Your browser doesn't support javascript.
loading
Mostrar: 20 | 50 | 100
Resultados 1 - 20 de 34
Filtrar
1.
Rev. méd. Urug ; 36(4): 449-454, dic. 2020. tab, graf
Artigo em Espanhol | LILACS | ID: biblio-1144762

RESUMO

Resumen: Las catinonas sintéticas son drogas estimulantes de síntesis, comercializadas en el mercado ilegal por sus propiedades estimulantes y perturbadoras del sistema nervioso central, para su uso recreativo, solas, o como adulterantes de cocaína y derivados anfetamínicos. A nivel mundial existe un número creciente de reportes de intoxicaciones agudas y complicaciones por consumo de estas sustancias. En Uruguay fueron detectadas por primera vez en el año 2015, existiendo una información epidemiológica muy limitada. Las catinonas sintéticas no se detectan por las técnicas inmunocromatográficas disponibles en los laboratorios de los servicios de urgencias de nuestro país. Se describe el primer caso de intoxicación por una catinona sintética (dibutilona) en Uruguay, en un paciente de 45 años, por consumo de un polvo vendido como "éxtasis", presentando como complicación un síndrome coronario agudo, con una buena evolución posterior. La confirmación diagnóstica se realizó mediante su detección en orina por cromatografía de gases acoplada a espectrometría de masas. La estructura química de la dibutilona y su mecanismo de acción explican las manifestaciones clínicas y la complicación isquémica por vasoespasmo coronario. En ausencia de una noción clara de exposición y ante la situación epidemiológica actual, la presencia de un cuadro clínico compatible con una droga estimulante y resultado negativo para cocaína y anfetaminas en estudios inmunocromatográficos, debe hacer plantear la sospecha de otros estimulantes de síntesis como las catinonas, tal como ocurrió en este caso.


Summary: Synthetic cathinone are stimulating synthetic drugs used for recreational purposes on their own or as adulterants in cocaine and amphetamines derivatives that are traded in illegal markets given their stimulating and disturbing properties on the central nervous system. Globally, there is a growing number of acute intoxications and complications as a consequence of consumption of these substances. In Uruguay they were first detected in 2015, there being limited epidemiological data. Synthetic cathinone are not detected by the immunochromatographic tests available at the laboratories of the emergency services in our country. The study describes the first case of intoxication by a synthetic cathinone (dibutylone) in Uruugay, in a 45 year old patient as a result of powder sold as "ecstasy". The patient presented an acute coronary syndrome, subsequent evolution being good. Diagnostic confirmation was made in urine using gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry. The chemical structure of dibutylone and its action mechanism explain the clinical manifestations and the coronary vasospasm causing ischemia. When there is no clear sign of a patient having been exposed to this substance and upon the current epidemiological state, the presence of clinical symptoms that are compatible with a stimulating drug and a negative result for cocaine and amphetamines in immunochromatographic tests must lead us to be suspicious about the presence of synthetic stimulating substances as cathinone, as in the case studied.


Resumo: Catinonas sintéticas são drogas estimulantes sintéticas, comercializadas no mercado ilegal por suas propriedades estimulantes e perturbadoras do sistema nervoso central, para uso recreativo isoladamente ou como adulterantes da cocaína e derivados de anfetaminas. Em todo o mundo cresce o número de relatos de intoxicações agudas e complicações decorrentes do uso dessas substâncias. No Uruguai, foram detectados pela primeira vez em 2015 com informações epidemiológicas muito limitadas. As catinonas sintéticas não são detectadas pelas técnicas imunocromatográficas disponíveis nos laboratórios de pronto-socorro de nosso país. Descreve-se o primeiro caso de intoxicação por catinona sintética (dibutilona) em nosso país, em um paciente de 45 anos, devido ao consumo de um pó vendido como "ecstasy", apresentando como complicação uma síndrome coronariana aguda, com boa evolução posterior. A confirmação diagnóstica foi feita por sua detecção na urina por cromatografia gasosa acoplada à espectrometria de massa. A estrutura química da dibutilona e seu mecanismo de ação explicam as manifestações clínicas e complicações isquêmicas devido ao vasoespasmo coronariano. Na ausência de uma noção clara de exposição e dada a situação epidemiológica atual, a presença de quadro clínico compatível com droga estimulante e resultado negativo para cocaína e anfetaminas em estudos imunocromatográficos, deve levantar a suspeita de outros estimulantes sintéticos como as catinonas, como aconteceu neste caso.


Assuntos
Drogas Desenhadas/toxicidade , Isquemia Miocárdica , Drogas Desenhadas/efeitos adversos
2.
PLoS One ; 15(1): e0227774, 2020.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-31978078

RESUMO

The list of pharmacological agents that can modify the gut microbiome or be modified by it continues to grow at a high rate. The greatest amount of attention on drug-gut microbiome interactions has been directed primarily at pharmaceuticals used to treat infection, diabetes, cardiovascular conditions and cancer. By comparison, drugs of abuse and addiction, which can powerfully and chronically worsen human health, have received relatively little attention in this regard. Therefore, the main objective of this study was to characterize how selected synthetic psychoactive cathinones (aka "Bath Salts") and amphetamine stimulants modify the gut microbiome. Mice were treated with mephedrone (40 mg/kg), methcathinone (80 mg/kg), methamphetamine (5 mg/kg) or 4-methyl-methamphetamine (40 mg/kg), following a binge regimen consisting of 4 injections at 2h intervals. These drugs were selected for study because they are structural analogs that contain a ß-keto substituent (methcathinone), a 4-methyl group (4-methyl-methamphetamine), both substituents (mephedrone) or neither (methamphetamine). Mice were sacrificed 1, 2 or 7 days after treatment and DNA from caecum contents was subjected to 16S rRNA sequencing. We found that all drugs caused significant time- and structure-dependent alterations in the diversity and taxonomic structure of the gut microbiome. The two phyla most changed by drug treatments were Firmicutes (methcathinone, 4-methyl-methamphetamine) and Bacteriodetes (methcathinone, 4-methyl-methamphetamine, methamphetamine, mephedrone). Across time, broad microbiome changes from the phylum to genus levels were characteristic of all drugs. The present results signify that these selected psychoactive drugs, which are thought to exert their primary effects within the CNS, can have profound effects on the gut microbiome. They also suggest new avenues of investigation into the possibility that gut-derived signals could modulate drug abuse and addiction via altered communication along the gut-brain axis.


Assuntos
Drogas Desenhadas/efeitos adversos , Microbioma Gastrointestinal/efeitos dos fármacos , Metanfetamina/análogos & derivados , Metanfetamina/efeitos adversos , Propiofenonas/efeitos adversos , Psicotrópicos/efeitos adversos , Animais , DNA Bacteriano/isolamento & purificação , Drogas Desenhadas/administração & dosagem , Feminino , Microbioma Gastrointestinal/genética , Metanfetamina/administração & dosagem , Camundongos , Modelos Animais , Propiofenonas/administração & dosagem , Psicotrópicos/administração & dosagem , RNA Ribossômico 16S/genética
4.
Forensic Sci Int ; 297: 372-377, 2019 Apr.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-30850157

RESUMO

Synthetic cannabinoids (SCs) belong to the group of new psychoactive substances (NPS) which appear sprayed on herbal mixtures on the "street" drug market and are intended for smoking like marijuana. In the present report we discuss a fatal case of 18-years-old boy, who had smoked SCs since several months and an overuse of SCs during last 48 h of his life has been apprised. The autopsy findings revealed acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). Both toxicological analysis of deceased blood and urine samples and chemical analysis of the herbal mixture seized revealed presence of two SCs - 5F-ADB and FUB-AMB. The amount of 5F-ADB in blood was found to be 3.7 ng/mL by standard addition method. Severe and irreversible morphology changes in lung specimen, leading to ischemic damage of all internal organs and tissues, were observed during histological examination. The present case can be discussed as an example of both drug-induced and drug-related death resulting from acute intoxication with 5F-ADB and FUB-AMB as well as from systematic use of both synthetic cannabinoids.


Assuntos
Canabinoides/efeitos adversos , Drogas Desenhadas/efeitos adversos , Indazóis/efeitos adversos , Insuficiência Respiratória/induzido quimicamente , Valina/análogos & derivados , Adolescente , Canabinoides/sangue , Canabinoides/urina , Drogas Desenhadas/análise , Overdose de Drogas , Humanos , Indazóis/sangue , Indazóis/urina , Extração Líquido-Líquido , Pulmão/patologia , Masculino , Transtornos Relacionados ao Uso de Substâncias/complicações , Valina/efeitos adversos , Valina/sangue , Valina/urina
5.
J Addict Med ; 12(4): 336-338, 2018.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-29533309

RESUMO

: Synthetic cathinones are a class of novel psychoactive substances. α-Pyrrolidinopentiophenone (α-PVP), or "Flakka", is one of these substances. Users often present acutely psychotic or agitated. We present the case of a 20-year-old male without prior psychiatric history who was brought to the hospital by his family because of increasingly bizarre and erratic behavior after reported ingestion of Flakka. What ensued was a prolonged course of psychosis and severe catatonia. Synthetic cathinones are thought to cause catatonia in approximately 1% of cases. Awareness of the possible presentations associated with α-PVP intoxication is increasingly important and should be further explored, as they can have important implications in setting expectations for care. Additionally, providers should have a low threshold for asking patients about bath salt ingestion.


Assuntos
Alcaloides/análise , Catatonia/induzido quimicamente , Drogas Desenhadas/efeitos adversos , Pentanonas/efeitos adversos , Psicoses Induzidas por Substâncias/etiologia , Psicotrópicos/análise , Pirrolidinas/efeitos adversos , Adulto , Humanos , Masculino , Adulto Jovem
6.
Hosp. Aeronáut. Cent ; 13(2): 112-16, 2018. tabl
Artigo em Espanhol | LILACS, BINACIS | ID: biblio-1021167

RESUMO

Introducción: Las llamadas "fiestas electrónicas" permitieron la generalización del uso de drogas de diseño (DdD) para disminuir el cansancio, las inhibiciones y aumentar la empatía entre los asistentes. Objetivo: Presentar los resultados de prevalencia, aspectos neuropsiquiátricos, clínicos y epidemiológicos del uso de DdD en fiestas electrónicas. Material y método: Realizamos un estudio de campo, observacional y transversal, mediante encuesta estandarizada, normatizada y anónima para consignar parámetros clínicos y neuropsiquiátricos en 138 asistentes a fiestas electrónicas que mediante demanda espontánea o requerida por terceros fueron evaluados por médicos y refirieron consumo de DdD. Se aplicaron parámetros estadísticos y se cumplieron normas éticas. Resultados: Objetivamos un alto consumo de alcohol, con alta prevalencia de uso comórbido con otras sustancias de diseño como el éxtasis y GHB. Los consumidores de GHB presentaron disminución de parámetros clínicos con un síndrome inhibitorio, en contraste con los valores aumentados en usuarios de éxtasis. Conclusión: La diferencia en las manifestaciones clínico-neuropsiquiátricas tienen sustento en aspectos neurobiológicos del mecanismo de acción y condicionan el tratamiento prehospitalario.


Introduction: The so-called "electronic parties" allowed the widespread use of designer drugs (DOD) to reduce fatigue, inhibitions and increase empathy among participants. Objective: To present the results of prevalence, neuropsychiatric, clinical and epidemiological aspects of the use of DoD in electronic parties. Material and Methods: We conducted a field study, observational and transversal, through standardized, Normatized and anonymous survey to record clinical and neuropsychiatric parameters 138 attendees electronic parties that by spontaneous or required by third application were evaluated by physicians and reported consumption of DOD. Statistical parameters were applied and ethical standards were met. Results: We objectify a high consumption of alcohol, with high prevalence of comorbid use design with other substances like ecstasy and GHB. GHB consumers had decreased clinical parameters with an inhibitory syndrome, in contrast to the values increased in users of ecstasy. Conclusions The difference in clinical and neuropsychiatric manifestations have support in neurobiological aspects of the mechanism of action and determine the prehospital treatment.


Assuntos
Humanos , Masculino , Feminino , Drogas Desenhadas/efeitos adversos , Alcoolismo/complicações , Dietilamida do Ácido Lisérgico/efeitos adversos , Neuropsiquiatria , Doenças do Sistema Nervoso/epidemiologia
7.
Psychiatr Clin North Am ; 40(3): 501-517, 2017 09.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-28800805

RESUMO

Drug abuse and its consequences remain a significant public health issue. An increasing number of individuals are present in the emergency room with life-threatening drug intoxication. It is imperative that emergency room physicians are cognizant of the signs, symptoms, and treatment to improve the chances of early recognition and treatment. As a result, the proportion of lives saved will increase significantly. In this article, we present some of the most prevalent life-threatening drugs that lead to emergency room admission. The signs, symptoms, and treatment modalities are discussed.


Assuntos
Analgésicos Opioides/efeitos adversos , Cocaína/efeitos adversos , Drogas Desenhadas/efeitos adversos , Overdose de Drogas/tratamento farmacológico , Fumar Maconha/efeitos adversos , Humanos , Naloxona/uso terapêutico , Transtornos Relacionados ao Uso de Substâncias/tratamento farmacológico
8.
Asian J Psychiatr ; 25: 127-130, 2017 Feb.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-28262132

RESUMO

Synthetic cannabinoids, i.e. "spice", are psychoactive drugs with increasing use worldwide. Spice may have harmful neuropsychiatric and physical side effects. Here, we present the case of a 25-year-old man with ischemic stroke after smoking spice on the previous evening. Diagnostic work-up was negative for other common causes of stroke. Toxicology screen unveiled the cannabimimetic ADB-FUBINACA in the drug sample and in patient's urine. The cardiac sympathomimetic effect of spice might have triggered an unnoticed episode of tachyarrhythmia and resulted in stroke via cardioembolic etiology. Thus, in absence of other risk factors, a careful patient history of spice use is recommended for patients with acute neurological deficits.


Assuntos
Isquemia Encefálica/induzido quimicamente , Canabinoides/efeitos adversos , Drogas Desenhadas/efeitos adversos , Drogas Ilícitas/efeitos adversos , Acidente Vascular Cerebral/induzido quimicamente , Adulto , Humanos , Masculino
9.
Forensic Sci Int ; 275: 76-82, 2017 Jun.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-28324770

RESUMO

INTRODUCTION: 3-methoxyphencyclidine (3-MeO-PCP) appeared on the illicit drug market in 2011 and is an analogue of phencyclidine, which exhibits anesthetic, analgesic and hallucinogenic properties. In this paper, we report data from a non-fatal intoxication and seven deaths involving 3-MeO-PCP in Sweden during the period March 2014 until June 2016. CASE DESCRIPTIONS: The non-fatal intoxication case, a 19-year-old male with drug problems and a medical history of depression, was found awake but tachycardic, hypertensive, tachypnoeic and catatonic at home. After being hospitalized, his condition worsened as he developed a fever and lactic acidosis concomitant with psychomotor agitation and hallucinations. After 22h of intensive care, the patient had made a complete recovery. During his hospitalization, a total of four blood samples were collected at different time points. The seven autopsy cases, six males and one female, were all in their twenties to thirties with psychiatric problems and/or an ongoing drug abuse. METHODS: 3-MeO-PCP was identified with liquid chromatography (LC)/time-of-flight technology and quantified using LC-tandem mass spectrometry. RESULTS: In the clinical case, the concentration of 3-MeO-PCP was 0.14µg/g at admission, 0.08µg/g 2.5h after admission, 0.06µg/g 5h after admission and 0.04µg/g 17h after admission. The half-life of 3-MeO-PCP was estimated to 11h. In the autopsy cases, femoral blood concentrations ranged from 0.05µg/g to 0.38µg/g. 3-MeO-PCP was the sole finding in the case with the highest concentration and the cause of death was established as intoxication with 3-MeO-PCP. In the remaining six autopsy cases, other medications and drugs of abuse were present as well. CONCLUSION: Despite being scheduled in January 2015, 3-MeO-PCP continues to be abused in Sweden. Exposure to 3-MeO-PCP may cause severe adverse events and even death, especially if the user does not receive life-supporting treatment.


Assuntos
Drogas Desenhadas/efeitos adversos , Drogas Desenhadas/intoxicação , Alucinógenos/efeitos adversos , Alucinógenos/intoxicação , Fenciclidina/análogos & derivados , Adulto , Acatisia Induzida por Medicamentos , Catatonia/induzido quimicamente , Cromatografia Líquida , Drogas Desenhadas/análise , Feminino , Meia-Vida , Alucinógenos/análise , Humanos , Hipertensão/induzido quimicamente , Masculino , Fenciclidina/efeitos adversos , Fenciclidina/análise , Fenciclidina/intoxicação , Transtornos Relacionados ao Uso de Substâncias/diagnóstico , Taquicardia/induzido quimicamente , Taquipneia/induzido quimicamente , Espectrometria de Massas em Tandem , Adulto Jovem
10.
J Clin Lab Anal ; 31(6)2017 Nov.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-28169460

RESUMO

BACKGROUND: Functions, morphology, distributions, and index of the circulating cells are the most useful parameters that indicate various inflammatory and toxic conditions. The aim of this study was to investigate the clinical significance of these parameters in patients diagnosed with (synthetic) cannabis use disorder. METHODS: This study included a total of 40 patients in the study group (SG) with synthetic cannabis use; and 40 healthy individuals as the control group (CG). Participants, who had hematological disorders and other chronic diseases, were excluded from the study. All hematological parameters of SG were compared with CG. Neutrophil/lymphocyte ratio (NLR) and platelet/lymphocyte ratio (PLR) values were calculated and compared between groups. RESULTS: There were statistically significant differences between the groups in terms of WBC, MCH, RDW, MCV, MPV, and NEU, LYM%, MONO% parameters (P<.05). MPW and LYM% were significantly lower in SG compared to CG. WBC, MCH, RDW, MCV, MPV, MONO, and NEU parameters were significantly higher in SG compared to CG (P<.05). UIBC and TIBC levels were significantly higher in SG compared to CG (P<.001). Although there was statistically significant difference between groups in terms of NLR, there was no significant difference for PLR values. CONCLUSION: Our data suggested that chronic use of cannabinoids can lead to deterioration of hematopoietic cells. Chronic use of cannabinoids was consistent with subthreshold/subclinical megaloblastic anemia with iron deficiency. Inflammatory cells, especially neutrophil and monocyte counts were higher in SG compared to CG. Thus, recovery of subclinical hematological parameters should be considered in cannabis use disorder patients.


Assuntos
Células Sanguíneas/efeitos dos fármacos , Canabinoides/efeitos adversos , Drogas Desenhadas/efeitos adversos , Transtornos Relacionados ao Uso de Substâncias/sangue , Transtornos Relacionados ao Uso de Substâncias/epidemiologia , Adulto , Células Sanguíneas/patologia , Estudos de Casos e Controles , Feminino , Testes Hematológicos , Humanos , Masculino , Adulto Jovem
11.
Curr Pharm Des ; 22(42): 6420-6425, 2016.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-27655416

RESUMO

« Spice ¼ is generally used to describe the diverse types of herbal blends that encompass synthetic cannabinoids on the market. The emergence of smokable herbal products containing synthetic cannabinoids, which mimic the effects of cannabis, appears to become increasingly popular, in the new psychoactive substances landscape. In 2014, the existence of 134 different types of synthetic cannabinoids were reported by the European Union Early Warning System. These drugs are mainly sold online as an alternative to controlled and regulated psychoactive substances. They appear to have a life cycle of about 1-2 years before being replaced by a next wave of products. Legislation controlling these designer drugs has been introduced in many countries with the objective to limit the spread of existing drugs and control potential new analogs. The majority of the synthetic cannabinoids are full agonists at the CB1 receptor and do not contain tobacco or cannabis. They are becoming increasingly popular in adolescents, students and clubbers as an abused substance. Relatively high incidence of adverse effects associated with synthetic cannabinoids use has been documented in the literature. Numerous fatalities linked with their use and abuse have been reported. In this paper, we will review the available data regarding the use and effects of synthetic cannabinoids in humans in order to highlight their impact on public health. To reach this objective, a literature search was performed on two representative databases (Pubmed, Google Scholar), the Erowid Center website (a US non-profit educational organization that provides information about psychoactive plants and chemicals), and various governmental websites. The terms used for the database search were: "synthetic cannabinoids", "spice", "new psychoactive substances", and/or "substance use disorder", and/or "adverse effects", and/or "fatalities". The search was limited to years 2005 to 2016 due to emerging scientific literature at this period Health professionals should take into account that limited scientific evidence is available regarding the effect of synthetic cannabinoids use in humans. It thus urges to launch more systematic epidemiological studies, to develop and validate screening procedures, and to investigate the neurobiological and psychological correlates and risk factors associated to synthetic cannabinoids use and misuse.


Assuntos
Canabinoides/efeitos adversos , Drogas Desenhadas/efeitos adversos , Abuso de Maconha/complicações , Animais , Canabinoides/síntese química , Canabinoides/química , Drogas Desenhadas/síntese química , Drogas Desenhadas/química , Humanos , Abuso de Maconha/epidemiologia , Receptor CB1 de Canabinoide/agonistas
12.
Eur Neuropsychopharmacol ; 26(11): 1818-1825, 2016 11.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-27617779

RESUMO

Synthetic cannabinoids have become increasingly popular in the last few years especially among adolescents and young adults. However, no previous studies have assessed the effects of synthetic cannabinoids on the structure of the human brain. Understanding the harms of synthetic cannabinoid use on brain structure is therefore crucial given its increasing use. Diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) was performed in 22 patients who used synthetic cannabinoids more than five times a week for at least 1 year and 18 healthy controls. Fractional anisotropy (FA) was significantly reduced in the cannabinoid group compared to controls in a cluster of white matter voxels spanning the left temporal lobe, subcortical structures and brainstem. This cluster was predominantly traversed by the inferior fronto-occipital fasciculus, inferior longitudinal fasciculus, fornix, cingulum-hippocampus and corticospinal tracts. Long-term use of synthetic cannabinoids is associated with white matter abnormalities in adolescents and young adults. Disturbed brain connectivity in synthetic cannabinoid users may underlie cognitive impairment and vulnerability to psychosis.


Assuntos
Canabinoides/efeitos adversos , Drogas Desenhadas/efeitos adversos , Transtornos Relacionados ao Uso de Substâncias/diagnóstico por imagem , Substância Branca/diagnóstico por imagem , Adulto , Anisotropia , Encéfalo/diagnóstico por imagem , Análise por Conglomerados , Imagem de Tensor de Difusão , Humanos , Masculino , Fumar , Adulto Jovem
13.
Am J Case Rep ; 17: 379-83, 2016 Jun 05.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-27262587

RESUMO

BACKGROUND: This case report describes inhalation fever as an uncommon pulmonary adverse effect of synthetic cannabinoids. CASE REPORT: A 29-year-old man was brought in for severe agitation after smoking K2, a synthetic cannabinoid. He required multiple doses of lorazepam and haloperidol for sedation. His vital signs were notable for a mild fever and tachycardia. Otherwise, the rest of his exam was unremarkable. The laboratory test was significant for leucocytosis and diffuse reticular-nodular and interstitial infiltrates on chest radiograph. Urine drug toxicology was negative. Interestingly, his symptoms and pulmonary infiltrates on the chest radiograph resolved spontaneously after 24 hours of observation. CONCLUSIONS: This patient developed transient pulmonary infiltrates and fever following the synthetic cannabinoid inhalation, as seen in self-limiting inhalation fever. Inhalation fever as a consequence of synthetic cannabinoid has not been described previously and there is a need for further research in this field.


Assuntos
Canabinoides/efeitos adversos , Drogas Desenhadas/efeitos adversos , Febre/induzido quimicamente , Lesão por Inalação de Fumaça/induzido quimicamente , Adulto , Humanos , Masculino
15.
Hum Psychopharmacol ; 30(4): 265-71, 2015 Jul.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-26216561

RESUMO

OBJECTIVE: The urge to gain information on a new drug marketed online as 'Psyclone' has emerged after the death of a 38-year-old man in Bolton (UK). The fatality appeared to be a consequence of smoking this psychoactive product. METHODS: From October to December 2013, qualitative searches of the Web have been carried out in English and Italian, using the keywords 'Psyclone', 'Psyclone legal high', 'Psyclone incense' and 'Psyclone research chemical' on the Google search engine and on the database provided by the Global Public Health Intelligence Network. RESULTS: Our research highlighted the existence of two psychoactive products labelled as Psyclone but with different contents and packaging: a herbal blend containing two synthetic cannabinoids (AKB-48 and 5f-PB-22) and a research chemical containing 50% ethylphenidate, 30% caffeine and 20% lidocaine. Desired and side effects of both compounds are explored in the paper. CONCLUSIONS: Being sold as a legal product, Psyclone may appeal to recreational users, who remain unaware of its real content. This is a serious public health threat, which may lead to acute intoxications and fatalities. Further studies in the field, including Internet monitoring, are therefore required.


Assuntos
Canabinoides/síntese química , Drogas Desenhadas/efeitos adversos , Transtornos Relacionados ao Uso de Substâncias/epidemiologia , Canabinoides/química , Bases de Dados Bibliográficas/estatística & dados numéricos , Drogas Desenhadas/síntese química , Humanos , Internet/estatística & dados numéricos , Transtornos Relacionados ao Uso de Substâncias/prevenção & controle
16.
J Psychosoc Nurs Ment Health Serv ; 53(5): 36-43, 2015 May.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-25974923

RESUMO

Cannabinoids are the most commonly used illegal substances in the world. Spice and K2 are synthetic cannabinoid (SC) products that contain a mixture of herbs and plant matter combined with synthetic compounds similar to tetrahydrocannabinol, the psychoactive component of cannabis. Because the effects of Spice and K2 are similar to cannabis, many users are smoking these products as legal substitutes despite package labeling that they are not designed for human consumption. These SC products appeal to users because they are easily accessible and not readily detected in standard urine drug screens. The active components in SC products are highly potent and poorly characterized. Use of these agents has been associated with serious psychological and physiological side effects. Because abuse of SC products has become a national public health issue, nurses should be aware of the effects of SC compounds and must take a lead role in educating patients about the dangers of their use.


Assuntos
Canabinoides/efeitos adversos , Drogas Desenhadas/efeitos adversos , Adulto , Humanos , Masculino , Transtornos Psicóticos/etiologia , Fumar , Estados Unidos
17.
Andrology ; 3(2): 150-5, 2015 Mar.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-25684733

RESUMO

Colloquially referred to by various misleading monikers ('pro-hormones', 'natural steroids', 'testosterone boosters', etc.) designer anabolic steroids have been popular now for over a decade as a way to achieve classic anabolic steroid-like results from products sold in the legal marketplace. Recent evidence suggests that anabolic steroid use may be the most common cause of hypogonadism in men of reproductive age. Despite recent regulatory efforts that have banned specific compounds, many anabolic-androgenic steroids (AAS) remain available in over-the-counter dietary supplements that are legally sold in the United States. Severe side effects including hepatotoxicity, cholestasis, renal failure, hypogonadism, gynecomastia, and infertility have been reported secondary to the use of these products. While some of these side effects may be reversible, more aggressive use may result in more permanent end-organ damage as has been previously described for the case of aggressive AAS users (Rahnema et al., Fertil Steril, 2014). Designer AAS remain easily available for purchase in over-the-counter bodybuilding supplements and these products appear to be increasingly popular, despite the known health risks associated with their use. We conducted a systematic search to identify the designer steroids that are most commonly sold in dietary supplements as of April 2014 and review what is known regarding their potency and toxicity. We propose that the impact of AAS use on the reproductive and hormonal health of men is underestimated in the literature owing to previous studies' failure to account for designer steroid use. Lastly, we make clinical recommendations to help physicians steer patients away from potentially harmful supplements, and summarize key regulatory obstacles that have allowed potent androgens to remain unregulated in the legal marketplace.


Assuntos
Anabolizantes , Androgênios , Drogas Desenhadas , Medicamentos sem Prescrição , Anabolizantes/efeitos adversos , Androgênios/efeitos adversos , Drogas Desenhadas/efeitos adversos , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Medicamentos sem Prescrição/efeitos adversos
18.
Lakartidningen ; 111(47): 2105-7, 2014 Nov 11.
Artigo em Sueco | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-25386644

RESUMO

Synthetic cannabinoids are a large group of chemicals functionally related to delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) found in Cannabis sativa. These compounds are full agonists on cannabinoid receptors, therefore more potent than THC. Products marketed over the Internet intended for abuse usually consist of dried inert plant material sprayed with different kinds of cannabinoids. Smoking is the most common route of administration. In Sweden commercially available products are usually labeled ¼spice«. A case concerning a young male with convulsions and acute kidney failure requiring temporary dialysis is presented. Other reported serious effects of this group of substances are acute psychosis, unconsciousness, cardiac ischemia, seizures and stroke. The vendors are very aware of the legal situation in each country and adjust their supply according to current narcotics classifications. New, previously unknown cannabinoids are constantly appearing on the market.


Assuntos
Agonistas de Receptores de Canabinoides/efeitos adversos , Canabinoides/efeitos adversos , Drogas Desenhadas/efeitos adversos , Injúria Renal Aguda/induzido quimicamente , Isquemia Encefálica/induzido quimicamente , Agonistas de Receptores de Canabinoides/intoxicação , Canabinoides/intoxicação , Drogas Desenhadas/intoxicação , Controle de Medicamentos e Entorpecentes/legislação & jurisprudência , Humanos , Internet , Masculino , Fatores de Risco , Fumar/efeitos adversos , Acidente Vascular Cerebral/induzido quimicamente , Adulto Jovem
19.
Dev Period Med ; 18(3): 394-9, 2014.
Artigo em Polonês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-25182406

RESUMO

For many teenagers the time of growing up is a period of trying prohibited substances. Nowadays apart from alcohol and tobacco new designed, psychoactive substances known as "smart drugs" or "legal highs" are available. Intensive development of their market is taking place in the last few years which is difficult to overcome by regulations only. Toxicological tests used now are not able to detect the presence of many such substances in the body. Designer drugs cause the interest of young people even from small towns and many times taking them give effects requiring medical help. Caffeine is also a psychoactive substance but depending on the dose it can have positive or detrimental effect. Recently there are more and more products with caffeine, especially drinks and dietary supplements, what can cause the increase of consumption of caffeine. Children are particularly exposed to the adverse effect of high consumption of caffeine because of their small body weight and development of the central nervous system. This article presents actual data about the market of designer drugs, frequency of using them, consumption of caffeine by children and teenagers and about the impact of these substances on the organism.


Assuntos
Comportamento do Adolescente , Cafeína/efeitos adversos , Fármacos do Sistema Nervoso Central/efeitos adversos , Drogas Desenhadas/efeitos adversos , Drogas Ilícitas/efeitos adversos , Transtornos Relacionados ao Uso de Substâncias/etiologia , Adolescente , Humanos
20.
J Emerg Med ; 46(5): 632-42, 2014 May.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-24565885

RESUMO

BACKGROUND: Synthetic cathinones are popularly referred to in the media as "bath salts." Through the direct and indirect activation of the sympathetic nervous system, smoking, snorting, or injecting synthetic cathinones can result in tachycardia, hypertension, hyperthermia, myocardial infarction, and death. OBJECTIVE: The chemical structures and names of bath salts identified by the Ohio Attorney General's Bureau of Criminal Investigation are presented. Based on their common pharmacophores, we review the history, pharmacology, toxicology, detection methods, and clinical implications of synthetic cathinones. Through the integration of this information, the pharmacological basis for the management of patients using synthetic cathinones is presented. DISCUSSION: Synthetic cathinones activate central serotonergic and dopaminergic systems contributing to acute psychosis and the peripheral activation of the sympathetic nervous system. The overstimulation of the sympathetic nervous system contributes to the many toxicities reported with bath salt use. The pharmacological basis for managing these patients is targeted at attenuating the activation of these systems. CONCLUSIONS: Treatment of patients presenting after using bath salts should be focused on reducing agitation and psychosis and supporting renal perfusion. The majority of successfully treated synthetic cathinones cases have used benzodiazepines and antipsychotics along with general supportive care.


Assuntos
Alcaloides/efeitos adversos , Estimulantes do Sistema Nervoso Central/efeitos adversos , Drogas Desenhadas/efeitos adversos , Psicotrópicos/efeitos adversos , Transtornos Relacionados ao Uso de Substâncias , Alcaloides/química , Estimulantes do Sistema Nervoso Central/química , Drogas Desenhadas/química , Humanos , Transtornos Relacionados ao Uso de Substâncias/diagnóstico , Transtornos Relacionados ao Uso de Substâncias/terapia
SELEÇÃO DE REFERÊNCIAS
DETALHE DA PESQUISA