RESUMO
The application of sortase-mediated surface display technology on Bacillus subtilis represents a novel approach in protein engineering. We developed and evaluated a recombinant chimeric protein (R-anz) integrating truncated forms of three Clostridium perfringens toxins (CPA, NetB, ZMP) displayed on B. subtilis. Bioinformatics analyses using docking demonstrated that the 3D structure of R-anz chimeric protein has the potential to interact with chicken Toll-like receptor 21 (TLR21). Successful expression of the chimeric antigen was confirmed through SDS-PAGE and Western blotting, revealing a 78 kDa band in lysozyme-treated, xylose-induced samples. Oral immunization of chickens with this live bacterial vaccine significantly elevated IgY antibody levels, as assessed by ELISA. Cytokine profiling demonstrated a robust immune response, with marked upregulation of IFN-γ, IL-4, IL-17, and IL-22. Post-challenge with virulent C. perfringens strains, immunized chickens exhibited significantly reduced intestinal lesion scores, indicating partial protection. This study highlights the dual activation of humoral and cellular immune pathways, evidenced by elevated IgY levels and enhanced cytokine responses, particularly IFN-γ, IL-4, and IL-22. While the results demonstrate the potential of the R-anz chimeric protein to mitigate necrotic enteritis (NE), further research is essential to refine its efficacy, explore commercial feasibility, and address industry-specific challenges. This work paves the way for advancing NE vaccines using innovative sortase-mediated surface display technology, offering a promising strategy for sustainable poultry health management.
Assuntos
Aminoaciltransferases , Bacillus subtilis , Proteínas de Bactérias , Vacinas Bacterianas , Infecções por Clostridium , Cisteína Endopeptidases , Enterite , Doenças das Aves Domésticas , Animais , Bacillus subtilis/metabolismo , Bacillus subtilis/genética , Galinhas , Vacinas Bacterianas/imunologia , Vacinas Bacterianas/genética , Clostridium perfringens/imunologia , Enterite/prevenção & controle , Enterite/veterinária , Enterite/imunologia , Enterite/microbiologia , Doenças das Aves Domésticas/prevenção & controle , Doenças das Aves Domésticas/imunologia , Doenças das Aves Domésticas/microbiologia , Proteínas de Bactérias/genética , Proteínas de Bactérias/metabolismo , Proteínas de Bactérias/imunologia , Infecções por Clostridium/veterinária , Infecções por Clostridium/prevenção & controle , Infecções por Clostridium/imunologia , Citocinas/metabolismo , Cisteína Endopeptidases/metabolismo , Proteínas Recombinantes de Fusão/imunologia , Proteínas Recombinantes de Fusão/genética , Toxinas Bacterianas/imunologia , Toxinas Bacterianas/genética , Aminoaciltransferases/metabolismoRESUMO
The widespread use of antibiotics in aquaculture to control bacterial enteritis in grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella) has raised concerns about drug residues, bacterial resistance, and environmental contamination. Facing the challenges of antibiotic resistance in aquaculture, this study explored tea polyphenols as a promising alternative for preventing Aeromonas hydrophila-induced bacterial enteritis in grass carp. We investigated the effects of dietary tea polyphenols (40, 80, 120, 160, and 200 mg/kg for 60 days) on oxidative stress, inflammation, and apoptosis following a 6-day A. hydrophila challenge. The results revealed that the group receiving 120 mg/kg of tea polyphenols showed the lowest incidence of enteritis (8.50 %), a significant reduction compared to the control group (18.44 %, P < 0.05). Furthermore, tea polyphenols enhanced antioxidant enzyme activity and downregulated pro-inflammatory gene expression (P < 0.05), suggesting their potential to replace antibiotics by modulating the Nrf2/Keap1 and JAKs/STAT3 pathways, as well as apoptosis. A. hydrophila infections are a major threat to grass carp aquaculture, causing significant economic losses estimated at $164 million per year. Our findings suggest that tea polyphenols, at an optimal concentration of 120 mg/kg, can serve as a promising and environmentally sustainable alternative to antibiotics for preventing bacterial enteritis in grass carp, potentially reducing reliance on antibiotics and minimizing the risk of antibiotic resistance and drug residues. Further research is warranted to evaluate the long-term efficacy and cost-effectiveness of tea polyphenols in commercial aquaculture settings compared to traditional antibiotic treatments.
Assuntos
Carpas , Enterite , Doenças dos Peixes , Infecções por Bactérias Gram-Negativas , Polifenóis , Chá , Animais , Carpas/microbiologia , Polifenóis/farmacologia , Enterite/veterinária , Enterite/prevenção & controle , Enterite/microbiologia , Aeromonas hydrophila , Doenças dos Peixes/prevenção & controle , Doenças dos Peixes/microbiologia , Chá/química , Antibacterianos/farmacologia , Estresse Oxidativo/efeitos dos fármacos , Infecções por Bactérias Gram-Negativas/veterinária , Infecções por Bactérias Gram-Negativas/prevenção & controle , Infecções por Bactérias Gram-Negativas/microbiologia , Apoptose/efeitos dos fármacos , Antioxidantes/farmacologia , Aquicultura , Ração AnimalRESUMO
Necrotic enteritis (NE) is a potentially fatal poultry disease that causes enormous economic losses in the poultry industry worldwide. The study aimed to evaluate the effects of dietary organic yeast-derived selenium (Se) on immune protection against experimental necrotic enteritis (NE) in commercial broilers. Chickens were fed basal diets supplemented with different Se levels (0.25, 0.50, and 1.00 Se mg/kg). To induce NE, Clostridium perfringens (C. perfringens) was orally administered at 14 days of age post hatch. The results showed that birds fed 0.25 Se mg/kg exhibited significantly increased body weight gain compared with the non-supplemented/infected birds. There were no significant differences in gut lesions between the Se-supplemented groups and the non-supplemented group. The antibody levels against α-toxin and NetB toxin increased with the increase between 0.25 Se mg/kg and 0.50 Se mg/kg. In the jejunal scrapings and spleen, the Se-supplementation groups up-regulated the transcripts for pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-1ß, IL-6, IL-8, iNOS, and LITAF and avian ß-defensin 6, 8, and 13 (AvBD6, 8 and 13). In conclusion, supplementation with organic yeast-derived Se alleviates the negative consequences and provides beneficial protection against experimental NE.
Assuntos
Ração Animal , Galinhas , Infecções por Clostridium , Clostridium perfringens , Citocinas , Suplementos Nutricionais , Enterite , Doenças das Aves Domésticas , Selênio , Animais , Enterite/prevenção & controle , Enterite/veterinária , Enterite/imunologia , Enterite/microbiologia , Selênio/farmacologia , Selênio/administração & dosagem , Doenças das Aves Domésticas/prevenção & controle , Doenças das Aves Domésticas/imunologia , Clostridium perfringens/imunologia , Infecções por Clostridium/prevenção & controle , Infecções por Clostridium/veterinária , Infecções por Clostridium/imunologia , Citocinas/metabolismo , Toxinas Bacterianas/imunologia , Necrose , beta-Defensinas/metabolismo , Jejuno/efeitos dos fármacos , Jejuno/imunologia , Jejuno/microbiologia , Jejuno/patologia , Baço/imunologia , Leveduras , Óxido Nítrico Sintase Tipo II/metabolismo , Interleucina-6/metabolismo , Interleucina-8/metabolismo , Interleucina-1beta/metabolismo , Anticorpos Antibacterianos/sangueRESUMO
The probiotic Enterococcus faecium is a gut microbe with immunomodulatory effects, which has been widely used to prevent diarrhoea in pigs and birds. Escherichia coli is a common pathogen that causes inflammatory bowel disease in animals. The aim of this study was to investigate the protective effects of E. faecium on enteritis in goats. Forty goats were randomly divided into 4 treatment groups: control, E. faecium, E. coli, and E. faecium + E. coli. The changes of physiological indicators and diarrhoea scoring were evaluated on days -4, -2, 0, 2, 4, 6, and 8. The pathological examination, inflammatory cytokines mRNA expression and bacterial counts in jejunum and caecum were detected on day 4 and 8. The results showed that body temperature, respiratory rate, heart rate and leukocyte counts all increased from the 2nd to the 6th day after feeding with E. coli, and the diarrhoea score was significantly increased. However, E. faecium-pretreated goats had lower body temperatures and fewer leukocytes than E. coli-treated goats on day 2, as well as decreased diarrhoea scores. E. coli treatment caused histopathological damage and morphological changes in the jejunum and caecum, while pretreatment with E. faecium significantly alleviated these injuries. E. faecium pretreatment can reduce the load of E. coli and increase the prevalence of Lactobacillus, thereby balancing the microbiota in the intestine. Furthermore, E. coli-infected goats pretreated with E. faecium showed obvious inhibition of Toll-like receptor 4, interleukin (IL)-1ß, IL-6, IL-8 and tumour necrosis factor-α mRNA expression in the jejunum and caecum compared to that in the E. coli treatment group. In conclusion, the addition of E. faecium to goat feed is beneficial for improving clinical symptoms, maintaining intestinal mucosa integrity, balancing the microbiota and decreasing inflammatory responses in E. coli-induced intestinal injury.
Assuntos
Citocinas , Enterite , Enterococcus faecium , Infecções por Escherichia coli , Escherichia coli , Doenças das Cabras , Cabras , Probióticos , Animais , Probióticos/administração & dosagem , Probióticos/farmacologia , Infecções por Escherichia coli/veterinária , Infecções por Escherichia coli/prevenção & controle , Infecções por Escherichia coli/microbiologia , Enterite/prevenção & controle , Enterite/veterinária , Enterite/microbiologia , Doenças das Cabras/microbiologia , Doenças das Cabras/prevenção & controle , Citocinas/metabolismo , Citocinas/genética , Jejuno/microbiologia , Jejuno/patologia , Diarreia/veterinária , Diarreia/microbiologia , Diarreia/prevenção & controle , Ceco/microbiologia , Carga Bacteriana , Suplementos NutricionaisRESUMO
Avian necrotic enteritis (NE) is an infectious disease that impacts poultry worldwide causing economic losses. Discontinued use of antimicrobial growth promoters has been associated with high incidence of the disease, which has led to a necessity for finding new therapeutic alternatives. Flavonoids are polyphenolic compounds that have been studied for their health-promoting properties in animals and humans. This study presents a flavonoid-rich corn (PennHFD), as a potential alternative for ameliorating NE in broiler chickens. The effect of a diet formulated with PennHFD was compared to a diet based on commercially available corn in chickens subjected to a controlled challenge of NE based on a co-infection of Eimeria maxima and Clostridium perfringens. Birds fed on the PennHFD-based diet had lower incidence of intestinal lesions (P = 0.048), higher body weight gain (P < 0.01), lower feed conversion ratio (P < 0.01), and lower mortality rates (P = 0.023) compared to the control diet. Therefore, we concluded that the inclusion of the high-flavonoid PennHFD reduces the severity of an experimental challenge of NE in broiler chickens.
Assuntos
Enterite , Doenças das Aves Domésticas , Animais , Galinhas , Dieta/veterinária , Enterite/patologia , Enterite/prevenção & controle , Enterite/veterinária , Flavonoides , Doenças das Aves Domésticas/patologia , Doenças das Aves Domésticas/prevenção & controle , Zea maysRESUMO
Infant intestinal development is immature and, thus, is vulnerable to bacterial and viral infections, which damage intestinal development and even induce acute enteritis. Numerous studies have investigated that lactoferrin (LF) has protective effects on the intestine and may play a role in preventing intestinal inflammation in infants. Lactoferrin is divided into 2 types, namely apo-LF and holo-LF, depending on the degree of iron saturation, which may affect its bioactivities. However, the role of LF iron saturation in protecting infant intestinal inflammation has not been clearly clarified. Therefore, in this study, young mice models with intestinal damage induced by lipopolysaccharides (LPS) in vivo and primary intestinal epithelial cells in vitro were constructed to enteritis injury in infants for investigation. The apo-LF and holo-LF were subsequently applied to the mouse models to investigate and compare their levels of protection in the intestinal inflammatory injury, as well as to identify which LF was most active. Moreover, the specific mechanism of the LF with optimal iron saturation was further investigated through Western blot assay. Results demonstrated that disease activity index, shortened length of colon tissue, and histopathological score were significantly decreased in the apo-LF group compared with those of the LPS group and the holo-LF group. In the apo-LF group, the concentration of LPS in the intestinal tract and the number of gram-negative bacteria colonies decreased significantly and the expression levels of proinflammatory factors in the colon tissue were downregulated, in comparison with those in the LPS group. The findings of this study thus verify that apo-LF can significantly alleviate enteritis injury caused by LPS, through regulating the PPAR-γ/PFKFB3/NF-κB inflammatory pathway.
Assuntos
Enterite , Ferro , Lactoferrina , Animais , Enterite/prevenção & controle , Enterite/veterinária , Inflamação/veterinária , Ferro/metabolismo , Lactoferrina/farmacologia , Lipopolissacarídeos , Camundongos , Proteínas Recombinantes/farmacologiaRESUMO
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE: As a typical heat-clearing prescription, Shaoyao decoction (SYD) has a robust function of clearing viscera heat for the treatment of several intestinal discomfort symptoms. Clinical evidence indicated that it had the potential to cure radiation enteritis. However, its underlying mechanisms remain unclear. AIM OF THE STUDY: The present study was designed to probe the protective effects and the involved mechanisms of SYD on X-ray radiation-induced enteritis of C57BL/6 mice. MATERIALS AND METHODS: X-ray irradiation were used to establish the radiation enteritis model. Forty-eight male C57BL/6 mice (20 ± 2 g) were randomly divided into six groups: the control group, model group, dexamethasone group (DEX, 0.12 mg/kg) and SYD groups (0.12, 0.24 and 0.36 g/mL), respectively. All mice (except the control group) were intragastrically administrated for a continuous 7 days. H&E and Masson staining were employed to evaluate the morphological and collagen fibers changes of the colon. ELISA was performed to assess the levels of MDA, SOD, COX, LPS, IL-6, IL-1ß and TNF-α in serum. Moreover, TUNEL fluorescence, western blot and qRT-PCR were used to detect the levels of apoptosis-related proteins and genes of Dclk-1, ATM, MRE-11, Bcl-2, Bax, Caspase-3, and Cyto-c. Furthermore, immunofluorescent staining was applied to detect the protein levels of p53 and Claudin-1 in colon. RESULTS: Treatment with SYD decreased the exfoliated and necrotic epithelial cells and prevent the proliferate from damaged fibrous tissue in the crypt layer of mucos. The levels of serum peroxidation and pro-inflammatory cytokines (MDA, COX, LPS, IL-6, IL-1ß and TNF-α) were obviously inhibited, while SOD sharply increased in serum after administration. Moreover, SYD can significantly ameliorate the apoptosis of colon cells, evidenced by the reduced positive expression of TUNEL staining. Meanwhile, the results of qRT-PCR and western blot demonstrated that SYD can dramatically stimulate the expression of genes and proteins Dclk-1, ATM and MRE-11, thus promoting the expression of mitochondrial pro-apoptotic proteins Bax, Caspase-3 and Cyto-c, while increasing the level of anti-apoptotic protein Bcl-2. Furthermore, immunofluorescence revealed that SYD can notably decreased the protein level of p53 while reverse the reduction of Claudin-1. CONCLUSIONS: These results indicated that radiation enteritis in C57BL/6 mice can be ameliorated by treatment with SYD. The potential protection mechanisms may be involved in ameliorating tissue fibrosis by decreasing inflammatory and apoptotic events.
Assuntos
Enterite , Fator de Necrose Tumoral alfa , Animais , Anti-Inflamatórios/farmacologia , Anti-Inflamatórios/uso terapêutico , Apoptose , Caspase 3 , Claudina-1 , Enterite/tratamento farmacológico , Enterite/etiologia , Enterite/prevenção & controle , Interleucina-6 , Lipopolissacarídeos/farmacologia , Masculino , Camundongos , Camundongos Endogâmicos C57BL , Superóxido Dismutase , Fator de Necrose Tumoral alfa/farmacologia , Proteína Supressora de Tumor p53 , Raios X , Proteína X Associada a bcl-2RESUMO
Patients receiving pelvic or abdominal radiotherapy may experience acute and/or chronic side effects due to gastrointestinal changes. However, effective medicine for treating radiation enteritis has not been found yet. Sargentodoxa cuneata is a famous Chinese medicine used to treat intestinal inflammation, and our research team has found the main biologically active compound through its extraction, which is Liriodendrin. In this study, we found that Liriodendrin can reduce the expression of Cer, Cer1P and S1P in the sphingolipid pathway, thereby reducing the histological damage to the intestinal tract of mice and inhibiting the apoptosis of intestinal tissue cells. In addition, Liriodendrin can reduce the levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-6 and TNF-α), and it is suggested through flow cytometry that the proportion of neutrophils in the intestinal tissue can decrease due to the existence of Liriodendrin. At the same time, the western blot evaluation revealed that Liriodendrin significantly inhibited the activation of Bcl-2/Bax/Caspase-3 and NF-κB signaling pathways. The results show that Liriodendrin can inhibit intestinal inflammation and intestinal cell apoptosis through the sphingolipid pathway. Therefore, the aforementioned results demonstrated that Liriodendrin may be a promising drug for the treatment of radiation enteritis.
Assuntos
Enterite , Furanos , Glucosídeos , Lesões por Radiação , Animais , Enterite/tratamento farmacológico , Enterite/metabolismo , Enterite/prevenção & controle , Furanos/farmacologia , Glucosídeos/farmacologia , Camundongos , NF-kappa B/metabolismo , Lesões por Radiação/tratamento farmacológico , Lesões por Radiação/metabolismoRESUMO
Familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP) is an autosomal-dominant hereditary condition associated with germline mutations in the adenomatous polyposis coli gene. Patient management involves prophylactic surgery and intensive life-long endoscopic surveillance. Diet is a major concern for patients with FAP, who are generally free of symptoms before surgery but tend to have issues related to bowel function postoperatively. We hypothesized that a low-inflammatory diet based on the principles and recipes of the Mediterranean diet would reduce markers of local and systemic inflammation. Twenty-eight patients with FAP over 18 years of age who underwent rectum-sparing prophylactic colectomy and were included in our surveillance program participated in a pilot dietary intervention study. Blood and stool samples at baseline (T0), at the end of the dietary intervention (T1, three months), and at the end of the study (T2, six months after T0) were collected. Gastrointestinal inflammation markers including fecal calprotectin, cyclooxygenase-2, and 15-hydroxyprostaglandin dehydrogenase were evaluated. Serum calprotectin, insulin, insulin-like growth factor-1, C-reactive protein, and glycated hemoglobin were also assessed. Significant changes in serum calprotectin, insulin, and insulin-like growth factor-1 levels occurred over time. Borderline significant changes were observed in the neutrophil-lymphocyte ratio. These changes were noticeable immediately at the end of the 3-month active dietary intervention (T1). A significant increase in 15-hydroxyprostaglandin dehydrogenase expression in the normal crypts of matched samples was also observed between T0 and T2. This pilot study supports the hypothesis that a low-inflammatory diet can modulate gastrointestinal markers of inflammation in individuals with FAP. PREVENTION RELEVANCE: Cancer is known to be related to inflammatory conditions. This study suggests that anti-inflammatory dietary intervention may potentially prevent adenomas and cancer in FAP patients by reducing systemic and tissue inflammatory indices.
Assuntos
Polipose Adenomatosa do Colo/dietoterapia , Dieta Mediterrânea , Enterite/prevenção & controle , Gastrite/prevenção & controle , Polipose Adenomatosa do Colo/genética , Polipose Adenomatosa do Colo/cirurgia , Adolescente , Adulto , Idoso , Anti-Inflamatórios/administração & dosagem , Criança , Colectomia , Neoplasias Colorretais/genética , Neoplasias Colorretais/prevenção & controle , Enterite/genética , Enterite/patologia , Feminino , Gastrite/genética , Gastrite/patologia , Humanos , Itália , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Projetos Piloto , Resultado do Tratamento , Adulto JovemRESUMO
Radiation enteritis (RE) is the most common radiotherapy complication, and effective RE treatments are lacking. Resveratrol exerts beneficial effects on radiation injury. However, the effect of resveratrol in radiation-induced intestinal injury and the underlying mechanism remain unclear. Here, a C57BL/6 mouse model of RE was established and an intestinal epithelial cell line was used to evaluate the protective effects of resveratrol against radiation-induced intestinal injury and the underlying mechanisms. Resveratrol improved radiation-induced oxidative stress and cell apoptosis via upregulating antioxidant enzymes and downregulating p53 acetylation. In vivo, resveratrol-treated mice exhibited longer survival; longer villi; more intestinal crypt cells; upregulated expression of Ki67, catalase, and superoxide dismutase 2; and fewer inflammatory proteins and apoptotic cells. These protective effects were suppressed by inhibition of SIRT1. These results demonstrate that resveratrol can reduce radiation-induced intestinal injury by inhibiting oxidative stress and apoptosis via the SIRT1/FOXO3a and PI3K/AKT pathways.
Assuntos
Enterite/prevenção & controle , Proteína Forkhead Box O3/metabolismo , Proteínas Proto-Oncogênicas c-akt/metabolismo , Lesões Experimentais por Radiação/prevenção & controle , Resveratrol/farmacologia , Sirtuína 1/metabolismo , Animais , Antioxidantes/farmacologia , Apoptose , Linhagem Celular , Modelos Animais de Doenças , Enterite/etiologia , Enterite/metabolismo , Enterite/patologia , Mucosa Intestinal/efeitos dos fármacos , Mucosa Intestinal/metabolismo , Mucosa Intestinal/patologia , Mucosa Intestinal/efeitos da radiação , Masculino , Camundongos , Camundongos Endogâmicos C57BL , Estresse Oxidativo , Fosfatidilinositol 3-Quinases/metabolismo , Lesões Experimentais por Radiação/etiologia , Lesões Experimentais por Radiação/metabolismo , Lesões Experimentais por Radiação/patologia , Radiação Ionizante , Ratos , Transdução de SinaisRESUMO
The study investigated the benefit of a Bacillus subtilis probiotic (Bs 29,784) in necrotic enteritis (NE)-challenged broilers. Four treatments were performed with 312 male day-old Ross 308 reared in floor pens from day 0 to day 35: 2 groups fed control diet without or with NE challenge (CtrlNC and CtrlNE); 2 groups fed probiotic and antibiotic supplements in the control diet with NE challenge (ProNE and AntNE). Necrotic enteritis challenge procedures commenced with inoculation of Eimeria spp 1 mL/bird per os at day 9 and Clostridium perfringens EHE-NE18 (approximately 108 cfu/mL) 1 mL/bird per os at day 14 and day 15. Performance parameters were measured on day 16 and day 35. Lesion, cecal microbiota, and jejunal gene expression were analyzed on day 16. Necrotic enteritis challenge significantly suppressed the performance parameters compared with CtrlNC: 27% weight gain reduction, 11 points feed conversion ratio (FCR) increase at day 16, and 12% weight gain reduction, 5-point FCR increase at day 35. By day 35, ProNE and AntNE treatments enabled significantly higher weight gain (4 and 9%, respectively) than CtrlNE. Compared with CtlrNE and contrary to AntNE, ProNE treatment exhibited upregulation of genes coding for tight junctions proteins (CLDN1, JAM2, TJP1), cytokines (IL12, interferon gamma, TGFß), and Toll-like receptors (TLR5, TLR21) suggesting enhanced immunity and intestinal integrity. 16S NGS analysis of cecal microbiota at day 16 showed a decreased alpha diversity in challenged groups. Principal component analysis of operational taxonomic unit (OTU) abundance revealed that ProNE and AntNE grouped closely while both distantly from CtrlNC and CtrlNE, which were separately grouped, indicating the similar effects of ProNE and AntNE on the OTU diversity that were however different from both CtrlNC and CtrlNE. Microbiota analysis revealed an increase of genera Faecalibacterium, Oscillospira, and Butyricicoccus; and a decrease of genera Ruminococcus, Lactobacillus, and Bacteroides; and an increase of the Firmicutes-to-Bacteroidetes ratio in ProNE and AntNE groups compared with the CtlrNE group. It is concluded that Bs 29,784 may enable improved health of broiler chickens under NE conditions thus performance implications.
Assuntos
Infecções por Clostridium , Enterite , Microbioma Gastrointestinal , Doenças das Aves Domésticas , Probióticos , Ração Animal/análise , Animais , Bacillus subtilis , Galinhas , Infecções por Clostridium/prevenção & controle , Infecções por Clostridium/veterinária , Clostridium perfringens , Enterite/prevenção & controle , Enterite/veterinária , Nível de Saúde , Masculino , Doenças das Aves Domésticas/prevenção & controle , Aumento de PesoRESUMO
Black solider fly larvae (BSFL) and their oils (BSFLO) are receiving increasing attention as sustainable ingredients in fish feeds, but mostly as replacements to marine sources. There were two aims to this study; in exp. 1, soybean meal (SBM)-based diets were formulated to contain BSFL as supplements at 0 (SBM), 8 (SBM + BSFLlow) or 16% (SBM + BSFLhigh) with a control diet being fishmeal-based (FM). In exp. 2, diets included only fish oil (FO), soybean oil (SBO), BSFLO or BSFLO + bile acid (BA), and all lipid sources were added at 16%. Both experiments were run at the same time and fed to rainbow trout (32 g) with each treatment being triplicated. After 10 weeks the fish were sampled for liver and distal intestine histology, expression of genes responsible for inflammation in the intestine and kidneys, and serum peroxidase and lysozyme activities. In exp. 1, supplementations of BSFL effectively prevented SBM-induced intestinal enteritis, down-regulated intestinal prostaglandin and interferon regulatory factor 1 (IRF-1), while the SBM + BSFLhigh diet significantly increased serum lysozyme activity. In exp. 2, BSFLO caused no histomorphological change to the liver or intestine, but kidney interluekin-8, tumor necrosis factor and IRF-1 were significantly upregulated along with significantly higher serum peroxidase activity. The inclusion of BA in the BSFLO diets significantly upregulated intestinal prostaglandin gene expression. Overall, BSFL supplementations of 8 or 16% prevented SBM-induced intestinal enteritis based on histological observations, which was supported by a down-regulation in pro-inflammatory genes and enhanced innate immunity. Meanwhile, the use of BSFLO showed some immunological benefits. Therefore, these sustainable resources are recommended in the diets of rainbow trout, especially when using elevated levels of plant-based proteins.
Assuntos
Suplementos Nutricionais/análise , Dípteros/química , Enterite/veterinária , Doenças dos Peixes/prevenção & controle , Glycine max/efeitos adversos , Oncorhynchus mykiss/imunologia , Ração Animal/análise , Animais , Dieta/veterinária , Dípteros/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Relação Dose-Resposta a Droga , Enterite/induzido quimicamente , Enterite/prevenção & controle , Doenças dos Peixes/induzido quimicamente , Intestinos/fisiopatologia , Larva/química , Larva/crescimento & desenvolvimentoRESUMO
BACKGROUND & AIMS: Sarcopenia is considered a risk factor of postoperative complications among patients undergoing abdominal surgery. However, few studies have demonstrated an effective strategy for reducing complications in sarcopenic patients. This study aimed to examine retrospectively the effect of preoperative immunonutrition on postoperative complications, especially infectious complications, in low skeletal muscle mass patients undergoing pancreaticoduodenectomy (PD). METHODS: This was a retrospective, consecutive cohort study conducted in our institution. Skeletal muscle mass was assessed using preoperative computed tomography images in 298 consecutive patients who underwent PD between May 2009 and May 2016. Cross-sectional areas at the third lumbar vertebrae normalized for stature (cm2/m2) were defined as the skeletal muscle mass index (SMI). Low SMI was defined as the lowest sex-specific quartile of SMI. Risk factors for postoperative infectious complications and the effect of preoperative immunonutrition on low SMI patients who underwent PD were evaluated. RESULTS: Results of multivariate analysis showed that the presence of low SMI and absence of preoperative immunonutrition were independent risk factors for postoperative infectious complications after PD (odds ratio [OR], 3.17 and 3.10, respectively; P < 0.001). In high SMI patients, the rate of postoperative infectious complications was significantly lower in those who received immunonutrition than in those who did not receive immunonutrition (31.9 vs. 46.1%, respectively; OR, 1.82; P = 0.045). Further, similar findings were exhibited in low SMI patients (26.3 vs. 83.6%, respectively; OR, 14.31; P < 0.001), even though OR was markedly higher in low vs. high SMI patients. CONCLUSION: There is a stronger association with reduced infectious complications in patients who have low SMI and receive immunonutrition (UMIN-CTR Identifier: UMIN000035775.).
Assuntos
Terapia Nutricional/métodos , Pancreaticoduodenectomia/efeitos adversos , Complicações Pós-Operatórias/prevenção & controle , Cuidados Pré-Operatórios/métodos , Sarcopenia/terapia , Abscesso Abdominal/microbiologia , Abscesso Abdominal/prevenção & controle , Idoso , Suplementos Nutricionais , Enterite/microbiologia , Enterite/prevenção & controle , Feminino , Humanos , Vértebras Lombares/diagnóstico por imagem , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Análise Multivariada , Músculo Esquelético/patologia , Razão de Chances , Complicações Pós-Operatórias/microbiologia , Estudos Retrospectivos , Fatores de Risco , Sarcopenia/complicações , Sarcopenia/diagnóstico por imagem , Tomografia Computadorizada por Raios X , Resultado do TratamentoRESUMO
Following the ban on the use of in-feed antimicrobials, necrotic enteritis (NE) NE is the most important clostridial disease. Vaccination has been considered as a possible approach to prevent NE. Our previous study showed that a chimeric protein product consisting of antigenic epitopes of NetB, Alpha-toxin and Zinc metallopeptidase (Zmp) triggered immune response against C. perfringens. In the current study we optimized the chimeric gene and constructed a fusion protein containing NetB, Alpha-toxin and Metallopeptidase (NAM) for expressing in tobacco plant to use as an edible vaccine for immunizing the chicken against NE. Simultaneously, we expressed and purified a His-tagged recombinant version of the NAM (rNAM) expressed in E. coli BL21 for subcutaneous immunization of chickens. Immunized birds produced strong humoral immune responses against both edible plant-based and parenteral purified rNAM. The responses were determined by the mean titer of antibody in blood samples to be around 9000 and 32,000, for edible and injected rNAM, respectively. Birds immunized subcutaneously showed the most striking responses. However the edible vaccine provided a more long lasting IgY response 14 days after the third vaccination compared to the injected birds. Chickens immunized with either lyophilized leaves expressing rNAM or purified rNAM, subsequently were subjected to the challenge with a virulent C. perfringens strain using an NE disease model. Our results showed that birds immunized both parenterally and orally with recombinant chimeric vaccine were significantly protected against the severity of lesion in the intestinal tract, but the protection provided with the injectable form of the antigen was greater than that of the oral form. Further analysis is needed to check whether these strategies can be used as the potential platform for developing an efficient vaccine against NE.
Assuntos
Toxinas Bacterianas , Infecções por Clostridium , Enterite , Doenças das Aves Domésticas , Animais , Anticorpos Antibacterianos , Vacinas Bacterianas , Galinhas , Infecções por Clostridium/prevenção & controle , Infecções por Clostridium/veterinária , Clostridium perfringens , Enterite/prevenção & controle , Enterite/veterinária , Escherichia coli , Necrose , Doenças das Aves Domésticas/prevenção & controle , VacinaçãoRESUMO
Radiation enteritis (RE) is a common side effect after radiotherapy for abdominal cancer. RE pathogenesis is complicated, with no drugs available for prevention or treatments. Intestinal ischemia is a key factor in the occurrence and development of enteritis. The effect of ionizing radiation (IR) on intestinal ischemia is unknown. Deficiency of tetrahydrobiopterin (BH4) produced by GTP-cyclohydrolase 1 (Gch1) is important in ischemic diseases. This study focused on the relationship of Gch1/BH4 between intestinal ischemia in radiation enteritis. BH4 levels were analyzed by high-performance liquid chromatography in humans and rats after radiotherapy. Intestinal blood perfusion was measured by laser doppler flow imaging. Vascular ring tests determined the diastolic functions of rat mesenteric arteries. Gene, protein, and immunohistochemical staining experiments and inhibitor interventions were used to investigate Gch1 and endothelial NOS (eNOS) in rat mesenteric arteries and endothelial cells. The results showed that IR decreased BH4 levels in patients and rats after radiotherapy and decreased intestinal blood perfusion in rats. The degree of change in intestinal ischemia was consistent with intestinal villus injury. Gch1 mRNA and protein levels and nitric oxide (NO) production significantly decreased, while eNOS uncoupling in arterial and vascular endothelial cells strongly increased. BH4 supplementation improved eNOS uncoupling and NO levels in vascular endothelia after IR. The results of this study showed that downregulation of Gch1 in intestinal blood vessels after IR is an important target in RE. BH4 supplementation may prevent intestinal ischemia and improve vascular endothelial function after IR. These findings have clinical significance for the prevention and treatment of RE.
Assuntos
Enterite/prevenção & controle , GTP Cicloidrolase/genética , Intestinos/irrigação sanguínea , Fenilcetonúrias/sangue , Lesões por Radiação/prevenção & controle , Radioterapia/efeitos adversos , Idoso , Idoso de 80 Anos ou mais , Animais , Biopterinas/análogos & derivados , Biopterinas/farmacologia , Regulação para Baixo , Endotélio Vascular/efeitos dos fármacos , Endotélio Vascular/efeitos da radiação , Enterite/sangue , Enterite/genética , Enterite/patologia , Feminino , GTP Cicloidrolase/antagonistas & inibidores , Células Endoteliais da Veia Umbilical Humana , Humanos , Masculino , Artérias Mesentéricas/efeitos dos fármacos , Artérias Mesentéricas/efeitos da radiação , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Óxido Nítrico Sintase Tipo III/metabolismo , Fenilcetonúrias/etiologia , Lesões por Radiação/sangue , Lesões por Radiação/genética , Lesões por Radiação/patologia , Lesões Experimentais por Radiação/sangue , Lesões Experimentais por Radiação/genética , Lesões Experimentais por Radiação/prevenção & controle , Ratos , Ratos Sprague-Dawley , Vasodilatação/efeitos dos fármacos , Vasodilatação/efeitos da radiaçãoRESUMO
Little is known about the regulatory effect of microbiota on the proliferation and regeneration of ISCs. Here, we found that L. reuteri stimulated the proliferation of intestinal epithelia by increasing the expression of R-spondins and thus activating the Wnt/ß-catenin pathway. The proliferation-stimulating effect of Lactobacillus on repair is further enhanced under TNF -induced intestinal mucosal damage, and the number of Lgr5+ cells is maintained. Moreover, compared to the effects of C. rodentium on the induction of intestinal inflammation and crypt hyperplasia in mice, L. reuteri protected the intestinal mucosal barrier integrity by moderately modulating the Wnt/ß-catenin signaling pathway to avoid overactivation. L. reuteri had the ability to maintain the number of Lgr5+ cells and stimulate intestinal epithelial proliferation to repair epithelial damage and reduce proinflammatory cytokine secretion in the intestine and the LPS concentration in serum. Moreover, activation of the Wnt/ß-catenin pathway also induced differentiation toward Paneth cells and increased antimicrobial peptide expression to inhibit C. rodentium colonization. The protective effect of Lactobacillus against C. rodentium infection disappeared upon application of the Wnt antagonist Wnt-C59 in both mice and intestinal organoids. This study demonstrates that Lactobacillus is effective at maintaining intestinal epithelial regeneration and homeostasis as well as at repairing intestinal damage after pathological injury and is thus a promising alternative therapeutic method for intestinal inflammation.
Assuntos
Mucosa Intestinal/patologia , Mucosa Intestinal/fisiologia , Limosilactobacillus reuteri/fisiologia , Animais , Diferenciação Celular , Proliferação de Células , Citrobacter rodentium/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Enterite/microbiologia , Enterite/prevenção & controle , Infecções por Enterobacteriaceae/microbiologia , Infecções por Enterobacteriaceae/prevenção & controle , Células Epiteliais/citologia , Mucosa Intestinal/citologia , Intestino Delgado/microbiologia , Camundongos , Camundongos Endogâmicos C57BL , Organoides , Celulas de Paneth/citologia , Probióticos , Regeneração , Transdução de Sinais , Fator de Necrose Tumoral alfa/farmacologia , Proteínas Wnt/metabolismo , Via de Sinalização Wnt , beta Catenina/metabolismoRESUMO
PURPOSE OF REVIEW: As cancer treatments improve more patients than ever are living for longer with the side effects of these treatments. Radiation enteritis is a heterogenous condition with significant morbidity. The present review aims to provide a broad overview of the condition with particular attention to the diagnosis and management of the condition. RECENT FINDINGS: Radiation enteritis appears to be more prevalent than originally thought because of patient underreporting and a lack of clinician awareness. Patient-related and treatment-related risk factors have now been identified and should be modified where possible. Medical and surgical factors have been explored, but manipulation of the gut microbiota offers one of the most exciting recent developments in disease prevention. Diagnosis and treatment are best approached in a systematic fashion with particular attention to the exclusion of recurrent malignancy and other gastrointestinal conditions. Surgery and endoscopy both offer opportunities for management of the complications of radiation enteritis. Experimental therapies offer hope for future management of radiation enteritis but large-scale human trials are needed. SUMMARY: Radiation enteritis is an important clinical problem, but awareness is lacking amongst patients and physicians. Clinical guidelines would allow standardised management which may improve the burden of the disease for patients.
Assuntos
Enterite , Lesões por Radiação , Efeitos Psicossociais da Doença , Enterite/diagnóstico , Enterite/etiologia , Enterite/prevenção & controle , Enterite/terapia , Humanos , Lesões por Radiação/complicações , Lesões por Radiação/diagnóstico , Lesões por Radiação/prevenção & controle , Lesões por Radiação/terapia , Fatores de RiscoRESUMO
The reduction in the use of antibiotics in the poultry industry has considerably increased the appearance of Clostridium perfringens (CP)-induced subclinical necrotic enteritis (SNE), forcing researchers to search alternatives to antibiotic growth promoters (AGP) like probiotics. This study aimed to investigate the effect and the underlying potential mechanism of dietary supplementation of Bacillus licheniformis H2 to prevent SNE. A total of 180 1-day-old male broiler chickens (Ross 308) were randomly divided into three groups, with six replicates in each group and ten broilers per pen: (a) basal diet in negative control group(NC group); (b) basal diet + SNE infection(coccidiosis vaccine + CP) (SNE group); (c) basal diet + SNE infection + H2 pre-treatment(BL group). Growth performance, morphology of small intestine and liver, and antioxidant capacity of the serum, ileum, and liver were assessed in all three groups. The results showed that H2 significantly suppressed (P < 0.05) the negative effects on growth performance induced by SNE, including loss of body weight gain, decrease of feed intake, and raise of feed conversion ratio among the different treatments at 28 days. The addition of H2 also increased (P < 0.05) the villus height: crypt depth ratio as well as villus height in the ileum. Chicks fed with H2 diet had lower malondialdehyde (MDA) concentration in the ileum in BL group than that in SNE group (P < 0.05). Moreover, compared with other treatment groups, dietary H2 improved the activities of antioxidant enzymes in the ileum, serum, and liver (P < 0.05). H2 may also prevent SNE by significantly increasing the protein content (P < 0.05) of Bcl-2 in the liver. Dietary supplementation of H2 could effectively prevent the appearance of CP-induced SNE and improve the growth performance of broiler chickens damaged by SNE, of which the mechanism may be related to intestinal development, antioxidant capacity, and apoptosis which were improved by H2.
Assuntos
Antioxidantes/metabolismo , Bacillus licheniformis , Galinhas , Enterite , Doenças das Aves Domésticas/prevenção & controle , Probióticos/administração & dosagem , Fenômenos Fisiológicos da Nutrição Animal , Animais , Galinhas/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Galinhas/metabolismo , Enterite/prevenção & controle , Enterite/veterinária , Intestino Delgado/metabolismo , Fígado/efeitos dos fármacos , MasculinoRESUMO
Subclinical necrotic enteritis (SNE) broadly occurs in boilers, which reduces the growth performance by causing serious economic and social problems. The following study was conducted to better understand the molecular mechanism of the SNE on liver inflammation and to examine the innovative prevention of Lactobacillus johnsonii BS15 upon SNE. The research was based on the regulatory molecular mechanism of Lactobacillus johnsonii BS15, and its effect on liver inflammatory pathways in the broiler with SNE infection. Day old one hundred and eighty (Cobb 500) broiler chickens were distributed into 3 groups (control, SNE and BS15 group) and reared for 28 days. RNA sequencing was used for the analysis of gene expression extracted from liver samples. Gene expression was detected with the help of quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR). RNA-Seq analysis revealed altered expressions of genes involved in liver inflammatory pathway. A total number of 385 genes were found as differentially expressed (DEGs) in the liver samples that belonged to SNE group as compared with the control liver samples (pâ¯<â¯0.05). Out of those 385 genes, 117 were down-regulated and 268 were up-regulated. The DEGs related to liver inflammation between control group and SNE group or SNE and BS15 groups, included cluster of differentiation 80 (CD80), Interleukin 1 beta (IL1B), Phosphoinositide 3- Kinase regulatory subunit 5 (PIK3R5), Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4), Toll-like receptor 2 A (TLR2A), and proto-oncogene protein (FOS). The RNA-Seq analysis provided DEGs expression and this result was validated by qRT-PCR. Results confirmed that these genes are essential in the regulation of liver inflammation in the SNE infected chickens. Findings of current research indicated that the hepatic inflammation could be induced by SNE in broilers. Simultaneously, effects of SNE infection on liver could be subsided by improved TLRs signaling pathway with the naturally present prophylactic strategy as BS15.