RESUMO
Both short-acting (epoetin alfa or beta) and long-acting (darbepoetin alfa or PEG-epoetin) erythropoiesis-stimulating agents (ESAs) are commonly prescribed for patients with kidney failure undergoing maintenance hemodialysis. We compared the risks of major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE) and of all-cause mortality associated with receipt of short- vs. long-acting ESAs. This retrospective cohort analysis included Medicare hemodialysis beneficiaries aged ≥ 18 years in the United States Renal Data System from January 2015 to December 2017. We included adults who survived > 90 days after initiating hemodialysis and received either short- or long-acting ESAs. Outcomes were MACE (first occurrence of stroke, acute myocardial infarction, or cardiovascular-related mortality) and all-cause mortality. After stabilized inverse probability of treatment weighting, Cox proportional hazards regression models were used to estimate the hazard ratio (HR) and 95% confidence interval (CI) for each outcome. Of 68,607 patients (mean age: 65 years, 45% females), 33,658 (49%) received long-acting ESAs and 34,949 (51%) received short-acting ESAs. There was no difference in the risk of MACE associated with receipt of short- vs. long-acting ESAs (HR: 1.02 (95% CI: 0.98-1.08)). However, long-acting (vs. short-acting) ESA receipt was associated with a lower risk of all-cause mortality (HR: 0.91 (95% CI: 0.87-0.96)). Compared with short-acting ESAs, long-acting ESAs were associated with a lower risk of all-cause mortality, with no difference in the risk of MACE. Future studies with a longer follow-up are needed to confirm these findings.
Assuntos
Darbepoetina alfa , Hematínicos , Diálise Renal , Humanos , Diálise Renal/efeitos adversos , Hematínicos/efeitos adversos , Hematínicos/uso terapêutico , Hematínicos/administração & dosagem , Feminino , Masculino , Estudos Retrospectivos , Idoso , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Darbepoetina alfa/uso terapêutico , Darbepoetina alfa/efeitos adversos , Darbepoetina alfa/administração & dosagem , Estados Unidos/epidemiologia , Doenças Cardiovasculares/mortalidade , Epoetina alfa/uso terapêutico , Epoetina alfa/efeitos adversos , Falência Renal Crônica/terapia , Falência Renal Crônica/mortalidade , Falência Renal Crônica/complicações , Anemia/tratamento farmacológico , Medicare , Preparações de Ação Retardada , Idoso de 80 Anos ou mais , Eritropoetina , Proteínas RecombinantesRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Erythropoiesis-stimulating agents (ESAs) are the standard-of-care treatment for anaemia in most patients with lower-risk myelodysplastic syndromes but responses are limited and transient. Luspatercept promotes late-stage erythroid maturation and has shown durable clinical efficacy in patients with lower-risk myelodysplastic syndromes. In this study, we report the results of a prespecified interim analysis of luspatercept versus epoetin alfa for the treatment of anaemia due to lower-risk myelodysplastic syndromes in the phase 3 COMMANDS trial. METHODS: The phase 3, open-label, randomised controlled COMMANDS trial is being conducted at 142 sites in 26 countries. Eligible patients were aged 18 years or older, had a diagnosis of myelodysplastic syndromes of very low risk, low risk, or intermediate risk (per the Revised International Prognostic Scoring System), were ESA-naive, and required red blood cell transfusions (2-6 packed red blood cell units per 8 weeks for ≥8 weeks immediately before randomisation). Integrated response technology was used to randomly assign patients (1:1, block size 4) to luspatercept or epoetin alfa, stratified by baseline red blood cell transfusion burden (<4 units per 8 weeks vs ≥4 units per 8 weeks), endogenous serum erythropoietin concentration (≤200 U/L vs >200 to <500 U/L), and ring sideroblast status (positive vs negative). Luspatercept was administered subcutaneously once every 3 weeks starting at 1·0 mg/kg body weight with possible titration up to 1·75 mg/kg. Epoetin alfa was administered subcutaneously once a week starting at 450 IU/kg body weight with possible titration up to 1050 IU/kg (maximum permitted total dose of 80â000 IU). The primary endpoint was red blood cell transfusion independence for at least 12 weeks with a concurrent mean haemoglobin increase of at least 1·5 g/dL (weeks 1-24), assessed in the intention-to-treat population. Safety was assessed in patients who received at least one dose of study treatment. The COMMANDS trial was registered with ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT03682536 (active, not recruiting). FINDINGS: Between Jan 2, 2019 and Aug 31, 2022, 356 patients were randomly assigned to receive luspatercept (178 patients) or epoetin alfa (178 patients), comprising 198 (56%) men and 158 (44%) women (median age 74 years [IQR 69-80]). The interim efficacy analysis was done for 301 patients (147 in the luspatercept group and 154 in the epoetin alfa group) who completed 24 weeks of treatment or discontinued earlier. 86 (59%) of 147 patients in the luspatercept group and 48 (31%) of 154 patients in the epoetin alfa group reached the primary endpoint (common risk difference on response rate 26·6; 95% CI 15·8-37·4; p<0·0001). Median treatment exposure was longer for patients receiving luspatercept (42 weeks [IQR 20-73]) versus epoetin alfa (27 weeks [19-55]). The most frequently reported grade 3 or 4 treatment-emergent adverse events with luspatercept (≥3% patients) were hypertension, anaemia, dyspnoea, neutropenia, thrombocytopenia, pneumonia, COVID-19, myelodysplastic syndromes, and syncope; and with epoetin alfa were anaemia, pneumonia, neutropenia, hypertension, iron overload, COVID-19 pneumonia, and myelodysplastic syndromes. The most common suspected treatment-related adverse events in the luspatercept group (≥3% patients, with the most common event occurring in 5% patients) were fatigue, asthenia, nausea, dyspnoea, hypertension, and headache; and none (≥3% patients) in the epoetin alfa group. One death after diagnosis of acute myeloid leukaemia was considered to be related to luspatercept treatment (44 days on treatment). INTERPRETATION: In this interim analysis, luspatercept improved the rate at which red blood cell transfusion independence and increased haemoglobin were achieved compared with epoetin alfa in ESA-naive patients with lower-risk myelodysplastic syndromes. Long-term follow-up and additional data will be needed to confirm these results and further refine findings in other subgroups of patients with lower-risk myelodysplastic syndromes, including non-mutated SF3B1 or ring sideroblast-negative subgroups. FUNDING: Celgene and Acceleron Pharma.
Assuntos
Anemia , COVID-19 , Hematínicos , Hipertensão , Síndromes Mielodisplásicas , Neutropenia , Masculino , Humanos , Feminino , Idoso , Epoetina alfa/efeitos adversos , Hematínicos/efeitos adversos , Eritropoese , Anemia/tratamento farmacológico , Anemia/etiologia , Hipertensão/tratamento farmacológico , Síndromes Mielodisplásicas/complicações , Síndromes Mielodisplásicas/tratamento farmacológico , Síndromes Mielodisplásicas/induzido quimicamente , Hemoglobinas/uso terapêutico , Dispneia/tratamento farmacológico , Peso CorporalRESUMO
PURPOSE: This study was conducted to evaluate whether the efficacy and safety profile of recombinant human erythropoietin (rhEPO) manufactured by Daewoong Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd was similar to biological products approved by the drug safety regulatory authority. PATIENTS AND METHODS: It was an open-label, randomized, comparative, parallel, multi-center study in hemodialysis patients with anemia. The reference product at an individualized dose 3 times a week was given in 4-8 weeks of titration period and hemoglobin (Hb) level was controlled to reach the range of 10-12 g/dL. Then, the subjects were randomly administered with reference or test product with the same dose regimen. The primary endpoints were to demonstrate the Hb level change between baseline and evaluation period in both treatment groups, while the secondary endpoints were the mean change in weekly dosage per kg body weight and the instability rate of Hb level during maintenance and evaluation period. The safety was evaluated based on the adverse events incidence. RESULTS: There was no statistical difference in the change of Hb between test and reference (0.14 g/dL and 0.75 g/dL respectively, with p>0.05), also for the mean changes of weekly dosage between groups (1091.40 IU and 570.15 IU respectively, with p>0.05). The instability rate of Hb in both test and reference was not statistically significantly different as well (26 and 15% respectively, with p>0.05). CONCLUSION: This study proves that the efficacy indicated by the change instability of Hb and safety indicated by adverse event incidence of Epodion and the reference product on chronic kidney disease were similar.
Assuntos
Anemia , Eritropoetina , Hematínicos , Falência Renal Crônica , Insuficiência Renal Crônica , Humanos , Epoetina alfa/efeitos adversos , Falência Renal Crônica/complicações , Falência Renal Crônica/tratamento farmacológico , Eritropoetina/efeitos adversos , Anemia/tratamento farmacológico , Anemia/complicações , Insuficiência Renal Crônica/complicações , Insuficiência Renal Crônica/tratamento farmacológico , Proteínas Recombinantes/efeitos adversos , Hemoglobinas/análise , Hemoglobinas/uso terapêutico , Resultado do Tratamento , Hematínicos/efeitos adversosRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Erythropoiesis-stimulating agents (ESA) are commonly used in clinical practice to improve anaemia. Despite a number of patients successfully treated without adverse events, the complications have been previously reported. OBJECTIVE: To report and review the characteristics and management of ESA hypersensitivities. METHODS: Case reports and related articles associated with ESA use, published between January 1999 and December 2018, were retrieved through Electronic databases (MEDLINE® and PubMed®). RESULTS: Forty-seven ESA patients with various immediate and delayed hypersensitivity reactions caused by epoetin and pharmaceutical excipients were identified from nineteen studies and one case report in this paper. Fatal hypersensitivity to ESA and ESA-allergic cross-reactivities have been documented. Desensitization or change of EPO molecular structure has been reported as successful methods of re-introducing the drug. CONCLUSIONS: ESA hypersensitivity in the various allergic reactions and cross-reactivity have been documented. Desensitization and Epoetin structural changes could be successful methods to re-introduce the drug.
Assuntos
Anemia , Hematínicos , Humanos , Epoetina alfa/efeitos adversos , Darbepoetina alfa/efeitos adversos , Hematínicos/efeitos adversos , Anemia/diagnóstico , Anemia/tratamento farmacológico , Anemia/induzido quimicamente , Prurido/induzido quimicamente , Prurido/complicações , Prurido/tratamento farmacológico , Proteínas Recombinantes/efeitos adversosRESUMO
Pure red cell aplasia (PRCA) associated with erythropoiesis-stimulating agents (ESAs), which were first reported in 1998, usually occurs with subcutaneous administration of epoetin alfa (Eprex®). Improvements in ESA storage, handling, and administration methods have reduced the PRCA incidence. Continuous erythropoietin receptor activator (CERA) is a third-generation ESA that is rarely reported to induce PRCA. We herein report a case of CERA-induced PRCA presenting with positive anti-erythropoietin (EPO) and anti-CERA antibodies, which was successfully treated with prednisolone. Clinicians should be aware of the possibility of antibody-mediated PRCA induced by an ESA in CKD patients with anemia with reticulocytopenia and low serum EPO levels.
Assuntos
Anemia , Hematínicos , Aplasia Pura de Série Vermelha , Anemia/etiologia , Anticorpos , Epoetina alfa/efeitos adversos , Eritropoetina , Humanos , Polietilenoglicóis , Prednisolona/uso terapêutico , Proteínas Recombinantes/efeitos adversos , Aplasia Pura de Série Vermelha/induzido quimicamenteRESUMO
BACKGROUND: The Anemia Studies in chronic kidney disease (CKD): Erythropoiesis via a Novel prolyl hydroxylase inhibitor Daprodustat-Dialysis (ASCEND-D) trial will test the hypothesis that daprodustat is noninferior to comparator epoetin alfa or darbepoetin alfa for two co-primary endpoints: hemoglobin (Hb) efficacy and cardiovascular (CV) safety. METHODS: We report the trial design, key demographic, clinical and laboratory findings, and baseline therapies of 2964 patients randomized in the open-label (sponsor-blinded) active-controlled, parallel-group, randomized ASCEND-D clinical trial. We also compare baseline characteristics of ASCEND-D patients with patients who are on dialysis (CKD G5D) enrolled in other large CV outcome trials (CVOTs) and in the most relevant registries. RESULTS: The median age of patients was 58 years, 43% were female; 67% were White and 16% were Black. The median Hb at baseline was 10.4 g/dL. Among randomized patients, 89% were receiving hemodialysis and 11% peritoneal dialysis. Among key comorbidities, 42% reported a history of diabetes mellitus and 45% a history of CV disease. Median blood pressure was 134/74 mmHg. The median weekly dose of epoetin was 5751 units. Intravenous and oral iron uses were noted in 64 and 11% of patients, respectively. Baseline demographics were similar to patients with CKD G5D enrolled in other CVOTs and renal patient registries. CONCLUSIONS: ASCEND-D will evaluate the efficacy and safety of daprodustat compared with epoetin alfa or darbepoetin alfa in the treatment of patients with anemia with CKD G5D.This trial is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov: NCT02879305. EudraCT Number: 2016-000541-31; Sponsor Protocol Number: 200807.
Assuntos
Anemia , Eritropoetina , Hematínicos , Insuficiência Renal Crônica , Anemia/tratamento farmacológico , Anemia/etiologia , Darbepoetina alfa/uso terapêutico , Epoetina alfa/efeitos adversos , Eritropoetina/uso terapêutico , Feminino , Hemoglobinas/análise , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Proteínas Recombinantes/uso terapêutico , Diálise Renal/efeitos adversos , Insuficiência Renal Crônica/complicações , Insuficiência Renal Crônica/terapiaRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Erythropoietin stimulating agent (ESA) has been standard of care in treating renal anaemia for the past 20 years. Many patients have limited access to ESA in view of long-term costs leading to suboptimal ESA dosage. Biosimilar epoetin is a potential cost-effective alternative to originator for optimal renal anaemia management. OBJECTIVE: To determine efficacy and safety of PDA10 in treating renal anaemia in haemodialysis patients, in comparison to the originator epoetin-α, Eprex®. METHODS: A phase 3, multicentre, multi-national, double-blind, randomised, active-controlled and parallel group study conducted over 40 weeks in Malaysia and Korea. End stage kidney disease patients undergoing regular haemodialysis who were on erythropoietin treatment were recruited. The study has 3 phases, which included a 12-week titration phase, followed by 28-week double-blind treatment phase and 24-week open-label extension phase. RESULTS: The PDA10 and Eprex® were shown to be therapeutically equivalent (p < 0.0001) with mean absolute change in haemoglobin from baseline of - 0.176 (± 0.91) g/dl and - 0.118 (± 1.114) g/dl, respectively. Weekly dose change was 10.01 IU/kg/week in PDA10 group and 10.30 IU/kg/week in Eprex® group, which has no significant difference. There were no significant differences in the safety profile between PDA10 and Eprex® groups. CONCLUSION: This study has confirmed the therapeutic equivalence between PDA10 and Eprex® in terms of efficacy, dosage requirement and safety profile in haemodialysis patients with renal anaemia. TRIAL REGISTRATION: The study was registered with the National Medical Research Register ( NMRR-13-400-16313 ). This study has been registered retrospectively with Clinical Research Information Service ( CRiS ), Republic of Korea on 25 March 2021.
Assuntos
Anemia/tratamento farmacológico , Epoetina alfa/uso terapêutico , Hematínicos/uso terapêutico , Adulto , Idoso , Anemia/etiologia , Método Duplo-Cego , Epoetina alfa/efeitos adversos , Feminino , Hematínicos/efeitos adversos , Humanos , Falência Renal Crônica/complicações , Falência Renal Crônica/terapia , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Diálise Renal , Resultado do TratamentoRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Among patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD), the use of recombinant human erythropoietin and its derivatives for the treatment of anemia has been linked to a possibly increased risk of stroke, myocardial infarction, and other adverse events. Several trials have suggested that hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF) prolyl hydroxylase inhibitors (PHIs) are as effective as erythropoiesis-stimulating agents (ESAs) in increasing hemoglobin levels. METHODS: In this randomized, open-label, phase 3 trial, we assigned patients with CKD who were undergoing dialysis and who had a hemoglobin level of 8.0 to 11.5 g per deciliter to receive an oral HIF-PHI (daprodustat) or an injectable ESA (epoetin alfa if they were receiving hemodialysis or darbepoetin alfa if they were receiving peritoneal dialysis). The two primary outcomes were the mean change in the hemoglobin level from baseline to weeks 28 through 52 (noninferiority margin, -0.75 g per deciliter) and the first occurrence of a major adverse cardiovascular event (a composite of death from any cause, nonfatal myocardial infarction, or nonfatal stroke), with a noninferiority margin of 1.25. RESULTS: A total of 2964 patients underwent randomization. The mean (±SD) baseline hemoglobin level was 10.4±1.0 g per deciliter overall. The mean (±SE) change in the hemoglobin level from baseline to weeks 28 through 52 was 0.28±0.02 g per deciliter in the daprodustat group and 0.10±0.02 g per deciliter in the ESA group (difference, 0.18 g per deciliter; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.12 to 0.24), which met the prespecified noninferiority margin of -0.75 g per deciliter. During a median follow-up of 2.5 years, a major adverse cardiovascular event occurred in 374 of 1487 patients (25.2%) in the daprodustat group and in 394 of 1477 (26.7%) in the ESA group (hazard ratio, 0.93; 95% CI, 0.81 to 1.07), which also met the prespecified noninferiority margin for daprodustat. The percentages of patients with other adverse events were similar in the two groups. CONCLUSIONS: Among patients with CKD undergoing dialysis, daprodustat was noninferior to ESAs regarding the change in the hemoglobin level from baseline and cardiovascular outcomes. (Funded by GlaxoSmithKline; ASCEND-D ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT02879305.).
Assuntos
Anemia/tratamento farmacológico , Barbitúricos/uso terapêutico , Darbepoetina alfa/uso terapêutico , Epoetina alfa/uso terapêutico , Glicina/análogos & derivados , Hematínicos/uso terapêutico , Diálise Renal , Insuficiência Renal Crônica/complicações , Idoso , Anemia/etiologia , Barbitúricos/efeitos adversos , Doenças Cardiovasculares/epidemiologia , Doenças Cardiovasculares/etiologia , Doenças Cardiovasculares/mortalidade , Darbepoetina alfa/efeitos adversos , Epoetina alfa/efeitos adversos , Feminino , Glicina/efeitos adversos , Glicina/uso terapêutico , Hematínicos/efeitos adversos , Hemoglobinas/análise , Humanos , Prolina Dioxigenases do Fator Induzível por Hipóxia/antagonistas & inibidores , Análise de Intenção de Tratamento , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Infarto do Miocárdio/epidemiologia , Insuficiência Renal Crônica/sangue , Insuficiência Renal Crônica/terapia , Acidente Vascular Cerebral/epidemiologiaRESUMO
INTRODUCTION: Risk evaluation and mitigation strategy (REMS) programs are intended to improve safe use of US Food and Drug Administration-approved drugs. However, controversy exists over whether they consistently accomplish this goal. OBJECTIVE: We aimed to assess how initiation of the erythropoiesis stimulating agents (ESAs) darbepoetin alfa and epoetin alfa changed following implementation and enforcement (following a 1-year post-implementation grace period) of a prominent REMS program warning physicians against use in cancer patients with hemoglobin above 10 g/dL. METHODS: Using claims data from a large US commercial insurance company, we conducted interrupted time-series analyses of darbepoetin alfa and epoetin alfa initiation among adult cancer patients in the 12 months before REMS program implementation, after REMS program implementation, and after REMS program enforcement. We also evaluated differences in inappropriate initiation (hemoglobin tests all above 10 g/dL in the prior month) between the periods. RESULTS: In total, we identified 3456 darbepoetin alfa initiators and 2632 epoetin alfa initiators. Over the study period, the monthly number of initiators per 100,000 patients with cancer fell from 119 to 32 for darbepoetin alfa and from 82 to 34 for epoetin alfa. However, non-significant post-REMS program implementation level and slope changes per 100,000 adult patients with cancer were observed for darbepoetin alfa (level 0.03 [95% confidence interval (CI) -14.98 to 15.05]; slope 1.94 [95% CI -0.22 to 4.10]) and epoetin alfa (level -4.10 [95% CI -16.85 to 8.65]; slope -0.52 [95% CI -2.35 to 1.32]). Non-significant post-REMS program enforcement level and slope changes were also seen for both drugs (darbepoetin alfa level 1.58 [95% CI -0.58 to 3.74, slope -0.28 [95% CI -15.29 to 14.73]; epoetin alfa level 1.58 (95% CI -0.26 to 3.42], slope 5.74 [95% CI -7.01 to 18.49]). Finally, non-significant changes in inappropriate darbepoetin alfa (60% vs. 53% vs. 57%, p = 0.68) and epoetin alfa (53% vs. 53% vs. 46%, p = 0.41) initiation were observed between the three study periods. CONCLUSION: REMS program implementation and enforcement were not associated with significant changes in ESA initiation, adding to concerns over the degree to which certain REMS programs enhance patient safety.
Assuntos
Anemia , Eritropoetina , Hematínicos , Neoplasias , Adulto , Anemia/tratamento farmacológico , Darbepoetina alfa/efeitos adversos , Epoetina alfa/efeitos adversos , Eritropoetina/efeitos adversos , Hematínicos/efeitos adversos , Hemoglobinas , Humanos , Neoplasias/tratamento farmacológico , Proteínas Recombinantes/efeitos adversos , Avaliação de Risco e MitigaçãoRESUMO
Introduction: Erythropoietin stimulating agents (ESAs) have been established both to correct anemia and provide the clinical benefits of increased exercise capacity, reduced transfusion requirements, and improved quality of life. An increase in physician and patient adoption of biosimilars, as well as changes to healthcare reimbursement policies, have driven market competitors to innovate and expand the range of biosimilar products. While erythropoietin biosimilars have been approved by the EMA since 2007, the FDA's approval of epoetin alfa-epbx in 2018 marks the first erythropoietin biosimilar approved in the United States. Areas covered: In this article, we critically review the biology, clinical use, manufacturing, safety, and efficacy of ESAs and erythropoietin biosimilars. We then review the regulatory framework and potential impact on healthcare costs offered by erythropoietin biosimilars. Expert opinion: Due to the complex nature of manufacturing large-molecule biologics, it is important to recognize the challenges to quality assurance and overall safety posed by the introduction of biosimilars, which undergo much more limited clinical testing than their reference biologic product before coming to market. With many biologic therapies nearing patent expiration, biosimilars will become increasingly common in clinical practice. Ensuring patient safety with these products will require increased post-marketing surveillance and awareness from prescribers.
Assuntos
Medicamentos Biossimilares/administração & dosagem , Epoetina alfa/administração & dosagem , Hematínicos/administração & dosagem , Anemia/tratamento farmacológico , Medicamentos Biossimilares/efeitos adversos , Aprovação de Drogas , Epoetina alfa/efeitos adversos , Hematínicos/efeitos adversos , Humanos , Qualidade de Vida , Estados UnidosRESUMO
INTRODUCTION: Anemia has and will continue to be a central theme in medicine particularly as clinicians are treating a burgeoning population of complex multi-organ system processes. As a result of multiple randomized controlled trials (RCTs), meta-analyses, and societal recommendations overly restrictive paradigms and under-administration of erythropoiesis stimulating agents (ESAs) have likely been followed by clinicians among all specialties. AREAS COVERED: A review of anemia in the context of chronic kidney disease, hematologic malignancies, and cancer is presented with focus on the establishment of ESAs as integral in the treatment of anemia. Multiple RCTs and meta-analyses studying the use of ESAs are presented with focus upon their application to clinical practice. A 'compendium' is proffered describing the evolution, establishment, and implications of ESA administration initially among those with CKD with rapid subsequent application to the Hematology-Oncology population of patients. Literature search methodologies have included MEDLINE (1985-2020), PubMed (1996-2020), Cochrane Central Trials (1985-2020), EMBASE (2000-2020), and ClinicalTrials.gov (2000-2020). EXPERT OPINION: Upon evaluation of risks and benefits of ESAs focused opinion and commentary is made supporting more liberal use of these agents and strongly suggesting that the current underlying treatment 'pendulum' has perhaps shifted too far to the 'under-treatment' side in many cases.
Assuntos
Anemia/terapia , Neoplasias/complicações , Insuficiência Renal Crônica/complicações , Anemia/tratamento farmacológico , Anemia/etiologia , Anemia/fisiopatologia , Transfusão de Sangue , COVID-19/epidemiologia , Terapia Combinada , Epoetina alfa/efeitos adversos , Epoetina alfa/uso terapêutico , Eritropoetina/fisiologia , Eritropoetina/uso terapêutico , Prova Pericial , Previsões , Fidelidade a Diretrizes , Hematínicos/administração & dosagem , Hematínicos/uso terapêutico , Neoplasias Hematológicas/complicações , Hematopoese , Humanos , Ferro/uso terapêutico , Medicina , Metanálise como Assunto , Estudos Multicêntricos como Assunto , Isquemia Miocárdica/complicações , Estudos Observacionais como Assunto , Pandemias , Guias de Prática Clínica como Assunto , Padrões de Prática Médica , Ensaios Clínicos Controlados Aleatórios como Assunto , Receptores da Eritropoetina/efeitos dos fármacos , Diálise Renal , Insuficiência Renal Crônica/terapia , SARS-CoV-2 , Tromboembolia Venosa/induzido quimicamenteRESUMO
Hypoxia-inducible factor prolyl hydroxylase inhibitors (HIF-PHIs) are a new class of oral medicines being developed for the treatment of anemia in chronic kidney disease (CKD) patients. This study aimed to compare the efficacy and safety of HIF-PHI vs epoetin and darbepoetin in CKD patients with anemia not undergoing dialysis. The PubMed, Embase, Cochrane Library, Web of Science, and clinicaltrials.gov databases were searched from inception to October 2019 for randomized controlled trials investigating different agents (six HIF-PHIs, epoetin, darbepoetin, and placebo) for treating CKD patients with anemia that did not undergo dialysis. The outcomes included a change in hemoglobin (Hb) levels and all-cause mortality. A total of 19 studies were included. Compared with the placebo, except for vadadustat (mean differences: 1.12, 95 % confidence interval [CI]: â0.11-2.35), the other drugs significantly increased Hb levels, with mean differences of 2.46 (95 % CI: 0.93-3.99) for desidustat, 1.81 (0.87-2.75) for enarodustat, 1.68 (0.64-2.72) for molidustat, 1.66 (0.89-2.44) for epoetin, 1.63 (0.69-2.56) for darbepoetin, 1.61 (0.99-2.22) for roxadustat, and 1.55 (0.74-2.36) for daprodustat. No differences were found in the Hb level elevations among these eight drugs. Compared with the placebo, there also was no significant association between the drugs and all-cause mortality (molidustat of RR, 0.39 [95 % CI, 0.06-2.59]; roxadustat, 0.40 (0.06-2.84); enarodustat, 0.33 (0.01-16.25); desidustat, 0.34 (0.01-17.00); epoetin, 0.50 (0.18-1.42); daprodustat, 0.54 (0.09-3.31); darbepoetin, 1.03 (0.65-1.65); and vadadustat, 1.43 (0.15-13.27)). No differences were observed in the all-cause mortality among the drugs. In conclusion, these HIF-PHIs are effective and relatively tolerant for treating anemia patients with CKD not undergoing dialysis. Further research should consider the limitations of our study to evaluate the value of these HIF-PHIs in clinical settings.
Assuntos
Anemia/tratamento farmacológico , Darbepoetina alfa/uso terapêutico , Inibidores Enzimáticos/uso terapêutico , Epoetina alfa/uso terapêutico , Hematínicos/uso terapêutico , Hemoglobinas/metabolismo , Prolina Dioxigenases do Fator Induzível por Hipóxia/antagonistas & inibidores , Insuficiência Renal Crônica/complicações , Idoso , Idoso de 80 Anos ou mais , Anemia/enzimologia , Anemia/etiologia , Anemia/mortalidade , Biomarcadores/sangue , Darbepoetina alfa/efeitos adversos , Inibidores Enzimáticos/efeitos adversos , Epoetina alfa/efeitos adversos , Feminino , Hematínicos/efeitos adversos , Humanos , Prolina Dioxigenases do Fator Induzível por Hipóxia/metabolismo , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Metanálise em Rede , Ensaios Clínicos Controlados Aleatórios como Assunto , Insuficiência Renal Crônica/mortalidade , Medição de Risco , Fatores de Risco , Fatores de Tempo , Resultado do TratamentoRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Roxadustat is an oral hypoxia-inducible factor prolyl hydroxylase inhibitor that stimulates erythropoiesis and regulates iron metabolism. Additional data are needed regarding the effectiveness and safety of roxadustat as compared with standard therapy (epoetin alfa) for the treatment of anemia in patients undergoing dialysis. METHODS: In a trial conducted in China, we randomly assigned (in a 2:1 ratio) patients who had been undergoing dialysis and erythropoiesis-stimulating agent therapy with epoetin alfa for at least 6 weeks to receive roxadustat or epoetin alfa three times per week for 26 weeks. Parenteral iron was withheld except as rescue therapy. The primary end point was the mean change in hemoglobin level from baseline to the average level during weeks 23 through 27. Noninferiority of roxadustat would be established if the lower boundary of the two-sided 95% confidence interval for the difference between the values in the roxadustat group and epoetin alfa group was greater than or equal to -1.0 g per deciliter. Patients in each group had doses adjusted to reach a hemoglobin level of 10.0 to 12.0 g per deciliter. Safety was assessed by analysis of adverse events and clinical laboratory values. RESULTS: A total of 305 patients underwent randomization (204 in the roxadustat group and 101 in the epoetin alfa group), and 256 patients (162 and 94, respectively) completed the 26-week treatment period. The mean baseline hemoglobin level was 10.4 g per deciliter. Roxadustat led to a numerically greater mean (±SD) change in hemoglobin level from baseline to weeks 23 through 27 (0.7±1.1 g per deciliter) than epoetin alfa (0.5±1.0 g per deciliter) and was statistically noninferior (difference, 0.2±1.2 g per deciliter; 95% confidence interval [CI], -0.02 to 0.5). As compared with epoetin alfa, roxadustat increased the transferrin level (difference, 0.43 g per liter; 95% CI, 0.32 to 0.53), maintained the serum iron level (difference, 25 µg per deciliter; 95% CI, 17 to 33), and attenuated decreases in the transferrin saturation (difference, 4.2 percentage points; 95% CI, 1.5 to 6.9). At week 27, the decrease in total cholesterol was greater with roxadustat than with epoetin alfa (difference, -22 mg per deciliter; 95% CI, -29 to -16), as was the decrease in low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (difference, -18 mg per deciliter; 95% CI, -23 to -13). Roxadustat was associated with a mean reduction in hepcidin of 30.2 ng per milliliter (95% CI, -64.8 to -13.6), as compared with 2.3 ng per milliliter (95% CI, -51.6 to 6.2) in the epoetin alfa group. Hyperkalemia and upper respiratory infection occurred at a higher frequency in the roxadustat group, and hypertension occurred at a higher frequency in the epoetin alfa group. CONCLUSIONS: Oral roxadustat was noninferior to parenteral epoetin alfa as therapy for anemia in Chinese patients undergoing dialysis. (Funded by FibroGen and FibroGen [China] Medical Technology Development; ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT02652806.).
Assuntos
Anemia/tratamento farmacológico , Epoetina alfa/uso terapêutico , Glicina/análogos & derivados , Hematínicos/uso terapêutico , Hemoglobinas/análise , Prolina Dioxigenases do Fator Induzível por Hipóxia/antagonistas & inibidores , Isoquinolinas/uso terapêutico , Insuficiência Renal Crônica/complicações , Adulto , Idoso , Análise de Variância , Anemia/etiologia , Colesterol/sangue , Método Duplo-Cego , Epoetina alfa/efeitos adversos , Feminino , Glicina/efeitos adversos , Glicina/uso terapêutico , Hematínicos/efeitos adversos , Humanos , Hiperpotassemia/induzido quimicamente , Hipertensão/induzido quimicamente , Isoquinolinas/efeitos adversos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Diálise Renal , Insuficiência Renal Crônica/sangue , Insuficiência Renal Crônica/terapiaRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Despite the widespread use of erythropoietin-stimulating agents (ESAs) to treat anemia in patients undergoing hemodialysis, the relative mortality risks associated with use of different types of ESAs are unknown. METHODS: To compare the mortality risk associated with use of short-acting ESAs versus long-acting ESAs, we conducted a nationwide cohort study of 194,698 hemodialysis patients in Japan who received either a short-acting (epoetin α/ß or epoetin κ) or a long-acting (darbepoetin or epoetin ß pegol) ESA. Study outcomes were 2-year all-cause and cause-specific mortality. In addition to Cox proportional hazards models, we performed an instrumental variable analysis in which facility-level long-acting ESA prescription rates were taken as the instrumental variable. RESULTS: During the 2-year follow-up period, 31,557 deaths occurred. In a multivariable Cox model, long-acting ESA users had a 13% higher rate of deaths compared with short-acting ESA users, a significant difference (P<0.001). Similar results were obtained in other analyses. This difference in risk was pronounced among patients receiving high doses of ESA (for whom the adjusted 2-year number needed to harm for death was 30.8). Long-acting ESA use was associated with an increased rate of death from cardiovascular diseases, infection, and malignancies. In the instrumental variable analysis, long-acting ESA users remained at a significantly higher risk of death. Compared with anemic (hemoglobin 9.0-9.9 g/dl) short-acting ESA users, long-acting ESA users who achieved more optimal hemoglobin levels (10.0-10.9 g/dl) showed a higher mortality rate. CONCLUSIONS: Among patients undergoing hemodialysis, use of long-acting ESAs might be associated with a higher risk of death than use of short-acting ESAs.
Assuntos
Anemia/tratamento farmacológico , Darbepoetina alfa/efeitos adversos , Epoetina alfa/efeitos adversos , Falência Renal Crônica/mortalidade , Falência Renal Crônica/terapia , Idoso , Anemia/etiologia , Causas de Morte , Estudos de Coortes , Darbepoetina alfa/uso terapêutico , Relação Dose-Resposta a Droga , Esquema de Medicação , Epoetina alfa/uso terapêutico , Feminino , Humanos , Japão , Falência Renal Crônica/diagnóstico , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Análise Multivariada , Prognóstico , Modelos de Riscos Proporcionais , Sistema de Registros , Diálise Renal/efeitos adversos , Diálise Renal/métodos , Estudos Retrospectivos , Medição de Risco , Análise de Sobrevida , Resultado do TratamentoRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Molidustat, a novel hypoxia-inducible factor-prolyl hydroxylase inhibitor, is being investigated for the treatment of anemia associated with chronic kidney disease (CKD). The efficacy and safety of molidustat were recently evaluated in three 16-week phase 2b studies. Here, we report the results of two long-term extension studies of molidustat. METHODS: Both studies were parallel-group, open-label, multicenter studies of ≤36 months' duration, in patients with anemia due to CKD, and included an erythropoiesis-stimulating agent as active control. One study enrolled patients not receiving dialysis (n = 164), and the other enrolled patients receiving hemodialysis (n = 88). The primary efficacy variable for both studies was change in blood hemoglobin (Hb) level from baseline to each post-baseline visit, and safety outcomes included adverse events (AEs). RESULTS: In patients not on dialysis, the mean ± SD Hb concentrations at baseline were 11.28 ± 0.55 g/dL for molidustat and 11.08 ± 0.51 g/dL for darbepoetin. The mean ± SD blood Hb concentrations throughout the study (defined as mean of each patient's overall study Hb levels) were 11.10 ± 0.508 and 10.98 ± 0.571 g/dL in patients treated with molidustat and darbepoetin, respectively. Similar proportions of patients reported at least one AE in the molidustat (85.6%) and darbepoetin (85.7%) groups. In patients on dialysis, mean ± SD Hb levels at baseline were 10.40 ± 0.70 and 10.52 ± 0.53 g/dL in the molidustat and epoetin groups, respectively. The mean ± SD blood Hb concentrations during the study were 10.37 ± 0.56 g/dL in the molidustat group and 10.52 ± 0.47 g/dL in the epoetin group. Proportions of patients who reported at least one AE were 91.2% in the molidustat group and 93.3% in the epoetin group. CONCLUSIONS: Molidustat was well tolerated for up to 36 months and appears to be an effective alternative to darbepoetin and epoetin in the long-term management of anemia associated with CKD.
Assuntos
Anemia/tratamento farmacológico , Hematínicos/administração & dosagem , Pirazóis/administração & dosagem , Insuficiência Renal Crônica/complicações , Triazóis/administração & dosagem , Adulto , Idoso , Idoso de 80 Anos ou mais , Anemia/sangue , Anemia/etiologia , Darbepoetina alfa/administração & dosagem , Darbepoetina alfa/efeitos adversos , Esquema de Medicação , Epoetina alfa/administração & dosagem , Epoetina alfa/efeitos adversos , Feminino , Hematínicos/efeitos adversos , Hemoglobinas/análise , Humanos , Assistência de Longa Duração/métodos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Pirazóis/efeitos adversos , Diálise Renal , Insuficiência Renal Crônica/sangue , Insuficiência Renal Crônica/terapia , Fatores de Tempo , Resultado do Tratamento , Triazóis/efeitos adversosRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Unexpected serious adverse drug reactions (sADRs) affecting patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) who received erythropoiesis-stimulating agents were identified by study co-authors. These included pure red cell aplasia (PRCA) after administration of the Eprex formulation of epoetin or the epoetin biosimilar HX575 and fatal anaphylaxis associated with peginesatide, an erythropoietin receptor agonist. We developed and applied a structured framework to describe these sADRs, including root cause analyses and eradication efforts. METHODS: A 10-step framework termed "ANTICIPATE," focusing on signal identification, incidence, causality, and eradication guided our evaluations. RESULTS: Initial cases were identified by a hematologist (Eprex), clinical study monitors (HX575), and 4 nurses (peginesatide). The number of persons with individual ADRs was 13 PRCA cases for epoetin, 2 antibody-mediated PRCA cases for HX575, and 5 fatal anaphylaxis cases for peginesatide. Initial incidence estimates per 1000 treated persons were 0.27 for Eprex-associated PRCA, 11 for HX575-associated PRCA, and 0.38 for peginesatide fatalities. Likely causes were subcutaneous administration of epoetin formulated with polysorbate 80 (Eprex), tungsten leaching from pins included in product syringes (HX575), and inclusion of a phenol stabilizer (peginesatide). Eradication strategies included restricting Eprex administration to the intravenous route, excluding tungsten from HX575 syringes, and for peginesatide, proposed eradication was to return to single-dose vials without preservatives. CONCLUSION: Although the number of cases of each sADR was small, eradication was successful for 2 sADRs, and a proposed eradication was developed for a third sADR. The structured framework used to describe the above 3 sADRs in patients with CKD can also be used in other clinical settings.
Assuntos
Anafilaxia/epidemiologia , Hematínicos/efeitos adversos , Aplasia Pura de Série Vermelha/epidemiologia , Insuficiência Renal Crônica/complicações , Análise de Causa Fundamental/estatística & dados numéricos , Anafilaxia/induzido quimicamente , Hipersensibilidade a Drogas/epidemiologia , Hipersensibilidade a Drogas/etiologia , Epoetina alfa/efeitos adversos , Excipientes/efeitos adversos , Humanos , Incidência , Injeções Intravenosas/efeitos adversos , Injeções Subcutâneas/efeitos adversos , Peptídeos/efeitos adversos , Conservantes Farmacêuticos/efeitos adversos , Aplasia Pura de Série Vermelha/induzido quimicamente , Insuficiência Renal Crônica/sangue , Seringas/efeitos adversos , Tungstênio/efeitos adversosRESUMO
BACKGROUND: For patients with anemia undergoing hemodialysis, erythropoiesis-stimulating agents (ESAs) are typically dosed via precise algorithms. Using one such algorithm, we assessed the maintenance of hemoglobin levels in patients switched from epoetin alfa reference product (Epogen®) to epoetin alfa-epbx (RetacritTM; a biosimilar to US-licensed Epogen®/Procrit®). METHODS: This randomized, open-label, non-inferiority study was conducted at Fresenius Medical Care North America (FMCNA) hemodialysis centers. Patients with anemia and chronic kidney disease undergoing maintenance hemodialysis and receiving routine intravenous (IV) Epogen® were randomized 1: 1 to switch to IV RetacritTM or continue standard-of-care (Epogen®) for 24 weeks, using analogous versions of the FMCNA ESA-dosing algorithm. The primary endpoint was the proportion of time patients' hemoglobin was 9-11 g/dL during weeks 17-24. RESULTS: Of 432 randomized patients, 418 received treatment (RetacritTM, n = 212; standard-of-care, n = 206) and comprised the full analysis set. A similar proportion of patients discontinued from each arm. The proportion of time patients' hemoglobin was within the target range was 61.9% (95% CI 57.5-66.2) in the RetacritTM arm and 63.3% (95% CI 58.7-67.7) in the standard-of-care arm. The difference in proportions between treatment arms was -1.4% (95% CI -7.6 to 4.9), and the lower bound of the confidence interval was within the pre-specified non-inferiority margin of -12.5%. There was no statistically significant difference between arms in the mean change from baseline in the weekly mean ESA dose during weeks 17-24, and no clinically relevant differences in safety outcomes. CONCLUSIONS: Switching to RetacritTM was non-inferior to continuing -Epogen® in maintaining hemoglobin levels in patients receiving hemodialysis, when both ESAs were dosed using a specified algorithm (ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT02504294).
Assuntos
Anemia/tratamento farmacológico , Medicamentos Biossimilares/administração & dosagem , Epoetina alfa/administração & dosagem , Hematínicos/administração & dosagem , Falência Renal Crônica/complicações , Adulto , Idoso , Idoso de 80 Anos ou mais , Algoritmos , Anemia/sangue , Anemia/etiologia , Medicamentos Biossimilares/efeitos adversos , Relação Dose-Resposta a Droga , Cálculos da Dosagem de Medicamento , Substituição de Medicamentos , Epoetina alfa/efeitos adversos , Feminino , Hematínicos/efeitos adversos , Hemoglobinas/análise , Humanos , Injeções Intravenosas , Falência Renal Crônica/sangue , Falência Renal Crônica/terapia , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Diálise Renal/efeitos adversos , Estudos Retrospectivos , Resultado do Tratamento , Adulto JovemRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Anemia is one of the most prevalent complications in patients with chronic kidney disease, which is believed to be caused by the insufficient synthesis of erythropoietin by the kidney. This phase III study aimed to compare the efficacy and safety of CinnaPoietin® (epoetin beta, CinnaGen) with Eprex® (epoetin alfa, Janssen Cilag) in the treatment of anemia in ESRD hemodialysis patients. METHODS: In this randomized, active-controlled, double-blind, parallel, and non-inferiority trial, patients were randomized to receive either CinnaPoietin® or Eprex® for a 26-week period. The primary endpoints of this study were to assess the mean hemoglobin (Hb) change during the last 4 weeks of treatment from baseline along with the evaluation of the mean weekly epoetin dosage per kilogram of body weight that was necessary to maintain the Hb level within 10-12 g/dL during the last 4 weeks of treatment. As the secondary objective, safety was assessed along with other efficacy endpoints. RESULTS: A total of 156 patients were included in this clinical trial. There was no statistically significant difference between treatment groups regarding the mean Hb change (p = 0.21). In addition, the mean weekly epoetin dosage per kg of body weight for maintaining the Hb level within 10-12 g/dL showed no statistically significant difference between treatment arms (p = 0.63). Moreover, both products had comparable safety profiles. However, the incidence of Hb levels above 13 g/dL was significantly lower in the CinnaPoietin® group. CONCLUSION: CinnaPoietin® was proved to be non-inferior to Eprex® in the treatment of anemia in ESRD hemodialysis patients. The trial was registered in Clinicaltrials.gov (NCT03408639).
Assuntos
Anemia/tratamento farmacológico , Epoetina alfa/administração & dosagem , Eritropoetina/administração & dosagem , Hematínicos/administração & dosagem , Falência Renal Crônica/complicações , Adulto , Idoso , Anemia/sangue , Anemia/etiologia , Epoetina alfa/efeitos adversos , Eritropoetina/efeitos adversos , Feminino , Hematínicos/efeitos adversos , Hemoglobinas/análise , Humanos , Injeções Subcutâneas , Falência Renal Crônica/sangue , Falência Renal Crônica/terapia , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Estudos Prospectivos , Proteínas Recombinantes/administração & dosagem , Proteínas Recombinantes/efeitos adversos , Diálise Renal , Resultado do TratamentoRESUMO
Erythropoiesis-stimulating agents are first choice for treating anemia in low-risk MDS. This double-blind, placebo-controlled study assessed the efficacy and safety of epoetin-α in IPSS low- or intermediate-1 risk (i.e., low-risk) MDS patients with Hb ≤ 10.0 g/dL, with no or moderate RBC transfusion dependence (≤4 RBC units/8 weeks). Patients were randomized, 2:1, to receive epoetin-α 450 IU/kg/week or placebo for 24 weeks, followed by treatment extension in responders. The primary endpoint was erythroid response (ER) through Week 24. Dose adjustments were driven by weekly Hb-levels and included increases, and dose reductions/discontinuation if Hb > 12 g/dL. An independent Response Review Committee (RRC) blindly reviewed all responses, applying IWG-2006 criteria but also considering dose adjustments, drug interruptions and longer periods of observation.A total of 130 patients were randomized (85 to epoetin-α and 45 to placebo). The ER by IWG-2006 criteria was 31.8% for epoetin-α vs 4.4% for placebo (p < 0.001); after RRC review, the ER was 45.9 vs 4.4% (p < 0.001), respectively. Epoetin-α reduced RBC transfusions and increased the time-to-first-transfusion compared with placebo.Thus, epoetin-α significantly improved anemia outcomes in low-risk MDS. IWG-2006 criteria for ER may require amendments to better apply to clinical studies.
Assuntos
Anemia/tratamento farmacológico , Epoetina alfa/efeitos adversos , Epoetina alfa/uso terapêutico , Síndromes Mielodisplásicas/patologia , Adulto , Idoso , Idoso de 80 Anos ou mais , Anemia/metabolismo , Transfusão de Sangue/métodos , Método Duplo-Cego , Esquema de Medicação , Eritropoetina/metabolismo , Feminino , Hematínicos/uso terapêutico , Hemoglobinas/metabolismo , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Síndromes Mielodisplásicas/metabolismo , Resultado do TratamentoRESUMO
Erythropoiesis-stimulating agents, such as recombinant human erythropoietin, are commonly used for the treatment of anemia in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD). In 2007, HX575 (Binocrit®) became the first biosimilar epoetin alfa to be approved by the European Medicines Agency (EMA). The decision to approve a biosimilar is based on the totality of evidence obtained in a comprehensive comparability exercise that involves extensive analytical characterization, nonclinical studies and clinical studies. The development process for HX575 included extensive analytical characterization and comparison with the reference epoetin alfa. This was followed by a clinical development program, comprising Phase I pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic studies to show bioequivalence to the reference medicine and a confirmatory Phase III study to demonstrate therapeutic effectiveness in anemia related to CKD. In addition to the comparability exercises, extensive clinical experience over the last decade also confirms that HX575 provides an effective treatment for CKD-related anemia, with a favorable safety profile. Growing clinical experience with EMA-approved biosimilars, including HX575, should offer additional reassurance to health care professionals and patients that these agents are as effective and well tolerated as others in the therapeutic class.