Determinantes da proatividade e do capital psicológico: fatores individuais e organizacionais / Determinants of proactivity and psychological capital: individual and organizational factors / Determinantes de la proactividad y del capital psicológico: factores individuales y organizacionales

A proatividade e o capital psicológico (PsyCap) são construtos associados às virtudes psicológicas, recursos despertados por fatores individuais e organizacionais, que podem maximizar resultados. Este estudo visou investigar qualitativamente os determinantes e aspectos que podem estimular o PsyCap e a proatividade, a partir da perspectiva de trabalhadores de duas empresas brasileiras. A pesquisa foi realizada por meio de entrevistas semiestruturadas com uma amostra de 26 funcionários. Os resultados revelaram determinantes comuns para a proatividade e o PsyCap, dentre eles a aprendizagem formal e informal, o feedback, a felicidade, a persistência, a curiosidade, os desafios e a estratégia. Foram observados alguns consequentes positivos, como euforia, alegria, realização, entusiasmo, engajamento e gratidão. Notou-se também que a ausência de proatividade e níveis baixos de PsyCap podem desencadear reações negativas, como indignação, tristeza, procrastinação, paralisação, desequilíbrio e frustração. Esses resultados sugerem que intervenções focadas no desenvolvimento da proatividade e do PsyCap podem ser essenciais para potencializar o bem-estar individual e resultados positivos nas organizações.(AU)

Proactivity and psychological capital (PsyCap) are concepts associated with psychological virtues, resources awakened from individual and organizational factors, which can maximize results. This study aimed to investigate qualitatively the determinants and aspects that can stimulate PsyCap and proactivity, from the perspective of workers of two Brazilian businesses. The research was carried out with semi-structured interviews with a sample of 26 employees. The results revealed common determinants for proactivity and PsyCap, among them formal and informal learning, feedback, happiness, persistence, curiosity, challenges, and strategy. Some positive consequences were observed, such as euphoria, joy, fulfillment, enthusiasm, engagement, and gratitude. Also note that the absence of proactivity and low levels of PsyCap could trigger negative reactions, such as indignation, sadness, procrastination, paralysis, imbalance, and frustration. These results suggest that interventions focused on the development of proactivity and PsyCap can be essential to enhance individual well-being and positive results in organizations.(AU)

La proactividad y el capital psicológico (PsyCap) son constructos asociados a las virtudes psicológicas, recursos que pueden ser despertados por factores individuales y organizacionales para maximizar los resultados. Este estudio tuvo como objetivo investigar cualitativamente los determinantes y aspectos que pueden despertar el PsyCap y la proactividad desde la perspectiva de los trabajadores de dos empresas brasileñas. Este estudio se realizó mediante entrevistas semiestructuradas en una muestra de 26 empleados. Los resultados revelaron determinantes comunes para la proactividad y el PsyCap, entre ellos, el aprendizaje formal e informal, la retroalimentación, la felicidad, la persistencia, la curiosidad, los desafíos y la estrategia. Se observaron algunas consecuencias positivas, como euforia, alegría, logro, entusiasmo, compromiso y gratitud. También se señaló que la ausencia de proactividad y los bajos niveles del PsyCap pueden desencadenar reacciones negativas, como indignación, tristeza, procrastinación, parálisis, desequilibrio y frustración. Estos resultados sugieren que las intervenciones centradas en el desarrollo de la proactividad y del PsyCap pueden ser esenciales para mejorar el bienestar individual y los resultados positivos en las organizaciones.(AU)

Saúde mental e atuação de psicólogos hospitalares brasileiros na pandemia da covid-19 / Health and works of brazilian hospital psychologists in the covid-19 pandemic / Salud mental y actuación de psicólogos en hospitales brasileños en la pandemia del covid-19

Em março de 2020 a situação causada pela covid-19 foi elevada à categoria de pandemia, impactando de inúmeras formas a vida em sociedade. O objetivo deste estudo foi compreender os impactos da pandemia na atuação e saúde mental do psicólogo hospitalar, profissional que atua nos espaços de saúde e tem experienciado mais de perto o sofrimento dos doentes e dos profissionais de saúde frente à covid-19. Trata-se de um estudo exploratório-descritivo com 131 psicólogos que atuam em hospitais. Os profissionais foram convidados a participar através de redes sociais e redes de contatos das pesquisadoras, utilizando-se a técnica Bola de Neve. Foram utilizados dois questionários, disponibilizados na plataforma Google Forms, um abordando os impactos da pandemia sentidos pelos profissionais e outro referente ao sofrimento psíquico. Os dados foram analisados a partir de estatísticas descritivas e inferenciais. Foram observados impactos na atuação de quase a totalidade dos participantes, constatada a necessidade de preparação dos profissionais para o novo cenário, a percepção de pouco apoio institucional e quase metade da população estudada referiu-se a sintomas de sofrimento psíquico considerável desde o início da pandemia. É fundamental dar atenção a sinais e sintomas de sofrimento psíquico, procurando evitar o adoecimento de uma categoria profissional que se encontra na linha de frente do combate aos danos psicológicos da pandemia e cuja própria saúde mental é pouco abordada na literatura.(AU)

In March 2020, the COVID-19 pandemic breakout hugely impacted life in society. This study analyzes how the pandemic impacted hospital psychologists' mental health and performance, professional who more closely experienced the suffering of patients and health professionals in this period. An exploratory and descriptive study was conducted with 131 hospital psychologists. Professionals were invited to participate through the researchers' social and contact networks using the Snowball technique. Data were collected by two questionnaires available on the Google Forms platform, one addressing the impacts felt by professionals and the other regarding psychic suffering, and analyzed by descriptive and inferential statistics. Results showed that almost all participants had their performance affected by the need to prepare for the new scenario, the perceived little institutional support. Almost half of the study sample reported considerable psychological distress symptoms since the beginning of the pandemic. Paying attention to signs and symptoms of psychic suffering is fundamental to avoid compromising a professional category that is on the front line of combating the psychological damage caused by the pandemic and whose own mental health is little addressed by the literature.(AU)

En marzo de 2020, la situación provocada por el COVID-19 se caracterizó como pandemia e impactó el mundo de diversas maneras. El objetivo de este estudio fue comprender los impactos de la pandemia en la salud mental y la actuación del psicólogo en los hospitales, uno de los profesionales que trabaja en espacios sanitarios y que ha experimentado más de cerca el sufrimiento de pacientes y profesionales sanitarios frente al COVID-19. Este es un estudio exploratorio descriptivo, realizado con 131 psicólogos que trabajan en hospitales. Los profesionales recibieron la invitación a participar a través de las redes sociales y redes de contactos de las investigadoras, mediante la técnica snowball. Se utilizaron dos cuestionarios disponibles en la plataforma Google Forms: uno sobre los impactos de la pandemia en los profesionales y el otro sobre el sufrimiento psíquico. Los datos se analizaron a partir de estadísticas descriptivas e inferenciales. Se observaron impactos en el trabajo de casi todos los participantes, la necesidad de preparación de los profesionales para este nuevo escenario, la percepción de poco apoyo institucional, y casi la mitad de la población estudiada reportaron sentir síntomas de considerable angustia psicológica desde el inicio de la pandemia. Es esencial prestar atención a los signos y síntomas del sufrimiento psíquico, buscando evitar la enfermedad de una categoría profesional que está a la vanguardia de la lucha contra el daño psicológico de la pandemia y cuya propia salud mental se aborda poco en la literatura.(AU)

The analyst's vitalizing function and the living word in the analysis room: from Thomas Ogden / A função vitalizadora do analista e a palavra viva na sala de análise: reflexões a partir de thomas ogden

RESUMO: O presente artigo tem como objetivo apresentar algumas ideias de Thomas Ogden sobre a importância dada aos sentimentos de vitalidade e desvitalização, como medida fundamental para o entendimento do que ocorre no processo analítico. Com o uso de duas vinhetas clínicas de uma das autoras, pretendeu-se a articulação com as ideias de Ogden, destacando-se o encaminhamento para um encontro vitalizado entre analista e paciente por meio de uma linguagem viva, visando a busca da verdade emocional conectada à vitalidade da sessão.

Abstract: This article aims to present some ideas by Thomas Ogden on the importance given to feelings of vitality and devitalization, as a fundamental measure for understanding what happens in the analytical process. With the use of two clinical vignettes by one of the authors, the intention was to articulate with Ogden's ideas, highlighting the referral to a vitalized encounter between the analyst and the patient through a living language, aiming at the search for connected emotional truth to the vitality of the session.

Incidencia del bienestar subjetivo y equilibrio trabajo-familia en cuanto a la cultura trabajo-familia en trabajadores del poder judicial chileno / Incidence of subjective well-being and work-family balance in terms of workfamily culture in workers of the chilean judicial branch

Resumen El presente trabajo determina la relación entre bienestar subjetivo y equilibrio trabajo-familia en la cultura trabajo-familia en trabajadores ligados al poder judicial en Chile. A 143 trabajadores se les administró el Cuestionario de Cultura Trabajo-Famila (Thompson et al., 1999), la Escala de Equilibrio Trabajo-Famila (Moreno et al., 2009) y Bienestar Subjetivo (Diener et al., 1999). Se observa que la cultura trabajo-familia es explicada en un 44.7% por el bienestar subjetivo y específicamente con la Interfase Negativa del Equilibrio Trabajo-Familia. Se concluye con las implicancias en la gestión organizacional para aplicar estrategias organizacionales que incorporen las dimensiones de bienestar y políticas de conciliación, que consideren un entorno saludable para los trabajadores del poder judicial.

Abstract This study determines the relationship between subjective well-being and work-fa- mily balance in work-family culture in workers linked to the judiciary in Chile. 143 wor- kers were administered the Work-Family Culture Questionnaire (Thompson et al., 1999), the Work-Family Balance Scale (Moreno et al., 2009) and Subjective Well-being (Diener et al., 1984). We found that 44.7% of the Work-Family Culture is explained by subjecti- ve well-being and specifically with the Negative Interface of the Work-Family Balance. It concludes with the implications of promoting initiatives to foster organizational strategies that incorporate the dimensions of well-being and conciliation policies that build a healthy environment for workers in the judiciary.

O infantil¹: suas múltiplas dimensões / The infantile: its multiple aspects / Lo infantil: sus múltiples dimensiones / L'infantile: ses multiples dimensions

O objetivo deste texto é apresentar a importância fundamental do infantil para a clínica e a teoria psicanalíticas. O infantil pode ser apreendido na experiência psicanalítica como expressão princeps da realidade psíquica, da dimensão inconsciente da subjetividade humana. O infantil não concerne apenas aos analistas de crianças, pois não é assimilável à infância ou às fases de desenvolvimento. Diferente do infantilismo comportamental, o infantil obedece a uma sobredeterminação causal, não linear, de composição aberta ao acaso, ao incerto. Longe de ser uma memória fotográfica do passado ou de condutas infantis no adulto, o infantil aponta para os modos de registro e inscrição do que Freud chamou de Erlebnis, "vivência infantil". A tese nuclear é que, para o sujeito, na clínica psicanalítica e independentemente de preferências por um ou outro modelo teórico-clínico, estará sempre em jogo a eficácia dessas inscrições, sua metabolização e simbolização possível ou não, e sua força pulsional viva no presente. O infantil não emerge apenas como resistência ou testemunho do recalcamento da sexualidade infantil, mas como representante atual e vivo da busca por uma experiência criativa e reparadora (neogênese) do que não pôde ser experimentado como continuidade de ser, como expressão potencial, como impulso criativo, e que, por incapacidade ou inadequação do objeto primário, teve de ser recalcado ou clivado. Transformar a relação com o infantil não significa eliminá-lo, mas permitir um reordenamento, uma ressignificação para que o novo possa advir. Fonte de desilusão ou inspiração, nunca deixará de ser referência.

This work aims at showing the extreme importance of the infantile for the psychoanalytical clinic and theory. The infantile may be grasped during the psychoanalytical experience as the princeps expression from psychic reality, from the unconscious of the human subjectivity. The infantile does not concern only children's analysts, as it is not connected to childhood or the development phases; which is different than childish behavior patterns. The infantile follows a casual predominance, non-linear, open to chance, to the doubtful. It is not about having a photographic memory about the past or an adult having childish behavior - the infantile shows what Freud called Erlebnis, "childish perception". The thesis is that, for the subject, the impact of these registrations, their metabolization and symbology, being possible or not, and their strength, is alive in the present, being the subject in a psychoanalytical clinic and not determining preferences for this or that theory-clinical model. The infantile does not emerge only as resistance or testimonial of repressed childhood sexuality, but also as current and vivid representation of the search for a creative and restorative (neogenesis) experience of what couldn't be experimented as the continuity of being, as expression of one's potential, as creative impulse that, due to inability or inadequacy of the primary object, had to be repressed or cleaved. Transforming the relation with the infantile does not mean eliminating it. It is about allowing a reorganization, redefinition, so that something new can arise from it. It can be source of disappointment or inspiration, but it will always be a reference.

El objetivo de este texto es presentar la importancia fundamental de lo infantil para la clínica y la teoría psicoanalíticas. Lo infantil puede ser aprehendido en la experiencia psicoanalítica como expresión prínceps de la realidad psíquica, de la dimensión inconsciente de la subjetividad humana. Lo infantil no atañe solo a los analistas de niños, pues no es asimilable a la infancia o las fases de desarrollo; diferente del infantilismo comportamental, lo infantil obedece a una sobredeterminación causal, no linear, de composición abierta al acaso, a lo incierto. Lejos de una memoria fotográfica del pasado o de conductas infantiles en el adulto, lo infantil apunta a los modos de registro e inscripción de lo que Freud llamó Erlebnis, "vivencia infantil". La tesis nuclear es que, para el sujeto, en la clínica psicoanalítica e independientemente de preferencias por este o aquel modelo teórico-clínico, estará siempre en juego la eficacia de estas inscripciones, su metabolización y simbolización posible o no, y su fuerza pulsional viva en el presente. Lo infantil no emerge solo como resistencia o testimonio de la represión de la sexualidad infantil, sino como representante actual y vivo de la búsqueda por una experiencia creativa y reparadora (neogénesis) de lo que no pudo ser experimentado como continuidad de ser, como expresión potencial, como impulso creativo y que, por incapacidad o inadecuación del objeto primario, debió ser reprimido o clivado. Transformar la relación con lo infantil no significa eliminarlo, sino permitir una reordenación, una resignificación para que lo nuevo pueda advenir. Fuente de desilusión o inspiración, nunca dejará de ser referencia.

L'objectif de ce texte, c'est de présenter l'importance fondamentale de l'infantile pour la clinique et la théorie psychanalytique. L'infantile peut être appréhendé dans l'expérience psychanalytique en tant que l'expression princeps de la réalité psychique, de la dimension inconsciente de la subjectivité humaine. L'infantile ne concerne pas seulement les analystes d'enfants, car ce n'est pas assimilable à l'enfance ou aux phases de développement ; contrairement à l'infantilisme comportemental, l'infantile obéit à une surdétermination causale, non linéaire, de composition ouverte au hasard, à l'incertain. L'infantile désigne les manières d'enregistrement et d'inscription de ce que Freud a appelé Erlebnis, « vécu infantile ¼, bien qu'il ne soit pas une mémoire photographique du passé ou de conduites infantiles chez l'adulte. La thèse nucléaire, c'est que, pour le sujet, dans la clinique psychanalytique et indépendamment de préférences par l'un ou l'autre modèle théorique-clinique, il sera toujours en jeu l'efficace de ces inscriptions, sa métabolisation et symbolisation possible ou non, et sa force pulsionnelle vivante à présent. L'infantile n'émerge pas seulement en tant que résistance ou témoin du refoulement de la sexualité infantile, mais en tant que représentant actuel et vivant de la quête d'une expérience créative et réparatrice (néogenèse) de ce qui ne peut pas être expérimenté comme une continuité d'être, comme une expression potentielle, comme une impulsion créative et qui, par incapacité ou inadéquation de l'objet primaire, a dû être refoulé ou clivé. Transformer le rapport avec l'infantile ne signifie pas l'éliminer, mais permettre un reclassement, une resignification pour que le nouveau puisse advenir. Toute en étant une source de désillusion ou d'inspiration, il ne laissera jamais d'être une référence.

Psicólogos en el frente: la atención durante la crisis del Covid-19. De las emociones tóxicas a la salud psicológica / Psychologists at the Front: attention during the Covid-19 crisis. From toxic emotions to psychological health

Objetivos: sobre el marco de la pandemia del COVID-19 y la consecuente cuarentena, esta investigación tuvo por objetivo recolectar las principales intervenciones -"facilitadores"- que han realizado los psicólogos clínicos durante la cuarentena (4 meses). Materiales y métodos: es un estudio cualitativo, donde se seleccionó una muestra de 30 psicólogos psicoterapeutas de la Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires (CABA), de ambos sexos, con 10 a 30 años de experiencia clínica y de diferentes filiaciones terapéuticas, a través de un muestreo no probabilístico, intencional, basado en el conocimiento del investigador sobre la población de profesionales bajo estudio.Se privilegió la experiencia clínica, a la edad, género y modelo terapéutico. Se les formuló una pregunta concreta acerca de ¿cuáles fueron las principales intervenciones que realizaron con sus pacientes a la altura de 4 meses de cuarentena (20 al 30 de julio de 2020), enumerando y explicando un mínimo de 5 (cinco). Resultados: los facilitadores fueron agrupados en categorías por similitudes de intervención y contenido explicativo. De los 150 obtenidos, uniendo las diferentes y descartando las reiteraciones, se seleccionaron 15. Conclusiones: las intervenciones unen filosofía reflexiva de vida y acciones concretas para cambiar, apoyándose en algunos puntos comunes como la perspectiva de atribución de significado positivo por sobre las cosas, personas o situaciones, el empoderamiento y la seguridad, evitar climas beligerantes, crear y hacer proyectos a futuro, mejorar las relaciones con el entorno conviviente, reducir la incertidumbre y niveles de agresión, incertidumbre, angustia y ansiedad..Au

Objectives: on the framework of the COVID-19 pandemic and the consequent quarantine, this research aimed to collect the main interventions - "facilitators" - that clinical psychologists have carried out during the quarantine (4 months). Materials end methods: it is a qualitative study, where a sample of 30 professionals from the Autonomous City of Buenos Aires (CABA) was selected, of both sexes, with between 10 and 30 years of clinical experience and different therapeutic affiliations, through a sampling non-probabilistic, intentional, based on the researcher's knowledge of the population of professionals under study. The clinical experience, age, gender and therapeutic model was privileged. They were asked a specific question about what were the main interventions they carried out with their patients at the height of 4 months of quarantine? (July 20 to 30, 2020), listing and explaining a minimum of 5 (five). Results: the facilitators were grouped into categories by similarities of intervention and explanatory content. Of the 150 obtained, joining the different ones and discarding the reiterations, 15 were obtained. Conclusions: the interventions unite reflective philosophy of life and concrete actions to change, relying on some common points such as the perspective of attribution of positive meaning over things, people or situations, empowerment and security, avoid belligerent climates, create and carry out projects for the future, improve relationships with the living environment, reduce uncertainty and levels of aggression, uncertainty, anguish and anxiety..Au

In a Model of Neuroinflammation Designed to Mimic Delirium, Quetiapine Reduces Cortisol Secretion and Preserves Reversal Learning in the Attentional Set Shifting Task.

Quetiapine, an atypical antipsychotic medication has lacked pre-clinical validation for its purported benefits in the treatment of delirium. This laboratory investigation examined the effects of quetiapine on the attentional set shifting task (ASST), a measure of cognitive flexibility and executive functioning, in a rodent model of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) mediated neuroinflammation. 19 Sprague Dawley female rats were randomly selected to receive intraperitoneal placebo (N = 5), LPS and placebo (N = 7) or LPS and quetiapine (n = 7) and performed the ASST. We measured trials to criterion, errors, non-locomotion episodes and latency to criterion, serum cortisol and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) levels. TNF-α levels were not different between groups at 24 h. Cortisol levels in the LPS + Quetiapine group were reduced compared to LPS + Placebo (P < 0.001) and did not differ from the placebo group (P = 0.15). Analysis between LPS + Quetiapine and LPS + Placebo treated rats demonstrated improvement in the compound discrimination reversal (CD Rev1) (P = 0.016) and the intra-dimensional reversal (ID Rev2) (P = 0.007) discriminations on trials to criterion. LPS + Quetiapine treated rats had fewer errors than LPS + Placebo treated animals in the compound discrimination (CD) (P = 0.007), CD Rev1 (P = 0.005), ID Rev2 (P < 0.001) discriminations. There was no difference in non-locomotion frequency or latency to criterion between the three groups in all discriminations (P > 0.0167). We demonstrated preserved reversal learning, no effect on attentional set shifting and normalized cortisol levels in quetiapine-treated rats in this neuroinflammatory model of delirium. This suggests that quetiapine's beneficial effects in delirium may be related to the preservation of reversal learning and potential downstream effects related to reduction in cortisol production. Graphical Abstract.

Esportividade, melancolia, nacionalismo e deficiência: a cobertura fotográfica dos jogos paralímpicos pelas lentes da Folha de São Paulo (1992 ­ 2016) / Sportivity, melancolia, nationalism and disability: the photographic coverage of the paralympic games through the lenses of Folha de São Paulo (1992 - 2016) / La cobertura fotográfica de los juegos paralímpicos por las lentes de la Folha de São Paulo (1992 - 2016)

Esta pesquisa teve como objetivo caracterizar a representação imagética do esporte e dos atletas paraolímpicos na cobertura fotográfica do jornal Folha de São Paulo durante a realização dos Jogos Paralímpicos no período de 1992 a 2016. O estudo foi de cunho quanti-qualitativo, descritivo e exploratório e se baseou na teoria do enquadramento. Houve um aumento no número de fotografias publicadas no decorrer dos anos, sendo que algumas das características principais das fotos são: esportividade dos atletas; melancolia associada à deficiência; promoção de nacionalismo; e espetacularização do grotesco e do ciborgue. O caráter polissêmico das representações propagadas nas fotografias revela algumas das complexidades envolvidas nas formas de se conceber atletas com deficiência e a necessidade de se melhor qualificar a mídia para futuras coberturas do esporte paralímpico.

This study aimed to characterize the image representation of sport and Paralympic athletes in the photographic coverage of the "Folha de São Paulo" newspaper during the Paralympic Games from 1992 to 2016. The study was quanti-qualitative, descriptive and exploratory and was based on the framework theory. There has been an increase in the number of photographs published over the years, and some of the main characteristics of the photos are: athletes' sportsmanship; melancholy associated with the deficiency; promotion of nationalism; and spectacularization of the grotesque, and the cyborg. The polysemous character of the representations propagated in the photographs reveals some of the complexities involved in conceiving disabled athletes and the need to better qualify the media for future coverage of Paralympic sport.

Esta investigación tuvo como objetivo caracterizar la representación imagética del deporte y de los atletas paraolímpicos en la cobertura fotográfica del diario Folha de São Paulo durante la realización de los Juegos Paralímpicos en el período de 1992 a 2016. El estudio fue de cuño cuantitativo cualitativo, descriptivo y exploratorio y, se basó en la teoría del encuadramiento. Se ha producido un aumento en el número de fotografías publicadas a lo largo de los años, siendo que algunas de las características principales de las fotos son: deportividad de los atletas; melancolía asociada a la discapacidad; promoción del nacionalismo; y la espectacularización del grotesco y del ciborgue. El carácter polisémico de las representaciones propagadas en las fotografías revela algunas de las complejidades involucradas en las formas de concebir atletas con discapacidad y la necesidad de mejor calificar los medios para futuras coberturas del deporte paralímpico.

Gating of the neuroendocrine stress responses by stressor salience in early lactating female rats is independent of infralimbic cortex activation and plasticity.

In early lactation (EL), stressor salience modulates neuroendocrine stress responses, but it is unclear whether this persists throughout lactation and which neural structures are implicated. We hypothesized that this process is specific to EL and that the infralimbic (IL) medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) might provide a critical link between assessment of threat and activation of the hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis in EL. We measured neuroendocrine responses and neuronal Fos induction to a salient (predator odor) or non-salient (tail pinch) psychogenic stressor in EL and late lactation (LL) females. We found that EL females exhibited a large response to predator stress only in the presence of pups, while responses to tail pinch were reduced independently of pup presence. In LL, HPA axis responses were independent of pup presence for both stressors and only responses to tail pinch were modestly reduced compared to virgins. Intracerebral injection of the local anesthetic bupivacaine (BUP) (0.75%; 0.5 µl/side) in the IL mPFC did not differentially affect neuroendocrine responses to predator odor in virgin and EL females, suggesting that lactation-induced changes in this structure might not regulate stressor salience for the HPA axis. However, the IL mPFC displayed morphological changes in lactation, with significant increases in dendritic spine numbers and density in EL compared to LL and virgin females. EL females also showed improved performance in the attention set-shifting task (AST), which could reflect early plasticity in the IL mPFC at a time when rapid adaptation of the maternal brain is necessary for pup survival.

Further validation of booklet category test subscales for learning, set loss, and memory in a mixed clinical sample.

Although it has long been proposed that performance on the Booklet Category Test (BCT) relies on a number of different cognitive abilities, including executive functioning, perceptual reasoning, and memory, only a single total error score is typically derived and interpreted in clinical practice. BCT subscales based on factor analyses of subtest errors or designed specifically to measure specific cognitive domains have been proposed to better assess the multidimensional abilities underlying BCT performance. The aim of this study was to independently replicate and extend previous findings regarding the validity of these subscales. A mixed clinical sample of 137 patients completed the BCT and a number of additional measures used to assess neuropsychological domains of selective attention, various aspects of executive functioning, intellectual functioning, and memory. Correlation and regression analyses were used to explore the convergent and discriminant validity of each subscale. Subscales varied in the number and magnitude of their significant correlations with scores derived from traditional measures. In general, findings supported the convergent validity of BCT category learning, set loss, and memory subscales. However, findings regarding discriminant validity were more variable across subscales. Results provide additional support for the multidimensional nature of the BCT and the validity of derived subscales to measure specific aspects of cognitive functioning beyond what is measured by a total errors score. The recently proposed subscales examined in the current study appear to be worthy of further investigation by clinicians and researchers to determine their clinical utility.

DCC Receptors Drive Prefrontal Cortex Maturation by Determining Dopamine Axon Targeting in Adolescence.

BACKGROUND: Dopaminergic input to the prefrontal cortex (PFC) increases throughout adolescence and, by establishing precisely localized synapses, calibrates cognitive function. However, why and how mesocortical dopamine axon density increases across adolescence remains unknown. METHODS: We used a developmental application of axon-initiated recombination to label and track the growth of dopamine axons across adolescence in mice. We then paired this recombination with cell-specific knockdown of the netrin-1 receptor DCC to determine its role in adolescent dopamine axon growth. We then assessed how altering adolescent PFC dopamine axon growth changes the structural and functional development of the PFC by quantifying pyramidal neuron morphology and cognitive performance. RESULTS: We show, for the first time, that dopamine axons continue to grow from the striatum to the PFC during adolescence. Importantly, we discover that DCC, a guidance cue receptor, controls the extent of this protracted growth by determining where and when dopamine axons recognize their final target. When DCC-dependent adolescent targeting events are disrupted, dopamine axons continue to grow ectopically from the nucleus accumbens to the PFC and profoundly change PFC structural and functional development. This leads to alterations in cognitive processes known to be impaired across psychiatric conditions. CONCLUSIONS: The prolonged growth of dopamine axons represents an extraordinary period for experience to influence their adolescent trajectory and predispose to or protect against psychopathology. DCC receptor signaling in dopamine neurons is a molecular link where genetic and environmental factors may interact in adolescence to influence the development and function of the prefrontal cortex.

Enquadres diferenciados ser e fazer: a princesinha e o veneno da planta da floresta / Being and doing differentiated settings: the little princess and the plant's poison of the forest / Ser y hacer encuadres diferenciados: la princesita y el veneno de la planta de la floresta

Este trabalho objetiva pesquisar a potencialidade mutativa do uso de histórias ficcionais personalizadas para revelar diagnóstico de doença orgânica para crianças e adolescentes. Articula-se ao redor de sessões de atendimento psicológico de uma adolescente HIV+, registradas sob a forma de narrativas transferenciais e apreciadas à luz do Procedimento de Ambrosio e Vaisberg de avaliação de benefícios psicoterapêuticos. Por essa via, foi possível constatar que o uso da história favoreceu uma experiência mutativa de transição desde um posicionamento defendido e dissociado para outro mais integrado e menos ansioso, caracterizado pela possibilidade de maior tolerância ao sofrimento quando o pertencimento à vida comum é oferecido. Interlocuções clínico-reflexivas com a psicanálise winnicottiana finalizam o texto, evidenciando a passagem do diagnóstico HIV+ de objeto subjetivo para objeto pertencente ao mundo compartilhado.

This work investigates the mutative potential of using personalized fictional stories to reveal to children and adolescents the diagnosis of organic diseases. It is set around psychology sessions of an HIV+ adolescent which were transcribed in the form of transference narratives and examined under the Ambrosio and Vaisberg Procedure for evaluation of psychotherapeutic benefits. Adopting this procedure, it was possible to verify that the use of stories favored a mutative experience of transition from a defended and dissociated position to a more integrated and less anxious position, characterized by the possibility of greater tolerance to suffering when the option of belonging to ordinary life is offered. Clinical and reflective dialogues with Winnicot psychoanalysis finalize the text, evidencing the passage of a HIV+ diagnosis from a subjective object to an object that belongs to the shared world.

Este trabajo busca investigar la potencialidad cambiante del uso de historias ficticias personalizadas para revelar el diagnóstico de enfermedad orgánica para niños y adolescentes. Está elaborado alrededor de sesiones de atención psicológica de una adolescente VIH+ que fueron registradas en forma de narraciones transferenciales y apreciadas a la luz del Procedimiento Ambrosio y Vaisberg de evaluación de beneficios psicoterapéuticos. Por esta vía, ha sido posible constatar que el uso de la historia favoreció una experiencia cambiante de transición desde una posición de defensa y disociada para otra más integrada y menos ansiosa, caracterizada por la posibilidad de mayor tolerancia al sufrimiento cuando el pertenecer a la vida en común es ofrecido. Interlocuciones clínico-reflectivas con el psicoanálisis winnicottiano finalizan el texto, evidenciando la transición del diagnóstico VIH+ de objeto subjetivo para objeto perteneciente al mundo compartido.

Medical student expectations from surgical education: A two-year institutional experience.

BACKGROUND: The third-year surgical rotation is the first exposure medical students have to the fundamentals of surgical education. It is known that medical students come to the surgical clerkship with preconceived ideas, many of them negative and based on prior student feedback and hearsay. METHODS: An anonymous survey was conducted of third-year medical students while on the surgical clerkship. We sought to quantify student's experiences and expectations by assessing the students' confidence levels before and after the rotation. RESULTS: Over a 26 month period from July 2013-August 2015, 250 surveys were conducted. In terms of confidence gained on the surgical rotation, students reported a statistically significant (p < 0.01) increase in confidence in fifteen different areas of interest. However, in terms of expectations, students reported discordance between anticipated experience and actual experience. Students' responses indicate that students felt confident with their knowledge of diseases; however, they desire more involvement in complex patient care and procedural skills. CONCLUSIONS: The third-year clerkship is the first exposure to surgery for many medical students. Surgical educators are tasked with providing a foundation for clinical medicine; however, students have expressed an expectation to be more involved with complex patient care and management.

17ß-estradiol replacement in ovariectomized female rats slows set 1 dorsolateral striatial-dependent learning and enhances learning of set 2 in an extradimensional set-shifting paradigm.

The role of estrogen in extradimensional set-shifting was evaluated with replacement of 17ß-estradiol (E2) in ovariectomized (OVX) female rats. Rats were reinforced with food when they entered an arm of a plus-maze that was distinguished by visual and/or tactile cues (Set 1). In Set 2, reinforcement was shifted to construct a new association between food and visual/tactile cues that were different from Set 1. The purpose of using this extradimensional set-shifting task was to differentiate the effect of acute or continuous E2 on the dorsolateral (DLS) versus dorsomedial (DMS) striatum and medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC), because Set 1 and 2 learning, respectively, are associated with these particular brain regions. Results showed that compared to controls, acute E2-replaced female rats required more training trials to reach criterion in Set 1. Moreover, E2-replaced females showed a significant delay in the rate of acquisition of Set 1 learning compared to controls. In Set 2 there were no group differences in perseverative errors, which are reduced by mPFC activation, or when learning took place in a previously reinforced arm, a DMS-mediated effect. Despite this, control females required more training trials to learn Set 2 compared to Set 1, suggesting that prior learning in Set 1 interfered with Set 2 performance in non-E-replaced rats. In contrast, E2 groups learned Set 2 in fewer training trials than Set 1. These data suggest that E2 facilitates set shifting, apart from any apparent enhancement of DMS or mPFC function, perhaps by interfering with DLS-mediated Set 1 learning.

La respuesta asociativa que sorprende, emergencia de lo tíquico / The associative response that surprises, emergency of tychique

El presente trabajo se plantea como objetivo el análisis de una variable utilizada en el proyecto de investigación en curso, titulado: “Presencia y eficacia causal de lo traumático en la cura psicoanalítica de las neurosis: investigación sobre la complicidad del ser hablante con el azar (tique). Estudio de casos en el Servicio de Clínica de Adultos de la Universidad de Buenos Aires”. La elaboración de dicha variable, que hemos denominado respuesta asociativa que sorprende, se enmarca en una pregunta más amplia: ¿qué es lo que vuelve traumático un acontecimiento, qué lo hace eficaz en la etiología de la neurosis? En el análisis y la delimitación de la variable, hemos detectado diferentes posiciones del ser hablante ante la emergencia del inconsciente en el dispositivo analítico. Por otra parte, el factor sorpresa, como elemento tíquico privilegiado, nos ha permitido caracterizar dos situaciones clínicas diversas, según sobre quién recaiga la sorpresa. Aunque remarcamos la importancia principal de la sorpresa no precisamente en ese punto, sino en relación con lo que ella atrapa en las redes del discurso. Por último, señalamos un hallazgo que consideramos de relevancia: el texto que constituye la respuesta asociativa que sorprende está vinculado a los puntos de goce que fijan la posición del sujeto al núcleo sintomático...

Implicit alcohol cognitions in risky drinking nicotine users with and without co-morbid major depressive disorder.

OBJECTIVE: Alcohol consumption, nicotine use, and major depressive disorder (MDD) are highly co-morbid. The negative reinforcement model of addiction would suggest that smokers may consume alcohol to relieve negative affective symptoms, such as those associated with MDD and withdrawal from nicotine. Over time, these behaviors may become so strongly paired together that they automatically activate a desire to use alcohol, even in the absence of conscious or deliberate intention. This study examined implicit alcohol cognitions in 146 risky drinking nicotine users (n=83) and non-users (n=63), to help uncover cognitive mechanisms that link drinking, nicotine use, and depression together. We proposed that nicotine users with a history of MDD would have stronger implicit motivations to drink than non-nicotine users without MDD. METHOD: Participants were assessed on lifetime MDD (n=84) or no MDD (n=62), and then completed an Implicit Association Task designed to test the strength of associations between alcohol pictures and "approach" words. RESULTS: Regression analyses showed that implicit alcohol-approach attitudes were stronger among risky drinking nicotine users than non-users. Alcohol-approach motivations were also stronger among risky drinking nicotine users compared to non-users with a history of MDD; nicotine use was unrelated to implicit alcohol cognitions for risky drinkers without MDD. CONCLUSIONS: Implicit cognitive processes may be targeted in behavioral and pharmacological treatments in risky drinking nicotine users, particularly those with depression comorbidity.

Assessment of behavioral flexibility after middle cerebral artery occlusion in mice.

Middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) is the most common animal model of cerebral ischemia and induces various functional impairments. Long-lasting deficits resulting from MCAO however, remain insufficiently characterized, especially regarding cognition. Yet, behavioral flexibility, a prominent cognitive process is found impaired after stroke in humans. We thus used an operant-based task to assess behavioral flexibility in mice after MCAO. Three weeks after 30 min MCAO surgery, mice were subjected to a battery of sensorimotor tests (rotarod, vertical pole test, spontaneous locomotion and grip-strength test). Behavioral flexibility was then assessed in an operant task, in which mice, rewarded according to a FR5 schedule of reinforcement, had to alternate their operant responses between two levers from trial to trial. Regarding sensory and motor functioning, only the pole test yielded a significant difference between MCAO and sham mice. In the operant flexibility task, results showed a behavioral flexibility deficit in MCAO mice; neither the operant response acquisition nor the appeal for food rewards was altered. In conclusion, our operant-based task revealed a long-lasting behavioral flexibility deficit after MCAO in mice.

Impaired executive function following ischemic stroke in the rat medial prefrontal cortex.

Small (lacunar) infarcts frequently arise in frontal and midline thalamic regions in the absence of major stroke. Damage to these areas often leads to impairment of executive function likely as a result of interrupting connections of the prefrontal cortex. Thus, patients experience frontal-like symptoms such as impaired ability to shift ongoing behavior and attention. In contrast, executive dysfunction has not been demonstrated in rodent models of stroke, thereby limiting the development of potential therapies for human executive dysfunction. Male Sprague-Dawley rats (n=40) underwent either sham surgery or bilateral endothelin-1 injections in the mediodorsal nucleus of the thalamus or in the medial prefrontal cortex. Executive function was assessed using a rodent attention set shifting test that requires animals to shift attention to stimuli in different stimulus dimensions. Medial prefrontal cortex ischemia impaired attention shift performance between different stimulus dimensions while sparing stimulus discrimination and attention shifts within a stimulus dimension, indicating a selective attention set-shift deficit. Rats with mediodorsal thalamic lacunar damage did not exhibit a cognitive impairment relative to sham controls. The selective attention set shift impairment observed in this study is consistent with clinical data demonstrating selective executive disorders following stroke within specific sub-regions of frontal cortex. These data contribute to the development and validation of a preclinical animal model of executive dysfunction, that can be employed to identify potential therapies for ameliorating cognitive deficits following stroke.

Una nueva oportunidad. El valor de la "consulta terapéutica en tiempos de desamparo" / A new opportunity. The value of therapeutic consultation in times of distress

En nuestra clínica cotidiana como psicoanalistas, ejercida en distintos contextos socioculturales (hospitales, escuelas, hogares de tránsito) nos encontramos día a día con historias signadas por el desamparo. Historias de niños y adolescentes que han sufrido déficits en la posibilidad de ser alojados. En el presente trabajo nos proponemos dar cuenta de nuestra experiencia, realizando entrecruzamientos teórico-clínicos, en el intento de visualizar diferentes dispositivos de intervención y tomando como marco conceptual el artículo de Donald Winnicott “El valor de la consulta terapéutica”. Presentaremos, además, algunos momentos de nuestras intervenciones en instituciones que albergan niños y adolescentes en situaciones de vulnerabilidad psíquica y social. La teoría y práctica winnicottiana nos resulta de gran utilidad para pensar en ese otro rango de la clínica que no cae dentro de lo que podríamos denominar un psicoanálisis clásico.

In our every day clinical practice as psychoanalysts, carried out in differentsocial-cultural contexts (hospitals, schools, temporary homes) we, day afterday, come across histories signed by helplessness.Histories that belong to children and adolescents who have suffered a lack ofthe possibility of being lodged.In the current work, we intend to state our experience, by means of theoryand practice crossovers, in the attempt of visualizing different interventiondevices, considering the article “The value of Therapeutic Consultation” byDonald Winnicott, as a conceptual frame.We will also introduce some moments of our intervention in institutions thatprovide shelter to children and adolescents under conditions of physical andpsychic vulnerability.We found Winnicott ́s theory and practice remarkably useful to thinkabout this clinical range, which does no fit in what we could call a classicpsychoanalysis.