Caso importado de malaria por Plasmodium vivax en El Salvador. Un abordaje epidemiológico / Imported Case of Malaria by Plasmodium vivax in El Salvador. An Epidemiological Approach

Presentación del caso. Paciente masculino de origen guatemalteco con historia de fiebre alta de tipo intermitente, mialgias, artralgias, debilidad generalizada, mareo y vómito de contenido gástrico. Fue tratado inicialmente en un hospital privado con diagnóstico de síndrome febril agudo y referido a un hospital de la red nacional con diagnóstico de dengue con signos de alarma, al tercer día de estancia hospitalaria se diagnostica como un caso de malaria importado por Plasmodium vivax. Intervención terapéutica. Se le dio tratamiento antimalárico con cloroquina y primaquina. Evolución clínica. Presentó mejoría clínica y las pruebas de laboratorio de control reportaron resultados negativos para Plasmodium vivax

Case presentation. Male patient of Guatemalan origin with history of intermittent high fever, myalgia, arthralgia, generalized weakness, dizziness, and vomiting of gastric contents. He was initially treated in a private hospital with a diagnosis of acute febrile illness and referred to a national network hospital with a diagnosis of dengue with warning signs. On the third day of hospital stay a diagnosis of an imported malaria case by Plasmodium vivax was presented. Treatment. The patient was given antimalarial treatment consisting of chloroquine and primaquine. Outcome. The patient presented clinical improvement, and control laboratory tests were negative for Plasmodium vivax.

Species diversity and spatial distribution of mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae) from La Isla Amazon Park, Napo Province, Ecuador / Diversidad de especies y distribución espacial de mosquitos (Diptera: Culicidae) del Parque Amazónico La Isla, provincia de Napo, Ecuador

Abstract Introduction: Vector-borne diseases are prevalent in the Amazon and Coastal regions of Ecuador. However, there is a scarcity of mosquito ecology studies in these areas. The most recent list of species reported for the country comprises 8 tribes, 22 genera, and 200 species. Objectives: To document the Culicidae species found in La Isla Amazon Park, Napo, Ecuador, including those with epidemiological significance; and to analyze their composition, abundance, and diversity, focusing on larval habitats during the dry and rainy periods. Methods: We evaluated different larval habitats, considering collection duration as the primary criterion. We used CDC and Shannon traps to collect adult mosquitoes during both rainy and dry periods. To assess sampling effort, we used accumulation curves and non-parametric estimators of species richness, while we employed Hill numbers to determine diversity. Additionally, we used the Berger-Parker and Pielou indices to evaluate species dominance and evenness. We conducted cluster analysis and ANOSIM tests to assess the similarity between habitats and the differences in taxonomic composition between periods. Results: We collected a total of 802 individuals from 15 species and 4 taxonomic units, 5 genera, and 4 tribes. Notably, this may be the first records of Wyeomyia felicia Dyar & Núñez Tovar and Culex derivator Dyar & Knab from Ecuador. Additionally, the presence of Culex dunni Dyar and Psorophora ferox von Humboldt (both recognized as vectors) was correlated with increased rainfall. Conclusions: The abundance of mosquitoes, including potential vector species, increased during the rainy season, indicating a higher risk of pathogen transmission. However, the relationship between rainfall amount and diversity patterns is not well-defined.

Resumen Introducción: Las enfermedades vectoriales son prevalentes en las regiones amazónica y costera de Ecuador. Sin embargo, hay una escasez de estudios de ecología de mosquitos en estas áreas. En el país se ha reportado 8 tribus, 22 géneros y 200 especies. Objetivos: Documentar las especies de Culicidae encontradas en el Parque Amazónico La Isla, Napo, Ecuador, incluyendo aquellas con importancia epidemiológica; y analizar su composición, abundancia y diversidad, enfocándose en los hábitats de las larvas durante los períodos seco y lluvioso. Métodos: Evaluamos diferentes hábitats larvarios, con la duración de la recolecta como criterio. Las trampas CDC y Shannon recolectaron mosquitos adultos durante los períodos seco y lluvioso. Evaluamos la riqueza de especies con curvas de acumulación y estimadores no paramétricos, mientras que determinamos la diversidad con los números de Hill. Además, utilizamos los índices de Berger-Parker y Pielou para evaluar la dominancia y la uniformidad de las especies. Realizamos análisis de conglomerados y la prueba ANOSIM para evaluar la similitud entre hábitats y estaciones, así como las diferencias en la composición taxonómica, respectivamente. Resultados: Recolectamos un total de 802 individuos de 15 especies y 4 unidades taxonómicas, 5 géneros y 4 tribus. Este podría ser el primer registro de Wyeomyia felicia Dyar & Núñez Tovar y Culex derivator Dyar & Knab en Ecuador. Además, la presencia de Culex dunni Dyar y Psorophora ferox von Humboldt (ambos potenciales vectores) se correlacionó con el aumento de las precipitaciones. Conclusiones: El aumento de la abundancia de mosquitos durante el periodo lluvioso indica un mayor riesgo de transmisión de patógenos. Sin embargo, la relación entre la cantidad de precipitaciones y los patrones de diversidad no está bien definida.

Optimised neem oil-bilayer tablets: A safe, effective and stable tool for the prevention of vector-borne disease outbreaks by Aedes albopictus.

The control of mosquito breeding is an essential step towards the reduction of vector-borne disease outbreaks. Synthetic larvicidal agents produce resistance in vectors and cause safety concerns in humans, animals and aquatic species. The drawback of synthetic larvicides opened a new avenue for natural larvicidal agents, but poor dosage accuracy, need for frequent applications, low stability and sustainability are the major challenges with them. Hence, this investigation aimed to overcome those drawbacks by developing bilayer tablets loaded with neem oil to prevent mosquito breeding in stagnant water. The optimised batch of neem oil-bilayer tablets (ONBT) had 65%w/w hydroxypropyl methylcellulose K100M and 80%w/w ethylcellulose in its composition. After the completion of 4th week, 91.98 ± 0.871% azadirachtin was released from the ONBT, which was followed by a subsequent drop in the in vitro release. ONBT reported long-term larvicidal efficacy (>75%) and a good deterrent effect which was better than neem oil-based marketed products. The acute toxicity study on a non-target fish model (Poecilia reticulata), OECD Test No.203 confirmed the safety of the ONBT on non-target aquatic species. The accelerated stability studies predicted a good stability profile for the ONBT. The neem oil-based bilayer tablets can be used as an effective tool for the control of vector-borne diseases in society. The product may be a safe, effective and eco-friendly replacement for the existing synthetic as well as natural products in the market.

Manifestaciones oculares producidas por la larva del Culex quinquefaciatus / Ocular manifestations produced by the larva of Culex quinquefaciatus

Las enfermedades transmitidas por vectores registran altas tasas de morbilidad y mortalidad para las personas. Los vectores biológicos son aquellos organismos capaces de transportar y transmitir un patógeno a otro organismo animal u hombre. Los más comunes son los insectos. El Culex quinquefaciatus es un vector de importantes enfermedades. Tiene un amplio desarrollo en nuestro país por las condiciones favorables climatológicas para su reproducción. El objetivo de este estudio fue presentar un caso portador de una larva de mosquito. Se describen las características más importantes del cuadro clínico, su diagnóstico, manejo. Las manifestaciones oculares secundarias a la infección por el mosquito C. quiquefasciatus en nuestro país son poco frecuentes, gracias a la campaña de erradicación del Aedes Aegiyptis en Cuba. En nuestro caso, se debió a las malas condiciones higiénicas del paciente y a la mala disposición de los desechos líquidos. Tal ambiente favoreció el depósito del huevo del mosquito en el ojo del paciente y que se desarrollara hasta la larva en el espacio subconjuntival del mismo(AU)

Vector-borne diseases have high morbidity and mortality rates for people. Biological vectors are those organisms capable of transporting and transmitting a pathogen to another animal organism or man, the most common being insects. Culex quinquefaciatus is a vector of important diseases, it is widely developed in our country due to the favorable weather conditions for its reproduction. A case carrying a mosquito larva is presented. The most important characteristics of the clinical picture, its diagnosis and management are described. Ocular manifestations secondary to infection by the Cx quiquefasciatus mosquito in our country are rare. Thanks to the campaign to eradicate Aedes Aegiyptis in Cuba. In our case, it was due to poor hygienic conditions of the patient and poor disposal of liquid waste. What favored the deposit of the mosquito egg in the patient's eye and that it developed into a larva in its subconjunctival space(AU)

El programa del manejo integrado de vectores en el marco de la pandemia por COVID-19 en Medellín, Colombia / Integrated vector management program in the framework of the COVID-19 pandemic in Medellin, Colombia

Introducción. La pandemia por COVID-19 presionó los sistemas de salud para mantener alerta y activos los programas de control y prevención de las enfermedades transmitidas por vectores, y generó cambios en las estrategias de control vectorial en áreas urbanas afectadas por el dengue, el Zika y el chikunguña. Objetivo. Describir las adaptaciones del programa de vigilancia y control de vectores en Medellín durante la contingencia sanitaria por COVID-19. Materiales y métodos. Iniciada la emergencia sanitaria, se elaboraron protocolos de bioseguridad. Se fortaleció la vigilancia entomológica institucional en lugar de las viviendas. La información se recolectó en Medellín durante los años 2018 a 2021, en las actividades del programa de vigilancia y control de vectores, que incluyen la vigilancia epidemiológica y entomo-virológica, el levantamiento de los índices entomológicos, el monitoreo de ovitrampas, la movilización social y comunitaria, la búsqueda y eliminación de criaderos, y el control químico; estas acciones se adaptarons o incrementaron para favorecer, de una parte, el autocuidado de las comunidades en confinamiento total y parcial, y de desarrollar las acciones de prevención y control. Resultados. Se incrementó en un 40 % la vigilancia del mosquito mediante ovitrampas, la vigilancia entomo-virológica presentó un incremento de 34,4 % en el 2020 respecto al 2019, y se utilizaron herramientas virtuales para mantener y mejorar el contacto con la comunidad. Conclusión. La pandemia por COVID-19 causó gran impacto en los programas de prevención y control de las enfermedades transmitidas por vectores. Medellín adaptó rápidamente las actividades de vigilancia entomo-virológica, las acciones de control y la comunicación con la comunidad durante la pandemia, y esto permitió mantener activo el programa del manejo integrado de vectores en la ciudad.

Introduction: The COVID-19 pandemic pressured health care systems to remain alert and active in their vector-borne disease control and prevention programs, leading to changes in vector control strategies in urban areas affected by dengue, Zika and chikungunya. Objective: To describe the adaptations made to the vector control and surveillance program in Medellín during the COVID-19 health emergency. Materials and methods: Once the health emergency started, biosecurity protocols were developed. Entomological surveillance was strengthened from the institutional environment instead of homes. Data was collected in Medellín from 2018 to 2021 during the vector control and surveillance program activities, which included epidemiological and entomo- virological surveillance, entomological index survey, ovitrap monitoring, community mobilization, search and elimination of mosquito breading sites, and chemical control. These actions were adapted and/or increased to promote self-care among communities in total and partial confinement, and to develop prevention and control measures. Results: Mosquito monitoring was increased by 40% using ovitraps, entomological- virological surveillance showed an increase in 2020 of 34,4% compared to 2019 and virtual media was used to keep and improve contact with the community. Conclusion: The COVID-19 pandemic had a significant impact on arbovirus prevention and control programs. The city of Medellín quickly adapted its entomo-virological surveillance activities, control measures, and the contact with the community during the pandemic, which allow the Integrated Vector Management program to remain active in the city.

Indigenous ecological calendars and seasonal vector-borne diseases in the Colombian Amazon: an intercultural and interdisciplinary approach / Calendarios ecológicos indígenas y enfermedades estacionales transmitidas por vectores en la Amazonia colombiana: un enfoque intercultural e interdisciplinario

Traditional ecological knowledge of indigenous groups in the southeastern Colombian Amazon coincides in identifying the two main hydrological transition periods (wet-dry: August-November; dry-wet: March-April) as those with greater susceptibility to disease in humans. Here we analyze the association between indigenous knowledge about these two periods and the incidence of two vector-borne diseases: malaria and dengue. We researched seven "ecological calendars" from three regions in the Colombian Amazon, malaria and dengue cases reported from 2007 to 2019 by the Colombian National Institute of Health, and daily temperature and precipitation data from eight meteorological stations in the region from 1990-2019 (a climatological normal). Malaria and dengue follow a seasonal pattern: malaria has a peak from August to November, corresponding with the wet-dry transition (the "season of the worms" in the indigenous calendars), and dengue has a peak in March and April, coinciding with the dry-wet transition. Previous studies have shown a positive correlation between rainfall and dengue and a negative correlation between rainfall and malaria. However, as the indigenous ecological knowledge codified in the calendars suggests, disease prediction cannot be reduced to a linear correlation with a single environmental variable. Our data show that two major aspects of the indigenous calendars (the time of friaje as a critical marker of the year and the hydrological transition periods as periods of greater susceptibility to diseases) are supported by meteorological data and by the available information about the incidence of malaria and dengue.(AU)

Los conocimientos ecológicos tradicionales de grupos indígenas del sureste de la Amazonia colombiana coinciden en identificar dos principales periodos de transición hidrológica (seco-húmedo: agosto-noviembre; húmedo-seco: marzo-abril) como los de mayor susceptibilidad a enfermedades en humanos. Aquí analizamos la asociación entre el conocimiento indígena sobre estos dos periodos y la incidencia de dos enfermedades transmitidas por vectores: malaria y dengue. Investigamos siete calendarios ecológicos de tres regiones en la Amazonia colombiana, casos de dengue y malaria reportados de 2007 hasta 2019 por el Instituto Nacional de Salud de Colombia y datos diarios de temperatura y precipitación de ocho estaciones meteorológicas en la región, de 1990 a 2019 (una normal climatológica). Malaria y dengue siguen un patrón estacional, la malaria tiene un pico de agosto a noviembre, correspondiendo con la transición húmedo-seco (el "tiempo de gusano" según los calendarios indígenas), mientras que dengue tiene un pico de marzo a abril, coincidiendo con la transición seco-húmedo. Estudios previos mostraron una correlación positiva entre precipitación y dengue, y una correlación negativa entre precipitación y malaria. Sin embargo, como lo sugiere el conocimiento ecológico codificado en los calendarios indígenas, la predicción de enfermedades no puede reducirse a una correlación lineal con una sola variable medioambiental. Nuestros datos muestran que dos aspectos principales de los calendarios indígenas (el tiempo de friaje como un marcador crítico anual y los periodos de transición hidrológica como épocas de mayor susceptibilidad a enfermedades) están soportados por datos meteorológicos e información disponible acerca de la incidencia de malaria y dengue.(AU)

Cytokey: desenvolvimento de uma chave de identificação com dados citogenéticos para os vetores da doença de Chagas do estado da Paraíba, Brasil / Cytokey: development of an identification key with cytogenetic data for Chagas disease vectors from the state of Paraíba

Os triatomíneos são insetos hematófagos vetores do protozoário Trypanosoma cruzi, agente etiológico da doença de Chagas (DC). Embora existam diferentes formas de transmissão do parasito, a Organização Mundial de Saúde ressalta que a vetorial seja a principal via de transmissão do T. cruzi na América Latina. No Brasil, existe cerca de 4,6 milhões de pessoas vivendo com DC, sendo os casos mais recentes de contaminação por infecção oral, a partir de barbeiros infectados e/ou fezes contaminadas que foram processados com alimentos consumidos in natura. Diversos casos de infecção oral foram registrados na região Nordeste, associados a surtos causados pelo consumo de caldo de cana ou outros alimentos. Nos estados da Paraíba (PB) e do Rio Grande do Norte (RN), por exemplo, 26 óbitos foram associados com infecção por via oral e 18 casos positivos para DC e duas mortes foram notificadas, respectivamente. Por séculos, as principais chaves de classificação se fundamentaram em chaves dicotômicas baseadas em dados morfológicos. Apenas em 2019, chaves alternativas, com base em dados citogenéticos (CytoKeys), foram propostas. Recentemente, chaves foram desenvolvidas para os estados de PE e RN. Com base no exposto, uma chave dicotômica foi desenvolvida para auxiliar na identificação das espécies de triatomíneos da PB, a partir de dados citogenéticos. Com base na chave dicotômica desenvolvida com dados citogenéticos, todas as espécies de triatomíneos notificadas na PB puderam ser diferenciadas. O desenvolvimento de chaves alternativas mostra-se de grande importância para a comunidade científica e, principalmente, os agentes de saúde que atuam no controle de vetores, auxiliando-os na correta identificação de espécies que apresentam semelhanças morfológicas (como as espécies Triatoma brasilensis e T. petrocchiae notificadas na PB).

Triatomines are hematophagous insects vectors of the protozoan Trypanosoma cruzi, the etiological agent of Chagas disease (CD). Although there are different forms of transmission of the parasite, the World Health Organization emphasizes that vector transmission is the main route of transmission of T. cruzi in Latin America. In Brazil, there are about 4.6 million people living with CD, with the most recent cases of contamination by oral infection, from infected triatomines and/or contaminated feces that were processed with food consumed in natura. Several cases of oral infection were registered in the Northeast region, associated with outbreaks caused by the consumption of sugarcane juice or other foods. In the states of Paraíba (PB) and Rio Grande do Norte (RN), for example, 26 deaths were associated with oral infection and 18 positive cases for CD and two deaths were reported, respectively. For centuries, the main classification keys were based on dichotomous keys based on morphological data. Only in 2019, alternative keys, based on cytogenetic data (CytoKeys), were proposed. Recently, keys were developed for the states of PE and RN. Based on the above, a dichotomous key was developed to assist in the identification of BP triatomine species, based on cytogenetic data. Based on the dichotomous key developed with cytogenetic data, all triatomine species reported in BP could be differentiated. The development of alternative keys is of great importance for the scientific community and, mainly, for health agents who work in vector control, helping them in the correct identification of species that present morphological similarities (such as the species Triatoma brasilensis and T .petrocchiae notified in BP).

Analysis of utterances about Aedes aegypti contagion in Brazilian disease prevention campaigns / Análise de enunciados sobre contágio provocado pelo Aedes aegypti em campanhas brasileiras de prevenção / Análisis de enunciados sobre contagio causado por Aedes aegypti en campañas de prevención brasileñas

There are several diseases transmitted by Aedes aegypti in Brazil. Campaigns run by federal, state and municipal governments and civil society organizations are one way to prevent Aedes aegypti contagion more effectively. The reach and effectiveness of these campaigns can be problematized through the analysis of the utterances they contain. Taking a discursive perspective and adopting the evidential paradigm, nine utterances from such campaigns were analyzed. The goal was to analyze the (persuasive) communication strategies used in Brazilian campaigns to prevent the spread of Aedes aegypti between 2013 and 2018. The analysis revealed discursive markers of authoritarianism and a disconnect between domestic and public spaces. The authoritarian nature is revealed in the use of language that holds citizens individually account-able for any potential non-participation in disease prevention, failing to assure the effective delivery of public health education.

Várias doenças transmitidas pelo vetor Aedes aegypti persistem neste século XXI no Brasil. Uma das formas de se tentar tornar mais eficaz a prevenção do contágio é por meio de campanhas realizadas pelos governos (federal, estadual ou municipal) e por entidades da sociedade civil. Porém, o alcance e a eficácia destas campanhas podem ser problematizados pela análise de enunciados.A partir de uma perspectiva discursiva e do paradigma indiciário foram analisados nove enunciados veiculados em campanhas no Brasil. O objetivo desta pesquisa foi analisar o jogo de interpretação (persuasão) de campanhas brasileiras de prevenção ao Aedes aegypti, veiculadas entre 2013-2018. Há marcas discursivas de autoritarismo e de cisão entre o espaço da casa e da rua nos enunciados das campanhas analisadas. Este autoritarismo decorre da atribuição pelo Estado de culpa individual ao cidadão, pela suposta não efetiva participação deste último na prevenção, e não garante eficácia na educação em saúde coletiva.

Varias enfermedades transmitidas por el vector Aedes aegypti persisten en este siglo XXI en Brasil. Una de las formas de tratar de hacer más efectiva la prevención del contagio es a través de campañas realizadas por los gobiernos (federal, estatal o municipal) y por entidades de la sociedad civil.Analizar el alcance y la efectividad de estas campañas puede ser problematizado por el análisis de declaraciones. Desde una perspectiva discursiva y el paradigma indiciario, se analizaron nueve declaraciones publicadas en campañas en Brasil. El objetivo de esta investigación fue analizar las estrategias interpretativas (persuasión) de las campanas brasileñas de prevención del Aedes aegypti, difundidas par el gobierno entre 2013-2018. Hay marcas discursivas de autoritarismo y escisión entre el espacio de la casa y la calle en los comunicados de las campañas analizadas. El autoritarismo se deriva de la atribución por parte del Estado de culpabilidad individual al ciudadano, por la supuesta participación ineficaz de éste en la prevención, y no garantiza la efectividad en la educación en salud pública.

Seguridad y satisfacción de fumigadores para el control de enfermedades transmitidas por vectores en Arequipa / Safety and satisfaction of fumigators for the control of vector-borne diseases in Arequipa

Las enfermedades transmitidas por vectores (ETV) van en repunte, la seguridad y satisfacción del equipo que trabaja en el área de fumigación son prioridad, ya que son el personal clave y estratégico para hacer frente a estas enfermedades que son un gran problema de la salud pública a nivel mundial. Como objetivo se propuso deteminar el nivel de seguridad y satisfacción de fumigadores para el control de enfermedades transmitidas por vectores en Arequipa durante el primer semestre del año 2022. La investigación fue descriptiva, experimental de corte transversal con una muestra de 58 fumigadores. Como instrumento de recolección de datos se aplicó una encuesta validada por expertos que consta de tres secciones con diversos ítems para describir la muestra, perfil sociodemográfico, actividad ocupacional, uso de equipos de protección personal, condiciones de salud y satisfacción de empleo. Se utilizó el programa Excel para elaborar la base de datos y el programa EPIDAT 3.0 para frecuencias, porcentajes e IC 95%. Como resultado, 74,14% eran del sexo masculino y 25,86% femenino, 70,69% tenían 41 años o más, 70,69% tenían más de 10 años de ambigüedad, 32,76% tenían unión de hecho, 48,28% tenían estudios secundarios, por otra parte, 94,83% de colaboradores expuestos a Deltametrina <1 hora en dilución y carga, usan mascarillas y filtros, 86,21% usan guantes, bragas y delantales y 84,48% usa gafas, 53,45% sentían sensación de naúseas o mareos, 93,10% estaban satisfechos con el ambiente laboral. Como conclusión, se hace necesario continuar con investigaciones semejantes en diferentes zonas de Perú(AU)

Vector-borne diseases (VTE) are on the rise, the safety and satisfaction of the team that works in the fumigation area are a priority, since they are the key and strategic personnel to deal with these diseases, which are a major health problem public worldwide. The objective was to determine the level of safety and satisfaction of fumigators for the control of vector-borne diseases in Arequipa during the first semester of 2022. The research was descriptive, experimental, cross-sectional with a sample of 58 fumigators. As a data collection instrument, a survey validated by experts was applied, consisting of three sections with various items to describe the sample, sociodemographic profile, occupational activity, use of personal protective equipment, health conditions, and job satisfaction. The Excel program was used to prepare the database and the EPIDAT 3.0 program for frequencies, percentages and 95% CI. As a result, 74.14% were male and 25.86% female, 70.69% were 41 years of age or older, 70.69% had more than 10 years of ambiguity, 32.76% had a common-law union, 48 28% had secondary education, on the other hand, 94.83% of employees exposed to Deltamethrin <1 hour in dilution and load wear masks and filters, 86.21% wear gloves, panties and aprons and 84.48% wear glasses, 53.45% felt nauseated or dizzy, 93.10% were satisfied with the work environment. In conclusion, it is necessary to continue with similar investigations in different areas of Peru(AU)

Incidência de casos confirmados de dengue no Estado do Paraná Brasil nos anos de 2016 a 2021 / Incidence of confirmed dengue cases in the State of Paraná Brazil in the years of 2016 to 2021 / Incidencia de casos confirmados de dengue en el Estado de Paraná Brasil en los años 2016 a 2021

A dengue é uma doença dolorosa e debilitante transmitida por insetos da espécie Aedes aegypti. Ela é definida como uma doença viral que, nos últimos anos, se espalhou vertiginosamente por todas as regiões tropicais e subtropicais do planeta. Este estudo teve como objetivo identificar e discutir o número e a taxa de incidência de casos de dengue no estado do Paraná utilizando-se dos boletins emitidos por semana epidemiológica nos anos de 2016 a 2021, considerando a sazonalidade da doença. Também se objetivou debater a incidência por macrorregional, as possíveis causas de períodos epidêmicos e ações de combate vetorial para redução dos casos da patologia. Foram utilizados como fonte de informações o banco de dados da Dengue/SVS/SESA, por meio de informes técnicos, disponibilizados pelo portal online de Boletins da Dengue Paraná da Secretaria de Estado de Saúde do Paraná. Conclui-se que o ano epidemiológico de 2019/2020 foi o de maior incidência e os anos epidemiológicos 2016/2017 e 2017/2018 apresentaram os menores casos durante todo período analisado. Dessa forma, a vigilância epidemiológica é muito importante para avaliação espacial da distribuição de casos para execução de ações estratégicas para redução da infestação do vetor. As políticas públicas e a disponibilização de inseticidas para aplicação também são essenciais para o combate da Dengue.

Dengue is a painful and debilitating disease transmitted by insects of the Aedes aegypti species. It is defined as a viral disease that, in recent years, has spread vertiginously throughout the tropical and subtropical regions of the planet. This study aimed to identify and discuss the number and incidence rate of dengue cases in the state of Paraná using the bulletins issued by epidemiological week in the years 2016 to 2021, considering the seasonality of the disease. The aim was also to discuss the incidence per macro-region, the possible causes of epidemic periods, and vectorial combat actions to reduce the cases of the pathology. The Dengue/SVS/SESA database was used as a source of information, through technical reports, made available by the online portal of Dengue Paraná Bulletins of the Paraná State Health Department. It is concluded that the epidemiological year 2019/2020 was the one with the highest incidence and the epidemiological years 2016/2017 and 2017/2018 had the lowest cases during the entire period analyzed. Thus, epidemiological surveillance is very important for the spatial assessment of the distribution of cases to carry out strategic actions to reduce vector infestation. Public policies and the availability of insecticides for application are also essential to combat Dengue.

El dengue es una enfermedad dolorosa y debilitante transmitida por insectos de la especie Aedes aegypti. Se define como una enfermedad viral que, en los últimos años, se ha extendido vertiginosamente por las regiones tropicales y subtropicales del planeta. Este estudio tuvo como objetivo identificar y discutir el número y la tasa de incidencia de los casos de dengue en el estado de Paraná utilizando los boletines emitidos por la semana epidemiológica en los años 2016 a 2021, considerando la estacionalidad de la enfermedad. También se pretendía discutir la incidencia por macrorregiones, las posibles causas de los periodos epidémicos y las acciones de control de vectores para la reducción de los casos de la enfermedad. Se utilizó como fuente de información la base de datos de Dengue/SVS/SESA, por medio de informes técnicos, puestos a disposición por el portal online de Boletines de Dengue Paraná de la Secretaría de Salud del Estado de Paraná. Se concluye que el año epidemiológico 2019/2020 fue el de mayor incidencia y los años epidemiológicos 2016/2017 y 2017/2018 presentaron los menores casos durante todo el periodo analizado. Por lo tanto, la vigilancia epidemiológica es muy importante para la evaluación espacial de la distribución de los casos para la implementación de acciones estratégicas para reducir la infestación del vector. Las políticas públicas y la disponibilidad de insecticidas para su aplicación también son esenciales para combatir el dengue.

Malaria en la región eco-epidemiológica del Caribe Colombiano, 1960-2019 / Malaria in the eco-epidemiological region of the Colombian Caribbean, 1960-2019

La malaria en Colombia tiene un comportamiento heterogéneo y variable, entre las regiones. Para establecer su comportamiento epidemiológico en la región del Caribe colombiano entre 1960 y 2019 se realizó un estudio observacional, descriptivo y retrospectivo a partir de registros del Ministerio de Salud y otras fuentes secundarias. Se definieron variables epidemiológicas y se elaboraron medidas de frecuencia y tendencia central. Se registraron 155 096 casos. Las décadas con mayor número de casos fueron 1990-1999 (20,5%) y 1980-1989 (18,9%). El promedio de casos por década fue de 25 849,3. Los índices parasitarios más elevados se registraron en 1970 (3,3 por 1000 habitantes) y 1981 (3,9 por 1000 habitantes). La especie Plasmodium vivax fue la más frecuente y la mayoría de la carga por grupos de edad se registró en menores de 29 años, entre 2010-2019. La malaria presentó un patrón endemo-epidémico de baja y muy baja intensidad de transmisión, con una tendencia al descenso.

Malaria has a heterogeneous and variable behavior among Colombian regions. In order to establish its epidemiological behavior in the Colombian Caribbean region between 1960 and 2019, we carried out an observational, descriptive and retrospective study based on records from the Ministry of Health and other secondary sources. We defined epidemiological variables and used measures of frequency and central tendency. A total of 155,096 cases were registered. The decades with the highest number of cases were 1990-1999 (20.5%) and 1980-1989 (18.9%). The average number of cases per decade was 25,849.3. The highest parasite rates were recorded in 1970 (3.3 per 1000 population) and 1981 (3.9 per 1000 population). Plasmodium vivax was the most frequent species and most of the burden by age group was found in people under 29 years of age, between 2010-2019. Malaria showed an endemic-epidemic pattern of low and very low transmission intensity, with a decreasing trend.

Diversidad genética de aedes aegypti en el eje transfronterizo Central-Alto Paraná en Paraguay / Genetic diversity of Aedes aegypti in the central-upper Paraná Cross-Border axis in Paraguay

RESUMEN Objetivos: Conocer la diversidad genética de Aedes aegypti en el corredor vial transfronterizo Central-Alto Paraná de Paraguay, con registros de casos de dengue. Materiales y métodos: Se seleccionaron veinte hembras adultas de la eclosión de huevos de Ae. aegypti procedentes de casas geolocalizadas en los departamentos de Alto Paraná, Caaguazú, Cordillera y Central, entre el 2018 y 2019. Se extrajo ADN del tejido de las hembras para amplificación aleatoria de sus patrones polimórficos mediante amplificación aleatoria del ADN polimórfico por PCR (RAPD-PCR), usando cebadores H3 y B03 a fin de conocer parámetros genéticos de diversidad poblacional. Las relaciones entre las poblaciones de mosquitos según la localidad fueron visualizadas mediante análisis no apareado de la media aritmética. Las áreas idóneas de distribución geográfica real y potencial de estas poblaciones de Ae. aegypti fueron analizadas mediante DIVA-GIS 7.3.0 y MAXENT. Resultados: Se identificaron 40 loci mediante perfiles RAPD-PCR, con diferenciación génica moderada (Gst = 0,12). El corredor transfronterizo presentó condiciones bioclimáticas para la presencia de poblaciones variantes de Ae. aegypti, siendo determinantes en la distribución la precipitación del trimestre más cálido y la temperatura media del trimestre más seco. Conclusiones: Se evidencia que existe diversidad genética moderada en las poblaciones de Ae. aegypti procedentes de zonas con registros de casos de dengue ubicadas en el corredor vial transfronterizo que une los departamentos Central y Alto Paraná de Paraguay. El estudio de variabilidad genética de Ae. aegypti es de gran utilidad para la vigilancia entomoepidemiológica y evaluación de posibles eventos de resistencia al control químico.

ABSTRACT Objective: To determine the genetic diversity of Aedes aegypti in the Central-Alto Paraná cross-border road corridor of Paraguay, an area that has reports of dengue cases. Materials and methods: Twenty adult females were selected from hatching Ae. aegypti eggs from households geolocated in the departments of Alto Paraná, Caaguazú, Cordillera and Central, between 2018 and 2019. DNA was extracted from the tissue of females for amplifying their polymorphic patterns by random amplification of polymorphic DNA by PCR (RAPD-PCR), using primers H3 and B03 in order to identify genetic parameters of population diversity. The relationships between mosquito populations according to locality were observed by unpaired arithmetic mean analysis. We used DIVA-GIS 7.3.0 and MAXENT to analyze the suitable areas of actual and potential geographic distribution of these Ae. aegypti populations. Results: Forty loci were identified by RAPD-PCR profiling, with moderate gene differentiation (Gst = 0.12). The cross-border corridor presented bioclimatic conditions for the presence of variant populations of Ae. aegypti, with precipitation in the warmest quarter and mean temperature in the driest quarter being determinant in the distribution. Conclusions: There is evidence of moderate genetic diversity in Ae. aegypti populations from areas that have reported dengue cases in the cross-border road corridor linking the Central and Alto Paraná departments of Paraguay. The study of genetic variability of Ae. aegypti is very useful for entomo-epidemiological surveillance and evaluation of possible resistance to chemical control.

Software educativo sobre algunas enfermedades transmisibles por vectores / Educative software about some vector-borne diseases

Introducción: Los vectores constituyen organismos vivos que pueden transmitir patógenos infecciosos entre personas, o de animales a personas. Muchos de esos vectores son insectos hematófagos que ingieren los microorganismos patógenos junto con la sangre de un portador infectado y, posteriormente, los transmiten a un nuevo portador, una vez replicado el patógeno. Objetivo: Diseñar un software educativo sobre enfermedades transmisibles por vectores, para favorecer el conocimiento de los estudiantes de la Facultad de Enfermería-Tecnología de la Salud en Santiago de Cuba. Métodos: Se realizó una investigación de desarrollo e innovación tecnológica con el programa CrheaSoft versión 3.3.3. De un universo de 327 estudiantes, se seleccionó una muestra de 130 de ellos, mediante el muestreo aleatorio simple. Se utilizaron los métodos teóricos, análisis-síntesis, histórico-lógico y sistémico-estructural. Resultados: Las valoraciones de docente y estudiantes fueron favorables, por facilitar la adquisición de nuevos conocimientos y ampliar los existentes, lo que demuestra la utilidad y necesidad del producto. Conclusiones: El software resultó pertinente para su utilización en la práctica, según criterios mayoritarios de docentes y estudiantes. Este constituye un material de consulta y de apoyo a la docencia, que puede utilizarse por los estudiantes de las carreras a la que van dirigidos y por el personal que labora en la Atención Primaria de Salud(AU)

Introduction: Vectors are living organisms that can transmit infectious pathogens between humans, or from animals to humans. Many of these vectors are hematophagous insects that ingest pathogenic microorganisms along with the blood of an infected carrier and subsequently transmit them to a new carrier, once the pathogen has replicated. Objective: To design an educative software about vector-borne diseases, in order to increase the knowledge of students from the School of Nursing and Health Technology in Santiago de Cuba. Methods: A technological development and innovation research was carried out with the CrheaSoft software, version 3.3.3. From a study universe of 327 students, a sample of 130 was selected by simple random sampling. The theoretical, analysis-synthesis, historical-logical and systemic-structural methods were used. Results: The evaluations provided by professors and students were favorable, since the acquisition of new knowledge was facilitated and the existing knowledge was expanded, which demonstrates the usefulness and necessity of the product. Conclusions: The software was suitable to be used in practice, according to the prevailing criteria provided by professors and students. It is a material for consultation and teaching support, which can be used by students of the majors for whom it has been designed and by the primary healthcare personnel(AU)

Altered phagocytic capacity due to acute exposure and long-term post-exposure to pesticides used for vector-borne disease as dengue.

Spinosad and temefos are widely used pesticides for chemical control of dengue vector-borne disease (Aedes aegypti). The aim of this study was to compare the effect of acute exposure (7 days) to spinosad (0.5 mg A.I. L-1) and temefos (10 mg A.I. L-1), concentrations used by the Mexican Ministry of Health, on phagocytic capacity (PC) of mononuclear cells of guppies fish (Poecilia reticulata), as well as to assess PC in fish, at 96 days after exposure to those pesticides. Obtained results indicated that spinosad did not alter PC, while an acute exposure to temefos significantly affected phagocytosis and this parameter was maintained downed even 96 days after the acute exposure, suggesting that the immunotoxic effects of temefos may be chronic.

Coinfection between SARS-CoV-2 and vector-borne diseases in Luanda, Angola.

Co-epidemics happening simultaneously can generate a burden on healthcare systems. The co-occurrence of SARS-CoV-2 with vector-borne diseases (VBD), such as malaria and dengue in resource-limited settings represents an additional challenge to the healthcare systems. Herein, we assessed the coinfection rate between SARS-CoV-2 and VBD to highlight the need to carry out an accurate diagnosis and promote timely measures for these infections in Luanda, the capital city of Angola. This was a cross-sectional study conducted with 105 subjects tested for the SARS-CoV-2 and VBD with a rapid detection test in April 2021. The participants tested positive for SARS-CoV-2 (3.80%), malaria (13.3%), and dengue (27.6%). Low odds related to testing positivity to SARS-CoV-2 or VBD were observed in participants above or equal to 40 years (odds ratio [OR]: 0.60, p = 0.536), while higher odds were observed in male (OR: 1.44, p = 0.392) and urbanized areas (OR: 3.78, p = 0.223). The overall co-infection rate between SARS-CoV-2 and VBD was 11.4%. Our findings showed a coinfection between SARS-CoV-2 with malaria and dengue, which could indicate the need to integrate the screening for VBD in the SARS-CoV-2 testing algorithm and the adjustment of treatment protocols. Further studies are warranted to better elucidate the relationship between COVID-19 and VBD in Angola.

An economic evaluation of implementing a decentralized dengue screening intervention under the National Vector Borne Disease Control Programme in Tamil Nadu, South India.

BACKGROUND: Lack of effective early screening is a major obstacle for reducing the fatality rate and disease burden of dengue. In light of this, the government of Tamil Nadu has adopted a decentralized dengue screening strategy at the primary healthcare (PHC) facilities using blood platelet count. Our objective was to determine the cost-effectiveness of a decentralized screening strategy for dengue at PHC facilities compared with the current strategy at the tertiary health facility (THC) level. METHODS: Decision tree analysis followed a hypothetical cohort of 1000 suspected dengue cases entering the model. The cost-effectiveness analysis was performed at a 3% discount rate for the proposed and current strategy. The outcomes are expressed in incremental cost-effectiveness ratios (ICERs) per quality-adjusted life years gained. One-way sensitivity analysis and probabilistic sensitivity analysis were done to check the uncertainty in the outcome. RESULTS: The proposed strategy was found to be cost-saving and ICER was estimated to be -41 197. PSA showed that the proposed strategy had a 0.84 probability of being an economically dominant strategy. CONCLUSIONS: The proposed strategy is cost-saving, however, it is recommended to consider optimal population coverage, costs to economic human resources and collateral benefits of equipment.

Pre-oviposition behavior of Aedes aegypti in the field: first report of eggs laying on water surface in an artificial breeding site in the city of Rio de Janeiro

This study presents the first report of Aedes aegypti laying eggs on the water surface of an artificial breeding site in the field. This report occurred in the city of Rio de Janeiro inside a white bucket containing 11 liters of rainwater. Conspecific larvae had previously been found in this bucket. From the 219 eggs obtained, 135 (61.6%) were laid on the water and 84 (38.3%) on the border of the bucket. Larvae (4th instar) and adults obtained from the eggs were identified as A. aegypti. This behavior may influence the population dynamics of A. aegypti and expands the knowledge about the species adaptation. This report confirms the species' ability to lay eggs on the water surface of artificial breeding sites in the field and suggests the hypothesis that pheromones in the water may influence the females to lay eggs on water.

Otimização de novos candidatos a fármacos para leishmaniose visceral canina / Optimization of new drug candidates for canine visceral leishmaniasis

A leishmaniose visceral canina se trata de enfermidade infecciosa, zoonótica, de caráter insidioso e multissistêmica. Fatores como a ineficácia dos métodos de controle aplicados sobre os reservatórios caninos (incluindo eutanásia) e a toxicidade dos fármacos atualmente disponíveis para o tratamento humano, justificam urgência na busca de novos candidatos a fármacos. O presente estudo teve por objetivo avaliar o potencial anti-Leishmania de 25 compostos sintéticos derivados do gibilimbol. Destes, quatro apresentaram atividade em amastigotas sem citotoxicidade a células de mamíferos, com o CE50 em amastigotas variando entre 5,1 e 13,5 µM, e dois (LPM-21 e LPM-22) foram submetidos à predição drug-likeness in silico e ensaios de mecanismo de ação em promastigotas de Leishmania (L.) infantum. Ambos demonstraram alta absorção gastrointestinal, permeabilidade à barreira hematoencefálica, solubilidade moderada e alta (respectivamente), ausência de moléculas de interferência, e perfil drug-likeness favorável para futuros candidatos a fármacos. Nos ensaios de mecanismo de ação, LPM-21 induziu tardiamente a permeabilização plasmática parasitária (220 minutos), além de ter ocasionado a despolarização da membrana mitocondrial, redução nos níveis de ROS, alcalinização dos acidocalcissomos e importante elevação do Ca2+ intracelular, fatos que sugerem um mecanismo de ação tendo como principal alvo de atuação os acidocalcissomos, resultando no extravasamento do Ca2+ e subsequente despolarização da membrana mitocondrial. O composto LPM-22 não alterou a permeabilidade da membrana plasmática, não atuou sobre o potencial de membrana mitocondrial, induziu a acidificação dos acidocalcissomos, elevação do Ca2+ e redução nos níveis de ROS, podendo sugerir danos à membrana mitocondrial e consequente elevação deste íon. A espectrometria de massas por MALDI-TOF revelou aumento na intensidade dos picos em promastigotas incubadas com LPM-21 e LPM-22. Logo, este trabalho concretiza o potencial anti-Leishmania dos derivados sintéticos do gibilimbol, em especial os compostos LPM-21 e LPM-22, os colocando como futuros candidatos para estudos in vivo. (AU)

Canine visceral leishmaniasis is an infectious, zoonotic, insidious and multisystemic disease. Factors such as the ineffectiveness of the control methods applied to canine reservoirs (including euthanasia) and the toxicity of the drugs currently available for human treatment, brings the urgency in search for new drug candidates. The present study aimed to evaluate the anti-Leishmania potential of 25 synthetic compounds derived from gibilimbol, a phenolic isolate extracted from the leaves of Piper malacophyllum. Four compounds showed activity in amastigotes without cytotoxicity to mammalian cells, with EC50 in amastigotes ranging between 5.1 and 13.5 µM, and two (LPM-21 and LPM-22) were submitted to the in silico drug-likeness prediction, and mechanism of action assays in Leishmania (L.) infantum promastigotes. Both demonstrated high gastrointestinal absorption, permeability to the blood-brain barrier, moderate and high solubility (respectively), and favorable drug-likeness profile for future drug candidates, without revealing PAINS molecules. In the mechanism of action assays, LPM-21 induced parasitic plasmatic permeabilization only at later times (220 minutes), in addition to depolarization of the mitochondrial membrane, reduction in ROS levels, acidocalcisomes alkalinization and significant increase in intracellular Ca2+, suggesting a mechanism of action targetting acidocalcisomes, resulting in extravasation of Ca2+ and subsequent depolarization of the mitochondrial membrane. In contrast, LPM-22 did not alter the permeability of the plasma membrane and the mitochondrial membrane potential, resulting in acidification of acidocalcisomes, elevation of Ca2+ and reduction in ROS levels, which may suggest damage to the mitochondrial membrane and consequent calcium elevation. Mass spectrometry by MALDI-TOF revealed an increase in peak intensity in promastigotes incubated with LPM-21 and LPM-22. Finally, this work realizes the anti-Leishmania potential of synthetic gibilimbol derivatives, especially the compounds LPM-21 and LPM-22, placing them as future candidates for in vivo studies. (AU)