The Impact of Colonialism on Surgical Training Structures in Africa Part 1: Contextualizing the Past, Present, and Future.

Since the first African country attained independence from colonial rule, surgical training on the continent has evolved along 3 principal models. The first is a colonial, local master-apprentice model, the second is a purely local training model, and the third is a collegiate intercountry model. The 3 models exist currently and there are varied perceptions of their relative merits in training competent neurosurgeons. We reviewed the historical development of training and in an accompanying study, seek to describe the complex array of surgical training pathways and explore the neocolonial underpinnings of how these various models of training impact today the development of surgical capacity in Africa. In addition, we sought to better understand how some training systems may contribute to the widely recognized "brain drain" of surgeons from the African continent to high income countries in Europe and North America. To date, there are no published studies evaluating the impact of surgical training systems on skilled workforce emigration out of Africa. This review aims to discover potentially addressable sources of improving healthcare and training equity in this region.

Assessment of COVID-19-Related Immigration Concerns Among Latinx Immigrants in the US.

Importance: Despite the contentious immigration environment and disproportionate rates of COVID-19 infection among Latinx individuals in the US, immigrants' concerns about engaging in COVID-19-related testing, treatment, and contact tracing have been largely unexplored. Objective: To examine the proportions of Latinx immigrants who endorse statements about the potential negative immigration ramifications of seeking and using COVID-19-related testing and treatment services and engaging in contact tracing. Design, Setting, and Participants: In this cross-sectional survey study, 25 COVID-19-related items were incorporated into the online Spanish-language survey of an ongoing study. Data were collected between July 15 and October 9, 2020, in Chicago, Illinois; Los Angeles, California; and Phoenix, Arizona. A nonrandom sample of 379 adult, Spanish-speaking, noncitizen Latinx immigrants (with either documented or undocumented immigration status) were sent surveys. Of those, 336 individuals (88.7% participation rate) returned surveys, and 43 individuals did not. An additional 213 individuals were screened but ineligible. Descriptive statistics were computed, and mean comparisons and bivariate correlations between sociodemographic variables, indices of immigration risk, and COVID-19-related survey items were conducted. Main Outcomes and Measures: Items elicited agreement or disagreement with statements about immigrants' access to COVID-19-related testing and treatment services and the potential immigration ramifications of using these services. Willingness to identify an undocumented person during contact tracing was also assessed. Results: A total of 336 Latinx immigrants completed surveys. The mean (SD) age of participants was 39.7 (8.9) years; 210 participants (62.5%) identified as female, and 216 participants (64.3%) had undocumented immigration status. In total, 89 participants (26.5%) agreed that hospital emergency departments were the only source of COVID-19 testing or treatment for uninsured immigrants, and 106 participants (31.6%) agreed that using public testing and health care services for COVID-19 could jeopardize one's immigration prospects. A total of 96 participants (28.6%) and 114 participants (33.9%), respectively, would not identify an undocumented household member or coworker during contact tracing. Reluctance to identify an undocumented household member or coworker was associated with having had deportation experiences (r = -0.17; 95% CI, -0.06 to 0.27; P = .003) but not with the number of years lived in the US (r = 0.07; 95% CI, -0.16 to 0.17; P = .15) or immigration status (r = 0.03; 95% CI, -0.07 to 0.13; P = .56). Conclusions and Relevance: In this cross-sectional survey study, a substantial number of immigrants endorsed statements about immigrants' restricted access to COVID-19-related testing and treatment services and the potential negative immigration ramifications of using these services. These results suggest that programs for COVID-19-related testing, contact tracing, and vaccine administration that are designed to allay immigration concerns are needed.

Cost-effectiveness of targeted screening for active pulmonary tuberculosis among asylum-seekers: A modelling study with screening data from a German federal state (2002-2015).

Screening asylum-seekers for active pulmonary tuberculosis is common practice among many European countries with low incidence of tuberculosis. The reported yields vary substantially, partly due to the heterogeneous and dynamic nature of asylum-seeking populations. Rather than screening all new arrivals (indiscriminate screening), a few countries apply targeted screening based on incidence of tuberculosis in asylum-seekers' country of origin. However, evaluations of its cost-effectiveness have been scarce. The aim of this modelling study was to assess whether the introduction of a screening threshold based on the tuberculosis incidence in the country of origin is sensible from an economic perspective. To this end, we compare the current, indiscriminate screening policy for pulmonary tuberculosis in Germany with a hypothetical targeted screening programme using several potential screening thresholds based on WHO-reported incidence of tuberculosis in countries of origin. Screening data is taken from a large German federal state over 14 years (2002-2015). Incremental cost-effectiveness is measured as cost per case found and cost per case prevented. Our analysis shows that incremental cost-effectiveness ratios (ICERs) of screening asylum-seekers from countries with an incidence of 50 to 250/100,000 range between 15,000€ and 17,000€ per additional case found when compared to lower thresholds. The ICER for screening asylum-seekers from countries with an incidence <50/100,000 is 112,000€ per additional case found. Costs per case prevented show a similar increase in costs. The high cost per case found and per case prevented at the <50/100,000 threshold scenario suggests this threshold to be a sensible cut-off for targeted screening. Acknowledging that no screening measure can find all cases of tuberculosis, and that reactivation of latent infections makes up a large proportion of foreign-born cases, targeting asylum-seekers from countries with an incidence above 50/100,000 is likely to be a more reasonable screening measure for the prevention and control of tuberculosis than indiscriminate screening measures.

La inmigración internacional reciente en la Ciudad de Buenos Aires / Recent international immigration in the City of Buenos Aires

En un nuevo contexto de la migración en la Ciudad de Buenos Aires, el presente informe tiene como objetivo analizar las características sociodemográficas de los principales orígenes que integran el conjunto de inmigrantes externos y que, como se mencionó, presentan particularidades en su composición y antigüedad de residencia en la Ciudad, considerando asimismo desde una perspectiva comparativa a los residentes nacidos en el país. Para este informe se explotaron los datos de la última Encuesta Anual de Hogares disponible correspondiente a 2019 que releva la Dirección General de Estadística y Censos sobre la base de una muestra probabilística de viviendas y hogares residentes en CABA y que contiene preguntas específicas sobre el lugar de nacimiento y el año desde que la persona reside en forma continua, que permiten identificar la antigüedad y cohortes de inmigrantes. (AU)

Determinantes del peso al nacer en hijos de mujeres venezolanas migrantes irregulares en Barranquilla y Riohacha / Determinants of birth weight among children of irregular migrant Venezuelan women in Barranquilla and Riohacha

RESUMEN Objetivo Describir los factores determinantes del peso al nacer en los hijos de mujeres venezolanas en condición migratoria irregular durante la gestación, en Barranquilla y Riohacha, en el periodo 2018-2019. Materiales y Métodos Se realizó un estudio descriptivo longitudinal de fuente secundaria, con base hospitalaria y comunitaria. Se incluyeron los binomios madre-hijo de mujeres venezolanas en condición irregular cuyo parto se presentó en Barranquilla y Riohacha entre julio de 2018 y diciembre de 2019 (n=563). Resultados Se encontró asociación estadísticamente significativa entre el número de controles prenatales y el bajo peso al nacer. Las odds de nacer con bajo peso entre quienes no tuvieron controles fueron de 4,0 veces en relación con quienes cumplieron con al menos 4 controles durante el embarazo (OR=4,0; IC 95% 1,5 - 10,4). Conclusiones Se encontró que la probabilidad de bajo peso al nacer en los recién nacidos de aquellas madres que no se realizaron controles prenatales es superior en un 82,7% a la de los hijos de las madres que tuvieron cuatro controles prenatales o más.(AU)

ABSTRACT Objective To describe the determinants of birth weight in the children of Venezuelan women in irregular migration status during pregnancy, in Barranquilla and Riohacha, between 2018 and 2019. Materials and Methods We carried out a longitudinal and descriptive study of secondary source, with a hospital and community basis. We included mother-child pairs of Venezuelan women in an irregular condition whose delivery occurred in Barranquilla and Riohacha between July 2018 and December 2019 (n=563). Results: We found a significative association between the number of prenatal care and low birth weight. The odds of being born with low birth weight among those who had no controls was 4.0 times in relation to those who met at least 4 controls during pregnancy (OR = 4.0, 95% CI 1.5 - 10.4). Conclusions The probability of low birth weight in the newborns of those mothers who did not have prenatal controls was 82.7% higher compared to the children of mothers who had four or more prenatal cares.(AU)

Condiciones en la frontera sur entre Colombia y Venezuela ante la pandemia de COVID-19 / Underlying conditions on the southern border between Colombia and Venezuela to face the COVID-19 pandemic

RESUMEN Objetivos Dimensionar la migración humana en la frontera sur entre Colombia y Venezuela (Departamento de Guainía), y caracterizar las condiciones sociales, de acceso y de atención en salud frente a la pandemia de COVID-19. Métodos Estudio mixto, epidemiológico y etnográfico. Se calcularon: tasa de migrantes venezolanos (según Migración Colombia al 31 de diciembre de 2019), acceso efectivo a atención médica y dotación en puestos de salud (según datos recolectados entre junio de 2017 y julio de 2019, en todos los puestos de salud de Guainía, mediante entrevistas semiestructuradas, observación participante y el uso de Google Earth™ y Wikiloc™). Los tiempos medianos se calcularon y graficaron en Stata™. Se describieron dinámicas culturales y de atención en salud a partir del trabajo de campo y de una permanente revisión documental. Resultados Guainía ocupa el puesto 23 en número total de venezolanos, pero es el cuarto departamento en densidad de venezolanos (14,4%). En ausencia del centro de salud de San José, en el río Guainía los tiempos medianos hasta la institución de referencia real son de 8,7 horas en invierno y 12,3 en verano y los casos complejos requieren remisión aérea. En el río Inírida, sin el centro de Chorro Bocón, los tiempos reales son de 11,9 horas en invierno y 16,1 en verano. Solo el 57% de los puestos de salud tenía insumos para manejar infección respiratoria aguda. Conclusiones Ante la llegada de COVID-19 a territorios sur-fronterizos, es necesario fortalecer inmediatamente servicios médicos y de salud pública para evitar elevadas tasas de letalidad.(AU)

ABSTRACT Objectives To size human migration on the southern border between Colombia and Venezuela (Guainía department), and characterize the social, access and health care conditions relevant to the COVID-19 pandemic. Methods Mixed epidemiological and ethnographic study. Rate of Venezuelan migrants was calculated according to Migration Colombia data until December 31st, 2019, also effective access to medical care, and provision of health posts were calculated, with information from each Guainía health post collected from June 2017 to June 2019, through semi-structured interviews, participant observations, Google Earth™ and Wikiloc™. Stata™ was used to calculate and graph median times of effective access. Cultural dynamics and health care conditions were described by the field work information and a permanent documentary review. Results Guainía is the 23rd department, according to the total number of Venezuelans, but the fourth in Venezuelans density (14,4%). In the Guainía river, the median times to the real reference health institution were 8,7 hours in winter and 12,3 in summer, and complex cases require air referrals. In the Inírida river, the median times to the real reference health institution were 11,9 hours in winter and 16,1 in summer. Only 57% of the health posts had supplies for acute respiratory infections. Conclusions Facing COVID-19 in south border territories, it is necessary to immediately strengthen medical and public health services to avoid high fatality rates.(AU)

Forced international migration for refugee food: a scoping review / Migração internacional forçada e alimentação de refugiados: uma scoping review

Abstract Recent crisis and conflicts in African countries, the Middle East and the Americas have led to forced population migration and rekindled concern about food security. This article aims to map in the scientific literature the implications of forced migration on food and nutrition of refugees. Scoping Review, and database search: databases: PubMed Central, LILACS, SciElo, Science Direct and MEDLINE. Languages used in the survey were: English, Portuguese and Spanish, with publication year from 2013 to 2018. 173 articles were obtained and after removing of duplicates and full reading, 26 articles were selected and submitted to critical reading by two reviewers, resulting in 18 articles selected. From the analysis of the resulting articles, the following categories emerged: Food Inequity; Cultural Adaptation and Nutrition; Emerging Diseases and Strategies for the Promotion of Nutritional Health. Food insecurity is a marked consequence of forced international migration, and constitutes an emerging global public health problem, since concomitant with increasing population displacements also widens the range of chronic and nutritional diseases.

Resumo As recentes crises e conflitos em países Africanos, no Oriente Médio e Américas têm originado migração forçada de populações e reacende a preocupação com os cuidados com a alimentação. O objetivo deste artigo é mapear na literatura científica as implicações da migração forçada sobre a alimentação e nutrição de refugiados. Scoping Review, com buscas nas bases de dados: bases de dados: PubMed Central, LILACS, SciElo, Science Direct e MEDLINE. Os idiomas de pesquisa foram: Inglês, Português e Espanhol, e ano de publicação compreendido entre 2013 e 2018. Obteve-se 173 artigos e após remoção dos duplicados e leitura integral, 26 artigos foram selecionados e submetidos à leitura crítica por dois revisores independentes, resultando em 18 artigos selecionados. Da análise dos resultados dos artigos, emergiram as categorias: Iniquidade Alimentar; Adaptação Cultural e Nutrição; Doenças Emergentes e Estratégias de Promoção da Saúde Nutricional. A insegurança alimentar é consequência marcante da imigração internacional forçada, e se constitui um emergente problema de saúde pública global, pois concomitante aos crescentes deslocamentos populacionais também se ampliam a gama de doenças crônicas e nutricionais.

Integración laboral en el sector salud de la población venezolana en la República Argentina / Labor integration in the health sector of the Venezuelan population in the Argentine Republic

En este estudio se presenta una caracterización del reciente flujo de profesionales de la Salud provenientes de la República Bolivariana de Venezuela con el objetivo de producir información confiable respecto de las calificaciones laborales de los/as trabajadores/as sanitarios de origen venezolano que residen en la República Argentina y sobre las que demanda el mercado del trabajo local. Una intención que se mantiene a lo largo de este estudio es la de proveer en relativamente corto plazo, una serie de insumos para la toma de decisiones por parte de las autoridades migratorias, sanitarias y educacionales frente a la considerable magnitud de personas migrantes y refugiadas llegadas desde la República Bolivariana de Venezuela. La realización de este estudio inicial abarcó: una revisión bibliográfica; una caracterización de la población venezolana en la República Argentina a partir de los datos provenientes de la DNM y de los colectados por las organizaciones de profesionales venezolanos; la identificación de las áreas geográficas en las que existe mayor demanda de profesionales con calificaciones laborales afines a las de la población venezolana arribada y una descripción de las motivaciones y expectativas de la misma. La recolección de datos, su procesamiento y análisis, implicaron el diseño de algunos instrumentos, tales como guiones de entrevistas individuales y grupales. Tanto OIM como la DNM y las asociaciones de profesionales venezolanos en la República Argentina, facilitaron esos contactos y el acceso a fuentes documentales propias. (AU)

O fluxo imigratório do distrito do Porto para o estado do Pará: borracha, conflitos, epidemias e gênero (1834-1930) / Immigration flux from the district of Porto to the state of Pará: rubber, conflicts, epidemics and gender (1834-1930) / El flujo migratorio del distrito de Oporto hacia el estado de Pará: caucho, conflictos, epidemias y género (1834-1930)

O artigo analisa a imigração do distrito do Porto, Portugal, para o estado do Pará, Brasil, entre 1834 e 1930, por meio dos registros de passaporte do Governo Civil do Porto. Observa-se o fluxo ao longo das décadas, ressaltando as questões econômicas e sociais que movimentaram esses deslocamentos, assim como aspectos pontuais, como epidemias e conflitos sociais, com destaque para a Revolta Cabana, em escala local, e a Primeira Guerra Mundial, em nível global. É analisada a influência dos acompanhantes dos titulares dos passaportes e da reemigração no fluxo de migrantes. Também investiga-se o perfil dos imigrantes quanto à origem e naturalidade por distrito e concelho português. Por fim, o artigo problematiza a migração feminina e as questões de gênero que a envolvem, apontando para a assimetria dos deslocamentos de mulheres, sempre em menor quantidade em relação aos homens, mas com crescimento nas primeiras décadas do século XX.

The article analyzes immigration from the Porto district to Pará, between 1834 and 1930, through passport records from the Civil Government of Porto. It observes the flow through the decades, emphasizing the economic and social issues associated to these displacements as well as specific aspects such as epidemics and social conflicts, highlighting the "Revolta da Cabanagem" (Cabanagem Rebellion) on a local scale and the First World War on a global scale. It analyzes the influence of passport holders' companions and re-migration on migrants' flows, followed by research into the profile of the immigrants regarding origin and the naturality by district and Portuguese "concelhos". Finally, the article problematizes female migration and the gender issues it involves, pointing to the asymmetry of women's displacement, always smaller in relation to men, but showing growth in the first decades of the twentieth century.

El artículo analiza la inmigración del distrito de Oporto hacia Pará, entre los años 1834 y 1930, a través de los registros de pasaporte del Gobierno Civil de Oporto. Observa el flujo a través de las décadas y resalta las cuestiones económicas y sociales que impulsaran esos desplazamientos, así como aspectos puntuales como epidemias y conflictos sociales, con énfasis en la Revolta da Cabanagem (Revuelta de Cabanagem) a escala local y en la Primera Guerra Mundial a escala global. Analiza la influencia de los acompañantes de los titulares de pasaportes y de la reemigración en el flujo de migrantes. Sigue investigando el perfil de los inmigrantes en cuanto al origen y naturalidad por distrito y concelho portugués. Por último, problematiza la migración femenina y las cuestiones de género que la envuelven, apuntando a la asimetría de los desplazamientos de mujeres, siempre en menor cantidad en relación con los de los hombres, pero con crecimiento en las primeras décadas del siglo XX.

Haití, la nueva comunidad inmigrante en Chile / Haiti, new immigrant community in Chile

Las migraciones constituyen un fenómeno creciente en América Latina, influido por factores económicos, laborales, búsqueda de bienestar social, educación y salud, entre otros. Chile presenta una tasa neta de migración positiva, y en el último tiempo ha destacado el gran número de inmigrantes haitianos que han llegado a nuestro país, especialmente luego del terremoto que le afectó el 2010. Provenientes de una cultura diferente, donde el estilo de crianza y las características de atención en salud, entre otros aspectos, difieren a la de nuestro país, conocer la cultura haitiana y su situación de salud es relevante para una mejor apreciación de sus necesidades y enfrentar de mejor forma la programación de la atención sanitaria de esta población que busca en Chile un lugar de acogida y mayor bienestar. Para profundizar los esfuerzos de integración en trabajo, salud, educación y en la comunidad parece aconsejable actualizar la legislación referente a migraciones, tal que permita abordar los problemas actuales a través de una ley migratoria que data de 1975.

Migration is a growing phenomenon in Latin America influenced by several factors such as economic stability, employment, social welfare, education and health system. Currently Chile has a positive migration flow rate. Particularly, a significant number of Haitian immigrants has been observed du ring the last years, especially after earthquake of 2010. These immigrants present a different cultural background expressed in relevant aspects of living including parenting and healthcare. Knowing the Haitian culture and its health situation is relevant for a better understanding of their health needs. Haitian people come to Chile looking for a cordial reception and willing to find a place with better perspectives of wellbeing in every sense. Immigration represents a major challenge for Chilean health system that must be embraced. Integration efforts in jobs, health, education system and community living should be enhanced to ensure a prosper settlement in our country. A new immigration law is crucial to solving major problems derived from current law created in 1975.

Assessing refugee healthcare needs in Europe and implementing educational interventions in primary care: a focus on methods.

The current political crisis, conflicts and riots in many Middle Eastern and African countries have led to massive migration waves towards Europe. European countries, receiving these migratory waves as first port of entry (POE) over the past few years, were confronted with several challenges as a result of the sheer volume of newly arriving refugees. This humanitarian refugee crisis represents the biggest displacement crisis of a generation. Although the refugee crisis created significant challenges for all national healthcare systems across Europe, limited attention has been given to the role of primary health care (PHC) to facilitate an integrated delivery of care by enhancing care provision to refugees upon arrival, on transit or even for longer periods. Evidence-based interventions, encompassing elements of patient-centredness, shared decision-making and compassionate care, could contribute to the assessment of refugee healthcare needs and to the development and the implementation of training programmes for rapid capacity-building for the needs of these vulnerable groups and in the context of integrated PHC care. This article reports on methods used for enhancing PHC for refugees through rapid capacity-building actions in the context of a structured European project under the auspices of the European Commission and funded under the 3rd Health Programme by the Consumers, Health, Agriculture and Food Executive Agency (CHAFEA). The methods include the assessment of the health needs of all the people reaching Europe during the study period, and the identification, development, and testing of educational tools. The developed tools were evaluated following implementation in selected European primary care settings.

Estudio migración de recursos humanos en salud Costa Rica: segundo avance / Migration study of human resources in health Costa Rica: second progress

La Ley General de Migración y Extranjería contempla dos tipos de residencia para los extranjeros: residentes permanentes y residentes temporales. Para obtener el estado de residente permanente, el extranjero debe cumplir con los siguientes requisitos: - Solicitud del interesado al Director General de Migración, presentada en las oficinas del Consulado de Costa Rica de su país de origen o residencia. En el mismo, debe designarse un apoderado residente en Costa Rica e indicarse las razones o motivos por los cuales el solicitante desea residir permanentemente en el país y señalar casa u oficina dentro del perímetro judicial en la Provincia de San José en donde recibir notificaciones. -Aportar certificación de nacimiento, antecedentes penales, de matrimonio si el solicitante fuese casado, títulos académicos y de estudios realizados o de idoneidad para el ejercicio de otras actividades. La certificación de nacimiento deberá contener el nombre de los progenitores. - Presentar fotocopia certificada del Pasaporte incluyendo todas sus hojas. -Aportar certificación de nacimiento de cada uno de los hijos menores amparados por su solicitud. -Aportar cuatro fotografías de fecha reciente, tamaño pasaporte

Padecer la depresión como mujer inmigrante mexicana en la ciudad de Nueva York / Suffering from depression as a Mexican immigrant woman in New York City

RESUMEN Objetivo Presentar las condiciones de vida de las mujeres migrantes y su relación con el desarrollo de la depresión en el lugar de destino. Métodos El trabajo etnográfico se desarrolló en la ciudad de Nueva York, específicamente en el barrio Queens. Se trabajó con seis mujeres inmigrantes de primera generación que pertenecían al circuito migratorio de Puebla-Nueva York. Se aplicaron entrevistas a profundidad, el desarrollo de trayectorias migratorias e itinerarios terapéuticos. Finalmente, se realizaron entrevistas con familiares de las informantes principales para controlar sesgos u omisiones de información. Resultados Se identificó que la violencia estaba relacionada con la salud mental de las mujeres. Esta se presentó en diversas etapas de su vida y se presentaron en los espacios que habitan y desarrollaban su vida cotidiana. La violencia se acentuaba por las relaciones jerárquicas en el grupo doméstico y espacio laboral. Además, las crisis económicas y arreglos familiares enmarcaban dicho proceso. Los arreglos familiares para salir adelante y dar continuidad al modelo de familia a pesar de la migración por motivos económicos, también tuvieron relación con las tensiones que se viven en sus hogares. Discusión Discutimos las condiciones de las vidas de las mujeres y su desarrollo de padecimientos mentales con respecto a otros estudios que desde la salud pública han explicado los problemas en salud mental y la migración por medio de conceptos como la aculturación y la asimilación.(AU)

ABSTRACT Objective To describe the living conditions of migrant women and their correlation with the development of depression at the place of destination. Methods Ethnographic work developed in the city of New York, specifically in the Queens borough. Six first-generation immigrant women, part of the migratory circuit of Puebla-Nueva York, were included in this study. In-depth interviews, development of migratory trajectories and therapeutic itineraries were applied. Finally, interviews were conducted with relatives of the main informants to control biases or omissions. Results The relationship between violence and women's mental health was identified. Violence occurred in various stages of their lives and spaces in which they lived and developed their daily living. The violence was accentuated by the hierarchical relationships in the domestic group and work space. Furthermore, economic crisis and family arrangements were detrimental factors. The family arrangements to get ahead and provide continuity to the family model despite migration were also related to the stress they lived in their homes. Discussion The living conditions of women and their influence on the development of mental illnesses were discussed regarding other studies that, from a public health perspective, have addressed the mental health and migration issues through acculturation and assimilation concepts.(AU)

Migração de crise: a migração haitiana para o Brasil / Crisis migration: Haitian migration to Brazil / Migración de crisis: migración haitiana hacia Brasil

Resumo Este artigo tem como principal objetivo o estudo da emigração de haitianos e haitianas para o Brasil, a partir da perspectiva teórica das migrações de crise (SIMON, 1995; CLOCHARD, 2007). Parte-se da reconstrução do panorama emigratório do Haiti até a consolidação do Brasil como espaço estratégico deste fluxo imigratório, seja como país de destino ou de trânsito (FERNANDES et al., 2014; BAENINGER; PERES, 2015). Diante do complexo cenário das migrações internacionais no país, utiliza-se o aporte de metodologias mistas (ARIZA; GANDINI, 2012) com análises de registros administrativos brasileiros e também de pesquisa de campo. O perfil sociodemográfico desses imigrantes revela especificidades importantes, como sua condição documentada a partir da concessão de vistos humanitários pelo governo brasileiro ou de solicitações de refúgio. Esta característica dos imigrantes haitianos no Brasil sustenta uma dinâmica diferenciada em relação a outros contingentes migrantes no país, como sua inserção no mercado de trabalho formal e sua migração interna. A presença haitiana no Brasil denota a complexidade do campo social da migração de crise e seus desafios na lógica internacional da emigração de países periféricos para a periferia do capital (BASSO, 2003).(AU)

Abstract Este artículo tiene como objetivo estudiar la migración de haitianos y haitianas a Brasil, desde la perspectiva teórica de la migración de crisis (SIMON, 1995; CLOCHARD, 2007). Se parte de la la reconstrucción del panorama migratorio de Haití hasta la consolidación de Brasil como espacio estratégico de este flujo migratorio, ya sea como país de destino o de tránsito (FERNANDES et al., 2014; BAENINGER; PERES, 2015). Frente al complejo escenario de las migraciones internacionales al país, se utiliza el aporte de metodologías mixtas (ARIZA; GANDINI, 2012) a partir del análisis de los registros administrativos de Brasil, así como de investigación de campo. El perfil sociodemográfico de estos inmigrantes revela especificidades importantes, como la condición documentada de concesiones de visas humanitarias por el gobierno brasilero o sus propias solicitudes de asilo. Esta característica de los inmigrantes haitianos en Brasil sustenta una dinámica diferente en relación con otros contingentes de migrantes en el país, como es su inserción en el mercado laboral formal y su migración interna. La presencia haitiana en Brasil denota la complejidad del campo social de la migración de crisis y sus desafíos en la lógica internacional de la emigración de los países periféricos a la periferia del capital (BASSO, 2003).

Resumen Este artículo tiene como objetivo estudiar la migración de haitianos y haitianas a Brasil, desde la perspectiva teórica de la migración de crisis (SIMON, 1995; CLOCHARD, 2007). Se parte de la la reconstrucción del panorama migratorio de Haití hasta la consolidación de Brasil como espacio estratégico de este flujo migratorio, ya sea como país de destino o de tránsito (FERNANDES et al., 2014; BAENINGER; PERES, 2015). Frente al complejo escenario de las migraciones internacionales al país, se utiliza el aporte de metodologías mixtas (ARIZA; GANDINI, 2012) a partir del análisis de los registros administrativos de Brasil, así como de investigación de campo. El perfil sociodemográfico de estos inmigrantes revela especificidades importantes, como la condición documentada de concesiones de visas humanitarias por el gobierno brasilero o sus propias solicitudes de asilo. Esta característica de los inmigrantes haitianos en Brasil sustenta una dinámica diferente en relación con otros contingentes de migrantes en el país, como es su inserción en el mercado laboral formal y su migración interna. La presencia haitiana en Brasil denota la complejidad del campo social de la migración de crisis y sus desafíos en la lógica internacional de la emigración de los países periféricos a la periferia del capital (BASSO, 2003).

Estimating population parameters of longsnout seahorses, Hippocampus reidi (Teleostei: Syngnathidae) through mark-recapture

Estimating population parameters is essential for understanding the ecology of species, which ultimately helps to assess their conservation status. The seahorse Hippocampus reidi is directly exposed to anthropogenic threats along the Brazilian coast, but the species still figures as Data Deficient (DD) at IUCN's Red List. To provide better information on the ecology of this species, we studied how population parameters vary over time in a natural subtropical environment. By combing mark-recapture models for open and closed populations, we estimated abundance, survival rate, emigration probability, and capture probability. We marked 111 individuals, which showed a 1:1 sex ratio, and an average size of 10.5 cm. The population showed high survival rate, low temporary emigration probability and variable capture probability and abundance. Our models considering relevant biological criteria illuminate the relatively poorly known population ecology and life history of seahorses. It is our hope that this study inspires the use of mark-recapture methods in other populations of H. reidi in a collective effort to properly assess their conservation status.(AU)

Parâmetros populacionais são essenciais para compreender a ecologia das espécies, além de auxiliar a avalição do seu status de conservação. Dentre as espécies de cavalo-marinho que ocorrem no Brasil, Hippocampus reidi é a mais abundante, o que expõe suas populações a frequentes ameaças antropogênicas. Entretanto, esta espécie ainda consta como Deficiente em Dados (DD) na lista vermelha da IUCN. Considerando esta falta de informações sobre populações de H. reidi, utilizamos métodos de marcação e recaptura para avaliar como parâmetros de uma população de ambiente subtropical variam ao longo do tempo. Baseado em históricos de captura individuais, combinamos modelos de populações abertas e fechadas para estimar abundância, taxa de sobrevivência, probabilidade de emigração e probabilidade de captura. Ao todo, marcamos 111 indivíduos, em proporção sexual de 1:1, e tamanho médio de 10,5 cm. Esta população relativamente pequena apresentou alta taxa de sobrevivência, baixa probabilidade de emigração temporária e probabilidade de captura e abundância variáveis. A partir dos nossos modelos que consideraram critérios biológicos relevantes, fornecemos estimativas de parâmetros chave que auxiliarão a compreensão da ecologia e da história de vida de cavalos-marinhos. Nossa expectativa é que este método passe a ser amplamente utilizado em outras populações, em um esforço coletivo para avaliar o estado de conservação desta espécie.(AU)