10.5%) with 48% appropriate; and maternal compromise (10%) with 80% appropriate. CONCLUSION: The high number of unnecessary caesareans appeared to be related to lack of knowledge and inexperience of staff. Despite attempts to address this through teaching the scope of the problem is so large it needs a fundamental change in the healthcare system in terms of resources, education, continuing professional development and clinical governance.

Obstetric risk score - revalidated for triaging high-risk pregnancies in rural areas.

BACKGROUND: A pregnancy risk score system in popular use in provincial and rural Queensland to assist with the triage decisions regarding the appropriate facility for pregnancy care has been upgraded with more recently recognised pregnancy risk factors. AIMS: To review the usefulness of the revised pregnancy risk score system and the integrity of its continuing use. MATERIALS AND METHODS: 459 women attending regional/rural hospitals and 1963 women attending a major specialist hospital for their pregnancy care had a prospective risk score assessed, and the resulting score was examined in relationship to pregnancy outcomes. RESULTS: There was a statistically significant positive relationship between a risk score of eight or more and an adverse outcome and a statistically significant negative relationship between a risk score of zero or one and adverse outcomes. CONCLUSION: This study revalidates the risk score process for use in provincial and rural Queensland in delineating those women requiring care in a location with higher levels of clinical service capability. Women with a risk score of 8 or more have an increased likelihood of needing birth intervention and/or having an adverse neonatal outcome and should be recognised as needing the development of a multidisciplinary care plan and assessment in a facility that is appropriately resourced for their end of pregnancy care.

Dystocia in the cat evaluated using an insurance database.

Objectives The aim of this study was to describe the incidence of feline dystocia with respect to breed. Methods The data used were reimbursed claims for veterinary care insurance and/or life insurance claims in cats registered in a Swedish insurance database from 1999-2006. Results The incidence rates for dystocia were about 22 cats per 10,000 cat-years at risk, 67 per 10,000 for purebred cats and seven per 10,000 for domestic shorthair cats. The median age was 2.5 years. A significant effect of breed was seen. An incidence rate ratio (IRR) that was significantly higher compared with other purebred cats was seen in the British Shorthair (IRR 2.5), the Oriental group (IRR 2.2), Birman (IRR 1.7), Ragdoll (IRR 1.5) and the Abyssinian group (IRR 1.5). A significantly lower IRR was seen in the Norwegian Forest Cat (IRR 0.38), the Maine Coon (IRR 0.48), the Persian/Exotic group (IRR 0.49) and the Cornish Rex (IRR 0.50). No common factor among the high-risk breeds explained their high risk for dystocia. There was no effect of location; that is, the incidence rate did not differ depending on whether the cat lived in an urban or rural area. Caesarean section was performed in 56% of the cats with dystocia, and the case fatality was 2%. Conclusions and relevance The incidence rate for dystocia was of a similar magnitude in purebred cats as in dogs. The IRR varied significantly among breeds, and the main cause for dystocia should be identified separately for each breed. A selection for easy parturitions in breeding programmes is suggested.

Prolonged second stage of labor is associated with low Apgar score.

There is no consensus on the effects of a prolonged second stage of labor on neonatal outcomes. In this large Swedish population-based cohort study, our objective was to investigate prolonged second stage and risk of low Apgar score at 5 min. All nulliparous women (n = 32,796) delivering a live born singleton infant in cephalic presentation at ≥37 completed weeks after spontaneous onset of labor between 2008 and 2012 in the counties of Stockholm and Gotland were included. Data were obtained from computerized records. Exposure was time from fully retracted cervix until delivery. Logistic regression analyses were used to estimate crude and adjusted odds ratios (ORs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs). Adjustments were made for maternal age, height, BMI, smoking, sex, gestational age, sex-specific birth weight for gestational age and head circumference. Epidural analgesia was included in a second model. The primary outcome measure was Apgar score at 5 min <7 and <4. We found that the overall rates of 5 min Apgar score <7 and <4 were 7.0 and 1.3 per 1000 births, respectively. Compared to women with <1 h from retracted cervix to birth, adjusted ORs of Apgar score <7 at 5 min generally increased with length of second stage of labor: 1 to <2 h: OR 1.78 (95% CI 1.19-2.66); 2 to <3 h: OR 1.66 (1.05-2.62); 3 to <4 h: OR 2.08 (1.29-3.35); and ≥4 h: OR 2.71 (1.67-4.40). We conclude that prolonged second stage of labor is associated with an increased risk of low 5 min Apgar score.

Risk factors associated with detailed reproductive phenotypes in dairy and beef cows.

The objective of this study was to identify detailed fertility traits in dairy and beef cattle from transrectal ultrasonography records and quantify the associated risk factors. Data were available on 148 947 ultrasound observations of the reproductive tract from 75 949 cows in 843 Irish dairy and beef herds between March 2008 and October 2012. Traits generated included (1) cycling at time of examination, (2) cystic structures, (3) early ovulation, (4) embryo death and (5) uterine score; the latter was measured on a scale of 1 (good) to 4 (poor) characterising the tone of the uterine wall and fluid present in the uterus. After editing, 72,773 records from 44,415 dairy and beef cows in 643 herds remained. Factors associated with the logit of the probability of a positive outcome for each of the binary fertility traits were determined using generalised estimating equations; linear mixed model analysis was used for the analysis of uterine score. The prevalence of cycling, cystic structures, early ovulation and embryo death was 84.75%, 3.87%, 7.47% and 3.84%, respectively. The occurrence of the uterine heath score of 1, 2, 3 and 4 was 70.63%, 19.75%, 8.36% and 1.26%, respectively. Cows in beef herds had a 0.51 odds (95% CI=0.41 to 0.63, P<0.001) of cycling at the time of examination compared with cows in dairy herds; stage of lactation at the time of examination was the same in both herd types. Furthermore, cows in dairy herds had an inferior uterine score (indicating poorer tone and a greater quantity of uterine fluid present) compared with cows in beef herds. The likelihood of cycling at the time of examination increased with parity and stage of lactation, but was reduced in cows that had experienced dystocia in the previous calving. The presence of cystic structures on the ovaries increased with parity and stage of lactation. The likelihood of embryo/foetal death increased with parity and stage of lactation. Dystocia was not associated with the presence of cystic structures or embryo death. Uterine score improved with parity and stage of lactation, while cows that experienced dystocia in the previous calving had an inferior uterine score. Heterosis was the only factor associated with increased likelihood of early ovulation. The fertility traits identified, and the associated risk factors, provide useful information on the reproductive status of dairy and beef cows.

Epidemiology of retained placenta: oxytocin as an independent risk factor.

OBJECTIVE: To identify factors related to retained placenta in the context of contemporary obstetric practice. METHODS: This was a case-control study comparing 408 cases of retained placenta and an equivalent number of control individuals. Epidemiological and delivery-related variables were registered in computerized prenatal and in-hospital medical records. Univariable and multivariable logistic regressions were used for estimation of risk ratios and statistical significance. RESULTS: Independent risk factors for retained placenta were: previous retained placenta (odds ratio [OR] 12.61, 95% confidence interval [CI] 3.61-44.08); preterm delivery (OR 3.28, 95% CI 1.60-6.70); oxytocin use for 195-415 minutes (OR 2.00, 95% CI 1.20-3.34); oxytocin use more than 415 minutes (OR 6.55, 95% CI 3.42-12.54, number needed to harm 2.3); preeclampsia (OR 2.85, 95% CI 1.20-6.78); two or more previous miscarriages (OR 2.62, 95% CI 1.31-5.20); and one or more previous abortion (OR 1.58, 95% CI 1.09-2.28). Parity of two or more had a seemingly protective effect (OR 0.40, 95% CI 0.24-0.70), as did smoking at the start of pregnancy (OR 0.28, 95% CI 0.09-0.88). Retained placenta was significantly associated with an increased risk of postpartum hemorrhage. The OR related to blood loss exceeding 500 mL, 1,000 mL, and 2,000 mL and the need for blood transfusion was 33.07 (95% CI 20.57-53.16), 43.44 (95% CI 26.57-71.02), 111.24 (95% CI 27.26-454.00), and 37.48 (95% CI 13.63-103.03), respectively. Diabetes was numerically overrepresented in the case group, but the power of the study to detect a significant difference in risk outcome was insufficient. CONCLUSION: Identifying risk factors for retained placenta is important in the assessment of women after delivery. The increased risk associated with duration of oxytocin use is of interest, considering its widespread use. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: II.

Distócia de ombro / Shoulder dystocia

A Distócia de Ombro é definida, de acordo com os Colégios Americano e Britânico de Obstetrícia e Ginecologia, como parto que necessita de manobras obstétricas adicionais, após falência da tração da cabeça fetal para liberar os ombros. Apesar de sua baixa incidência, é uma complicação com importante morbidade para o recém nascido e que pode levar a intercorrências maternas, sendo entretanto passível de ser evitada. Esse artigo de revisão se propõe a sumarizar a epidemiologia, fisiopatologia, conduta e complicações, enfocando os fatores de risco e as manobras mais utilizadas, dada a importância de ambos na prevenção dessa complicação. (AU)

The Shoulder Dystocia is defined, according to British and American Colleges of Obstetrics and Gynecology, as delivery which requires additional obstetric maneuvers after failure of traction of the fetal head to release the shoulders. Despite its low incidence, it is a complication with significant morbidity for the newborn and wich can lead to maternal complications. Despite of this, is able to be avoided. This review aims to summarize the epidemiology, pathophysiology, management and complications, focusing on risk factors and the most commonly used maneuvers, due to the importance of both in preventing this complication. (AU)

Caracterização das cesarianas em centro de parto normal / Cesarean sections in a birth center / Caracterización de las cesáreas en centro de parto normal

OBJETIVO: Estimar a prevalência de cesarianas em um centro de parto normal intra-hospitalar e identificar fatores associados. MÉTODOS: Estudo transversal com análise de prontuários de 2.441 partos assistidos em março e abril de 2005 em um centro de parto normal intra-hospitalar de São Paulo, SP. A variável dependente (tipo de parto) foi classificada como parto normal e operação cesariana. As variáveis independentes foram categorizadas em quatro grupos: demográficas; história obstétrica pregressa e atual; assistência intraparto; e resultados perinatais. A razão de prevalência e o intervalo de 95 por cento de confiança (IC95 por cento) foram calculados para identificar associação entre tipo de parto e variáveis maternas e do recém-nascido. RESULTADOS: Do total de partos, 14,9 por cento foram operações cesarianas. Ter sido submetida a cesariana na gestação atual esteve associado a cesariana em gestação anterior (RP = 3,19; IC95 por cento: 2,64;3,84), idade gestacional > 40 semanas (RP = 1,32; IC95 por cento: 1,09;1,61), ser admitida com cervicodilatação até 4 cm (RP = 3,22; IC95 por cento: 2,31;4,50), líquido amniótico meconial (RP = 2,5; IC95 por cento: 2,05;3,06). Quanto ao recém-nascido, a cesariana associou-se a peso > 4kg (RP = 1,86; IC95 por cento: 1,29;2,66). Entre as mulheres com cesariana em gestação anterior, ter também parto normal prévio foi fator de proteção para cesariana na gestação atual (RP = 0,46; IC95 por cento 0,30;0,71). Fatores relacionados à condição fetal, como estresse fetal, líquido amniótico meconial, apresentação pélvica e macrossomia corresponderam a 47,8 por cento (175) das indicações para a realização da cesariana; condições ligadas ao mecanismo do parto, como parada de progressão, distócia funcional e distócia de rotação totalizaram 31,3 por cento (115) das indicações. CONCLUSÕES: A prevalência de cesariana mostrou-se dentro dos limites propostos pela Organização Mundial da Saúde. Mulheres com cesariana em gestação anterior, admitidas com até 4 cm de dilatação, idade gestacional > 40 semanas, com líquido amniótico meconial e recém-nascido > 4 kg tiveram maior risco para cesariana.

OBJECTIVE: To estimate the prevalence of cesarean sections in a birth center of a hospital and identify factors associated. METHODS: Cross-sectional study including medical records of 2,441 births assisted in a birth center in the city of São Paulo, southeastern Brazil, between March and April 2005. The dependent variable (type of delivery) included vaginal delivery and cesarean section. The independent variables were grouped into four categories: demographic characteristics; current and past obstetric history; intrapartum care; and perinatal outcomes. Prevalence ratios and 95 percent confidence intervals (95 percent CI) were estimated to assess the association between type of delivery and maternal and newborn variables. RESULTS: Of all deliveries, 14.9 percent were cesarean sections. Cesarean section in the current pregnancy was associated with past cesarean sections (PR = 3.19, 95 percentCI: 2.64,3.84); gestational age > 40 weeks (PR = 1.32, 95 percentCI: 1.09;1.61); cervical dilation of up to 4 cm on admission (PR = 3.22, 95 percentCI: 2.31;4.50); and meconium-stained amniotic fluid (PR = 2.5, 95 percentCI: 2.05;3.06). Regarding newborn characteristics cesarean section was associated with birth weight >4 kg (PR = 1.86, 95 percentCI: 1.29;2.66). Among women with history of past cesarean sections, having had also a prior vaginal delivery was a protective factor for cesarean section in the current pregnancy (PR = 0.46, 95 percentCI: 0.30;0.71). Factors related to fetal conditions including fetal stress, meconium-stained amniotic fluid, breech presentation and macrosomia accounted for 47.8 percent (175) while those related to the mechanism of birth including arrest disorders, and functional and rotation dystocia accounted for 31.3 percent (115) of all indications for a cesarean section. CONCLUSIONS: Prevalence of c-section was consistent with World Health Organization recommendations. Increased risk of c-section was associated with prior history of c-sections, cervical dilation of at least 4 cm upon admission, gestational age > 40 weeks, meconium-stained amniotic fluid, and birthweight > 4 kg.

OBJETIVO: Estimar la prevalencia de cesáreas en un centro de parto normal intra-hospitalario e identificar factores asociados. MÉTODOS: Estudio transversal con análisis de prontuarios de los 2.441 partos asistidos en marzo y abril de 2005 en Centro de Parto Normal de Sao Paulo, Sureste de Brasil. La variable dependiente (tipo de parto) fue clasificada como parto normal y operación cesárea. Las variables independientes fueron categorizadas en cuatro grupos: demográficas; historia obstétrica anterior y actual; asistencia intraparto; y resultados prenatales. La tasa de prevalencia y el intervalo con 95 por ciento de confianza (IC95 por ciento) fueron calculados para identificar asociación entre tipo de parto y variables maternas y del recién nacido. RESULTADOS: Del total de partos, 14,9 por ciento fueron operaciones cesáreas. Haber tenido parto por cesárea en la gestación actual estuvo asociada a cesárea en gestación anterior (RP=3,19; IC95 por ciento: 2,64;3,84), edad gestacional >40 semanas (RP=1,32;IC95 por ciento: 1,09;1,61), ser admitida con dilatación cervical hasta 4 cm (RP=3,22; IC95 por ciento: 2,31;4,50), liquido amniótico meconial (RP=2,5; IC95 por ciento: 2,05;3,06). con relación al recién nacido, la cesárea se asoció al peso>4kg (RP=1,86; IC 95 por ciento: 1,29;2,66). Entre las mujeres con cesárea en gestación anterior, tener también parto normal previo fue factor de protección para cesárea en la gestación actual (RP=0,46; IC95 por ciento: 0,30;0,71). Factores relacionados a la condición fetal, como estrés fetal, liquido amniótico meconial, presentación pélvica y macrosomia correspondieron a 41,8 por ciento (175) de las indicaciones para la realización de la cesárea; condiciones ligadas al mecanismo del parto, como parada de progresión, distoccia funcional y distoccia de rotación totalizaron 31,3 por ciento (115) de las indicaciones. CONCLUSIONES: La prevalencia de cesárea se mostró dentro de los límites propuestos por la Organización Mundial de la Salud. Mayor riesgo para cesárea fue asociado a cesárea en gestación anterior, dilatación cervical hasta 4 cm, edad gestacional >40 semanas, presencia de liquido amniótico meconial y peso del recién nacido >4 kg.

Risk indicators for dystocia in low-risk nulliparous women: a study on lifestyle and anthropometrical factors.

We examined background information and course of labour from a cohort of 2,810 low-risk nulliparas to identify possible lifestyle and anthropometrical risk indicators for dystocia. Criteria for dystocia: cervical dilatation <2 cm over 4 h during labour's active phase, or no descent during 2 h (3 h with epidural) in the descending phase, or no progress for 1 h during the expulsive phase. After adjustments, athletics or heavy gardening > or =4 h per week appeared protective for dystocia (OR 0.63, CI 0.45-0.89), contrary to a non-significant finding of intensive physical training (OR 1.57, CI 0.84-2.93). Caffeine intake of 200-299 mg/day was associated with dystocia (OR 1.37, CI 1.04-1.80); also high maternal age (OR 2.25, CI 1.58-3.22), small stature (OR 2.18, CI 1.51-3.15) and pre-pregnancy overweight (OR 1.28, CI 1.02-1.61). No association was found between dystocia and alcohol intake, smoking, night sleep and options for resting during the day.

Woman abuse and pregnancy outcome among women in Khoram Abad, Islamic Republic of Iran.

We carried out a descriptive analysis on the pregnancy outcome in 313 pregnant women abused, 160 non-abused). Abuse was statistically significantly correlated with mean weight gain during pregnancy, mean frequency of the prenatal care, prolonged labour (dystocia), premature rupture of membrane, low mean birth weight and mean gestational age at birth. Given the high likelihood that a woman will access health care services during her pregnancy, physicians providing prenatal care are in a strategic position to screen for partner abuse.

[Neglected shoulders reported at the Befelatanana Maternity Hospital (Antananarivo, Madagascar)]. / Les épaules négligées vues à la maternité de Befelatanana à Antananarivo, Madagascar.

We conducted a retrospective study on neglected shoulders during 12 months at the Maternity Hospital of Befelatanana, 31 cases among 4685 deliveries were reported. The majority of the pregnancies are not under medical supervision and no ultrasound is carried out during the third trimester. There were 8 cases of uterine rupture, 2 haemorrhage shocks, 6 syndromes of prerupture, 6 umbilical cord prolapses at the third degree and 6 tears of the cervix. 20 caesarean sections have been performed as well as a turning of foetus in utero in 3 women, 4 hysterectomies, and a conservative suture with uterine tube ligation in the other cases. Often linked to a large multiparity the neglected shoulder remains quite frequent in developing countries such as Madagascar and regular prenatal consultations together with a rigorous clinical exam are highly recommended by the authors to make an early diagnosis and provide a better care management.

Effects on perinatal outcome of treating women with 1 elevated glucose tolerance test value.

OBJECTIVE: This study was undertaken to determine whether medical nutrition therapy and home glucose monitoring can reduce complications in pregnancies with 1 elevated oral glucose tolerance test value. STUDY DESIGN: This was a retrospective case-control study with historical controls. Medical records of women with one elevated oral glucose tolerance test value between January 2001 and June 2006 were reviewed; routine medical nutrition therapy and self-blood glucose monitoring for this group of women was initiated in April 2004. Women before (untreated group) and after (treated group) the initiation of therapy were compared. Baseline characteristics, as well pregnancy weight gain, birthweight greater than 4000 g, incidence of shoulder dystocia, cesarean delivery rate, and neonatal metabolic complications were compared. Student t test, Mann-Whitney U test, and chi2 test were used as appropriate, with P < .05 considered significant. RESULTS: Fifty-seven women comprised the untreated group, and 69 were in the treated group. Except for greater prepregnancy weight in the treated group, maternal characteristics did not differ significantly between the 2 groups. Mean birthweight was similar between untreated and treated subjects (3385 g vs 3476 g, P = .45). Number of subjects with birthweights greater than 4000 g, shoulder dystocia, and unplanned cesarean deliveries were similar between the 2 groups. CONCLUSION: In our patient population, women with 1 elevated oral glucose tolerance test value did not benefit from a structured program of medical nutritional therapy and self-blood glucose monitoring.

Incidence and breed predilection for dystocia and risk factors for cesarean section in a Swedish population of insured dogs.

OBJECTIVES: To estimate the incidence and breed predilection for canine dystocia using data from insurance claims. The risk factors for cesarean section (CS) were assessed for bitches with dystocia. STUDY DESIGN: Retrospective, longitudinal study. SAMPLE POPULATION: Insurance claims records (1995-2002) from a Swedish animal insurance database (Agria), including approximately 200,000 bitches. METHODS: The overall incidence rate of dystocia in insured bitches was calculated by dividing the number of reimbursed dystocia claims with the number of dog years at risk. Subsequently, incidence rates were stratified by breed, region, and habitat. The proportion of bitches with a dystocia claim that had CS were calculated, and risk factors for CS were assessed using a logistic regression model. RESULTS: Between 1995 and 2002, 3894 (2%) of 195,931 Swedish bitches included in the study had a reimbursed insurance claim for dystocia. The overall incidence rate of dystocia was 5.7 cases/ 1000 dog years at risk. Some breeds like the Scottish terrier were at increased risk of dystocia. Among bitches with dystocia, 63.8% were treated by CS. CONCLUSION: Dystocia in the bitch is more common than reported earlier. The risk of developing dystocia varies by breed, and a high percentage (63.8%) of affected bitches undergo CS. Clinical Relevance- Breeders and veterinarians could use this information to better predict which bitches are likely to experience dystocia and/or CS.