Congenital right atrial diverticulum in a kitten.

A four-month-old domestic shorthair cat with no clinical signs was referred for further examination of a heart murmur. An echocardiogram revealed marked right atrial dilation, extending into the left hemithorax. Computed tomography angiography was conducted to investigate further, which revealed a balloon-shaped, contrast-filled cavity on the cranial and left side of the chest that connected to the right atrium through a narrow passage. This was diagnosed as a congenital right atrial diverticulum. Treatment included clopidogrel to reduce the risk of thrombus formation. Two months after the initial diagnosis, castration surgery was successfully performed without complications. The cat died suddenly at home 10 months after diagnosis. To the authors' knowledge, this is the first right atrial diverticulum reported in a cat.

[Urethral diverticulum in a patient with two stones after combined treatment of prostate cancer with metastasis to the left cavernous body of the penis].

Urethral diverticula are sac-like dilatations of the urethra that communicate with its lumen. They may be congenital or acquired. In males, urethral diverticula are rare and classified as congenital (true) and acquired, which are associated with trauma, abscess, strictures, surgical procedures, in particular in patients with hypospadias. A clinical observation of urethral diverticulum with two stones in a man after complex treatment of prostate cancer with metastasis to the left cavernous body of the penis is presented in the article. At the first stage, the patient underwent endoscopic lithotripsy with a biopsy of the diverticulum wall and laser ablation of the stricture of urethrovesical anastomosis. At the second stage the excision of the diverticulum with urethroplasty was performed. The team of authors considers this clinical observation to be unusual. Previously, postoperative urethral diverticula with two stones in patients after complex treatment of prostate cancer with metastasis to the left cavernous body of the penis was not described in the scientific literature.

Hybrid repair of aberrant right subclavian artery with aortic dissection caused by Kommerell diverticulum.

BACKGROUND: Aberrant right subclavian artery (ARSA) with associated Kommerell diverticulum (KD) is a rare congenital aortic disease. KD patients have a high risk of rupture, dissection, and compression of adjacent structures. Although several treatment options have been proposed (traditional surgery, hybrid operation, and endovascular intervention), a consensus regarding optimal surgical management has not yet been established. CASE PRESENTATION: A case of successful hybrid repair of distal aortic arch dissection aneurysm by dissecting KD and ARSA with debranching of right and left common carotid arteries, left subclavian artery, and stent grafting was presented. CONCLUSIONS: The hybrid operation is suitable for elderly patients or those with high risks. Along with intervention, the hybrid operation needs to be developed as a minimally invasive method.

A Case of Giant Right Atrium Diverticulum with Atrial Septal Defect.

Right atrium diverticulum is a rare congenital malformation. We present a previously unreported case of giant right atrium diverticulum (153 × 109 mm) in a 17-year-old female patient. Echocardiographic examination also showed an atrial septal defect (11 mm). Considering the risk of right atrium rupture, we performed femoral arteriovenous cannulation first, followed by median thoracotomy. The defect was repaired with an autologous pericardial patch. The patient recovered well after the operation, and this case is referential for surgical treatment of giant right atrium diverticulum.

Congenital left ventricular diverticulum repair in an adult with dual patch technique.

Rupture of a congenital left ventricular diverticulum (CLVD), a rare anatomical anomaly, is a catastrophic event, with potential fatal consequences. Repair techniques documented in the literature include primary closure and single patch closure. We describe a case of a 57-year-old woman with symptomatic anterolateral CLVD. Our approach involves a linear incision through the epicardial surface of the diverticulum with exclusion of the cavity, and restoration of normal ventricular geometry via a two-patch technique.

Congenital left ventricular diverticulum: A rare cause of cardiac arrhythmia.

Congenital left ventricular diverticula are rare cardiac malformations that usually remain asymptomatic. However, life-threatening complications as ventricular arrhythmias, systemic embolism, spontaneous rupture and development of valvular regurgitation, are described. Diagnosis is based on excluding coronary artery disease, traumatic or inflammatory causes, and other underlying cardiomyopathies. Treatment is directed towards the potential complications, yielding mainly therapy of ventricular arrhythmia. Surgical resection is required for larger-sized congenital aneurysms with adverse hemodynamic effects. We present two cases of a left ventricular diverticulum causing cardiac arrhythmia which led to further surgical treatment.

Natural history and management of Kommerell's diverticulum in a single tertiary referral center.

OBJECTIVE: The Kommerell diverticulum (KD) is an extremely rare developmental abnormality of the aorta related to an aberrant subclavian artery (ASCA). The objective of our study was to review the natural history of KD and ASCA using our single-center experience in diagnosing and managing KD and ASCA. METHODS: A retrospective review of the Yale radiological database from January 1999 to December 2016 was performed. Only patients with KD/ASCA and a computed tomography (CT) scan of the chest were selected for review. The primary goal was to examine the natural history of KD and ASCA and the secondary goals were to review the management and outcomes of those patients treated for KD and ASCA. RESULTS: There were 75 patients with KD/ASCA identified, with a mean age of 63 ± 19 years; 49 were female (65%). On CT scans, left- and right-sided aortas were present in 47 (63%) and 28 (37%) patients. A right ASCA or a left ASCA were present in 47 (63%) and 28 (37%) patients. Six patients were symptomatic on presentation. Symptoms included dysphagia, chest or back pain, and emboli to the fingers. The mean KD diameter was 21.8 ± 6.0 mm and the distance to the opposite aortic wall (DAW) was 48.3 ± 10.8 mm. Sixty-six patients were followed for a mean of 31.7 ± 32.5 months. One patient ruptured without repair. Nine patients underwent operative intervention, including eight open and one endovascular repair. Complications from operative intervention included ischemic stroke with hemorrhagic transformation, deep vein thrombosis and pneumonia. The mean growth rate for KD and DAW was 1.45 ± 0.39 mm/year and 2.29 ± 0.47 mm/year, respectively. On multivariable regression analysis, hypertension was a predictor of growth of DAW (P = .03). CONCLUSIONS: KD is uncommon and shows a female predominance. The diverticulum grows, albeit slowly (KD and DAW growth rates of 1.45 ± 0.39 mm/year and 2.29 ± 0.47 mm/year). Most patients are asymptomatic, but dysphagia, chest/back pain, and distal emboli may occur. Rupture is rare. Symptomatic patients should be operated. Asymptomatic patients can be followed with serial CT scans.

Outcomes of Repair of Kommerell Diverticulum.

BACKGROUND: Kommerell diverticulum (KD) is an uncommon congenital vascular anomaly. This study assessed outcomes of open and endovascular repair of this disorder. METHODS: Between 1997 and 2016, 152 adult patients presented with KD at Cleveland Clinic (Cleveland, OH), 87 had no intervention, and 65 underwent open repair (n = 55; 19 elephant trunk [ET] procedures [9 with aortic dissection], including 7 frozen ET, and completions with 5 thoracic endovascular aortic repairs, 2 open, and 5 lost to follow-up) or endovascular procedures (n = 10). Non-ET open KD repairs consisted of resection (n = 15), interposition graft (n = 16), patch (n = 4), or aortopexy (n = 1). Maximum KD diameter was 2.1 cm for nonsurgical patients and 3.2 cm for surgical patients. Among surgical patients, 51 of 65 had dysphagia or dyspnea. A total of 608 patient-years of follow-up were available. RESULTS: For patients who underwent open and endovascular procedures, after multivariable adjustment, symptoms of dysphagia and hypertension predicted the likelihood of surgery (P < .05, all). There was no operative mortality. Complications included nondisabling stroke (n = 5; 8%), tracheostomy (n = 3; 4.6%), vocal cord paralysis (n = 2; 3%), and reoperation for bleeding (n = 3; 4.6%). During follow-up, 3 of 10 patients treated with hybrid or endovascular procedures required reinterventions for endoleaks. One patient had residual symptoms after aortopexy. Among nonsurgical patients, 2 patients refused surgery, and 1 died of aortic rupture, with a 4.7-cm descending aorta and a 3.4-cm KD. Seven additional patients died of nonaortic comorbidities. The remaining patients were asymptomatic, with an aortic diameter smaller than 4.5 cm. CONCLUSIONS: Open and endovascular approaches have a high success rate and low mortality risk. Selection of the specific type of intervention should be based on patient anatomy, additional needed procedures, and comorbid conditions.

Kommerell Diverticulum: Right Aortic Arch with Anomalous Origin of Left Subclavian Artery and Duplicity of Right Vertebral Artery in a 16-Year-Old Girl.

BACKGROUND Kommerell diverticulum with a right-sided aortic arch is a rare congenital anatomical condition most often observed in adults. A possible etiology of the subclavian artery's anomalous origin would be an abnormality in regression of the fourth primitive aortic arch during embryonic development. CASE REPORT We report on the case of a 16-year-old female patient presenting with complaints of occasional tachycardia and mild non-specific dyspnea after anxiety crises. Physical examination revealed lower amplitude of the pulses in the left upper limb compared to the right upper limb, and difference in blood pressure (BP) values of 80×60 mmHg, and 100×60 mmHg, respectively. Different radiological imaging modalities were performed to elucidate a possible vascular abnormality. Multislice detector computed tomography angiography of the thoracic aorta and supra-aortic trunks showed a right-sided aortic arch and an aberrant origin of the left subclavian artery with a retroesophageal course and dilation of its emergence (Kommerell diverticulum), as well as duplicity of the right vertebral artery (RVA). Considering the actual small diameter of the diverticulum and the absence of dysphagia or severe external esophageal compression analyzed by the esophagogram, vascular surgery was not indicated. Since complications have been described in the literature, the patient must be kept under observation in the future. CONCLUSIONS Congenital vascular alterations, including Kommerell diverticulum with right-sided aortic arch and the aberrant origin of the left subclavian artery, should be suspected in otherwise asymptomatic young patients with few clinical manifestations. Investigation with different imaging methods helps to clarify the vascular abnormalities, to support a possible surgical procedure indication, and to monitor the patients in follow-up.

Divertículo calicial y su diagnóstico incidental / Calyceal diverticulum and its incidental diagnosis

Introducción: El divérticulo calicial se detecta en 0,21 a 0.60 por ciento de los urogramas excretores. Objetivos: Describir una paciente con diagnóstico incidental de esta anomalía y su seguimiento durante 11 años. Presentación del caso: Durante la realización de un urograma excretor para el estudio de una hidronefrosis en una niña de siete años de edad, se detectó un divertículo calicial en el riñón contralateral y después de 11 años de seguimiento ultrasonográfico no se ha demostrado modificación ni complicación del divertículo. Conclusiones: El divertículo calicial es una anomalía congénita que puede mantenerse sin complicaciones durante años por lo que debe tratarse conservadoramente(AU)

ABSTRACT Introduction: Calyceal diverticulum is detected in 0,21 percent to 0.60 percent of excretory urogram. Objectives: To describe a patient with an incidental diagnosis of this anomaly and her follow up during 11 years. Case presentation: During the performance of an excretory urogram for studying a hydronefrosis in a seven years old girl, a calyceal diverticulum was detected in the contralateral kidney; and after 11 years of ultrasonographic follow-up there has been no modifications or complication related with the diverticulum. Conclusions: Calycial diverticulum is a congenital anomaly that can last years without presenting complications. That is why it must be treated conservatively(AU)

Video-assisted thoracoscopic right upper lobectomy in a patient with a right-sided aortic arch and Kommerell diverticulum.

BACKGROUND: It is a very rare condition for a patient to have right lung cancer and a right-sided aortic arch simultaneously. Right lobectomy under video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery (VATS) in such a patient is a challenging procedure that is seldom reported. We successfully performed a VATS right upper lobectomy in a 77-year-old female with a right-sided aortic arch and Kommerell diverticulum. CASE PRESENTATION: A 77-year-old woman was referred to our division for a mixed ground-glass opacity lesion in the right upper lung. A right-sided aortic arch with Kommerell diverticulum was identified by preoperative 3D CT reconstruction. A VATS right upper lobectomy with radical mediastinal lymph node dissection was performed, and the final histological staging was Ia3 (pT1cN0M0). The patient was discharged without any complications. CONCLUSIONS: We conclude that the video-assisted thoracic surgery can be safely performed in such conditions. It is difficult to determine the extent of upper mediastinal lymph node dissection in such cases.

A case of congenital left ventricular diverticulum in a patient with autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease: possible mechanistic link between polycystin and ventricular diverticulum.

A 40-year-old woman had been followed as an outpatient to manage chronic kidney disease secondary to autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD). Atrial premature contraction was found incidentally on an electrocardiogram during her regular follow-up examination. Subsequent transthoracic echocardiography detected an abnormal structure located very close to the left ventricular outflow tract (23 mm long × 15 mm wide in diastole). The structure was finally diagnosed as congenital left ventricular diverticulum (CLVD) using transesophageal echocardiography, contrast-enhanced computed tomography, and magnetic resonance imaging. Although CLVD occasionally causes intraventricular coagulation, lethal arrhythmia, and congestive heart failure, the size and location of her diverticulum remained unchanged over time and a 24-h Holter electrocardiogram showed no lethal arrhythmias. Accordingly, neither anticoagulation therapy nor surgical resection of the diverticulum was performed. To the best of our knowledge, ours is the first case of CLVD in a patient with ADPKD. Because gene abnormalities in polycystin coding are mechanistically related to the development of colonic diverticulum and abnormal cyst formation in ADPKD patients, we suspected that CLVD and abnormal cyst formation were related to the same gene abnormality in ADPKD. More case reports, case series studies, and basic research are required to determine whether CLVD in ADPKD is mechanistically associated with abnormal polycystin or just a coincidence.

Congenital Left Ventricular Diverticulum Complicated by Ventricular Fibrillation.

Congenital left ventricular diverticulum (CLVD) is a rare congenital anomaly and may be associated with fatal adverse events. A previously healthy 20-year-old man collapsed as a result of sudden ventricular fibrillation (VF). Despite intractable VF, he had return of spontaneous circulation with cardiopulmonary resuscitation and subsequent introduction of venoarterial extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO). After ECMO was discontinued, cardiac magnetic resonance imaging revealed CLVD at the posterolateral wall of the left ventricle. Given the risk of recurrent VF and left ventricular rupture, he underwent surgical repair for CLVD and implantation of a subcutaneous implantable cardioverter defibrillator.

A Giant Left Atrial Diverticulum Diagnosed by Transesophageal Echocardiogram and Multidetector Computed Tomography: A Case Report and Brief Review of the Literature.

Giant left atrial diverticulum is a rare congenital malformation that is most commonly diagnosed in incidental finding. Here, we reported a case of a 1-year-old asymptomatic child with a giant left atrial diverticulum. Diagnosis was established by transthoracic echocardiography (TTE), and confirmed by multidetector computed tomography (MDCT) and transesophageal echocardiography (TEE). We excised the diverticulum and sewed its base under cardiopulmonary bypass and cardiac arrest.  The patient had a good postoperative result.

Congenital left ventricular diverticulum in an adult patient.

A 64-year-old woman was referred to our hospital with palpitation and exertional dyspnea. An electrocardiogram showed sinus rhythm, but supraventricular tachycardia was recorded on Holter monitoring. Multidetector computed tomography revealed a small left ventricular outpouching in the apex, with a narrow connection to the ventricle and normal coronary arteries. Surgery for the left ventricular pouch was performed successfully. Histological examination demonstrated that the left ventricular diverticulum consisted of three layers of the ventricular wall, with the myocardial layer mostly replaced by fibrous tissue. The patient has been well after surgery.

Endoventriculoplasty of the Left Ventricle for Congenital Diverticulum.

Congenital left ventricular diverticulum is an extremely rare heart defect. Here, we report a case of successful endoventriculoplasty using a Dacron patch in an infant who was followed up for one year.

A Case of Neonatal Heart Failure Caused by Left Ventricular Diverticulum: Successful ECMO Support Application.

Congenital left ventricular diverticulum is a rare cardiac anomaly. During the newborn period, symptomatic patients are diagnosed with heart failure findings. We present a 23-day-old male newborn with congenital left ventricular diverticulum diagnosed during fetal echocardiographic examination. After the birth, the patient had heart failure symptoms and his echocardiographic examination showed low cardiac ejection fraction. Diverticulum was operated with endoventricular circular patch plasty (DOR) technique, and after, cardiopulmonary bypass venoarterial extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) support was performed because of low cardiac output syndrome. On postoperative day 17, he was discharged with no problem.