Fatores associados ao elevado percentual de gordura corporal em indivíduos fisicamente ativos / Factors associated with the high body fat percentage in physically active individuals

Introdução: O exercício físico é praticado com diversos objetivos, destacando-se a promoção na mudança da composição corporal, com a redução de gordura e aumento de massa magra. Assim, compreender os fatores que podem estar associados nesta modificação se torna relevante. Objetivo: Analisar os fatores demográficos, estilo de vida, bioquímico, alimentares e de treinamento associados ao percentual de gordura corporal em praticantes de exercício físico em academias. Materiais e Métodos: Estudo transversal com 143 praticantes de exercícios físicos saudáveis, de ambos os sexos. Características sociodemográficas e estilo de vida foram obtidas através da aplicação de questionário. O consumo alimentar foi obtido através de registros alimentares de 24h, considerando as médias de três dias. A composição corporal foi avaliada por meio de avaliação antropométrica e pelo teste de bioimpedância elétrica. A análise estatística contemplou o teste de Shapiro Wilk para verificação da normalidade; o qui-quadrado e exato de Fisher foram usados para avaliar a associação entre as variáveis categóricas e a variável resposta e os testes de Mann-Whitney e t de Student para as contínuas. A regressão de Poisson com variância robusta foi usada para determinar as associações entre variáveis estudadas. O software Stata versão 14.0 foi usado para análise estatística, tendo sido adotado o valor de p <0,05. Resultados: A prevalência de gordura corporal elevada foi de 49,3% nos homens e 79,2% nas mulheres. Os fatores associados foram o maior consumo de proteína e fibras nas mulheres e a concentração de monócitos nos homens. Conclusão: Apesar de se tratar de público fisicamente ativo, observou-se elevado percentual de gordura entre os participantes do estudo e os fatores associados reforçam o caráter multietiológico deste indicador. (AU)

Introduction: Physical exercise is practiced with several objectives, especially the promotion of changes in body composition, with fat reduction and increase in lean mass. Thus, understanding the factors that may be associated with this modification becomes relevant. Objective: To analyze demographic, lifestyle, biochemical, dietary, and training factors associated with the percentage of body fat in practitioners of physical exercise in gyms. Materials and Methods: Cross-sectional study with 143 healthy physical exercise practitioners, of both sexes. Sociodemographic characteristics and lifestyle were obtained through the application of a questionnaire. Food consumption was obtained through 24-hour food records, considering the averages of three days. Body composition was assessed using anthropometric assessment and the electrical bioimpedance test. The statistical analysis included the Shapiro Wilk test to verify normality, the chi-square and Fisher's exact test were used to assess the association between categorical variables and the response variable and the Mann-Whitney and Student t tests for the continuous variables. Poisson regression with robust variance was used to determine the associations between studied variables. Stata software version 14.0 was used for statistical analysis and a value of p <0.05 was adopted. Results: The prevalence of high body fat was 49.3% in men and 79.2% in women. The associated factors were the higher consumption of protein and fibers in women and the concentration of monocytes in men. Conclusion: Despite being a physically active public, a high percentage of fat was observed among the study participants and the associated factors reinforce the multi-etiological character of this indicator. (AU)

Índice Peso Circunferencia de Cintura como indicador complementario de sobrepeso y obesidad en diferentes grupos de sujetos / Weight Waist Circumference Index as a complementary indicator of overweight and obesity in different groups of subjects

En este estudio se compara el Índice de Peso-Circunferencia de Cintura (IPCC), con los indicadores Índice de Masa Corporal (IMC), Índice Cintura-Talla (ICT) y Porcentaje de Grasa Corporal (%GC), en tres grupos de sujetos para determinar que tan eficiente resulta en el diagnósticoo de sobrepeso y obesidad y proponerlo como complemento de los otros indicadores mencionados. Métodos: estudio exploratorio, descriptivo, prospectivo y correlacional en una muestra probabilística de 655 sujetos, dividida en tres sub muestras: 455 niños y adolescentes, 97 universitarios y 103 adultos. Variables: edad, sexo, peso, talla, circunferencia de cintura (CC), Índice de Masa Corporal (IMC), Índice Cintura Talla (ICT) e Índice de Peso-Circunferencia de Cintura (IPCC), Porcentaje de Grasa Corporal (%GC). Medidas estadísticas: descriptivas, asociación, correlación, comparación de promedios y regresión logística. Resultados: IMC revela, sobrepeso y obesidad mayor en adultos; CC e ICT mayor riesgo en adultos; %GC reporta obesidad en 6,8% niños, 17,9% universitarios y 64,8% adultos. IPCC se comporta normalmente, aumenta con la edad, 15,6% en niños y adolescentes, 14,4% universitarios y 14,6% adultos, en riesgo. Promedios del IPCC por sexo, en niños y adolescentes, no significativos; correlaciona con peso, talla e IMC (r>0,70). Regresión logística evidencia verosimilitud significativa (p<0,001), regresiones mayores a 0,90 y bondad de ajuste significativas (p<0,000). Conclusiones: Considerar el IPCC conjuntamente con otros indicadores para evaluar sobrepeso y obesidad(AU)

This study compares the Waist Weight-Circumference Index (WIWC), with the indicators Body Mass Index (BMI), Waist-Height Index (WHI) and Body Fat Percentage (BF%), in three groups of subjects to determine how efficient it is in the diagnosis of overweight and obesity and propose it as a complement to the other indicators mentioned. Methods: Methods: exploratory, descriptive, prospective and correlational study in a probabilistic sample of 655 subjects, divided into three sub-samples: 455 children and adolescents, 97 university students and 103 adults. Variables: age, sex, weight, height, waist circumference (WC), Body Mass Index (BMI), Waist Height Index (WHI) and Waist Circumference Weight Index (WIWC), Body Fat Percentage (BF%). Statistical measures: descriptive, association, correlation, comparison of averages and logistic regression. Results: BMI reveals, overweight and obesity in adults; CW and WHI increased risk in adults; BF% reports obesity in 6.8% children, 17.9% university students and 64.8% adults. WIWC behaves normally, increases with age, 15.6% in children and adolescents, 14.4% university students and 14.6% adults, at risk. WIWC averages by sex, in children and adolescents, not significant; correlates with weight, height and BMI (r> 0.70). Logistic regression shows significant likelihood (p <0.001), regressions greater than 0.90 and significant goodness of fit (p <0.000). Conclusions: Consider the WIWC together with other indicators to assess overweight and obesity. Keywords: Overweight, Obesity, Body Mass Index, Waist Circumference, Waist Size Index, Weight Index Waist Circumference, Body Fat Percentage(AU)

Machine learning of human plasma lipidomes for obesity estimation in a large population cohort.

Obesity is associated with changes in the plasma lipids. Although simple lipid quantification is routinely used, plasma lipids are rarely investigated at the level of individual molecules. We aimed at predicting different measures of obesity based on the plasma lipidome in a large population cohort using advanced machine learning modeling. A total of 1,061 participants of the FINRISK 2012 population cohort were randomly chosen, and the levels of 183 plasma lipid species were measured in a novel mass spectrometric shotgun approach. Multiple machine intelligence models were trained to predict obesity estimates, i.e., body mass index (BMI), waist circumference (WC), waist-hip ratio (WHR), and body fat percentage (BFP), and validated in 250 randomly chosen participants of the Malmö Diet and Cancer Cardiovascular Cohort (MDC-CC). Comparison of the different models revealed that the lipidome predicted BFP the best (R2 = 0.73), based on a Lasso model. In this model, the strongest positive and the strongest negative predictor were sphingomyelin molecules, which differ by only 1 double bond, implying the involvement of an unknown desaturase in obesity-related aberrations of lipid metabolism. Moreover, we used this regression to probe the clinically relevant information contained in the plasma lipidome and found that the plasma lipidome also contains information about body fat distribution, because WHR (R2 = 0.65) was predicted more accurately than BMI (R2 = 0.47). These modeling results required full resolution of the lipidome to lipid species level, and the predicting set of biomarkers had to be sufficiently large. The power of the lipidomics association was demonstrated by the finding that the addition of routine clinical laboratory variables, e.g., high-density lipoprotein (HDL)- or low-density lipoprotein (LDL)- cholesterol did not improve the model further. Correlation analyses of the individual lipid species, controlled for age and separated by sex, underscores the multiparametric and lipid species-specific nature of the correlation with the BFP. Lipidomic measurements in combination with machine intelligence modeling contain rich information about body fat amount and distribution beyond traditional clinical assays.

Relación entre indicadores antropométricos y masa grasa medida por deuterio en escolares costarricenses / Relationship between anthropometric indicators and fat mass measured by deuterium in Costa Rican schoolchildren / Relação entre indicadores antropométricos e massa gordurosa medida por deutério em crianças da escola costarriquenhos

El propósito de este estudio fue identificar la relación entre la masa grasa expresada como porcentaje de grasa corporal (%GC) medida por el método de deuterio (D2O) e indicadores antropométricos en escolares costarricenses. Se trata de un estudio descriptivo transversal en el que participaron 54 niños y 49 niñas de 6 a 9 años. Se realizaron medidas antropométricas: peso, talla, índice de masa corporal, circunferencia de brazo, circunferencia de cintura, circunferencia abdominal, pliegue cutáneo subescapular y pliegue cutáneo tricipital. El análisis del %GC se realizó por medio del método de referencia del D2O. Se realizó una estadística descriptiva y se aplicó un análisis de coeficiente de correlación de Pearson para identificar la relación entre las mediciones antropométricas y el %GC obtenido por D2O. En el grupo de escolares, las niñas presentaron valores mayores de talla y pliegue cutáneo tricipital (p<0,05) y %GC obtenida por D2O (p<0,001). Se observó una fuerte correlación entre el %GC medido por D2O y el índice de masa corporal, la circunferencia de cintura y la circunferencia abdominal tanto en los niños como en las niñas. Se concluye que la circunferencia de cintura y la circunferencia abdominal podrían ser utilizadas conjuntamente con el IMC como herramientas para el diagnóstico de sobrepeso y obesidad en población escolar, cuando no se cuente con metodologías más precisas que determinen el %GC.

The purpose of this study was to identify the relationship between fat mass (FM) expressed as body fat percentage (%BF) measured by the deuterium method (D2O) and anthropometric indicators in Costa Rican schoolchildren. A cross-sectional descriptive study was performed and the participants were 54 boys and 49 girls of ages between six and nine years old. The anthropometric measurements recorded were weight, height, body mass index (BMI), arm circumference (AC), waist circumference (WC), abdominal circumference (AC), subscapular skinfold (SSF), and tricipital skinfold (TSF). The analysis of %BF was performed by means of D2O reference method. Descriptive statistics and the application of Pearson correlation coefficient analysis identified the relationship between anthropometric measurements and %BF obtained by D2O. From the group of schoolchildren, the girls showed greater values for height and tricipital skinfold (p<0.05) and %BF obtained by D2O (p<0.001). This study evidences a strong correlation between %BF measured by D2O and BMI, WC and AC in both girls and boys. It is concluded that WC and AC could be used together with the IMC as tools for the diagnosis of overweight and obesity in schoolchildren, when there are no more precise methodologies that determine the %BF.

O objetivo deste estudo foi identificar a relação entre a massa gordurosa (MG), expressa como percentagem de gordura corporal (%GC) medida pelo método de deutério (D2O) e indicadores antropométricos em escolas da Costa Rica. Trata-se de um estudo descritivo transversal, no qual participaram 54 meninos e 49 meninas com idade entre seis e nove anos. Foram realizadas medidas antropométricas: peso, tamanho, índice de massa corporal (IMC), circunferência do braço (CB), circunferência da cintura (CC), circunferência abdominal (CA), prega cutânea subescapular (PCS) e prega cutânea tricipital (PCT). A análise da %GC foi realizada pelo método de referência D2O, realizou-se uma estatística descritiva e foi aplicada análise coeficiente de correlação de Pearson para identificar a relação entre as medições antropométricas e a %GC obtida por meio do D2O. No grupo de escolares, as meninas apresentaram maiores valores de estatura e PCT (p<0,05) e %GC obtida por D2O (p<0,001). Observou-se uma importante correlação entre %GC medida por D2O e IMC, CC e CA tanto nos meninos quanto nas meninas. Conclui-se que a CC e a CA poderiam ser utilizadas conjuntamente com o IMC como ferramenta para o diagnóstico de sobrepeso e obesidade em população escolar, quando não se conte com metodologias mais precisas que determinem o %GC.

Association between lifestyle habits and adiposity values among children exposed and unexposed to gestational diabetes mellitus in utero.

AIMS: The objectives of this study were to assess the profile of lifestyle habits among children exposed (GDM+) or unexposed (GDM-) to GDM and to assess whether a healthy lifestyle profile is associated with lower adiposity values among these children. METHODS: A total of 105 GDM+ and 38 GDM- children aged 2-14 years were included. Vegetables and fruit intakes were collected using two 24-h dietary recalls. Physical activity and sedentary time were measured with accelerometers. Screen and sleep time were assessed using questionnaires. Weight, height and waist circumference were measured. Body composition was assessed by absorptiometry. RESULTS: GDM+ children had lower moderate-to-vigorous physical activity practice (p = 0.043) and fruit intake (p = 0.020) than GDM- children. Among children with an unhealthy lifestyle (meeting 0-2 lifestyle recommendations), GDM+ children had greater percentage of fat mass (p = 0.021) and android fat mass (p = 0.020) than GDM- children. Moreover, among GDM+ children, children with a healthy lifestyle (meeting 3-4 lifestyle recommendations) tended to have lower percentage of fat mass (p = 0.053) and android fat mass (p = 0.071) than those with an unhealthy lifestyle. CONCLUSION: Improving lifestyle habits among GDM+ children could represent a promising approach to prevent deteriorated adiposity values.

[The association between body fat distribution and calcaneal bone mineral density in children and adolescents aged 6-16 years in Beijing].

Objective: To understand the association between body fat distribution and calcaneal bone mineral density (BMD) in children and adolescents aged 6-16 years in Beijing. Methods: Children and adolescents were selected in 30 schools (8 primary schools, 21 middle schools and one 12-year education school) from Dongcheng, Tongzhou, Fangshan and Miyun districts of Beijing by using a stratified cluster sampling method from November 2017 to January 2018. A total of 15 030 students in grade 1 to 4 of primary school, grade 1 of junior and senior middle school were enrolled after excluding subjects who were not able to participate into this study due to trauma or other uncomfortable physical conditions or with missing key values or with diabetes and kidney diseases. Questionnaire survey, body composition and calcaneus bone mineral density were conducted. The relation of fat mass percentage (FMP), trunk to total fat ratio (TrTFR), trunk to limb fat ratio (TrLFR), limb to total fat ratio (LTFR) and viscera to total fat ratio (VTFR) with calcaneus BMD were assessed using the multivariate linear regression models after adjusting for possible confounding effects. The central fat distribution types were divided into 4 groups including type 1: both trunk fat and visceral fat greater than the sex-and age-specific internal P(75); type 2: barely trunk fat greater than P(75); type 3: barely visceral fat greater than P(75); type 4: both trunk fat and visceral fat greater than P(75). The central fat distribution types were included into the model in the form of dummy variables to analyze its relationship with calcaneal BMD. The sex-and age-specific z-scores of fat distribution indicators and BMD were calculated. Results: A total of 15 030 participants aged (11.4±3.3) years (50.2% boys) were involved in the analysis. In both genders, after adjusting for age, height, lean mass index, smoking, drinking, physical activity, milk intake, vitamin D and calcium supplementation, FMP, TrTFR, TrLFR and VTFR were negatively correlated with calcaneal BMD (all P value<0.05), while LTFR was positively associated with calcaneal BMD (all P values<0.05). Compared to the central fat distribution type 1, the regression coefficients (95% CI) of type 2, 3 and 4 were -0.253 (-0.418, -0.087), -0.385 (-0.567, -0.204) and -0.428 (-0.487, -0.369) in boys, respectively; the regression coefficients (95% CI) of type 3 and 4 were -0.158 (-0.301, -0.015) and -0.226 (-0.290, -0.163), respectively. Conclusion: Body fat distribution and central fat distribution in children and adolescents were correlated with calcaneus bone mineral density.

Influencia de la actividad física y el consumo calórico sobre la adiposidad visceral en adultos de la ciudad de Cuenca, Ecuador / Influence of physical activity and calorie intake on visceral adiposity in adults of the city of Cuenca, Ecuador

Introducción: El índice de adiposidad visceral (VAI) es un método sencillo y costo-efectivo en la determinación de adiposidad visceral. El objetivo de este estudio es evaluar la relación entre el VAI con diversos factores de riesgo cardiovascular, variables sociodemográficas y hábitos psicobiológicos en la población adulta de la ciudad de Cuenca, Ecuador. Materiales y métodos: Se realizó un estudio descriptivo transversal en 318 individuos adultos seleccionados mediante muestreo aleatorio y multietápico, a quienes se les realizó evaluación clínica, evaluación antropométrica y de laboratorio. El VAI se determinó utilizando las fórmulas propuestas que emplean circunferencia abdominal, el índice de masa corporal, los triacilglicéridos y HDL-C. Se realizó un modelo de regresión logística múltiple para determinar los principales factores asociados a adiposidad visceral en sus valores más elevados. Resultados: En los 318 individuos, el promedio del VAI fue 2,57 (1,66-3,94), con valores más elevados para el sexo femenino. En el modelo de regresión logística múltiple, los factores de riesgo significativos para VAI moderado-alto fueron: la edad (> 60 años: OR = 3,87; IC del 95%: 1,15-12,96; p = 0,03), el consumo calórico, la glucemia alterada en ayuno y la actividad física en ocio. Conclusión: El VAI es un método útil para definir a aquellos sujetos con adiposidad visceral en nuestra región. La edad, el consumo calórico diario y la glucemia alterada en ayuno son los principales factores asociados con los valores más elevados delíndice, mientras que la actividad física durante el ocio representó un factor protector para clasificar a los sujetos en los estadios más avanzados.

Introduction: The visceral adiposity index (VAI) is a simple and cost effective method for the determination of visceral adiposity. The objective of this study is to evaluate the relationship between VAI and different cardiovascular risk factors, sociodemographic variables, and psychobiological habits in the adult population of the city of Cuenca, Ecuador. Materials and methods: A descriptive cross-sectional study was performed on 318 adult individuals selected by multistage random sampling, who underwent a clinical, anthropometric and laboratory evaluation. VAI was determined using the proposed formula that used abdominal circumference, body mass index, triglycerides, and HDL-Cholesterol. A multiple logistic regression model was used to determine the main factors associated with the highest values of visceral adiposity. Results: The mean VAI was 2.57 (1.66-3.94) in the 318 individuals studied, with higher values for females. In the multiple logistic regression model, significant risk factors for moderatehigh VAI were: age (>60 years: OR = 3.87, 95% CI: 1.15-12.96, P=.03), calorie intake, impaired fasting glucose, and leisure time physical activity. Conclusion: VAI is a useful method to define those subjects with visceral adiposity in our region. Age, daily calorie intake, and impaired fasting glucose are the main factors associated with higher index values, while leisure time physical activity was a protective factor for classifying subjects in the more advanced stages.

CT-Derived Body Fat Distribution and Incident Cardiovascular Disease: The Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis.

Background: Visceral fat has been shown to be associated with increased cardiometabolic risk, but the role of subcutaneous fat remains unclear, and evidence from diverse populations is lacking. We hypothesized that visceral fat, but not subcutaneous fat, would be independently associated with incident cardiovascular disease (CVD) and all-cause mortality. Methods: Among 1910 participants from the Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis with abdominal fat measurements from computed tomography scans and followed for an average of 9.3 years, we used multivariable Cox proportional hazards models to investigate the relationship of both visceral and subcutaneous fat tertiles with CVD and all-cause mortality. We tested for interaction and performed sensitivity analysis for subgroups and missing values of visceral fat. Results: Participants had mean age of 65 years, visceral fat 150 cm2, subcutaneous fat 263 cm2, and 50% were female, 21% African American, 13% Asian, and 26% Hispanic. In models adjusted for age, sex, race/ethnicity, income, education, smoking, and subcutaneous fat, there was a statistically significant positive association between visceral fat and CVD, but not mortality. The association for combined CVD may be driven by incident coronary heart disease [tertile 2: hazard ratio, 2.43 (1.38 to 4.28); tertile 3: hazard ratio, 3.00 (1.66 to 5.43)]. Additionally, we found no substantial associations between subcutaneous fat and CVD or mortality. There were no statistically significant interactions by age, sex, or race/ethnicity. Conclusions: Visceral fat, but not subcutaneous fat, is significantly associated with increased risk for CVD in a multiethnic cohort. These data support the need for effective strategies for lifestyle changes that prevent and reduce visceral fat.

Proposing Using Waist-to-Height Ratio as the Initial Metric for Body Fat Assessment Standards in the U.S. Army.

OBJECTIVES: Soldiers failing to meet Army Regulation 600-9 (AR 600-9) for weight-to-height standards are required to undergo body fat taping assessment. This article describes a clinical performance improvement project in which battalion medical staff identified a simpler way to improve on meeting AR 600-9 standards with proposing to use the waist-to-height ratio (WtHR) in place of the current methodology. METHODS: During a yearlong combat deployment to Iraq from 2009 to 2010, 42 Soldiers (34 males, 8 females) were evaluated and monitored by battalion medical staff for weight and body fat loss. Mean body mass index and waist circumference were compared between baseline or initial assessment and final assessment. The percentage of Soldiers meeting body fat standards was compared among those who had attained a WtHR ≤ 55% versus those who had not. RESULTS: By the final assessment, mean body mass index had decreased 2.21 kg/m2 or 6.6% (p = 0.002) and mean waist circumference had decreased 6.0 cm or 5.8% (p = 0.008). All Soldiers who had attained a WtHR ≤ 55% met AR 600-9 body fat taping assessment standards and presented a professional military appearance. CONCLUSION: Attaining a WtHR ≤ 55% is an effective measure of body composition that was able to predict a Soldiers' achievement of body fat standards metric for meeting AR 600-9 standards and achieving a professional military appearance.

Adiponectin protects against incident hypertension independent of body fat distribution: observations from the Dallas Heart Study.

BACKGROUND: Excess adipose tissue has been implicated in the pathogenesis of insulin resistance and atherosclerosis and is a key risk factor for blood pressure (BP) elevation. However, circulating levels of adiponectin, a protein produced by adipose tissue and widely implicated in the pathogenesis of insulin resistance and atherosclerosis, are inversely proportional to adiposity. The relationship between adiponectin and incident hypertension has not been determined in the general US population. METHODS: Normotensive participants (n = 1233) enrolled in the Dallas Heart Study, a multiethnic, probability-based population sample of Dallas County adults were followed for median of 7 years. Retroperitoneal, intraperitoneal, visceral, and subcutaneous adipose tissue were measured at baseline by magnetic resonance imaging. Liver fat content was measured by 1 H-magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Relative risk regression was used to determine the association of adiponectin with incident hypertension after adjustment for age, race, sex, BMI, smoking, diabetes, baseline systolic BP, total cholesterol, and regional fat depot. RESULTS: Of the 1233 study participants (median age 40 years, 40% black, and 56% women), 391 (32%) had developed hypertension over a median follow-up of 7 years. Adiponectin levels were associated with reduced risk of incident hypertension (RR 0.81, 95% CI [0.68-0.96]) in the fully adjusted model, which included liver fat. Similar results were observed after adjustment for subcutaneous or visceral fat depots when tested individually or simultaneously in the model. CONCLUSION: Our study suggested a protective role of adiponectin against incident hypertension independent of body fat distribution.

Blood pressure and body composition of rural Oraons of North 24 Parganas, West Bengal, India.

SUMMARY: Prevalence of hypertension is increasing among indigenous populations of India. However, the relationship of body composition traits and hypertension among them is not known. Therefore, the objective of the study is to know the incidence of hypertension and associated body composition traits of rural Oraons. Data have been collected on socio-demographic characteristics, few lifestyle variables, anthropometric measurements and blood pressure from 336 adult (126 males and 210 females) Oraons using standard techniques and instruments. BMI, Waist Hip Ratio, Fat Mass, Fat Free Mass were calculated using formulae. Descriptive statistics, stepwise linear and logistic regression were adopted. Higher percentages of males (46.03%) were hypertensive than females (25.71%). Age was one of the significant predictor of systolic and diastolic blood pressure in either sex with or without adjusting lifestyle variables. Fat free mass, waist circumference along with tobacco chewing for males and mid-upper arm circumference, weight for females were significant predictors of systolic and diastolic blood pressure, respectively. The risk factors for hypertension were age and fat free mass, adjusting lifestyle variables for the group.

The relationships between body composition characteristics and cognitive functioning in a population-based sample of older British men.

BACKGROUND: Current research has established obesity as one of the main modifiable risk factors for cognitive impairment. However, evidence on the relationships of total and regional body composition measures as well as sarcopenia with cognitive functioning in the older population remains inconsistent. METHODS: Data are based on 1,570 participants from the British Regional Heart Study (BRHS), a cohort of older British men from 24 British towns initiated in 1978-80, who were re-examined in 2010-12, aged 71-92 years. Cognitive functioning was assessed with the Test-Your-Memory cognitive screening tool. Body composition characteristics assessed using bioelectrical impedance analysis included total fat mass (FM), central FM, peripheral FM, and visceral fat level. Sarcopenia was defined using the European Working Group on Sarcopenia in Older People (EWGSOP) definition of severe sarcopenia and the Foundation for the National Institutes of Health (FNIH) sarcopenia project criteria. RESULTS: Among 1,570 men, 636 (41 %) were classified in the mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and 133 (8 %) in the severe cognitive impairment (SCI) groups. Age-adjusted multinomial logistic regressions showed that compared with participants in the normal cognitive ageing group, those with SCI were more likely to have waist circumference >102 cm, BMI >30 kg/m(2), to be in the upper quintile of total FM, central FM, peripheral FM and visceral fat level and to be sarcopenic. The relationships remained significant for total FM (RR = 2.16, 95 % CI 1.29-3.63), central FM (RR = 1.85, 95 % CI 1.09-3.14), peripheral FM (RR = 2.67, 95 % CI 1.59-4.48), visceral fat level (RR = 2.28, 95 % CI 1.32-3.94), BMI (RR = 2.25, 95 % CI 1.36-3.72) and waist circumference (RR = 1.63, 95 % CI 1.05-2.55) after adjustments for alcohol, smoking, social class, physical activity and history of cardiovascular diseases or diabetes. After further adjustments for interleukin-6 and insulin resistance, central FM, waist circumference and sarcopenia were no longer significantly associated with SCI. CONCLUSIONS: Increased levels of peripheral FM, visceral fat level, and BMI are associated with SCI among older people. Distinct pathophysiological mechanisms link regional adipose tissue deposition and cognitive functioning.

Associations between diet, physical activity and body fat distribution: a cross sectional study in an Indian population.

BACKGROUND: Obesity is a growing health problem in India and worldwide, due to changes in lifestyle. This study aimed to explore the independent associations between dietary and physical activity exposure variables and total body fat and distribution in an Indian setting. METHODS: Individuals who had participated in the Indian Migration Study (IMS) or the Andhra Pradesh Children And Parents' Study (APCAPS), were invited to participate in the Hyderabad DXA Study. Total and abdominal body fat of study participants was measured using DXA scans. Diet and physical activity (PA) levels were measured using questionnaires. RESULTS: Data on 2208 participants was available for analysis; mean age was 49 yrs in IMS, 21 yrs in APCAPS. Total energy intake was positively associated with total body fat in the APCAPS sample: a 100 kcal higher energy intake was associated with 45 g higher body fat (95% CI 22, 68). In the IMS sample no association was found with total energy intake, but there was a positive association with percent protein intake (1% higher proportion of energy from protein associated with 509 g (95% CI 138,880) higher total body fat). Broadly the same pattern of associations was found with proportion of fat in the abdominal region as the outcome. PA was inversely associated with total body fat in both populations (in APCAPS, one MET-hour higher activity was associated with 46 g (95% CI 12, 81) less body fat; in the IMS it was associated with 145 g less body fat (95% CI 73, 218)). An inverse association was observed between PA and percentage abdominal fat in the IMS but no association was seen in the APCAPS population. CONCLUSIONS: In this Indian population, there was an inverse association between PA and body fat. Associations between body fat and dietary variables differed between the younger APCAPS population and older IMS population. Further longitudinal research is needed to elucidate causality and directions of these associations across the life course.

Ethnic differences in associations between fat deposition and incident diabetes and underlying mechanisms: the SABRE study.

OBJECTIVE: To examine ethnic differences in ectopic fat and associations with incident diabetes. METHODS: In a UK cohort study, 1338 Europeans, 838 South Asians, and 330 African Caribbeans living in London were aged 40-69 years at baseline. Baseline assessment included blood tests, anthropometry, and questionnaires. Anthropometry-based prediction equations estimated baseline visceral adipose tissue (VAT). Incident diabetes was ascertained from record review, self-report, or oral glucose tolerance testing. RESULTS: South Asians had more and African Caribbeans less estimated VAT than Europeans. Both ethnic minorities had larger truncal skinfolds than Europeans. In men, adjustment for risk factors (BMI, smoking, systolic blood pressure, and HDL-cholesterol) markedly attenuated the association between estimated VAT and diabetes in Europeans (standardized subhazard ratios [95% CI]: from 1.74 [1.49, 2.03] to 1.16 [0.77, 1.76]) and African Caribbeans (1.72 [1.26, 2.35] to 1.44 [0.69, 3.02]) but not South Asians (1.60 [1.38, 1.86] to 1.90 [1.37, 2.64]). In women, attenuation was observed only for South Asians (1.80 [1.01, 3.23] to 1.07 [0.49, 2.31]). Associations between truncal skinfolds and diabetes appeared less affected by multivariable adjustment in South Asians and African Caribbeans than Europeans (1.24 [0.97, 1.57] and 1.28 [0.89, 1.82] versus 1.02 [0.77, 1.36] in men; 1.91 [1.03, 3.56] and 1.42 [0.86, 2.34] versus 1.23 [0.74, 2.05] in women). CONCLUSIONS: Differences in overall truncal fat, as well as VAT, may contribute to the excess of diabetes in South Asian and African Caribbean groups, particularly for women.

The relationship of body mass and fat distribution with incident hypertension: observations from the Dallas Heart Study.

BACKGROUND: Obesity has been linked to the development of hypertension, but whether total adiposity or site-specific fat accumulation underpins this relationship is unclear. OBJECTIVES: This study sought to determine the relationship between adipose tissue distribution and incident hypertension. METHODS: Normotensive participants enrolled in the Dallas Heart Study were followed for a median of 7 years for the development of hypertension (systolic blood pressure [SBP] ≥140 mm Hg, diastolic blood pressure ≥90 mm Hg, or initiation of blood pressure medications). Visceral adipose tissue (VAT) and subcutaneous adipose tissue (SAT) was quantified by magnetic resonance imaging and proton-spectroscopic imaging, and lower body fat (LBF) was imaged by dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry. Multivariable relative risk regression was performed to test the association between individual fat depots and incident hypertension, adjusting for age, sex, race/ethnicity, diabetes, smoking, SBP, and body mass index (BMI). RESULTS: Among 903 participants (median age, 40 years; 57% women; 60% nonwhite; median BMI 27.5 kg/m(2)), 230 (25%) developed incident hypertension. In multivariable analyses, higher BMI was significantly associated with incident hypertension (relative risk: 1.24; 95% confidence interval: 1.12 to 1.36, per 1-SD increase). However, when VAT, SAT, and LBF were added to the model, only VAT remained independently associated with incident hypertension (relative risk: 1.22; 95% confidence interval: 1.06 to 1.39, per 1-SD increase). CONCLUSIONS: Increased visceral adiposity, but not total or subcutaneous adiposity, was robustly associated with incident hypertension. Additional studies will be needed to elucidate the mechanisms behind this association.

Effects of probiotic yogurt on fat distribution and gene expression of proinflammatory factors in peripheral blood mononuclear cells in overweight and obese people with or without weight-loss diet.

OBJECTIVES: The purpose of this study was to investigate whether probiotics had an effect on proinflammatory markers and cytokines in overweight and obese individuals and whether they could have synergistic effects with weight-loss diets. METHODS: A total of 75 healthy overweight and obese individuals completed this randomized doubled-blind controlled clinical trial. Participants were randomly assigned to groups consuming regular yogurt with a low-calorie diet (LCD, RLCD; n = 25) or receiving probiotic yogurt with LCD (PLCD; n = 25) or consuming probiotic yogurt without LCD (PWLCD; n = 25) for 8 weeks. The pribiotic regimen contained 200 g/day yogurt, enriched by Lactobacillus acidophilus La5, Bifidobacterium BB12, and Lactobacillus casei DN001 10(8) colony-forming units/g. Body fat percentage, high-sensitive C-reactive protein (hs-CRP), tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), leptin, and mRNA levels of inflammation-related genes (TNF-α and RAR-related orphan receptor gamma [ROR-γt]) in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) were measured. RESULTS: A reduction in body mass index (BMI), fat percentage, and leptin level was observed that was more obvious in groups who received the weight-loss diet with probiotic yogurt. Reduction in the gene expression of ROR-γt was significant in the PLCD group (p < 0.001). The expression of TNF-α did not change among all groups after intervention. The mean concentration of leptin was significantly decreased in all groups after the dietary intervention, but the mean changes in leptin level in the PLCD group was more prominent compared to the other two groups (-2.38, p < 0.001 [PLCD] vs -1.75, p = 0.002 [RLCD] and -0.55 ng/mL, p = 0.12 [PWLCD]). The reduction in serum levels of hs-CRP was more evident in the PWLCD group compared to the PLCD and RLCD groups after the 8-week intervention (-3.4, p = 0.03 vs -1.76, p < 0.001 and -2.98 pg/mL, p < 0.001, respectively). CONCLUSION: Our results suggested that the weight-loss diet and probiotic yogurt had synergistic effects on T-cells subset specific gene expression in PBMCs, fat percentage, and body weight among overweight and obese individuals.

Prevalencia de porcentaje de grasa corporal, obesidad abdominal y estado nutricional en una escuela primaria de mexicali baja california méxico / Prevalence of body fat, abdominal obesity and nutritional state in the students of an elementary school from mexicali baja california mexico

El objetivo de este estudio fue estimar la prevalencia del porcentaje de grasa corporal, obesidad abdominal y estado nutricional en los estudiantes de la Escuela Primaria Profesor Salvador Jiménez Gómez de Mexicali Baja California, México. Fueron evaluados 621 estudiantes, con un rango de edad de 6 a 13 años. A cada niño se le tomaron, medidas antropométricas de peso, talla, circunferencia de cintura, pliegue de tríceps y de pantorrilla; se utilizó el programa Epi Info Versión 3.3.2 para calcular el índice de masa corporal (IMC), estableciendo como obesidad un valor mayor o igual al percentil 95 y el sobrepeso un valor mayor o igual al percentil 85 y menor al 95 de acuerdo con la edad y sexo, tomando en cuenta la medición de circunferencia de cintura se determinó obesidad abdominal mayor o igual al percentil 90 de acuerdo con la edad y sexo; el porcentaje de grasa corporal de determino por la ecuación de slaughter. Las variables con prevalencias más altas resultaron las del estado nutricional, con donde el 19,1 por ciento de la población estudiada presentó sobrepeso y 25,1 por ciento obesidad. La prevalencia combinada de sobrepeso y obesidad en niños fue de 51,3 por ciento mientras que en niñas 37,4 por ciento. Los resultados encontrados en estos niños muestran claramente altas prevalencias de sobrepeso y obesidad. Inclusive más altas al promedio de los niños mexicanos. Concluyendo que en esta escuela es necesario tomar medidas, como poner en marcha programas de actividad física y nutrición orientados a frenar el problema del sobrepeso y obesidad.

The aim of this work was to estimate the prevalence of body fat, abdominal obesity and nutritional state in the students of the elementary school Salvador Jimenez Gomez in Mexicali Baja California. Mexico. Six hundred twenty-one children of 6 to 13 years old were studied, to determine the body fat, abdominal obesity and nutritional state, anthropometric measurements were taken and medial calf skinfolds, waist circumference, weight and height, body fat was determined according to the slaughter equation, abdominal obesity was determined 90 percentile according whit gender and age and Epi Info version 3.3.2 software was used to classify the overweight ( 85th percentile and < 95th percentile BMI for age and gender) and obesity ( 95th percentile BMI for age and gender) and through the body mass index (BMI). In our results, 19.1 percent of the students had overweight and 25.1 percent obesity. Combined overweight and obesity prevalence in boys was 51.3 percent while in girls was 37.4 percent. These results clearly show high prevalence of overweight and obesity in these children, in addition the children of this study were more overweight and obese than Mexican children average. It concludes that efforts should be made in this school to develop physical activity and nutrition programs to help stem rates of overweight and obesity.

Componente endomórfico y porcentaje de masa grasa corporal de los adolescentes con síndrome de Down y su relación con la ingesta de energía según el nivel de actividad física / Endomorphic component and body fat mass in Down Syndrome teens and its relationship with energy intake and physical activity level

Introducción: La obesidad se ha convertido en un problema importante de salud y es más frecuente en las personas con Síndrome de Down que en el resto de la población. Se ha reportado que adoles- centes con Síndrome de Down poseen mayor porcentaje de grasa corporal a comparación de la población sin Síndrome de Down. Objetivo: Determinar el componente endomórfico y el porcentaje de masa grasa de los adolescentes con Síndrome de Down y su relación con la ingesta de energía según el nivel de actividad física. Diseño: descriptivo de asociación cruzada, observacional y transversal. Lugar: Sociedad Peruana de Síndrome de Down. Participantes: 48 adolescentes (71 % varones) con Síndrome de Down integrantes de la Sociedad Peruana de Síndrome de Down cuyos padres aceptaron participar. Intervenciones: Se realizaron las mediciones antropométricas para evaluar el componente endomórfico y porcentaje de masa grasa, para calcular la ingesta de energía se aplicó una frecuencia semicuantitativa de consumo de alimentos y para estimar el nivel de actividad física se aplicó el Cuestionario Internacional de Actividad Física (lnternational Physical Activity Ouestionnaire)- IPAO. Principales medidas de resultados: Componente endomórfico, porcentaje de masa grasa, ingesta de energía y nivel de actividad física. Resultados: Se encontró que la mayoría de adolescentes (n=32) presentaban actividad física intensa, en comparación con los de actividad física moderada (n = 13) Y los de actividad física leve (n=3). Los adolescentes que tuvieron un nivel de actividad física leve tuvieron un mayor componente endomórfico (6.1 ± 1.34) y mayor porcentaje de masa grasa (19.0± 7.9) que quienes tuvieron actividad física moderada o intensa. Sin embargo estas diferencias no fueron significativas, el nivel de ingesta energética fue similar entre los tres grupos...

Background: Obesity has become in a major health problem and it is more common in people with Oown syndrome than in the rest. It is reported that adolescents with Oown syndrome (OS) have a higher percentage of body fat compared to people without OS. Objective: To determine the endomorphic component and the percentage of fat mass in adolescents with Oown syndrome and their relation to energy intake and physical activity level. Design: Cross-sectional. Location: Peruvian Society Oown Syndrome. Participants: 48 adolescents (71 % males) with Oown syndrome that are involved in the Peruvian Society for Oown syndrome. Interventions: Anthropometric measurements were performed to evaluate the endomorphic component and percentage of fat mass; a semi semi quantitative frequency of food consumption was administrated to calculate energy intake; and an International Physical Activity Ouestionnaire was applied to estimate the physical activity level (International Physical activity Ouestionnaire-IPAO). Main outcome measures: endomorphic componen!, percentage of body fat, energy intake and physical activity leve! Results: We found that most adolescents (n = 32) showed intense physical activity, compared with the moderate physical activity (n = 13) and the mi Id physical activity (n = 3). Adolescents who had a mild level of physical activity had greater endomorphic component (6.1 ± 1.34), greater percentage of fat mass (19.0 ± 7.9) than those who had moderate or intense physical activity. However, these differences were not significant; the level of energy intake was similar among the three groups. Conclusions: No relationship was found between the endomorphic component, the percentage of fat mass and energy intake by level of physical activity in adolescents with Oown syndrome.

Novel and established anthropometric measures and the prediction of incident cardiovascular disease: a cohort study.

OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study was to compare novel and established anthropometrical measures in their ability to predict cardiovascular disease (CVD), and to determine whether they improve risk prediction beyond classical risk factors in a cohort study of 60-year-old men and women. We also stratified the results according to gender to identify possible differences between men and women. Furthermore, we aimed to replicate our findings in a large independent cohort (The Malmö Diet and Cancer study-cardiovascular cohort). METHODS: This was a population-based study of 1751 men and 1990 women, aged 60 years and without CVD at baseline, with 375 incident cases of CVD during 11 years of follow-up. Weight, height, waist circumference (WC), hip circumference and sagittal abdominal diameter (SAD) were measured at baseline. Body mass index (BMI), waist-hip ratio (WHR), waist-hip-height ratio (WHHR), WC-to-height ratio (WCHR) and SAD-to-height ratio (SADHR) were calculated. RESULTS: All anthropometric measures predicted CVD in unadjusted Cox regression models per s.d. increment (hazard ratios, 95% confidence interval), while significant associations after adjustments for established risk CVD factors were noted for WHHR 1.20 (1.08-1.33), WHR 1.14 (1.02-1.28), SAD 1.13 (1.02-1.25) and SADHR 1.17 (1.06-1.28). WHHR had higher increases in C-statistics, and model improvements (likelihood ratio tests (P<0.001)). In the replication study (MDC-CC, n=5180), WHHR was the only measure that improved Cox regression models in men (P=0.01). CONCLUSION: WHHR, a new measure reflecting body fat distribution, showed the highest risk estimates after adjustments for established CVD risk factors. These findings were verified in men but not women in an independent cohort.

Associations between body size and serum estradiol and sex hormone-binding globulin levels in premenopausal African American women.

CONTEXT: African American (AA) women have the highest rates of premenopausal breast cancer; however, it is unclear whether body size contributes to the hormonal patterns potentially associated with increased breast cancer risk in these women. OBJECTIVE: To characterize the association between body size and serum levels of estradiol and sex hormone-binding globulin (SHBG) levels in a sample of premenopausal AA women. DESIGN: A total of 164 premenopausal AA women who were not pregnant or breastfeeding were recruited for this study. Serum samples were collected during the early follicular phase, and trained staff collected body size measurements. Multiple linear regression models were performed to assess potential associations. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Serum estradiol and SHBG levels. RESULTS: Many (81%) of the women enrolled were overweight or obese. Both waist-to-hip ratio (WHR) (ß = 2.68, P = .008) and waist circumference (WC) (ß = 2.02, P = .046) were positively associated with higher levels of estradiol. All measures of body was significantly and inversely associated with SHBG levels (all P < .05). CONCLUSIONS: Premenopausal AA women with higher WHR or larger WC may have higher levels of estradiol and lower levels of SHBG. Thus, WHR or WC may be better indicators for assessing hormonal patterns implicated in breast cancer pathogenesis in these women.