Commentary on Some Recent Theses Relevant to Combating Aging: June 2020.

Theses reviewed in this issue include "Clearance of Capillary Occlusions Improves Cortical Blood Flow and Cognitive Function in Alzheimer's Mouse Models," "Dermato-Informatic Approaches to Understanding and Improving Lesional Diagnostic Expertise in Cutaneous Oncology," "Furthering the Scope, Understanding, and Application of Proteolysis Targeting Chimera," "Optimization and Application of Synthetic High-Density Lipoprotein (sHDL) System in Atherosclerosis and Glioma Therapy," "Regulatory T Cell Enriching Microparticles for Promoting Tolerance in Vascularized Composite Allotransplantation," and "Tau Prion Strains Induce Distinct Pathological Phenotypes In Vivo."

Postgraduate palliative care education for all healthcare providers in Europe: Results from an EAPC survey.

OBJECTIVE: Palliative care training at basic, intermediate, and specialist levels, recommended by the World Health Organization (WHO), is challenging to access in resource-poor countries and regions. Providing support in this regard would seem a moral imperative for all countries with established palliative care education systems and a strong resource base. In collaboration with WHO European Office and European Association for Palliative Care, this paper looks into the educational requirements in palliative care at postgraduate level within Europe. METHOD: A survey was specifically designed to gather opinions and comments on elements of palliative care education from European experts. Participants were invited to assess the European Association for Palliative Care core competencies on a five-item scale and to define essential learning goals. Survey data were statistically analyzed using IBM SPSS Statistics Software. Qualitative data were thematically analyzed. RESULT: A total of 195 data sets were recorded; 82 were completed fully. The statistical analysis revealed a high agreement regarding the key elements of palliative care education. The thematic analysis indicated that at postgraduate level all healthcare providers need to (1) comprehend the palliative care philosophy, (2) be able to demonstrate the complex symptom assessment and management competencies, (3) be able to design care plans based on patients and families wishes integrating multiprofessional and interdisciplinary approaches, and (4) be able to listen and self-reflect. SIGNIFICANCE OF RESULTS: According to the WHO, inadequate skills and capacities of healthcare workers are one of the four barriers hindering the access to palliative care. This paper contains a new and comprehensive list of learning goals essential for multidisciplinary postgraduate palliative care education. Besides highlighting the relevant competencies, the article provides best-practice toolboxes with teaching and assessment methods. The article comments on the WHO's palliative care definition and underpins the importance of the role of the education in knowledge development and skills acquisition.

Fundamentos teóricos para el desarrollo de la Educación Interprofesional en el sector Salud / Fundamentos teóricos para o desenvolvimento da Educação Interprofissional no setor da Saúde / Theoretical foundations for the development of Interprofessional Education in the Health sector

Introducción: En Cuba es una exigencia social la búsqueda en la educación de postgrado de vías dirigidas al desarrollo de la Educación interprofesional en la Salud. Objetivo: Identificar los fundamentos teóricos que sustenten el desarrollo de la educación interprofesional en el contexto de la educación de postgrado. Método: Se realizó una investigación en la Universidad de Ciencias Médicas de Guantánamo, la Dirección de Docencia del Ministerio de Salud Pública y la Universidad de Guantánamo durante junio a septiembre de 2018. Mediante el método de análisis documental se sistematizaron los fundamentos teóricos para el desarrollo en el postgrado de la Educación Interprofesional en Cuba. Resultados: Se encontraron 138 documentos cuyo análisis posibilitó la precisión de ideas que pueden ser asumidas como fundamentos teóricos (económicos, filosóficos, sociológicos, pedagógicos, didácticos, psicológicos, legales y salubrista) de la educación de posgrado como vía para el desarrollo de la Educación Interprofesional en el sector Salud en Cuba. Conclusión: Se sistematizaron los fundamentos teóricos esenciales que sustentan la educación de posgrado como vía para el desarrollo de la Educación Interprofesional en el sector Salud en Cuba(AU)

Introduction: In Cuba it is a social requirement the search in postgraduate education of routes aimed at the development of Interprofessional Education in Health. Objective: To identify the theoretical foundations that support the development of interprofessional education in the context of postgraduate education. Method: An investigation was carried out at the University of Medical Sciences of Guantánamo, the Teaching Directorate of the Ministry of Public Health and the University of Guantánamo during June to September 2018. Through the method of documentary analysis, the theoretical foundations for development were systematized in the postgraduate of Interprofessional Education in Cuba. Results: 138 documents were found whose analysis allowed the precision of ideas that can be assumed as theoretical foundations (economic, philosophical, sociological, pedagogical, didactic, psychological, legal and health) of postgraduate education as a way for the development of Education Interprofessional in the Health sector in Cuba. Conclusion: The essential theoretical foundations that support postgraduate education as a way for the development of Interprofessional Education in the Health sector in Cuba were systematized(AU)

Introdução: Em Cuba, é um requisito social a busca no ensino de pós-graduação de rotas voltadas ao desenvolvimento da Educação Interprofissional em Saúde. Objetivo: Identificar os fundamentos teóricos que sustentam o desenvolvimento da educação interprofissional no contexto da pós-graduação. Método: Foi realizada uma investigação na Universidade de Ciências Médicas de Guantânamo, na Diretoria de Ensino do Ministério da Saúde Pública e na Universidade de Guantânamo durante o período de junho a setembro de 2018. Os fundamentos teóricos do desenvolvimento foram sistematizados por meio do método de análise documental. na pós-graduação em Educação Interprofissional em Cuba. Resultados: Foram encontrados 138 documentos cuja análise possibilitou a precisão de idéias que podem ser assumidas como fundamentos teóricos (econômicos, filosóficos, sociológicos, pedagógicos, didáticos, psicológicos, jurídicos e de saúde) da pós-graduação como forma de desenvolvimento da Educação Interprofissional no setor de saúde em Cuba. Conclusão: Foram sistematizados os fundamentos teóricos essenciais que apóiam a educação de pós-graduação como forma de desenvolvimento da educação interprofissional no setor da saúde em Cuba(AU)

A formação multiprofissional em saúde sob a ótica do residente / La formación multifuncional the la salud desde la perspectiva de lo residente / The multiprofessional health training from the viewpoint of the resident

Objective: to describe the lived experiences as a nursing professional who integrates the 1st class of the Multiprofessional Health Residency Program from the Gaffrée and Guinle University Hospital and describe the activities performed during the practical and theoretical exercise of the course. Methods: This is a descriptive study of situational analysis, which is characterized as an experience report. Results: The program, which began in February 2011, was comprised of professionals from the following areas: Nursing, Nutrition, Speech Therapy and Physiotherapy. It has duration time of two years and a workload of 60 hours a week. It presents different hospital scenarios, as fieldworks, with the aim at promoting the experience of integrality of the health care, with a period directed to the Primary Care. Conclusion: The prolonged interaction among the multiprofessional residents has provided a great learning in relation to the collective living, by increasing the respect, appreciation and knowledge among the professions.

Objetivo: relatar as experiências vivenciadas enquanto Enfermeira integrante da 1ª turma de Residência Multiprofissional em Saúde do Hospital Universitário Gaffrée e Guinle e descrever as atividades realizadas durante o exercício prático e teórico do curso. Métodos: Trata-se de um estudo descritivo de análise situacional e caracterizado como relato de experiência. Resultados: O programa, que teve início em fevereiro de 2011, era composto por profissionais de Enfermagem, Nutrição, Fonoaudiologia e Fisioterapia. Possui tempo de duração de dois anos e uma carga horária de 60 horas semanais. Apresenta como campos de atuação diferentes cenários do hospital e ainda, com a intenção de promover a experiência da integralidade da atenção à saúde, com um período destinado à Atenção Básica. Conclusão: A interação prolongada entre os residentes multiprofissionais proporcionou um grande aprendizado em relação ao fazer coletivo, aumentando o respeito, valorização e conhecimento entre as profissões.

Objetivo: describir la experiencia como miembro de la 1 ª clase enfermera de salud Residencia multidisciplinar en hospital Gaffrée y Guinle y describir las actividades realizadas durante el curso práctico y teórico. Métodos: Se realizó un estudio descriptivo de análisis de la situación y se caracteriza como un relato de experiencia. Resultados: El programa, que comenzó en febrero de 2011, consistió en la enfermería profesional, nutrición, patología del habla y fisioterapia. Tiene una duración de dos años y una carga de trabajo de 60 horas a la semana. Muestra los campos de actividad como los diferentes escenarios del hospital y, con la intención de promover la experiencia de la atención integral de la salud, con un período de Atención Primaria. Conclusión: La interacción prolongada entre lós residentes multidisciplinarios proporcionan una gran experiencia de aprendizaje en relación con el colectivo, el aumento de respeto, aprecio y conocimiento entre los profesionales.

Ressonâncias do Projeto Pró-Ensino na Saúde no interior do Brasil / Resonancias del Proyecto Pro-Enseñanza en la Salud en el interior de Brasil / Resonances of the Project Pró-Ensino na Saúde in the interior of Brazil

O presente trabalho trata das ressonâncias do Projeto Pró-Ensino na Saúde sob a perspectiva de dois docentes - agora doutores - que participaram do projeto pela Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso (UFMT). A proposta do projeto de formação de mestres e doutores em Educação para profissionais de Saúde apresentava entre seus objetivos contribuir para o fortalecimento e a ampliação de programas de pós-graduação stricto sensu no Mato Grosso, na área de ensino na Saúde; e propiciar a integração entre grupos de pesquisa e equipes acadêmicas da Educação e da Enfermagem. Analisamos os resultados do projeto em duas perspectivas, que denominamos ressonâncias, a saber: ressonâncias da produção do conhecimento e ressonâncias na formação e nos serviços. Os resultados mensuráveis estabeleceram-se notadamente pelo avanço na pós-graduação e na pesquisa no local de origem dos docentes.(AU)

En este artículo se discuten las resonancias bajo la perspectiva de dos docentes, ahora doctores, que participaron en el proyecto por la Universidad Federal de Mato Grosso (UFMT). La propuesta del proyecto de formación de Maestría y Doctorado en Educación para profesionales de la Salud presentaba entre sus objetivos los siguientes: contribuir para el fortalecimiento y la ampliación de programas de postgrado stricto sensu en Mato Grosso en el área de la enseñanza en la Salud; propiciar la integración entre grupos de investigación y equipos académicos de la Educación y de la Enfermería. Analizamos los resultados del proyecto desde dos perspectivas que denominamos de resonancias, es decir: resonancias de la producción del conocimiento y resonancias en la formación y en los servicios. Los resultados medibles se establecieron notablemente por medio del avance en el postgrado y en la investigación en el local de origen de los docentes.(AU)

In this article the resonances of the project Pro-Ensino na Saude are discussed, from the perspective of two teachers, now PhDs, who participated in it through Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso (UFMT). The project's proposal is the education of health professionals in Master's and Doctoral programs in Education. Some of the project's objectives are: to contribute to the strengthening and expansion of graduate programs in Mato Grosso in the area of health teaching, and to foster integration between research groups and academic teams of Education and Nursing. We analyzed the results of this project in two perspectives, which we call resonances, namely: resonances of knowledge production, and resonances in education and in the services. The measurable results were established mainly by the advance in the graduate sector and research in the teachers' place of origin.(AU)

The Shrinking of Formalized Nutrition Education in Health Professions Curricula and Postgraduate Training.

The quantity of formalized nutrition education is shrinking in curricula of health professions, such as physicians, nurses, dietitians, and pharmacists. The current nutrition education being taught in U.S. schools of healthcare professionals does not appropriately prepare students for identification of patients at nutrition risk or management of undernourished hospitalized patients with specialized nutrition therapies. In U.S. schools of pharmacy, parenteral nutrition is considered a highly specialized and advanced practice so little time is devoted to this area and more attention is focused on chronic disease state management (ie, hypertension, diabetes mellitus, and congestive heart failure). Nutrition support fellowships for physicians and nutrition support residency programs for pharmacists have dwindled in number over the years so that only a handful of these healthcare professionals are produced each year from the remaining formalized programs. Physicians, nurses, pharmacists, and dietitians can positively affect patient care, but each profession must first determine how best to integrate basic and applied nutrition concepts into their professional curricula and training programs. There must also be consensus among the healthcare professions as to the depth of nutrition education and the stage of training at which these integrations should occur. Only by having these crucial conversations among all disciplines will we be able to develop new strategies to expand nutrition education in the training of future medical practitioners.

Changing the Face of Veterinary Medicine: Research and Clinical Developments at AAVMC Institutions.

This paper provides a 50-year overview of research and clinical advances in AAVMC member colleges in four representative fields of veterinary medicine: oncology, vaccine development, production medicine, and public health. Though emphasis is on the progress since the mid-1960s, the salient background and associated personnel in each field are also identified to the extent that their description informs more recent events. Advances in board certification and post-graduate clinical and research educational opportunities are also described.

The psychology postgraduate system in Brazil: current characteristics and challenges for the area / O sistema de pós-graduação no Brasil: características atuais e desafios à área

AbstractThis text is a characterization of the Psychology Postgraduate System in Brazil, presenting indicators of its growth in recent years, of its current geographical distribution, of its research lines, and of the grades awarded in the last Triennial evaluation of 2013. This characterization underlies a set of reflections regarding the challenges for the area from the guidelines established by the National Postgraduate System Plan (PNPG) 2011-2020. These challenges include: internationalization, interdisciplinarity, the link with basic education, the reduction of regional disparities, and the differentiation between academic and professional qualification. The text also focuses on the continuous and necessary improvements in the evaluation process conducted by the Coordination for the Improvement of Higher Education Personnel (CAPES). These reflections seek to provide a basis for the management of the Psychology Postgraduate System in Brazil in the coming years. (AU)

ResumoO presente texto faz uma caracterização do sistema de Pós-Graduação em Psicologia no Brasil, oferecendo indicadores do seu crescimento nos últimos anos, da distribuição geográfica vigente, dos fenômenos tomados como objetos de investigação nas suas linhas de pesquisa e das notas atribuídas na última avaliação trienal de 2013. Tal caracterização embasa um conjunto de reflexões sobre os desafios para a Área a partir de diretrizes fixadas pelo Programa Nacional de Pós-Graduação (PNPG) 2011-2020, tais como: internacionalização, interdisciplinaridade, vínculo com a educação básica, redução das assimetrias regionais, diferenciação entre a formação acadêmica e profissional. Focaliza-se, também, os aprimoramentos contínuos e necessários do processo de avaliação conduzido pela Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior Capes. Tais reflexões buscam embasar a gestão da Área nos próximos anos. (AU)

Internationalization: towards new horizons / Internacionalização: rumo a novos horizontes

This article aims to examine the internationalization actions of Brazilian Postgraduate Programs. Data were used from the Coordination for the Improvement of Higher Education Personnel (CAPES) and the Ministry of Education (MEC), which perform an evaluation of postgraduate courses every three years. Recently, the period was changed to four years. The data reported in the Indicators Booklet of productions of each program, selected according to 8 criteria, allowed the grouping of activities. The comments made on the Evaluation Form were then examined. This showed that internationalization actions are varied and are overwhelmingly present in the Brazilian programs (n= 49). It was verified that the evaluation valorizes production in international publications, often to the detriment of the various actions that effectively contribute to internationalization. It was concluded that, despite publication in international media being a relevant indicator, it does not definitively indicate participation in international knowledge production. The demand, on behalf of students and researchers, for the qualification that is provided in the country would be the most accurate indicator of internationalization. No courses, in the period examined, accommodated non-Portuguese speakers. Despite the efforts already made toward effective internationalization, there remains the important and urgent step: to make the National Postgraduate System a reference point in the international community. (AU)

Este artigo teve como objetivo examinar as ações de internacionalização dos Programas de Pós-graduação brasileiros. Utilizou dados da Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (Capes), Ministério da Educação (MEC), que trienalmente realiza a Avaliação dos cursos. Recentemente, a avaliação passou a ser quadrienal. Valeu-se dos dados declarados no Caderno de Indicadores de produções de cada Programa, que, selecionados de acordo com 8 critérios, permitiram o agrupamento das atividades. Em seguida, examinou os comentários realizados pela Ficha de Avaliação. Mostrou que ações de internacionalização são variadas e estão maciçamente presentes nos Programas brasileiros (n=49). Observou que a Avaliação privilegia a produção em publicações estrangeiras, quase sempre em detrimento das diversas ações que contribuem efetivamente para a internacionalização. Concluiu que, apesar da publicação em veículos internacionais ser um indicador relevante, não aponta em definitivo para a participação na produção internacional de conhecimento. A procura, por parte de alunos e pesquisadores, pela formação que é dada no país seria o indicador mais preciso de internacionalização. Nenhum curso, no período examinado, ofertava cursos que pudessem ser acompanhados por não falantes do português. Apesar dos esforços já realizados em direção a uma efetiva internacionalização, resta o importante e urgente passo: tornar a pós-graduação nacional um ponto de referência na comunidade internacional. (AU)

Global citizenship is key to securing global health: the role of higher education.

Despite growing public awareness, health systems are struggling under the escalating burden of non-communicable diseases. While personal responsibility is crucial, alone it is insufficient. We argue that one must place themselves within the broader/global context to begin to truly understand the health implications of personal choices. Global citizenship competency has become an integral part of the higher education discourse; this discourse can and should be extended to include global health. A global citizen is someone who is (1) aware of global issues, (2) socially responsible, and (3) civically engaged. From this perspective, personal health is not solely an individual, self-serving act; rather, the consequences of our lifestyle choices and behaviors have far-reaching implications. This paper will argue that, through consciously identifying global health within the constructs of global citizenship, institutions of higher education can play an instrumental role in fostering civically engaged students capable of driving social change.

The development and implementation of an interdisciplinary on-line academic course using a life course perspective.

The University of Wisconsin-Madison Pediatric Pulmonary Center (UW PPC) provides interdisciplinary leadership training for graduate students and postgraduate professionals. The training includes a three-credit on-line course entitled Interdisciplinary Care of Children with Special Health Care Needs. This paper describes the course, the content and organization of which was guided by the life course perspective (LCP). The UW PPC team used the LCP to guide course organization, content development, and evaluation approaches. UW PPC trainees took responsibility for content areas, performed literature reviews and reviews of resources, and suggested student activities. Course content was focused on the child with special health care needs (CSHCN) embedded in contextual environments of family, community, culture, and larger social and public policy arenas. The content included three case-study videos that followed a child with cystic fibrosis from birth to age 18. Key concepts of the LCP were woven in throughout the videos and other course materials. Emphasis was on representing development of the individual during critical/sensitive periods and on social determinants of health. At semester's end, qualitative and quantitative student evaluation results were very positive for all areas of the course. The final course paper, organized similarly to course modules, synthesized all aspects of the course. A successful paper included LCP concepts woven throughout to show integration of course content. The LCP provided a useful framework for course organization and content, and served as a lens through which students came to understand the care needs of CSHCN and their families. A course such as this can serve the important goal of educating future maternal child health professionals in using the LCP to understand how multiple determinants of health interact across the life span to produce health outcomes in this population.

Mestrado profissional em saúde pública: caminhos e identidade / Professional master in public health: pathways and identity

Com o objetivo de construir novos entendimentos acerca das singularidades e características do mestrado profissional em saúde pública, os autores dividiram o livro em seis capítulos. No primeiro, traçam um panorama internacional da formação em saúde pública em nível de mestrado. Em seguida, analisam o marco legal referente à formulação e à implementação do mestrado profissional no Brasil. Depois, apresentam a oferta desses cursos no campo da saúde pública no país. O quarto capítulo é dedicado ao sistema de avaliação da pós-graduação brasileira. O quinto traz uma reflexão sobre o modelo de formação, enquanto o sexto, para finalizar, pensa o mestrado profissional como uma instância escolar de socialização.

Desafios da pós-graduação em saúde humana no Brasil / Challenges of postgraduate human health programs in Brazil

Discute-se o reconhecimento do crescente papel de demandas e atores extra-acadêmicos na dinâmica da formação de recursos humanos para o mercado e, em particular, para a pesquisa. Sua atuação em sinergia com o movimento de amadurecimento do sistema setorial de inovação em saúde e com as prioridades do Sistema Único de Saúde também é discutida. É analisada a adequação da metodologia do processo de avaliação da Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior a essas tendências. De maneira geral, isso significa agregar novos indicadores de produtividade tecnológica e social aos critérios predominantemente acadêmicos já existentes. Discute a continuidade e o aprofundamento das iniciativas em curso no sentido de admitir novos formatos de programas e cursos de pós-graduação, cursos customizados a demandas do mercado extra-acadêmico, entre outros, sejam sociais ou tecnológico-empresariais, bem como o aprofundamento das iniciativas para o estímulo aos estágios pós-doutorais, escassos no Brasil.(AU)postdoctorales, escasos en Brasil.

Privatização, especialização e individualização: um outro mundo (acadêmico) é possível? / Privatization, especialization and individualization: is another (academic) world possible?

Este trabalho discute a conjuntura de políticas científicas para a pós-graduação no contexto brasileiro, tendo em vista os modos de subjetivação que engendram para os pesquisadores/docentes nas universidades. Privatização, especialização e individualização parecem constituir três dimensões prevalentes dessas políticas, estabelecendo identificações e ações coletivas propensas a uma aceitação ao que está posto e a uma atitude de "reconciliação" com o sistema de desenvolvimento científico do país. A análise evoca a figura do intelectual, tal como visto por Russell Jacoby e Edward Said, como o contraponto necessário ao trabalho acadêmico atualmente engolfado pelas políticas de boa gestão. Dois aspectos são trazidos para a análise, ao final, como ilustração do argumento: a relação da pós-graduação com a graduação e a internacionalização da pós-graduação.

The present work discusses the framework of scientific policies for graduate education in the Brazilian context in view of the modes of subjectivization engendered for university researchers/lecturers. Privatization, specialization and individualization seem to constitute three main dimensions of these policies establishing collective identifications and actions conducive to an acceptance of the status quo, and to an attitude of 'reconciliation' with the system of scientific development in the country. The paper evokes the place of the intellectual, as seen by Russell Jacoby and Edward Said, as a necessary counterpoint to the academic task which has become engulfed today by policies of good management. Two issues are brought forward to illustrate the argument: the relation of graduate with undergraduate courses and the internationalization of graduate education.

Gestión organizacional para la formación doctoral local en Ciencias de la Salud en Holguín / Organization management for the local Ph D in Health Sciences studies in Holguín

Entre las orientaciones del Ministerio de Salud Pública de Cuba está desarrollar estrategias aceleradas para la formación de doctores en ciencias en el sector, fundamentalmente, a nivel local. Por ello, consecuentemente con esta orientación la provincia de Holguín se propuso impulsar el proceso de formación de doctores, en este caso en Ciencias de la Salud, para elevar el nivel de excelencia académica de la Universidad de Ciencias Médicas, como parte de su inserción en el campo internacional y además, como respuesta a la solicitud de los profesionales de la provincia que deseaban obtener este grado científico. Se muestra la estrategia elaborada y su diseño sustentada en un proceso formativo flexible y ajustado a las normas vigentes por la Comisión Nacional de Grados Científicos de Cuba para la obtención del grado de doctor en una especialidad determinada, procedimiento conocido y utilizado por otros sectores, pero prácticamente desconocido en el sector de la salud. Este proceso de formación doctoral es un modelo de transformación académica que agiliza la formación de doctores en ciencias de la salud en Holguín y prevé disponer a corto plazo de un grupo importante de profesores científicamente fortalecidos. A un año de ejecución de la estrategia se observan resultados estimulantes y se han trazado las proyecciones para su sostenibilidad

One of the instructions of the Ministry of Public Health is the development of strategies for the intensive formation of Ph.D. in health sciences, mainly at local level. To this end, Holguín province intended to give a boost to the process of Ph.D. formation in the health sciences field, in order to increase the level of academic excellence at the provincial medical science university, as part of its insertion in the international arena, and additionally, as a response to the request of the health professionals in that province. The strategy and its design, based on a flexible formation process adapted to the present standards of the National Commission of Scientific Degrees in Cuba for obtaining Ph.D. in a given specialty, was presented. This procedure is known and used in other sectors, but it is practically unknown in the healthcare sector. This process of Ph.D. formation is a model of academic transformation that speeds up the formation Doctors of health sciences in Holguin, and anticipates short-term availability of a significant group of scientifically sounded professors. After one year of the implementation of this strategy, stimulating results were observed and new projections towards its sustainability have been set