An Alternative Treatment Against Acanthocephala ( Prosthenorchis elegans) in Captive Squirrel Monkeys ( Saimiri sciureus) in Mexico.

We provide the first report of Acanthocephala ( Prosthenorchis elegans) in Mexican non-human primates. There has been no known treatment against this parasite except for surgical removal, and this has been relatively ineffective because of the small juveniles. We report the presence of P. elegans in a captive breeding colony of squirrel monkeys ( Saimiri sciureus) in Mexico, and we describe a successful treatment protocol. Treatment involved 2 steps: oral administration of the drugs loperamide chlorhydrate (0.5 mg/0.9 kg/3 days) and niclosamide (0.2 mg/0.9 kg/3 days) followed by surgical removal of adult worms from the intestine. Fecal examination during treatment revealed live adults but no living juveniles and no eggs. Surgery after 1 wk of treatment revealed the presence of adults and an absence of juvenile parasites. All adults were physically extracted during the surgery. All subjects recovered from surgery within 1 wk.

Economic evaluation and efficacy of strategic-selective treatment of gastrointestinal parasites in dairy calves.

In the Experimental Farm of the Universidade Federal de Lavras (EF-UFLA), state of Minas Gerais, Brazil, on their day of birth, female Holstein calves were randomly selected and placed into two groups containing fifteen animals each: Strategic-Selective Treatment (S-ST) or Conventional Treatment (CT). In the S-ST, calves were treated after coproparasitological examinations according to criteria established previously by the researchers. Calves in the CT were treated according to the opinion of the veterinarian of EF-UFLA. For statistical analysis, the frequency (%) of fecal samples with count of eggs per gram of feces (EPG) ≥300, count of oocysts per gram of feces (OoPG) ≥500 and fecal samples with count of cysts of Giardia spp. ≥1 were conducted. The overall average frequency of fecal samples with EPG ≥300, OoPG ≥500 and Giardia spp. cysts ≥1, respectively, was similar (p >0.05) between S-ST (20.3%; 17.3%; and 31.5%) and CT (26.4%; 23.9%; and 37.3%). The effective operational cost, per animal, in 12 months, was of R$ 784.58 (US$ 241.41) and R$ 83.90 (US$ 25.81) in S-ST and CT, respectively. The S-ST requires adjustments to be used as a technically efficient and economically viable alternative for the control of gastrointestinal parasitosis in female Holstein calves.

Economic evaluation and efficacy of strategic-selective treatment of gastrointestinal parasites in dairy calves / Avaliação econômica e eficácia do tratamento estratégico-seletivo de parasitos gastrointestinais em bezerras leiteiras

Abstract In the Experimental Farm of the Universidade Federal de Lavras (EF-UFLA), state of Minas Gerais, Brazil, on their day of birth, female Holstein calves were randomly selected and placed into two groups containing fifteen animals each: Strategic-Selective Treatment (S-ST) or Conventional Treatment (CT). In the S-ST, calves were treated after coproparasitological examinations according to criteria established previously by the researchers. Calves in the CT were treated according to the opinion of the veterinarian of EF-UFLA. For statistical analysis, the frequency (%) of fecal samples with count of eggs per gram of feces (EPG) ≥300, count of oocysts per gram of feces (OoPG) ≥500 and fecal samples with count of cysts of Giardia spp. ≥1 were conducted. The overall average frequency of fecal samples with EPG ≥300, OoPG ≥500 and Giardia spp. cysts ≥1, respectively, was similar (p >0.05) between S-ST (20.3%; 17.3%; and 31.5%) and CT (26.4%; 23.9%; and 37.3%). The effective operational cost, per animal, in 12 months, was of R$ 784.58 (US$ 241.41) and R$ 83.90 (US$ 25.81) in S-ST and CT, respectively. The S-ST requires adjustments to be used as a technically efficient and economically viable alternative for the control of gastrointestinal parasitosis in female Holstein calves.

Resumo Na Fazenda Experimental da Universidade Federal de Lavras (FE-UFLA), Minas Gerais, Brasil, no dia do nascimento, bezerras da raça holandesa foram sorteadas de forma aleatória para compor um dos dois grupos, formados por 15 animais cada: Tratamento Estratégico-Seletivo (TE-S) ou Tratamento Convencional (TC). No TE-S, as bezerras foram tratadas após exames coproparasitológicos de acordo com critérios previamente estabelecidos pelos pesquisadores. No TC, as bezerras foram tratadas conforme orientação do veterinário da FE-UFLA. Em ambos grupos, as bezerras foram monitoradas a cada 14 dias, do nascimento até os 12 meses de idade, por meio de exames coproparasitológicos. Para análise estatística, considerou-se a frequência (%) de amostras fecais com contagem de ovos por grama de fezes (OPG) ≥300, contagem de oocistos por grama de fezes (OoPG) ≥500, e amostras fecais com contagem de cistos de Giardia spp. ≥1. A frequência média global de amostras fecais com contagem de OPG ≥300, OoPG ≥500 e cistos de Giardia spp. ≥1, respectivamente, foi similar (p >0,05) entre TE-S (20,3%; 17,3%; e 31,5%) e TC (26,4%; 23,9%; e 37,3%). O custo operacional efetivo, por animal, em 12 meses, foi R$ 784,58 (US$ 241.40) e R$ 83,90 (US$ 25.81) para TE-S e TC, respectivamente. O TE-S necessita de ajustes para que possa ser indicado como uma alternativa, tecnicamente eficiente e economicamente viável, no controle das parasitoses gastrointestinais em bezerras leiteiras.

Esquistosomiasis mansónica / Schistosomiasis masoni

Se presenta el caso clínico de un paciente de 10 años de edad, quien asistió al puesto médico de Santa Johana, municipio de Itamarandiba, estado brasileño de Minas Gerais, acompañado de su madre, por presentar dolor abdominal de tipo cólico, con deposiciones diarreicas mezcladas con sangre y falta de apetito, además ligera palidez cutaneomucosa, lo cual se correspondían con una esquistosomiasis mansónica. Se le realizaron los exámenes pertinentes y se le indicó el tratamiento oportuno, de manera que el niño evolucionó favorablemente

The case report of a 10 years patient is presented who attended Santa Johana doctor´s office, Itamarandiba municipality, Minas Gerais Brazilian state, accompanied by his mother, due to abdominal pain of colic type, with diarrhea mixed with blood and loss of appetite, also a light mucouscutaneous paleness, which corresponded to a schistosomiasis mansoni. The pertinent exams were carried out and the appropriate treatment was indicated, so that the boy had a favorable clinical course

Review of the causes and management of chronic gastrointestinal symptoms in returned travellers referred to an Australian infectious diseases service.

BACKGROUND: Thirty to seventy per cent of overseas travellers experience traveller's diarrhoea (TD), a potential cause of serious gastrointestinal (GI) sequelae. However, there is limited evidence on the optimal management of TD. OBJECTIVE: The objectives of this article are to characterise the aetiologies and management of returned travellers with ongoing GI symptoms referred to a specialist infectious diseases service. METHODS: We conducted a retrospective medical record review of patients referred to the Victorian Infectious Disease Service (VIDS) in 2013-15 with a history of overseas travel and GI symptoms present for longer than two weeks. For each diagnostic group, we compared demographic and travel characteristics, illness course, investigation results, and number of and response to treatments. RESULTS: The most common diagnosis was parasitic infection (31 out of 65 patients). Referral was made for infection with a controversial or uncommon organism; negative microbiological findings +/- failed metronidazole treatment; or severe or prolonged infections. DISCUSSION: Our results highlight the utility of ordering more than one faecal specimen for oocytes, cysts and parasites (O/C/P) examination, potential benefits of tinidazole use, and role of specialist services for uncertain diagnoses and complex and/or unusual organ-isms.

Recomendações da Sociedade Brasileira de Reumatologia sobre diagnóstico e tratamento das parasitoses intestinais em pacientes com doenças reumáticas autoimunes / Recommendations from the Brazilian Society of Rheumatology on the diagnosis and treatment of intestinal parasitic infections in patients with autoimmune rheumatic disorders

RESUMOAs parasitoses intestinais – helmintíases e protozooses – são doenças cosmopolitas com maior prevalência em regiões tropicais. Pacientes com diagnóstico de doenças reumáticas autoimunes apresentam, em função da própria doença de base ou de seu tratamento, um maior risco de ocorrência de manifestações graves das parasitoses intestinais. Embora a prevalência dessas parasitoses seja bastante elevada em nosso meio, nem sempre o reumatologista está atento à necessidade de investigação e tratamento das helmintíases e protozooses antes do uso de terapias imunomoduladoras, imunossupressoras e dos medicamentos biológicos modificadores do curso da doença. Neste documento, a Sociedade Brasileira de Reumatologia estabelece recomendações gerais sobre o diagnóstico e tratamento das parasitoses intestinais no Brasil em pacientes com doenças reumáticas autoimunes, com destaque para a artrite reumatoide, o lúpus eritematoso sistêmico e as espondiloartrites.

ABSTRACTIntestinal parasites – helminths and protozoa – are cosmopolitan diseases which are most prevalent in tropical regions. Patients with diagnoses of autoimmune rheumatic diseases have, due to the underlying disease or its treatment, an increased risk of occurrence of severe manifestations of intestinal parasites. Although the prevalence of these parasitic infections is very high in our environment, not always is the rheumatologist attentive to the need for investigation and treatment of helminthiasis and protozooses before the use of immunomodulatory, immunosuppressive therapies, and of biological drugs that are modifiers of the course of the disease. In this document, the Brazilian Society of Rheumatology establishes general recommendations on the diagnosis and treatment of intestinal parasitic infections in Brazil in patients with autoimmune rheumatic diseases, highlighting rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus and spondyloarthritis.

Nematodos con potencial zoonótico en parques públicos de la ciudad de Tunja, Colombia / Nematodes with zoonotic potential in parks of the city of Tunja, Colombia

Objetivo. Identificar la presencia de parásitos con potencial zoonótico en los principales parques de la ciudad de Tunja, Boyacá, Colombia. Material y métodos. Se seleccionaron 28 parques de la ciudad en los que se recogieron 124 muestras de materia fecal de perros y muestras de suelo con ayuda de una espátula; se reunieron aproximadamente 150 g por muestra. Cada una de las muestras fue procesada por el método de concentración de Ritchie modificado, con lo que se realizó la identificación de formas parasitarias en microscopía óptica. Resultados. 60.7% de los parques resultaron positivos a nematodos en muestras de materia fecal de canino y 100% en tierra. Los nematodos encontrados fueron huevos y larvas de Toxocara spp, Ancylostoma spp, Trichuris vulpis y Strongiloides spp. Conclusión. Este estudio demostró el riesgo potencial de la transmisión de zoonosis causadas por nematodos de caninos y la necesidad de reforzar las medidas de salud pública para disminuir el riesgo de la población expuesta a dichas zoonosis.

Objective. To identify the presence of parasites with zoonotic potential in major parks in the city of Tunja, Boyacá. Materials and methods. Twenty eight parks in the city were selected, where 124 samples of feces of dogs and soil were collected with the help of a spatula, gathering approximately 150 g per sample. They were processed by the method of concentration of Ritchie modified making the identification of parasitic forms in an optical microscope. Results. A 60.7% of the parks were positive to nematodes in samples of canine fecal material and 100% on soil. Found nematodes were eggs and larvae of Toxocara spp., Ancylostoma spp., Trichuris vulpis and Strongiloides spp. Conclusion. This study demonstrated the potential risk of transmission of zoonoses caused by nematodes in canines and for the need to strengthen public health measures to reduce the risk shows the population exposed to such zoonoses.

Perforation of small bowel caused by Schistosoma japonicum: a case report.

A 67-year-old man from Jingzhou was admitted to the First Hospital Affiliated to Yangtze University in July 2013 with sudden onset of abdominal pain with dizziness for 12 h. The patient had sign of peritoneal irritation. Ultrasonography of the abdomen and pelvis showed hepatic fibrosis due to schistosomiasis. Computed tomography showed free gas in the peritoneal cavity. Plain abdominal radiography showed bilateral subdiaphragmatic accumulation of gas, perforation of the viscus, and radio-opacity in the left renal area. The patient underwent emergency exploratory laparotomy. At laparotomy, a moderate amount of muddy yellow pus was found in the intra-abdominal cavity. At the junction of the jejunum and ileum, about 250 cm from Treitz's ligament, there was an about 10-cm length of inflamed small bowel with perforation (3 mm in diameter) along the mesenteric border at the middle of the lesion. The patient underwent resection of the affected intestinal segment, along with end-to-end intestinal anastomosis. Histopathological examination revealed mucosal necrosis and hemorrhage with a large number of infiltrating eosinophils and neutrophils, and acute submucosal inflammation with a large number of infiltrating eosinophils and neutrophils associated with Schistosoma japonicum (S. japonicum) eggs. No intravascular adult parasite was found. Postoperatively, the patient was treated with praziquantel (30 mg/kg daily) for 4 d. The patient progressed well. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first case of small bowel perforation associated with eggs of S. japonicum.

Fitoterapia Mbyá-Guaraní en el control de las parasitosis intestinales. Un estudio exploratorio con Chenopodium Ambrosioides L. Var. Anthelminticum en cinco comunidades de misiones, Argentina / Phytotherapy Mbyá-Guaraní in the control of intestinal parasitoses. An exploratory study with Chenopodium Ambrosioides L. Var. Anthelminticum in five communities in Misiones, Argentina

En las comunidades Mbyá-Guaraní, el conocimiento local de las especies vegetales que habitan el "monte" se pone de manifi esto en el desarrollo de distintas actividades tales como su empleo medicinal en las parasitosis y dolencias asociadas. El objetivo de esta contribución fue evaluar la efi cacia de Chenopodium ambrosioides L. var. anthelminticum (Ka´aré) en el control de las enteroparasitosis. El estudio fue realizado durante septiembre de 1998 y abril de 1999 en las comunidades de Marangatú (MA), Ñamandú (ÑA), El Pocito (PO), Tabay (TB) y Takuapí (TA) del Departamento Libertador General San Martín, Misiones, Argentina. La muestra incluyó 148 personas que fueron agrupadas por sexo e intervalos etáreos. El tratamiento fi toterapéutico consistió en la administración de tintura de Ka´aré (maceración en alcohol etílico al 70%). El análisis coproparasitológico se realizó mediante examen directo y la técnica de enriquecimiento por fl otación (Füllerbon) previo y posterior al tratamiento con el Ka´aré. Los resultados indicaron altos porcentajes de individuos parasitados previo al tratamiento (PRET) que fl uctuaron entre 73.5% y 91.7%. Entre los protozoos Entamoeba coli fue la especie más prevalente con porcentajes entre 18.4% y 37.5%. Hymenolepis nana entre los cestodes presentó prevalencias entre 4.2% y 20.8%. Entre los nemátodos Ancylostoma duodenale/Necator americanus (Ancylostomideos) fue la más frecuente y su prevalencia fl uctuó entre 55.1% y 83.3%. Trichuris trichiura sólo fue observado en ÑA y con una prevalencia muy baja (3.8%). El porcentaje de monoparasitismo fue mayor en ÑA (56.5%), el de biparasitismo en MA y TA (44.4%), mientras que el de poliparasitismo en TB (36.8%). En la evaluación postratamiento (POST) la prevalencia total de parasitosis descendió respecto del pretratamiento (79.7% vs 68.9%) (X2 Yates = 4.57; p < 0.05). Cuando se analizó por sexo, el porcentaje de mujeres parasitadas fue menor, con diferencia estadísticamente signifi cativa (X2 MantelHaenszel = 4.28; p < 0.05). Asimismo, en los individuos mayores de 30 años (intervalo 3) la diferencia fue estadísticamente significativa entre pre y postratamiento (90.9% vs. 50.0%) (X2 Yates = 6.99; p < 0.01). En los individuos postratamiento se observó una disminución en los valores de prevalencia de E. coli (30.8%-0.0%) y Ancylostomídeos (52.0%-11.5%). Así, en ÑA los Ancylostomídeos mostraron diferencias estadísticamente significativas (73.1% vs. 11.5%) (X2 Yates = 8.99; p < 0.05). Asimismo, la prevalencia de Ascaris lumbricoides descendió en los individuos de todas las comunidades, siendo más evidente en PO (20.8% vs. 0.0%) y en ÑA (19.2% vs. 0.0%). Para Giardia lamblia, H. nana y Strongyloides stercoralis el tratamiento fi toterapeútico no fue efectivo. Respecto al monoparasitismo se observó que sólo disminuyó levemente en TA (44.4% vs. 43.2%) y aumentó en el resto de las comunidades, siendo mayor el aumento de monoparasitados en ÑA (56.5% vs. 76.9%). Sin embargo el porcentaje de biparasitismo disminuyó en la mayoría de las comunidades estudiadas, con excepción de TB (36.8% vs. 50.0%). Por último el poliparasitismo descendió sólo en TB (36.8% vs. 11.1%) y ÑA (17.4% vs.7.7%). Los resultados obtenidos demostraron la efectividad de Ch. ambrosioides L. var. anthelminticum sobre los Ancylostomideos y A. lumbricoides, mientras que para protozoos, cestodes y larvas de S. stercoralis no fue efectivo.

Vaccines to combat the neglected tropical diseases.

The neglected tropical diseases (NTDs) represent a group of parasitic and related infectious diseases such as amebiasis, Chagas disease, cysticercosis, echinococcosis, hookworm, leishmaniasis, and schistosomiasis. Together, these conditions are considered the most common infections in low- and middle-income countries, where they produce a level of global disability and human suffering equivalent to better known conditions such as human immunodeficiency virus/acquired immunodeficiency syndrome and malaria. Despite their global public health importance, progress on developing vaccines for NTD pathogens has lagged because of some key technical hurdles and the fact that these infections occur almost exclusively in the world's poorest people living below the World Bank poverty line. In the absence of financial incentives for new products, the multinational pharmaceutical companies have not embarked on substantive research and development programs for the neglected tropical disease vaccines. Here, we review the current status of scientific and technical progress in the development of new neglected tropical disease vaccines, highlighting the successes that have been achieved (cysticercosis and echinococcosis) and identifying the challenges and opportunities for development of new vaccines for NTDs. Also highlighted are the contributions being made by non-profit product development partnerships that are working to overcome some of the economic challenges in vaccine manufacture, clinical testing, and global access.

Efectividad del tratamiento médico antiparasitario en niños de edad pre-escolar. Lima, Perú / Effectiveness of antiparasitic medical treatment in pre school children. Lima, Peru

Objetivo: Determinar la efectividad del tratamiento antiparasitario intestinal brindado a niños de tres a cinco años proveniente de tres centros educativos nacionales del distrito de San Martín de Porres, Lima, Perú. Material y métodos: 64 niños fueron sometidos a las pruebas de diagnóstico de parasitosis, de los cuales 37 padecían de parasitosis intestinal y se completó el estudio con 34. Los exámenes parasitológicos fueron examen directo de heces con tinción de lugol, la técnica de sedimentación espontánea por concentración en tubo y la técnica de Graham. Tras el diagnóstico, se administró los medicamentos antiparasitarios por el médico del centro de salud bajo supervisión del investigador. Adicionalmente se realizaron entrevistas a los padres de los niños para conocer las condiciones de sus viviendas, sus hábitos higiénicos y dietéticos y para verificar el cumplimiento de las orientaciones brindadas en el centro de salud. Resultados: La prevalencia total de infección fue de 57.81% (IC95%: 44.9-70.7). Las infecciones más frecuentes fueron blastocistosis (35.9%), giardiosis (21.8%) y enterobiosis (18.7%). La eficacia de los medicamentos utilizados en el tratamiento antiparasitario fue de 82,3%, se obtuvo una efectividad del tratamiento antiparasitario intestinal de 26,5%. Conclusiones: El tratamiento antiparasitario en niños de tres a cinco años provenientes de tres centros educativos nacionales no fue efectivo debido a la baja prescripción de tratamiento familiar e incumplimiento de la orientación higiénico dietética. Recomendamos fortalecer el aspecto educacional en la erradicación de las infecciones parasitarias intestinales.

Objective: To determine the effectiveness of intestinal parasitoses treatment given to children 3 to 5 years of three public schools of district San Martin de Porres, Lima, Peru. Methods: 64 children were subjected to diagnostic tests of parasitoses, 37 children were diagnosed from intestinal parasites, completing the study with 34. Parasitological examinations were direct examination of feces, with iodine staining, the spontaneous sedimentation technique for concentration tube and the Graham technique. Once the diagnosis was given medication prescribed by the physician of the health center under the supervision of the investigator. Additionally, interviews were conducted among parents and children to learn about the housing conditions, hygiene and dietary habits and to verify compliance with the guidance given at the health center. Results: The total prevalence of infection was 57.8 (IC95% 44,9%-70,7%).The most common infections were Blastocystosis (35.94%), giardiasis (21.88%) and enterobiosis (18.75%). The effective of the treatment used was 82,3%, the effectiveness of treatment was 26.5%. Conclusions: The treatment for intestinal parasitoses in children of 3 to 5 years of three public schools is not effective because the low family therapy prescribed and failure to hygienic dietary guidance. We recommend strengthening the educational aspect in the eradication of intestinal parasitic infections.

Management algorithm for intestinal obstruction due to ascariasis: a case report and review of the literature.

Ascaris lumbricoides is the largest and most prevalent of the human helminths. Ascariasis causes a unique type of intestinal obstruction with specific problems, having high morbidity and mortality. There is no management algorithm available in the literature to treat such cases. We aimed in this study to develop an algorithm for the management of intestinal obstruction due to ascariasis. A medline search of the English literature on the management of intestinal obstruction due to ascariasis was performed. Management of one of our patients with intestinal obstruction due to ascariasis is presented herein as an example of such cases. Intestinal obstruction due to ascariasis is a serious disease with a high morbidity and mortality, especially postoperatively. A management algorithm for the treatment was developed. The management of intestinal obstruction due to ascariasis was challenging and required difficult decisions. We think that this algorithm will be of great assistance in facilitating a rapid and successful treatment. This algorithm may prove to be of a great value for physicians treating such cases.

Eosinophilia during intestinal infection.

Eosinophilia is a common finding in tropical developing countries, and is mainly caused by chronic helminth infections, predominantly of the gut. Although only a minority of infections is symptomatic, development during childhood can be impaired, and in some patients serious complications and sequelae may occur. Eosinophilia in helminth infection is typically associated with a strong Th2 immune response, and eosinophils can effectively kill or damage larvae and adult worms in vitro. However, in vivo, eosinophils are only partly effective in the control of helminth infection, and recent research has shown that eosinophils are involved in a range of immunomodulatory effects, such as increased production of the down-modulatory cytokines interleukin 10 and tumour growth factor beta, as well as stimulation of regulatory T cells and alternatively activated macrophages. Increasing evidence suggests that immunomodulation favours parasite survival and reduces immune pathology. On the other hand, immunomodulation induced by helminth infections may contribute to protection from allergic and autoimmune responses, as proposed by the 'hygiene hypothesis' to explain the increase in allergic diseases in the industrialised world. The predictive value of eosinophilia for the presence of helminth infections is limited and depends on the epidemiological background and the extent of the eosinophilia. It increases considerably in populations with a high prevalence of parasitic infections, as in developing tropical countries or in travellers to those areas.

The silencing of cysteine proteases in Fasciola hepatica newly excysted juveniles using RNA interference reduces gut penetration.

Probing protein function in parasitic flatworms is hampered by the difficulties associated with the development of transgenic approaches. Although RNA interference (RNAi) in schistosomes shows much promise, it has not been reported in other trematodes. Here, we show the successful silencing of the cysteine proteases cathepsin B and L in the infective stage of Fasciola hepatica newly excysted juveniles (NEJs). Silencing resulted in marked reductions in target transcript levels and significant diminution in the encoded proteins in the gut. RNAi of either enzyme in NEJs induced transient, abnormal locomotory phenotypes, and significantly reduced penetration of the rat intestinal wall.