Identification of Social Determinants of Education Among Pharmacy Students: Results From a Single-Institution Survey.

OBJECTIVE: To identify social determinants of education (SDOE) among pharmacy students enrolled in the entry-level Doctor of Pharmacy program at the University of Colorado Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences. METHODS: An original 28-item survey was developed and disseminated to first through fourth year students enrolled in the entry-level Doctor of Pharmacy program at the University of Colorado Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences during the spring 2023 semester. The survey evaluated student demographics, educational performance, and SDOE in 6 categories: physical health, psychosocial health, economic stability, self-motivation, social environment/community, and physical environment/community. RESULTS: A total of 133 students responded to the survey. Over half of the respondents acknowledged difficulties completing errands or self-care tasks owing to their physical, mental, or emotional health. Over half of respondents also reported concerns about covering expenses at the end of the month. Respondents also reported eating less because of financial restraints (20.0%), worrying about housing (22.9%), feeling unsafe in their neighborhood (29.0%), and feeling lonely or isolated (63.4%). In the secondary analysis, the respondents who had concerns with covering expenses, affording food, or losing housing had significantly lower academic performance. CONCLUSION: This study identified several SDOE among pharmacy students at our institution, suggesting that students at even the highest levels of education may be subject to disparities. The identification of SDOE provides insight into barriers that are potentially hidden but are highly likely to impact student engagement and success. Efforts toward reducing disparities and promoting equitable opportunities for students are necessary to ensure continued growth and diversification of the pharmacy profession.

Research and Education Needs for Complex Generics.

Complex generics are generic versions of drug products that generally have complex active ingredients, complex formulations, complex routes of delivery, complex dosage forms, are complex drug-device combination products, or have other characteristics that can make it complex to demonstrate bioequivalence or to develop as generics. These complex products (i.e. complex generics) are an important element of the United States (U.S.) Food and Drug Administration's (FDA's) Generic Drug User Fee Amendments (GDUFA) II Commitment Letter. The Center for Research on Complex Generics (CRCG) was formed by a grant from the FDA to address challenges associated with the development of complex generics. To understand these challenges, the CRCG conducted a "Survey of Scientific Challenges in the Development of Complex Generics". The three main areas of questioning were directed toward which (types of) complex products, which methods of analysis to support a demonstration of bioequivalence, and which educational topics the CRCG should prioritize. The survey was open to the public on a website maintained by the CRCG. Regarding complex products, the top three selections were complex injectables, formulations, and nanomaterials; drug-device combination products; and inhalation and nasal products. Regarding methods of analysis, the top three selections were locally-acting physiologically-based pharmacokinetic modeling; oral absorption models and bioequivalence; and data analytics and machine learning. Regarding educational topics, the top three selections were complex injectables, formulations, and nanomaterials; drug-device combination products; and data analytics, including quantitative methods and modeling & simulation. These survey results will help prioritize the CRCG's initial research and educational initiatives.

Pharmacy Students' Perceptions of Electronic Nicotine Delivery Systems as Compared to Those of Other Health Care Students.

Objective. To determine how pharmacy students' perceptions of electronic nicotine delivery systems (ENDS) differ from those of other health care students. Methods. A 33-item questionnaire was sent to health professional students at a Midwestern university to assess their tobacco use, insights regarding ENDS, cessation education, and perceptions. Health professions included were pharmacy, nursing, public health, optometry, dental hygiene, and others. Results. The overall response rate to the questionnaire was 41% (1152/2799). The study population reported high ENDS use. Almost half (47%) of the respondents had ever used ENDS and 14% were current users (6% pharmacy students vs 19% other health care students). A lower percentage of pharmacy students than other health care students agreed that using ENDS is healthier than using tobacco (18% vs 26%). Overall, pharmacy students more strongly agreed that they had received enough education to counsel patients regarding tobacco cessation (rated 4.7 by pharmacy students vs 3.6 by other health care students on a seven-point Likert scale) and ENDS cessation (rated 3.3 by pharmacy students vs 2.9 by other health care students). Finally, pharmacy students were less likely than other health care students to recommend the use of ENDS to aid patients in quitting traditional cigarette use (2.9 vs 3.2, respectively). Conclusion. The rapid rise in use of ENDS and the continued use of cigarettes in the United States makes it imperative for health care professionals to be knowledgeable about these products and prepared to counsel patients regarding them. We found that pharmacy students tended to have more negative perceptions about ENDS and a lower percentage of pharmacy students than other health care students agreed that ENDS should be used as a cessation tool for quitting traditional cigarettes.

A survey of smoking cessation training within UK pharmacy education.

INTRODUCTION: Tobacco smoking is a significant public health problem, and remains the leading cause of preventable, premature death in the United Kingdom (UK). In order to reduce the burden of smoking in the UK, all healthcare professionals should be able to advise smokers how to quit and assist them to do so. The aim was to identify the extent of smoking cessation teaching and examination in UK pharmacy schools. METHODS: A short survey of smoking cessation was sent to each Programme Director for all UK pharmacy schools (n = 29). RESULTS: The survey achieved a response rate of 72%. All schools dedicated time teaching smoking cessation interventions, with 76% spending more than three hours, and 90% examining students on some aspect of smoking cessation. All schools taught about nicotine replacement therapy (NRT) and the role of behavioural support. At least 90% of schools taught about the role of the stop smoking services and opportunistic brief interventions, e.g., very brief advice (VBA). Only 14% covered practical delivery in clinical settings. CONCLUSIONS: UK pharmacy schools are teaching and examining students on a wide range of smoking cessation interventions, including VBA. However, there was a lack of training reported on the management of mental health patients who smoke, and practical skills training. All schools should do more to ensure they are providing practical skills training to enable students to be adequately prepared for delivering smoking cessation support to all smokers, including vulnerable populations.

End-of-life and palliative care education in US pharmacy schools.

The objective of this endeavor was to ascertain the current status of end-of-life and palliative care within the curriculum of US pharmacy schools and compare to a similar 1986 study. Additionally, responses to recent professional guidelines for pharmacy schools regarding end-of-life issues can be addressed. A fixed-choice survey was mailed to the 125 US pharmacy schools with a 49% response rate. Results revealed that the lecture format of teaching on end-of-life issues continues to be used today with an increase in offerings and greater participation by students than in 1986. Recently established guidelines and standards regarding end-of-life issues for pharmacy schools are being addressed, thus today's pharmacists should be better prepared to relate to patients with terminal illnesses and their families than in 1986.

A national survey of training and smoking cessation services provided in community pharmacies in Thailand.

Over the past few years, several training programs have been run in support of smoking cessation services within community pharmacy circles in Thailand. These have included a comprehensive training program offered by the Thai Pharmacy Network for Tobacco Control (TPNTC) and brief training programs run by other agencies. This study provides an estimate of the scale of smoking cessation activities among Thai pharmacies, and examines the impact of both the brief and comprehensive training programs on the provision of smoking cessation services. A self-administered questionnaire was mailed to 3,600 Thai community pharmacists. A total of 1,001 questionnaires were returned (response rate: 27.8%). Smoking cessation services were provided by 71.1% of the respondents, and 47.4% of such services gave only brief advice. Comprehensive services (defined by the 5A's: ask, advise, assess, assist, and arrange follow-up) accounted for 15.3% of the respondents. Only 293 pharmacists (29.6%) said they had received cessation training; 62.5% of whom had received such training from TPNTC. The receipt of brief and comprehensive training was associated with a higher rate of the provision of brief advice, when compared with no training, showing adjusted odds ratios (ORs) of 2.93 (95% CI, 1.66-5.18) and 5.93 (95% CI, 3.18-10.17) respectively, while evidence of differences between these training programs was not observed, having an adjusted OR of 1.94 (95% CI, .89-4.21). TPNTC trained pharmacists were 4.98 times (95% CI, 2.24-11.05) more likely than those who received other brief training to provided the 5A's cessation services. All types of training program help to promote the provision of brief counseling by pharmacists. Comprehensive training is associated with the increased provision of both 4A's and 5A's cessation services.

[Competence of pharmacy students of the Jagiellonian University Medical College, Department of Pharmacy in Cracow in the problem of tobacco addiction]. / Stan wiedzy studentów farmacji wydzialu farmaceutycznego Uniwersytetu Jagiellonskiego Collegium Medicum w Krakowie o uzaleznieniu od palenia papierosów.

Over 1.2 billion people in the world are addicted to tobacco products. Tobacco smoke contributes to increased risk cardiovascular diseases, respiratory diseases and development of cancers. A survey carried out in lines of medical students was assessed prevalence of smoking and attitudes toward the problem of smoking. This research has never been carried out with departments of pharmaceutical students. The aim of this work was to assess the level of knowledge of students Pharmaceutical Faculty of the Jagiellonian University in Krakow addiction from smoking cigarettes, the harmfulness of smoking, knowledge of preparations used in the course of emergence from addiction and move topic dependence on tobacco smoking during the study. Carried a voluntary and anonymous survey, allow for verify and compare the knowledge of issues related to smoking, as well as some idea of how many students smoke cigarettes. The study was performed in the group of 485 students, including 378 from the Pharmaceutical Faculty and 107 from Medical Laboratory Department from all years. As is clear from the survey conducted students from higher years to cope better with questions about carcinogens, diseases caused by tobacco smoking and have bigger knowledge about antinicotine preparations. Among students from IV and V years is also the most people claiming that they can provide anti-smoking advice. It was found the largest proportion of smoking students on the IV and V year. The greatest knowledge of tobacco dependence Faculty of Pharmacy students acquired in class with toxicology, physiology and biology. Universities have a huge scope for action in conducting antinicotine programs.

Pharmaceutical care in community pharmacies: practice and research in Denmark.

OBJECTIVE: To review the current status of Danish community pharmacy in both practice and research and discuss future trends. FINDINGS: Denmark has a social welfare system that provides health care, social services, and pensions to its population. Medical care and surgery are free. Prescription medicines are reimbursed by an average of 56%. Community pharmacies are privately owned, but the health authorities regulate drug prices and the number of pharmacies. At present, Denmark has 322 pharmacies, corresponding to 1 pharmacy per 16,700 inhabitants. All pharmacies provide prescription and over-the-counter products, advice about medicine use, dose dispensing, generic substitutions, and administration of individual reimbursement registers. Except for very simple processes, compounding is centralized at 3 pharmacies. Many pharmacies offer measurement of blood glucose, blood pressure, and cholesterol, and 60% offer inhalation counseling, a reimbursed service. Research in pharmacy practice is well established and conducted primarily at universities and at Pharmakon A/S, which is owned by the Danish Pharmaceutical Association. DISCUSSION: Extended services in clinical pharmacy are priorities for all Danish pharmacy organizations. Reimbursement is sought at the national level, as well as from payers in the new local authority structures in Denmark. The trend in research focuses on collaborative health care, on developing and documenting the value of community pharmacy services, and on optimizing services and strengthening implementation. CONCLUSIONS: Denmark has few, but large, community pharmacies and a long tradition of research and development resulting in several well-documented cognitive and clinical services. However, few services are reimbursed and implementation is still a challenge.

[The educational relation between pharmacists and patients at distribution points for medicines in the public health network]. / Relação educativa entre farmacêutico e usuário em postos de distribuição de medicamentos da rede pública.

This investigation has as objective know the relations that establish themselves between pharmacists and patients during the dispensation of medicines and collaborate to the theorical-practice discussion of the pharmacy courses. The investigation context consisted into two distributing points of medicines. The subjects of the research were two pharmacists, four academics and eighty-four users. The analyses were constructed as databases through the direct observation, semi-structured and open interviews. The contributions that this investigation intends to bring are related to the education of academics, to the educative relations in the field activities of the pharmacist and the importance of the interdisciplinary staff conformation concerned with the entailment, refugement and user autonomy.