Molecular diagnosis of intestinal protozoa in young adults and their pets in Colombia, South America.

Intestinal parasitic infections have been considered a relevant public health problem due to the increased incidence worldwide. In developing countries, diarrhea and gastrointestinal symptoms cause impaired work capacity in adults and delayed rate growth in children. Enteric infections of unknown etiology can often lead to misdiagnosis, increased transmission, and morbidity. The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of intestinal parasites in a young adult population and their pets. Stool samples from 139 university students and 44 companion animals were subjected to microscopy diagnosis using wet mounts, concentration by zinc sulphate flotation and staining techniques (Kinyoun and trichrome stain). Molecular diagnosis of protozoa was also performed by conventional PCR. The mean age was 24 years, 54% individuals were female, 46% were men, and 66% had at least one pet. The overall prevalence for at least one parasite was 74.8% and the rate of polyparasitism was 37.5%. Eighty-three patients (59.7%) were positive for Blastocystis spp., followed by Cryptosporidium spp. 24.5%, Endolimax nana 13.6%, Entamoeba dispar/E. moshkovskii 7.8% and Giardia intestinalis 1.4%. Molecular diagnosis substantially improved Cryptosporidium spp. and Blastocystis spp. detection and allowed to distinguish E. histolytica from commensals in the Entamoeba complex. Student's pets were also examined for parasitism. Samples from 27 dogs, 15 cats, one rabbit and one hen were analyzed, and parasites were detected in 30 (68.2%) as follows: Cryptosporidium spp. (24) Giardia spp. (4), hookworm (3), Endolimax nana (2) and Toxoplasma gondii (1). Overall, university students showed high prevalence of parasitism and polyparasitism suggesting exposure to parasite infected animals and contaminated environments. Cryptosporidium spp. was the predominant pathogen in human and domestic animals, and it was only detected by PCR, pointing out the need for sensitive tests in diagnosis and surveillance. Control strategies to prevent the effects of parasitic infections in young population should consider pets as reservoirs and transmission source.

Parasitosis intestinales y medidas antropométricas en preescolares del cantón de Portoviejo, Ecuador / Intestinal parasites and anthropometric measurements in preschoolers from the canton of Portoviejo, Ecuador

Las enteroparasitosis son un problema de salud pública a nivel global con mayor impacto en los países subdesarrollados asociadas a condiciones de vida inadecuadas. La población infantil es más suceptible para desarrollar sintomatología provocando cuadros disentéricos, vomitos, síndrome de mal absorción, lo que influye en deficiencia de nutrientes y vitaminas, como consecuencia retraso en el crecimiento, malnutrición, trastornos del desarrollo físico y cognitivo. Se realizó una investigación epidemiológica, de corte transversal para estimar la prevalencia de parásitos instestinales y las diferencias en relación a las medidas antropométricas, en 283 escolares de la Capital de la provincia de Manabí. Las variables peso, talla parada, circunferencia de brazo izquierdo, pliegues de tríceps y subescapular, índice de masa corporal, área magra y área grasa fueron seleccionadas para establecer la relación. El coproparasitológico se realizó con el método directo (solución salina 0,9% y Lugol) y Kato Katz. Los resultados mostraron 62,54% de prevalencia, sin distingo de sexo, ni edad. Blastocytis spp., la especie más frecuente, confirmándose el comportamiento epidemiológico a nivel mundial a expensa de los protozoarios, con presencia de especies comensales (E. nana) relacionada con el fecalismo. A pesar de la alta prevalencia, no se observó diferencia significativa entre variables antropométricas analizadas en los escolares parasitados y no parasitados. Se infiere que es debido al tipo de especies y la intensidad de la infestación. Se recomienda realizar campañas de educación sanitaria y promover hábitos de higiene, así como dirigir investigaciones para determinar el papel epidemiológico del agua de consumo y las enteroparasitosis(AU)

Enteroparasitosis is a global public health problem with the greatest impact in underdeveloped countries associated with inadequate living conditions. The child population is more susceptible to developing symptoms causing dysentery, vomiting, malabsorption syndrome, which influences nutrient and vitamin deficiency, resulting in growth retardation, malnutrition, physical and cognitive development disorders. A cross-sectional epidemiological investigation was carried out to estimate the prevalence of intestinal parasites and the differences in relation to anthropometric measurements, in 283 schoolchildren from the capital of the province of Manabí. The variables weight, standing height, left arm circumference, triceps and subscapular folds, body mass index, lean area, and fat area were selected to establish the relationship. Coproparasitology was performed with the direct method (saline solution 0.9% and Lugol) and Kato Katz. The results showed 62.54% prevalence, regardless of sex or age. Blastocytis spp., the most frequent species, confirming the epidemiological behavior worldwide at the expense of protozoa, with the presence of commensal species (E. nana) related to fecalism. Despite the high prevalence, no significant difference was observed between the anthropometric variables analyzed in parasitized and non-parasitized schoolchildren. It is inferred that it is due to the type of species and the intensity of the infestation. It is recommended to carry out health education campaigns and promote hygiene habits, as well as to conduct research to determine the epidemiological role of drinking water and enteroparasitosis(AU)

Factores de riesgo y parasitosis intestinal en niños menores de 10 años de la olla común / Risk factors and intestinal parasitosis in children under 10 years of age from the common pot

Diversos factores de riesgos pueden condicionar las prevalencias de parasitosis intestinales en niños. Como objetivo se propuso determinar los factores de riesgo y parasitosis intestinal en niños menores de 10 años de la Olla Común ubicada en Villa Mara del Triunfo-Perú durate el año 2022. La investigación fue descriptiva-experimental y correlativa con una muestra de 160 niños <10 años de ambos sexos. Como instrumento de recolección se aplicó un cuestionario con preguntas dicotómicas para conocer las prácticas de higiene de los niños y se efectuó la recolección y procesamiento de muestras con técnicas de Solución Salina S.S.F al 85%, Lugol, Método de Kato y Método de concentración-Flotación de Faust. Para analizar los datos se utilizó Microsoft Excel y el software SPSS, estadística descriptica y hallar tablas de frecuencias y porcentajes y Prueba de correlación entre los elementos de riesgo y la frecuencia de signos de los parásitos. Como resultado, el cálculo estadístico con el método de Spearman mostró una concordancia positiva con el coeficiente de correlación 0,725 y con un valor de 0,001<0,05; donde los niveles de factores de riesgo en los infantes mostraron que el 31,3% se encontraban en riesgo bajo con un nivel bajo de síntomas y sin evidencia de parásitos intestinales, el 18,8% en riesgo medio y el 12,5% en riesgo alto y un nivel alto de síntomas y parasitosis intestinal confirmado; la mayoría de los niños se encuentran en un entorno de bajo riesgo. Se hace necesario e indispensable continuar con invesigaciones en zonas adyacentes(AU)

Various risk factors can condition the prevalence of intestinal parasitosis in children. The objective was to determine the risk factors and intestinal parasitosis in children under 10 years of age from the Common Pot located in Villa Mara del Triunfo-Peru during the year 2022. The research was descriptive-experimental and correlative with a sample of 160 children <10 years of both sexes. As a collection instrument, a questionnaire with dichotomous questions was applied to know the hygiene practices of the children and the collection and processing of samples was carried out with techniques of Saline Solution S.S.F at 85%, Lugol's, Kato's Method and Concentration-Flotation Method. of Faust. To analyze the data, Microsoft Excel and the SPSS software were used, descriptive statistics and finding tables of frequencies and percentages and a correlation test between the risk elements and the frequency of signs of the parasites. As a result, the statistical calculation with the Spearman method showed a positive agreement with the correlation coefficient 0.725 and with a p value of 0.001<0.05; where the levels of risk factors in infants showed that 31.3% were at low risk with a low level of symptoms and no evidence of intestinal parasites, 18.8% at medium risk and 12.5% at high risk and a high level of symptoms and confirmed intestinal parasitism; most children are in a low-risk environment. It is necessary and essential to continue with investigations in adjacent areas(AU)

Prevalencia de parasitosis intestinal en trabajadores de la florícola Irose de la provincia de Pichincha ­ Cantón Pedro Moncayo 2019 / Prevalence of intestinal parasitosis in workers of the irose florícola of the province of pichincha - Canton Pedro Moncayo

Las infecciones por parásitos intestinales son de ocurrencia constantes y se encuentran asociadas al incumplimiento de las medidas sanitarias por parte de la población. El objetivo de esa investigación fue establecer la prevalencia de parasitosis intestinal por protozoos y helmintos en trabajadores de la florícola iRose de la provincia de Pichincha-Cantón Pedro Moncayo mediante el examen coproparasitario realizado en el mes de agosto de 2019. Correspondió a un estudio transversal, descriptivo y de tipo observacional. La población estuvo integrada por 88 personas, quienes son trabajadores de la florícola iRose, Provincia de Pichincha, cantón Pedro Moncayo, distribuidos de la siguiente manera: 49 trabajadores del sexo masculino y 39 trabajadores del sexo femenino. La técnica de recolección de datos utilizada fue la encuesta y la observación directa y luego de obtener las muestras biológicas, la detección de parásitos intestinales se realizó mediante el método de coproparasitario en muestras heces. Los resultados evidencian presencia de protozoos en un 92.5% de las muestras estudiadas, mientras que el 7.5% presentan helmintos; mientras que el 40% de los estudios revelan quistes de endolimax nana, detectándose en el 25% de la muestra de los trabajadores de sexo masculino y con una presencia del 15% en los trabajadores del sexo femenino. Por lo que se recomienda realizar el examen coproparasitario al menos dos veces al año y paralelamente fortalecer las estrategias de promoción y prevención(AU)

Infections with intestinal parasites are of constant occurrence and are associated with non-compliance with health measures by the population. The objective of this research was to establish the prevalence of intestinal parasitosis by protozoa and helminths in la workers IRose flower farm of the province of Pichincha-Canton Pedro Moncayo through the coproparasitario examination carried out in august 2019. It corresponded to a cross-sectional, descriptive, observational study. The population was composed of 88 people, who are workers of the floricultural iRose, Province of Pichincha, canton Pedro Moncayo, distributed as follows: 49 male and 39 female workers. The data collection technique used was survey and direct observation and after obtaining biological samples, detection of intestinal parasites was performed using the coproparasitario method in fecal samples. The results showed the presence of protozoa in 92.5% of the samples studied, while 7.5% showed helminths; while 40% of studies reveal endolimax nana cysts, being detected in 25% of the sample of male workers and with a presence of 15% in female workers. Therefore, it is recommended to perform the coproparasitario examination less twice a year and in parallel strengthen strategies promotion and prevention(AU)

Endolimax nana and urticaria.

Endolimax nana is a commensal protozoan of the colon. We report a case of chronic urticaria associated with E. nana in a 34-year-old Italian woman. The patient suffered from abdominal pain, diarrhoea and weight loss. The disease appeared after a trip to Vietnam. Laboratory examinations showed mild blood eosinophilia. Three coproparasitological examinations were positive for cysts of E. nana. The patient was successfully treated with two courses of metronidazole (2 g/day for 10 days each). No antihistamines were used. Three coproparasitological examinations, carried out at the end of the therapy, were negative. Follow up (six months) was negative. E. nana can be responsible for very rare cases of abdominal pain, diarrhoea, polyarthritis and urticaria.

Specific IgG and IgA Antibody Reactivities in Sera of Children by Enzyme-Linked Immunoassay and Comparison With Giardia duodenalis Diagnosis in Feces.

BACKGROUND: Giardia duodenalis is conventionally diagnosed in fecal samples using parasitological methods. However, sensitivity is poor when only a single sample is analyzed, due to intermittent excretion of cysts in feces. Alternatively, the serum antibodies to G. duodenalis can be used for parasite diagnosis and epidemiological studies to determine previous exposure. We compared the rate of G. duodenalis infection between serum anti-Giardia IgG and IgA antibodies and fecal examination in Brazilian children. METHODS: Fecal and serum samples were tested from 287 children at a clinical laboratory and from 187 children at daycare centers. Fecal samples were processed using conventional parasitological methods and coproantigen detection for Giardia diagnosis. Serum samples were tested using an in-house ELISA for detection of anti-Giardia IgG and IgA. RESULTS: G. duodenalis was found in 8.2% (N=39) of the 474 children analyzed. The sensitivity and specificity of ELISA were 80.0% and 90.0% for IgG and 80.0% and 83.3% for IgA, respectively. The total positivity rate of anti-Giardia IgG and IgA in the sera was 13.9% (N=66) and 23.6% (N=112). The agreement between the positivity of specific antibodies and the detection of G. duodenalis in feces was moderate for ELISA-IgG, kappa index (95% CI)=0.543 (0.422-0.664), and mild for ELISA-IgA, kappa index (95% CI)=0.283 (0.162-0.404). Among the children infected with other enteroparasites, 11.6% (N=10) and 24.4% (N=21) showed reactivity to anti-Giardia IgG and to IgA, respectively. This cross-reactivity was more frequent in samples from children infected with Endolimax nana and Entamoeba coli. CONCLUSIONS: The higher frequency of specific antibody reactivity compared with G. duodenalis diagnosis in feces could reflect continuous exposure of children to G. duodenalis infection, resulting in long-lasting immunological memory and/or cross-reactivity with other intestinal amoebas.

Frecuencia de contaminación por enteroparásitos en pasamanos de autobuses de Barquisimeto, Venezuela / Enteric Parasite Contamination Frequency on Bus Handrails in Barquisimeto, Venezuela / Frequência da contaminação por enteroparasitos em corrimãos de ônibus em Barquisimeto, Venezuela

Introducción. La contaminación enteroparasitaria en autobuses por parte de usuarios infectados con malas conductas sanitarias potencia el riesgo de infección del resto de los pasajeros con el subsecuente peligro del desarrollo de patologías gastrointestinales. Por esto se evaluó la frecuencia de contaminación de autobuses con el fin de aportar datos que son desconocidos en Venezuela e inexistentes en Latinoamérica. Metodología. El trabajo fue descriptivo, transversal, con muestra no probabilística y accidental, donde la obtención de la muestra consistió en frotar el pasamanos de cada autobús (100 vehículos examinados) tres veces con un hisopo impregnado en solución salina isotónica 0.85%, resuspendiendolo en un tubo de ensayo con 10 ml de solución salina. La muestra se centrifugó a 3000 rpm por diez minutos para luego observar el sedimento al microscopio. Resultados. El 16% de las muestras presentaron contaminación, encontrándose solo dos especies de enteroparásitos, Blastocystis spp. (14% del total de muestras examinadas) y Endolimax nana (5%). Discusión. La abundancia del potencial patógeno Blastocystis sp., se relaciona con lo descrito en exámenes de heces de habitantes de Barquisimeto y del estado Lara, demostrando que los usuarios enfermos con malas conductas higiénicas convierten a los autobuses en un foco de infección que debe ser controlado. Conclusión. La falta de aseo constante en unidades de transporte público y la ausencia de conciencia sanitaria de algunos pasajeros infectados facilitan la transmisión de enteroparásitos endémicos potencialmente productores de enfermedades gastrointestinales. Cómo citar: Traviezo, L. Frecuencia de contaminación por enteroparásitos en pasamanos de autobuses de Barquisimeto, Venezuela. MedUNAB. 2020;23(3):434-440 doi: doi.org/10.29375/01237047.3913

Introduction. Enteroparasite contamination by infected users with poor sanitary habits in buses increases other passengers' risk of infection, with the subsequent danger of developing gastrointestinal pathologies. For this reason, bus contamination frequency was evaluated in order to provide data that is unknown in Venezuela and non-existent in Latin America. Methodology. The work was descriptive and cross-sectional, with non-probability and accidental sampling. The sample was obtained by rubbing each bus' handrail (100 examined vehicles) three times with a swab permeated with a 0.85% isotonic saline solution, resuspending it in a test tube with 10 ml of saline solution. The sample was centrifuged at 3,000 rpm for ten minutes to then observe the sediment under a microscope. Results. Sixteen percent of samples were contaminated, observing only two species of enteroparasites, Blastocystis sp. (14% of total examined samples) and Endolimax nana (5%). Discussion. The abundance of the potential pathogen, Blastocystis sp. is related to what has been described in feces exams on the inhabitants of Barquisimeto and the state of Lara, demonstrating that sick users with poor hygiene habits make buses a point of infection that must be controlled. Conclusion. The lack of constant cleaning in public transportation units and the absence of some infected passengers' sanitary awareness facilitates transmitting endemic enteroparasites that could potentially produce gastrointestinal diseases. Cómo citar: Traviezo, L. Frecuencia de contaminación por enteroparásitos en pasamanos de autobuses de Barquisimeto, Venezuela. MedUNAB. 2020;23(3):434-440 doi: doi.org/10.29375/01237047.3913

Introdução. A contaminação enteroparasitária em ônibus por usuários infectados com comportamentos sanitários inadequados aumenta o risco de infecção do resto dos passageiros com o consequente perigo de desenvolvimento de patologias gastrointestinais. Por isso, avaliou-se a frequência de contaminação de ônibus, a fim de fornecer dados até agora desconhecidos na Venezuela e inexistentes na América Latina. Metodologia. O trabalho foi descritivo, transversal, com amostra não-probabilística e acidental, em que a obtenção da amostra consistiu em esfregar o corrimão de cada ônibus (100 veículos examinados) três vezes com um cotonete impregnado em solução salina isotônica 0.85%, ressuspendendo-o em um tubo de ensaio com 10 ml de solução salina. A amostra foi centrifugada a 3,000 rpm por dez minutos para posteriormente observar o sedimento ao microscópio. Resultados. 16% das amostras apresentaram contaminação, sendo encontradas apenas duas espécies de enteroparasitas, Blastocystis sp. (14% do total das amostras examinadas) e Endolimax nana (5%). Discussão. A abundância do potencial patógeno Blastocystis sp., está relacionada ao que foi descrito em exames de fezes de moradores dos estados de Barquisimeto e Lara, mostrando que usuários doentes e com comportamentos sanitários inadequados fazem do ônibus um foco de infecção que deve ser controlado. Conclusão. A falta de limpeza constante nas unidades de transporte público e a falta de conscientização sobre a saúde de alguns passageiros infectados facilitam a transmissão de enteroparasitos endêmicos potencialmente produtoras de doenças gastrointestinais. Cómo citar: Traviezo, L. Frecuencia de contaminación por enteroparásitos en pasamanos de autobuses de Barquisimeto, Venezuela. MedUNAB. 2020;23(3):434-440 doi: doi.org/10.29375/01237047.3913

Frequência de enteroparasitos em mulheres não grávidas e seus filhos e grávidas atendidas em uma unidade de saúde / Frequency of enteroparasites in non-pregnant women and their children and pregnant women attended at a public health unit

As infecções parasitárias intestinais são amplamente distribuídas em todo o mundo e a população infantil é a mais afetada. A prevalência das infecções parasitárias intestinais materna e infantil de pacientes atendidos em uma unidade de saúde pública do município de Lagoa Santa, Minas Gerais foi avaliada pela técnica de centrífugo sedimentação em formol-éter. A positividade foi de 41,7% para gestantes, 37,3% para mães e 35,7% em crianças. Endolimax nana (17,1%) e Giardia intestinalis (17,1%) foram os parasitos mais frequentemente detectados em crianças com idade inferior a dois anos e em gestantes (33,3%). Para as mães, G. intestinalis (20,3%) foi o parasito mais prevalente seguido de Entamoeba coli (17%). A infecção simultânea de mãe e filho foi detectada em 7 das 25 crianças infectadas. Apesar das ações de educação em saúde, melhoria no nível educacional e acesso a serviços médicos, a frequência de infecções por endoparasitas permanece alta. A literatura é escassa em relação ao tema e acredita-se que a deficiência na aplicação de medidas de educação sanitária possa fazer com que mães infectadas possam contribuir para a infecção parasitária de seus filhos, assim como os filhos podem ser fonte de infecção para suas mães.

Intestinal parasitic infections are widely distributed throughout the world and children are the most affected population. The objective of the present study was to evaluate the prevalence of parasitic maternal and infant intestinal infection of patients attended at a public health unit in the municipality of Lagoa Santa, Minas Gerais. The centrifugal-sedimentation in formol-ether was the technica used for stool analysis. Positivity was observed in 41.7% for pregnant women, 37.3% for mothers and 35.7% for children. Endolimax nana (17.1%) and Giardia intestinalis (17.1%) were the most frequently detected parasites in children under two-years old and pregnant women (33.3%). For mothers, G. intestinalis (20.3%) was the most prevalent parasite followed by Entamoeba coli (17%). Simultaneous infection of mother and child was detected in 7 of 25 infected children. Despite health educations actions, improvement in educational level, and access to medical services, the frequency of endoparasite infections remains high. Literature is scarce in relation to the present theme and it is believed that infected mothers can contribute for parasitic infection of their kids, just as children can be a source of infection for their mothers.

Intestinal parasitic infections and associated factors in children of three rural schools in Colombia. A cross-sectional study.

Rural children are one of the populations that are most vulnerable to gastrointestinal parasite infections. Such diseases decrease the quality of life and result in growth and cognitive delays in the long term. This cross-sectional study was conducted to determine the frequency of intestinal parasite infections among rural schoolchildren in the municipality of Apulo, Colombia. A total of 97 stool samples from children aged between 5 and 15 years were collected and examined via direct light microscopy. Microscopic examination was repeated with sediments obtained using a fecal parasite concentrator, and the Kato-Katz test was performed. Frequency of intestinal parasite infection was 100%. Endolimax nana (77.35%), Blastocystis sp. (71.1%), Giardia intestinalis (39.1%), Entamoeba coli (25.7%), and the Entamoeba histolytica/dispar/moshkovskii complex (9.2%) were the most prevalent protozoa. Trichuris trichiura was the most prevalent helminth (12.3%), followed by Enterobius vermicularis (6.15%) and Ascaris lumbricoides (5.1%). Among the analyzed associated factors, consumption of untreated water increased the risk of acquiring pathogenic intestinal parasites. Finally, because G. intestinalis was the most prevalent pathogenic protozoan, molecular analysis was conducted to establish genetic assemblages and subassemblages of Giardia through sequence-based genotyping of the glutamate dehydrogenase, triose phosphate isomerase, and beta-giardin genes. A total of 14 G. intestinalis-positive samples were genotyped, which revealed the presence of subassemblages AI (n = 1), AII (n = 7), BIII (n = 2), BIV (n = 2), and BIII/BIV (n = 1) as well as a mixed subassemblage AII + BIII (n = 1). Our results indicate that gastrointestinal parasite infections in the tested population were mainly caused by suboptimal water quality. Moreover, molecular typing of G. intestinalis suggested contamination of water by animal- and human-derived cysts.

Prevalence of non-pathogenic types of gastrointestinal protozoa in population in Slovakia and their potential importance in the aspect of public health.

The aim of the research was to determine the prevalence of non-pathogenic protozoa circulating in the human population of Slovakia. We particularly focused on the socially deprived areas with poor sanitation conditions, as they are one of the factors affecting the transmission of these infections. Within this study, 2760 people were coprologically screened for the presence of protozoan cysts. The analyzed group comprised 1173 men and 1587 women from different regions of Slovakia. The total prevalence (2.03%) of non-pathogenic protozoa species was determined. The prevalence of Entamoeba coli was 0.80%, the prevalence of Endolimax nana 0.58%, and the prevalence of Blastocystis hominis was 0.65%. The presence of non-pathogenic protozoa was more frequent in women than that in men, in all age groups. The highest incidence of Entamoeba coli was found in children aged one month - seven years (0.79%), the lowest in the age group of 19-88 years (0.66%). Endolimax nana was most frequent in 8-18 year-olds (0.95%), where the statistical significance was found (p<0.05). The prevalence of Blastocystis hominis by the age group ranged from 0.39 to 0.95%. We did not find any statistical significance (p>0.05) for Entamoeba coli, and similarly for Blastocystis hominis associated with the sex and age. Although the circulation of non-pathogenic protozoa in the human population is far from being limited to the developing countries, their occurrence is also frequent in the population of developed countries. Despite their controversial pathogenicity, they should not be neglected, particularly in the patients with gastrointestinal symptoms.

Intestinal helminths and protozoan infections in patients with colorectal cancer: prevalence and possible association with cancer pathogenesis.

The purpose of the present study was to determine the prevalence of intestinal helminths and protozoa in colorectal cancer (CRC) patients and to evaluate the possible association between the prevalence and CRC pathogenesis. A total of 200 CRC patients and 200 residents of Tashkent, who had no complaints related to the gastrointestinal tract, were examined by triple coproscopy using a concentration method and estimations of protozoan infection intensity. Of the CRC patients tested, 144 were classified as T1-4N0M0 (without metastases) and 56 were classified as T1-4N1-2M0-1 (with metastases). Parasitological examination was performed during CRC diagnosis before and after surgery and chemotherapy. A significantly higher prevalence of Blastocystis sp., Chilomastix mesnili, Jodamoeba butschlii, and Endolimax nana was found in CRC patients than in the control population (p < 0.0001), amounting to 80, 20, 22.5, and 11.5%, respectively. The high prevalence of Blastocystis sp., as well as the patterns of infection intensity, was stable at all stages of examination. The ratio of the number of CRC patients with and without Blastocystis sp. in the T1-4N0M0 and T1-4N1-2M0-1 groups amounted to 3.3 and 7.0, respectively. The ratios for C. mesnili, E. coli, J. butschlii, and E. nana in both groups were 0.2 and 0.2, 0.07 and 0.07, 0.3 and 0.16, and 0.18 and 0.01, respectively. The prevalence of helminths and Giardia lamblia in CRC patients and the control population was not significantly different. Taken together, these data indicate a possible role for Blastocystis sp. in CRC pathogenesis. Diagnosis, treatment, and further observation of patients with Blastocystis sp. are necessary at all stages of CRC, including during diagnosis and before and after surgery and chemotherapy.

Análise parasitológica em estudantes com deficiência intelectual e/ou múltipla (o múltiple) / Parasitological analysis in students with intellectual and/or multiple disabilities

O parasitismo acontece quando há associação de dois seres vivos onde um deles se desenvolve e prejudica de alguma forma o outro ser, chamado hospedeiro (El parasitismo ocurre cuando existe una asociación de dos seres vivos, donde uno de ellos se desarrolla y afecta de algún modo al otro, que se llama huésped). Alguns parasitos como Entamoeba histolytica/Entamoeba dispar, Giardia lamblia, Hymenolepis nana, Taenia solium, Ascaris lumbricoides, Trichuris trichiura e Enterobius vermicularis são transmitidos pela água e/ou (se transmiten por el agua o por) alimentos contaminados e afetam grande parte da população mundial no desempenho (y afectan a una gran parte de la población mundial en el desarrollo) de suas atividades físicas, mentais e sociais, expondo-a a diversas manifestações clínicas que podem gerar elevados níveis (pueden generar altos niveles) de morbidade. Considerando que, aproximadamente, 11% da população brasileira sofrem com algum tipo de deficiência intelectual e/ou múltipla e pouco se tem estudado sobre a ocorrência (y poco se ha estudiado acerca de la existencia) de enteroparasitos nesse grupo populacional, estudos parasitológicos laboratoriais foram realizados em 50 estudantes da Associação de Pais e Amigos dos Excepcionais (APAE) da cidade de São Mateus, Espírito Santo, Brasil. Do total de amostras analisadas 28 (56%) estavam positivas para um ou mais parasitos e comensais, sendo (uno o más parásitos y comensales, siendo) 5 (17.85%) por G. lamblia, 7 (25.00%) por E. histolytica/E. dispar/E. moschkovskii, 11 (39.28%) por Entamoeba coli, 6 (21.43%) por Balantidium coli, 2 (7.14%) por Endolimax nana e 3 (10.7%) por E. vermicularis. Considerando a elevada frequência de indivíduos parasitados torna-se necessário a busca (se hace necesaria la búsqueda) de investimentos em profilaxia e educação higiênico-sanitária, além da realização (además de la realización) constante de exames parasitológicos, garantindo uma melhor (garantizando una mejor) qualidade de vida à população da APAE de São Mateus.

Parasitism occurs when there is an association between two living beings, in which one develops and in some way harms the other being, called host. Some parasites such as Entamoeba histolytica/Entamoeba dispar, Giardia lamblia, Hymenolepis nana, Taenia solium, Ascaris lumbricoides, Trichuris trichiura and Enterobius vermicularis are transmitted by contaminated water and/or food and affect a large number of the world population in their physical, mental and social activities, exposing them to diverse clinical manifestations that can generate high levels of morbidity. Considering that approximately 11% of the Brazilian population suffers from some type of intellectual and/or multiple deficiency and little has been studied about the occurrence of enteroparasites in this population group, laboratory parasitological studies were performed in 50 students of the Associação de Pais e Amigos dos Excepcionais (APAE) of the city of São Mateus, Espírito Santo, Brazil. From the total of the analyzed samples, 28 (56%) were positive for one or more parasites and commensals, of which 5 (17.85%) were positive for G. lamblia, 6 (25.00%) for E. histolytica/E. dispar, 11 (39.28%) for Entamoeba coli, 7 (21.43%) for Balantidium coli, 2 (7.14%) for Endolimax nana and 3 (10.7%) for E. vermicularis. Considering the high prevalence of parasitic infection in this population, it is necessary to seek greater investment in prophylaxis and hygienic-sanitary education, in addition to constantly conducting parasitological examinations that might guarantee a better quality of life for the population of São Mateus APAE.

Avaliação das características microbiológicas das saladas de frutas comercializadas por ambulantes de Juazeiro do Norte, CE / Evaluation of microbiological features of fruit salads sold by street vendors in Juazeiro do Norte, CE

Introdução: A salada de frutas é um alimento saboroso, nutritivo e comercializado pronto para consumo, porém, muitas vezes o seu preparo e manipulação podem ser feitos de forma inadequada, tornando-a, quando contaminada, um veículo para a disseminação de doenças. Objetivo: O presente trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar as características microbiológicas das saladas de frutas comercializadas por ambulantes em Juazeiro do Norte, CE. Método: As amostras foram coletadas aleatoriamente nas ruas do município em estudo e, posteriormente, diluídas em solução salina estéril, filtradas e inoculadas em tubo contendo o meio Brain Heart Infusion e posteriormente em Ágar Sabouraud, Ágar Eosin Methilen Blue e Ágar Salmonella Shigella. Resultados: Das 10 amostras, 60% apresentaram Klebsiella spp. e Escherichia coli, seguido de E. coli, com 20%, Klebsiella spp., com 10%. Os 10% restantes não apresentaram contaminação. Quanto à análise micológica, todas as amostras apresentaram-se contaminadas por fungos. As amostras ainda foram submetidas à técnica de Hoffman Modificado para análise parasitológica, tendo como parasita mais prevalente Endolimax nana, estando presente de forma isolada, em 40% das amostras, e associada com Entamoeba coli em 20%, Entamoeba histolytica em 10%, Giardia spp. em 10%, enquanto 20% não apresentou contaminação parasitária. Conclusão: Os dados demonstraram que a maioria das saladas de frutas analisadas estava contaminadas por microrganismos patogênicos, havendo assim uma necessidade ainda maior de programas de capacitação higiênica e que os órgãos responsáveis disponibilizem produtos para a higienização dos manipuladores e do local onde acontece a manipulação desses alimentos no momento do seu preparo.(AU)

Introduction: A fruit salad is a delicious food, nutritious and sold ready to eat, but often their preparation and handling can be performed improperly, making it, when contaminated, a vehicle for the spread of diseases. Objective: This study aimed to evaluate the microbiological characteristics of fruit salads sold by street vendors in Juazeiro do Norte, CE. Methods: The samples were collected randomly in the city's streets in study and further diluted in sterile saline, filtered, and inoculated into tube containing the medium Brain Heart Infusion Agar Sabouraud and later, Agar Eosin Methilen Blue Agar Salmonella and Shigella. Results: Of the 10 samples, 60% were Klebsiella spp. and Escherichia coli, E. coli followed with 20%, Klebsiella spp. with 10% and the remaining 10% showed no contamination. The mycological analysis, all samples had infected by fungi. The samples were further subjected to Hoffman technique modified for parasitological analysis, with the more prevalent parasitic Endolimax nana, being present separately, in 40% of samples, and is associated with Entamoeba coli 20%, Entamoeba histolytica in 10% Giardia spp. 10%, while 20% showed no parasitic contamination. Conclusion: The data show that most of the analyzed fruit salads were contaminated by pathogenic microorganisms, so there is an even greater need for hygienic training programs and the bodies make available products for the hygiene of food handlers and where happens the handling of these foods in time of its preparation.(AU)

Development of different diagnostic techniques for Endolimax piscium (archamoebae) and their applicability in Solea senegalensis clinical samples.

Systemic amoebiasis of sole is caused by Endolimax piscium, a cryptic parasitic archamoeba whose epidemiology and pathogeny are yet unknown. To establish reliable detection methods for this parasite, a battery of molecular diagnostic tools (ISH, PCR and qPCR) were developed and evaluated with a panel of clinical samples from symptomatic diseased fish and from apparently normal animals of different stocks. As there is neither enough background information on the epidemiology of the disease nor a validated reference method, comparison of tests used a composite reference method approach. The ISH technique was the most specific and sensitive in intestine samples and particularly useful as a reference confirmatory method, while the best method in muscle samples was qPCR. Application of the tests to asymptomatic fish demonstrated presence of parasites in a large proportion (>25%) of their intestines, suggesting that this is the point of entry of the amoebae and the initial stage in the development of the disease. The triggering factors that facilitate the breaching of the intestinal barrier by E. piscium, causing granulomatous lesions in other organs and systemic spreading, are not completely understood but our results point to the connective tissue as a preferential target for parasite development and migration.

Parasitosis intestinales y factores socioambientales: estudio preliminar en una población de horticultores / Intestinal parasitoses and socio-environmental factors: a preliminary study on a population of horticulturists

Introduction: Various families of small horticultural producers who supply the regional market live in Pereyra Iraola Park. This paper addresses an integral parasitological study designed to assess the sanitary conditions in the place and their impact on human health. Material and methods: Serial human stool and anal swabs (n = 80), canine faeces (n = 8), farm animals (n = 12), and vegetables samples (n = 21) were analyzed. Concentration techniques by flotation and sedimentation were applied. Through semi-structured surveys socio-environmental variables were studied. Results: The study showed that 84% of the human population was parasitized. The highest prevalence corresponded to Blastocystis sp. (41.2%), Enterobius vermicularis (37.5%) and Entamoeba coli (33.7%). Significant associations between parasitic species were found. Trichuris vulpis (37.5%) was the most prevalent species in canines followed by Ancylostoma caninum, Uncinaria stenocephala and Toxocara canis (25%). Farm animals showed Balantidium coli, Trichuris suis, Capillaria sp., Heterakis sp., Trichostrongylus sp., among others. In vegetables, amoeba cysts, coccidia oocysts, strongylid eggs and larvae of free-living nematodes were found. The presence of G. lamblia in the human population was significantly associated with irregular work of the mother, the lack of parental education and the possession of a vegetable garden. Conclusions: The results observed in the population, and species of zoonotic importance in animals and vegetables suggest that these studies should be furthered and control and environmental sanitation measures implemented in order to improve the quality of life of horticulturists and their productive activity

Introducción: En el parque Pereyra Iraola viven familias de pequeños productores hortícolas que abastecen al mercado regional. El presente trabajo aborda un estudio parasitológico integral, con el fin de evaluar las condiciones sanitarias y su impacto en la salud humana. Materiales y métodos: Se analizaron muestras seriadas de heces humanas y escobillado anal (n = 80), heces caninas (n = 8), de animales de cría (n = 12), y muestras de hortalizas (n = 21). Se aplicaron técnicas de concentración por flotación y sedimentación. Mediante encuestas semiestructuradas se relevaron variables socioambientales. Resultados: El 84% de la población humana resultó parasitada. Las mayores prevalencias correspondieron a Blastocystis sp. (41.2%), Enterobius vermicularis (37.5%) y Entamoeba coli (33.7%). Se hallaron asociaciones significativas entre especies parásitas. En perros, la especie más prevalente fue Trichuris vulpis (37.5%), seguida de Ancylostoma caninum, Uncinaria stenocephala y Toxocara canis (25%). En animales de cría se halló Balantidium coli, Trichuris suis, Capillaria sp., Heterakis sp., Trichostrongylus sp., entre otros. En las hortalizas se encontraron quistes de amebas, ooquistes de coccidios, huevos de estrongilídeos y larvas de nematodes de vida libre. La presencia de G. lamblia en la población humana se asoció significativamente con trabajo inestable de la madre, falta de educación paterna y tenencia de huerta. Conclusiones: Los resultados observados en la población y las especies de importancia zoonótica en animales y hortalizas sugieren profundizar estos estudios y llevar adelante medidas de control y saneamiento ambiental, que mejoren la calidad de vida de los horticultores y su actividad productiva

Intestinal parasites in children and soil from Turbaco, Bolívar and associated risk factors / Parásitos intestinales en niños y suelo de Turbaco, Bolívar y factores de riesgo asociados

Objective To determine the frequency of intestinal parasites in children and soil from Turbaco- Bolívar and associated risks factors. Methods Analytical study in which 390 children between 2 and 12 years old from 10 neighborhoods of Turbaco were included, whose legal representatives gave informed consent. Three serial samples of feces and 10 soil samples were processed. Risk factors were determined through an interview. Physicochemical and structural characteristics of soils were also evaluated. Results Parasites were found in 30.5 % of children. 162 parasites were observed; the most frequent protozoan was Endolimax nana (30.3 %) and in terms of helminthes, the most frequent was Ascaris lumbricoides (4.9 %). No statistical association between age or sex and intestinal parasites (p>0.05) or between risk factors and intestinal parasites (p>0.05) was found. Low frequencies of intestinal parasites were encountered in soil samples, being more common Entamoeba spp., Giardia spp., and Ascaris lumbricoides. Neighborhoods of Turbaco had sandy dry soil with low content of ions, low conductivity and low organic matter. Conclusion This study showed a low frequency of intestinal parasites in feces and soils. Despite this, pathogenic parasites were found which can affect the health of the population. Besides this, a high percentage of intestinal parasites that are transmitted through feces were detected indicating fecal contamination and low level of hygiene.(AU)

Objetivo Determinar la frecuencia de parásitos intestinales en niños y suelos de Turbaco -Bolívar y su asociación con factores de riesgo. Métodos Estudio analítico realizado en Turbaco-Bolívar. Fueron Incluidos 390 niños entre 2 y 12 años de 10 barrios, cuyos representantes legales dieron un consentimiento informado. Fueron procesadas 3 muestras seriadas de heces fecales y 10 muestras de suelos. Los factores de riesgo fueron evaluados a través de una entrevista. Además se determinaron las características fisicoquímicas y estructurales de los suelos. Resultados Se encontraron parásitos en 30,5 % de los niños. Se observaron 162 parásitos, siendo Endolimax nana (30,3 %) el protozoo más frecuente y Ascaris lumbricoides (4,9 %) el helminto más frecuente. No se encontró asociación estadística entre la edad, el sexo y los factores de riesgo con la presencia de parásitos intestinales (p>0,05). Se encontró una baja frecuencia de parásitos en las muestras de suelo, siendo más comunes Entamoeba spp., Giardia spp. y Ascaris lumbricoides. Los barrios de Turbaco tuvieron suelo arenoso, seco con bajo contenido de iones, baja conductividad y poca materia orgánica. Conclusión Este estudio determinó una baja frecuencia de parásitos intestinales en heces y suelos. Sin embargo, se encontraron parásitos patógenos que pueden afectar la salud de la población. Se detectó un alto porcentaje de parásitos que son transmitidos a través de las heces indicando contaminación fecal y bajo nivel de higiene.(AU)

Study of the gastrointestinal parasitic fauna of captive non-human primates (Macaca fascicularis).

The aim of this study was to examine helminths and protozoans in cynomolgus macaques (Macaca fascicularis) imported from registered breeding facilities in China and their relation to health risks for non-human primate handlers in biomedical research centers and in breeding facilities. Fresh fecal samples were collected from a total of 443 M. fascicularis and analyzed by copromicroscopical analysis, immunoenzymatic, or molecular assays. As to helminths, whose eggs were shed in 2.03% of the samples, Trichuris and Oesophagostomum were the only two taxa found, with low prevalence and low eggs per gram (EPG) values. Protozoans were more frequently detected (87.40%), with Entamoeba coli (85.19%) and Endolimax nana (79.26%) as the most prevalent species shed. Other parasites found by fecal smear examination were uninucleated-cyst-producing Entamoebas (78.52%), Iodamoeba bütschlii (42.96%), and Chilomastix mesnili (24.44%), while cysts of Balantidium coli (22.2%) were only observed by sedimentation. No coproantigens of Giardia duodenalis, Cryptosporidium spp., and Entamoeba histolytica complex were detected. Blastocystis sp. infection was noticed in 87.63% of macaques by PCR. These cynomolgus monkeys were infected with many subtypes (ST1, ST2, ST3, ST5, and ST7), where the predominant Blastocystis sp. subtypes were ST2 (77.5%), followed by ST1 (63.5%). Data collected confirmed the presence of potentially zoonotic parasites and a high parasite diversity, suggesting the need for appropriate and sensitive techniques to adequately control them and related health risks for handlers of non-human primates in biomedical research centers and in breeding facilities.

Endolimax piscium sp. nov. (Amoebozoa), causative agent of systemic granulomatous disease of cultured sole, Solea senegalensis Kaup.

A new amoeba species pathogenic for Senegalese sole is described based on ultrastructural analysis and SSU rDNA phylogenetic inference. The parasite presents round to ovoid trophozoites (<5 µm) with a high degree of intracellular simplification. No mitochondria were observed, but mitosome-like organelles were present. No cysts could be detected. Phylogenetic analysis confirmed the Senegalese sole parasite as an amitochondriate Archamoeba related to Endolimax nana and Iodamoeba spp., and we tentatively describe it as a new species in the genus Endolimax, Endolimax piscium. However, the genetic distance with E. nana is quite large, with only 60% pairwise identity between both SSU rDNA genotypes. Although the overall topology of the Archamoebae cladograms containing E. piscium was consistent, the support for the branching of Endolimax spp. relative to its closest neighbours was variable, being higher with distance or parsimony-based inference methods than with ML or Bayesian trees. The use of stringent alignment sampling masks also caused instability and reduced support for some branches, including the monophyly of Endolimax spp. in the most conservative data sets. The characterization of other Archamoebae parasitizing fish could help to clarify the status of E. piscium and to interpret the large genetic distance observed between Endolimax species.

[Case of polyparasitism with long-term abdominal pain in a patient]. / Uzun Süreli Karin Agrisi Sikayeti Olan Hastada Poliparazitizm Olgusu.

It is known that infections caused by intestinal protozoa and helminths affect over 3.5 million people worldwide. In this case report, a patient with complaints of stomach ache for a long time who received thermal treatment is presented. During this thermal treatment, diarrhoea occurred and multiparasitism was diagnosed with two helminths; pseudoparasitism and multiprotozoa, simultaneously. Stool samples were collected from the patient on three consecutive days and one day after the treatment. All of the samples were prepared with formalin-ether sedimentation techniques after macroscopic and direct microscopic investigation. Cellophane-tape method for Enterobius vermicularis and Taenia spp. and Erlich-Ziehl-Neelsen staining method for coccidian parasites were used. At least four preparations were performed for each sample and serum physiologic, lugol' solution and trichrome stain were used for microscopic investigations.The motile segment she brought was investigated microscopically with Indian ink and identified as Taenia saginata. Under direct microscopy, Blastocystis hominis, Endolimax nana and Fasciola hepatica were seen. By formalin-ether sedimentation techniques, Ascaris lumbricoides, Fasciola hepatica, Blastocystis hominis, Endolimax nana and Entamoeba coli were identified. In recent years, intestinal parasitism is rarely seen in our city; therefore, multiparasitism in an adult and immunocompetent patient is interesting.

Perfil enteroparasitológico dos habitantes de uma cidade do Nordeste do Brasil / Enteroparasitological profile of inhabitants from a city of Northeast Brazil

JUSTIFICATIVA E OBJETIVOS: A elevada prevalência de parasitoses em países subdesenvolvidos e em desenvolvimento, é responsável por quadros clínicos variáveis, os quais, frequentemente, encontram-se associados à diarreia crônica e à desnutrição.O objetivo deste estudo foi traçar o perfil enteroparasitológico dos habitantes de um município do nordeste do Brasil. MÉTODO: Estudo retrospectivo, com dados secundários, realizado no período de janeiro de 2009 a janeiro de 2010. Todas as informações foram obtidas por meio dos laudos dos exames coproparasitológicos.Para a análise estatística, utilizou-se os testes Qui-quadrado e Exato de Fisher, com o auxílio do programa estatístico R. O nível de significância adotado foi de 5% (p < 0,05).RESULTADOS: Observou-se que 42,07% da amostra analisada possuíam pelo menos uma espécie de parasita intestinal, além disso, que o helminto Ascaris lumbricóides e o protozoário Endolimaxnana foram os parasitas mais frequentes nesses exames positivos,com porcentagem de 6,93% e 13,59%, respectivamente. Constatou-se também que os parasitas ancilostomídeos e Giardia lamblia estiveram mais frequentes nos homens e o parasita Endolimax nana nas mulheres, e que o parasita Giardia lamblia foi o mais frequente nos pacientes menores de cinco anos de idade.CONCLUSÃO: Verificou-se ser alta a frequência de indivíduos parasitados, bem como que espécies de parasitas com potencial patogênico fazem parte do perfil parasitológico da referida população.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: The high prevalence of parasitic diseases in underdeveloped and developing countries is responsible for variables clinical symptoms, which often are associated with chronic diarrhea and malnutrition. The objective of this study was to obtain the enteroparasitological profile of inhabitants from a city of Northeast Brazil. METHOD: A retrospective study using secondary data was carried out, from January 2009 to January 2010. All information was obtained through the results of coproparasitological samples. The data were processed and analyzed using the Chi-square and Fisher Exact test, of the statistical software R. The level of significance was 5 % (p < 0.05).RESULTS: It was observed that 42.07% of the sample had at least one species of intestinal parasite, the helminth Ascaris lumbricoides and protozoa Endolimax nana were the most frequently positive in these tests, with a percentage of 6.93% and 13.59% respectively. It was also found that the parasites Giardia lamblia and hookworms were the most frequent in males and Endolimax nana was the most frequent in females. The parasite Giardia lamblia was the most frequent in patients under five years old. CONCLUSION: We found high frequency of infected individuals and the parasite species with potential pathogenic are presentat the profile of this population.