Confocal microscopy 3D imaging and bioreactivity of La Palma volcanic ash particles.

In September 2021 an eruption began of Cumbre Vieja, La Palma (Spain) that lasted 3 months. Previous studies have shown that volcanic ash particles can be associated with adverse effects on human health however, the reasons for this are unclear. Particle shape has been shown to contribute to cellular uptake in prostate cancer cells. Hence we aimed to study 3D structure, elemental composition and effects on cultured lung cells of particles collected from the La Palma volcanic eruption. 3D imaging of PM10 sized and below particles was performed using a LEXT OLS4100 confocal microscope (Olympus Corporation, Japan). A Zeiss EVO 50 (Carl Zeiss AG, Germany) Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) was used to assess elemental composition. In addition, volcanic particle concentration dose response for pneumococcal adhesion to A549 human alveolar epithelial cells was investigated. Confocal microscopy showed that some PM10 and below sized particles had sharp or angular 3D appearance. SEM x-ray analysis indicated silicate particles with calcium, aluminium and iron. We observed increased colony forming units indicating increased Pneumococcal adhesion due to exposure of cells to volcanic particles. Thus in addition to the toxic nature of some volcanic particles, we suggest that the observed sharp surface particle features may help to explain adverse health effects associated with volcanic eruptions.

Noble gas isotopes reveal degassing-derived eruptions at Deception Island (Antarctica): implications for the current high levels of volcanic activity.

Deception Island is one of the most active volcanoes in Antarctica with more than twenty explosive eruptions in the past two centuries. Any future volcanic eruption(s) is a serious concern for scientists and tourists, will be detrimental to marine ecosystems and could have an impact to global oceanographic processes. Currently, it is not possible to carry-out low and high frequency volcanic gas monitoring at Deception Island because of the arduous climatic conditions and its remote location. Helium, neon and argon isotopes measured in olivine samples of the main eruptive events (pre-, syn- and post caldera) offer insights into the processes governing its volcanic history. Our results show that: (i) ascending primitive magmas outgassed volatiles with a MORB-like helium isotopic signature (3He/4He ratio); and (ii) variations in the He isotope ratio, as well as intensive degassing evidenced by fractionated 4He/40Ar* values, occurred before the beginning of the main eruptive episodes. Our results show how the pre-eruptive noble gas signals of volcanic activity is an important step toward a better understanding of the magmatic dynamics and has the potential to improve eruption forecasting.

Burn Lessons Learned From the Whakaari White Island Volcanic Eruption.

New Zealand's most active volcano, Whakaari White Island was a common tourist attraction prior to its eruption on December 9, 2019. At the time of the eruption, there were 47 people on the island from 3 tour groups. Thirty-nine people survived the initial eruption and were extracted. Thirty-one entered into the New Zealand National Burn Service across four hospitals. The median age of the patients treated at the National Burn Centre was 45.5 years (range: 14-67 years) and median TBSA burn was 49.5% (range: 9%-90%). The 3-month survival of this eruptive event was 55%, which subsequently fell to an overall rate of 53% following one late death of an early survivor after repatriation home. Of the patients who survived the initial eruption for long enough to be admitted to the National Burn Service, the overall survival rate was 71% at 3 months. We describe 12 lessons we have learnt from our management of the survivors. The key surgical lessons among these are: 1) The injuring mechanism combined ballistic trauma, thermal and acidic burn components, with the acid component being the most problematic and urgent for management; 2) Volcanic ash burns result in ongoing burn depth progression, deep underlying tissue damage and significant metabolic instability; 3) Early skin grafting was not successful in many cases; 4) Reconstructive strategy needed adjusting to cope with the high operative demand and limited donor sites in all patients; 5) Protect yourself from potential dangers with additional personal protective equipment in an unfamiliar setting.

The Health Hazards of Volcanoes: First Evidence of Neuroinflammation in the Hippocampus of Mice Exposed to Active Volcanic Surroundings.

Neuroinflammation is a process related to the onset of neurodegenerative diseases; one of the hallmarks of this process is microglial reactivation and the secretion by these cells of proinflammatory cytokines such as TNFα. Numerous studies report the relationship between neuroinflammatory processes and exposure to anthropogenic air pollutants, but few refer to natural pollutants. Volcanoes are highly inhabited natural sources of environmental pollution that induce changes in the nervous system, such as reactive astrogliosis or the blood-brain barrier breakdown in exposed individuals; however, no neuroinflammatory event has been yet defined. To this purpose, we studied resting microglia, reactive microglia, and TNFα production in the brains of mice chronically exposed to an active volcanic environment on the island of São Miguel (Azores, Portugal). For the first time, we demonstrate a proliferation of microglial cells and an increase in reactive microglia, as well an increase in TNFα secretion, in the central nervous system of individuals exposed to volcanogenic pollutants.

Iron and total organic carbon shape the spatial distribution pattern of sediment Fe(III) reducing bacteria in a volcanic lake, NE China.

Fe(III) reducing bacteria (FeRB) play a vital role in the biogeochemical cycle of Fe, C and N in nature. The volcanic lake can be considered as an ideal habitat for FeRB. Here, we investigated the diversity and spatial distribution of FeRB in sediments of Wenbo lake in Wudalianchi volcano based on culture-dependent and independent methods. A total of 28 isolates affiliated with the genera of Enterobacter, Bacillus, Pseudomonas and Clostridium were obtained from 18 sediment samples. We detected 783 operational taxonomic units (OTUs) belonged to FeRB using high high-throughput sequencing, and the dominant phyla were Proteobacteria (3.65%), Acidobacteria (0.29%), Firmicutes (10.78%). The representative FeRB genera such as Geobacter, Pseudomonas, Thiobacillus and Acinetobacter distributed widely in Wenbo lake. Results showed that the diversity and abundance of FeRB declined along the water-flow direction from Libo to Jingbo. In contrast, the FeRB diversity decreased and the FeRB abundance increased along with depth transect of sediments. It was found that the dominant phylum changed from Firmicutes to Proteobacteria along the water-flow direction, while changed from Proteobacteria to Firmicutes along with the depth of sediments. RDA indicated that the FeRB distribution were driven by soluble total iron, total organic carbon, Fe(II) and Fe(III). These will provide information for understanding the role of FeRB in the elements geochemical cycles in the volcanic environment.

Thyroid Stem Cells But Not Differentiated Thyrocytes Are Sensitive to Slightly Increased Concentrations of Heavy Metals.

Thyroid cancer incidence is markedly increased in volcanic areas where residents are biocontaminated by chronic lifelong exposure to slightly increased metals in the environment. Metals can influence the biology of living cells by a variety of mechanisms, depending not only on the dose and length of exposure but also on the type and stage of differentiation of target cells. We explored the effect of five heavy metals (Cu, Hg, Pd, W and Zn) at nanomolar concentrations (the biocontamination level in residents of the volcanic area in Sicily where thyroid cancer is increased) on stimulating the proliferation of undifferentiated (thyrospheres) and differentiated human thyroid cells. Thyrosphere proliferation was significantly increased after exposure to each individual metal and a greater stimulating effect was observed when a mixture of the examined metals was used. No effect was seen in differentiated thyrocytes. For all metals, the dose-response curve followed a biphasic pattern that is typical of hormesis. Thyrosphere growth concerned the size rather than number, except with the metal mixture. An altered morphology was also observed in metal-treated thyrospheres. Metal-induced proliferation was due to activation of the ERK1/2 pathway, as confirmed by growth inhibition when ERK1/2 signaling was blocked. These studies show that stem/precursor thyroid cells are sensitive to small increases in environmental metal concentrations that are harmless for differentiated thyrocytes.

Exposure to emissions from Mount Etna (Sicily, Italy) and incidence of thyroid cancer: a geographic analysis.

An increased incidence of thyroid cancer has been reported in the area close to Mount Etna, the largest volcano in Europe located in Northeastern Sicily. We tested the hypothesis that exposure to the emissions from the volcano is associated with thyroid cancer in 186 municipalities from three provinces surrounding the volcano (1.9 million inhabitants). We measured the angle between the bearing of the municipalities and each direction, with special focus on South-East, the prevalent direction of the plume, and conducted a regression analysis on 2003-2016 incidence rates of thyroid cancer, adjusting for distance from Mount Etna, population size, and income. A 10-degree increase in the angle with South-East was associated with a decrease in thyroid cancer rates in the whole population (- 0.67 cases/100,000, p = 0.002) and in women (- 1.54/100,000, p < 0.001), and were robust to several sensitivity analyses. Similar results were obtained for East-South-East direction. These results support the hypothesis of a potential role of exposure to the plume from Mount Etna in determining the high rates of thyroid cancer. The results need to be confirmed in analytical studies, in which information of exposure to chemicals originating from the volcano, as well as other possible causes, should be carefully measured, molecular characteristics of the tumors and taken into account.

[Metal content and trace elements in groundwater supply of the island of El Hierro (Canary Islands, Spain).] / Contenido de metales y elementos traza en aguas subterráneas de abastecimiento de la isla de El Hierro (islas Canarias, España).

OBJECTIVE: Volcanic eruptions are a natural source of substances potentially dangerous to human health. The island of El Hierro (Canary Islands, Spain) suffered a marine volcanic eruption in 2012, making it necessary to monitor the levels of certain elements that can alter the quality of groundwater supply. The objective of this work was to determine the content of metals and trace elements in the groundwater supply of the Isla del Hierro and to check if they met the quality parameters established in Spanish legislation. METHODS: The content of metals and trace elements (aluminum, lead, cadmium, calcium, potassium, sodium, magnesium, boron, barium, cobalt, chromium, copper, iron, lithium, manganese, molybdenum, nickel, strontium, vanadium, zinc, fluorine) in a total of 60 samples of groundwater supply and agriculture from six different sampling points on the island. The determination was carried out by inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrophotometry (ICP-OES) and by fluoride ion selective potentiometry. The data were statistically analyzed applying the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test, Levene's statistic, Kruskal-Wallis, Mann-Whitney U, ANOVA and Tukey's test. Significant differences were those that met p<0.05. RESULTS: The highest mean concentration of lead was recorded in the Tigaday samples (0.003±0.0005 mg/L), finding statistically significant differences (p<0.05) in the lead levels between the sampling points. The elements analyzed were below the parametric values set in Royal Decree 140/2003. CONCLUSIONS: The results obtained reflect that, in all the samples analyzed, the quality parameters established in the Spanish legislation (RD 140/2003) are met, being, therefore, waters suitable for human consumption.

OBJETIVO: Las erupciones volcánicas son una fuente natural de sustancias potencialmente peligrosas para la salud humana. La isla de El Hierro (Islas Canarias, España) sufrió una erupción volcánica marina en el año 2012, siendo necesaria la monitorización de los niveles de ciertos elementos que pueden alterar la calidad de las aguas subterráneas de abastecimiento. El objetivo de este trabajo fue determinar el contenido de metales y elementos traza de las aguas subterráneas de abastecimiento de la Isla del Hierro y comprobar si cumplían los parámetros de calidad establecidos en la legislación española. METODOS: Se determinó el contenido de metales y elementos traza (aluminio, plomo, cadmio, calcio, potasio, sodio, magnesio, boro, bario, cobalto, cromo, cobre, hierro, litio, manganeso, molibdeno, níquel, estroncio, vanadio, zinc, flúor) en un total de 60 muestras de agua subterránea de abastecimiento y de agricultura procedentes de seis puntos diferentes de muestreo de la isla. La determinación fue llevada a cabo mediante espectrofotometría de emisión óptica de plasma acoplado inductivamente (ICP-OES) y mediante potenciometría de ion selectivo de fluoruro. Los datos fueron analizados estadísticamente aplicando los tests de Kolmogorov-Smirnov, estadístico de Levene, Kruskal-Wallis, U de Mann-Whitney, ANOVA y test de Tukey. Se consideraron diferencias significativas aquellas que cumplían p<0,05. RESULTADOS: La mayor concentración media de plomo se registró en las muestras de Tigaday (0,003±0,0005 mg/L), encontrándose diferencias estadísticamente significativas (p<0,05) en los niveles de plomo entre los puntos de muestreo. Los elementos analizados se encontraban por debajo de los valores paramétricos fijados en el Real Decreto 140/2003. CONCLUSIONES: Los resultados obtenidos reflejan que, en todas las muestras analizadas, los parámetros de calidad establecidos en la legislación española (RD 140/2003) se cumplen, siendo, por lo tanto, aguas aptas para el consumo humano.

Jeju Magma-Seawater Inhibits α-MSH-Induced Melanogenesis via CaMKKß-AMPK Signaling Pathways in B16F10 Melanoma Cells.

Melanin protects skin from ultraviolet radiation, toxic drugs, and chemicals. Its synthesis is sophisticatedly regulated by multiple mechanisms, including transcriptional and enzymatic controls. However, uncontrolled excessive production of melanin can cause serious dermatological disorders, such as freckles, melasma, solar lentigo, and cancer. Moreover, melanogenesis disorders are also linked to neurodegenerative diseases. Therefore, there is a huge demand for safer and more potent inhibitors of melanogenesis. In the present study, we report novel inhibitory effects of Jeju magma-seawater (JMS) on melanogenesis induced by α-melanocyte stimulating hormone (α-MSH) in B16F10 melanoma cells. JMS is the abundant underground seawater found in Jeju Island, a volcanic island of Korea. Research into the physiological effects of JMS is rapidly increasing due to its high contents of various minerals that are essential to human health. However, little is known about the effects of JMS on melanogenesis. Here, we demonstrate that JMS safely and effectively inhibits α-MSH-induced melanogenesis via the CaMKKß (calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase ß)-AMPK (5' adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase) signaling pathway. We further demonstrate that AMPK inhibits the signaling pathways of protein kinase A and MAPKs (mitogen-activated protein kinase), which are critical for melanogenesis-related gene expression. Our results highlight the potential of JMS as a novel therapeutic agent for ameliorating skin pigmentation-related disorders.

COVID-19: Pandemic in Ecuador: a health disparities perspective / COVID-19: pandemia en Ecuador desde una perspectiva de las disparidades de salud

ABSTRACT The global COVID-19 pandemic initiated in Ecuador with the patient zero in February 2020 and since more than 40,000 persons have been tested positive to the virus, leaving some 3,500 deceased, while approximately about 10,500 persons above annual average numbers died within March to May. A strict lockdown was applied by mid-March, which resulted to a severe economic crisis in the country. Although during the lockdown occurred a notable decrease in the number of new cases, the spread of the infection was already massive, untechnical, political and economic decisions will certainly lead to continuous wave of infections for months. Objective Our study postulates, that persons who are most likely to be infected during such secondary wave will be people who have already health issues to which we count besides the known ones, especially those who are already suffer by the distribution of volcanic ashes, as such pyroclastic material is known to affect lunges and thyroids. Methods A descriptive ecological study of information related to COVID-19 infection at a national level using official data from the Minister of Public Health and volcanic ash fall by geographical area in Ecuador. Results The mortality rate per canton indicated that those with lower attack rates are the ones with highest mortality rate. For instance, Portovelo (21.3/100,000), Playas (18.4/100,000), Santa Rosa (15.8/100,000), Suscal (15.3/100,000) and Penipe (14.3/100,000) reported the highest mortality rate per 100,000 people. The main distribution of such volcanic material is within the central to northern area of the Highlands and Inter-Andean Valley of Ecuador, due to the analysis of some 7394 satellite images of the last 21 years. Conclusions We conclude that areas with high vulnerabilities are also most susceptible to develop COVID-19. Such areas with their respective populations will be affected above average and shall be protected in particular within the presently starting during possible second wave of infection.(AU)

RESUMEN La pandemia de COVID-19 inició en Ecuador en febrero de 2020. Desde el inicio más de 40 000 personas han sido oficialmente diagnosticadas con el virus, que ha dejado al menos 3 500 fallecidas, mientras que aproximadamente unas 10 500 personas por encima del promedio anual murieron entre marzo y mayo de 2020. A mediados de marzo se aplicó el confinamiento absoluto en el país, lo que provocó una grave crisis económica y social en Ecuador. Aunque el bloqueo produjo una reducción en el número de casos, la infección estaba propagada ya entre la comunidad y los diagnósticos aumentaron notable debido a decisiones políticas y económicas, que, sin lugar a duda, conducirán a oleadas posteriores de infección por incluso meses. Objetivo Nuestro estudio postula que las personas que tienen más probabilidades de infectarse durante dicha ola secundaria serán las personas que ya tengan problemas de salud. A la vez, proponemos que aquellos pobladores que ya están sufriendo por la caída de cenizas volcánicas y flujos piroclásticos pueden tener más riesgo tal como lo describimos en casos relacionados con cáncer de tiroides y ceniza. Métodos Es un estudio ecológico descriptivo de la información relacionada con la infección por COVID-19 a nivel nacional, utilizando datos oficiales de contagio del Ministerio de Salud Pública y caída de cenizas volcánicas por área geográfica en Ecuador. Resultados La tasa de mortalidad por cantón indicó que aquellos con tasas de ataque más bajas son los que tienen la tasa de mortalidad más alta. Por ejemplo, Portovelo (21,3 / 100.000), Playas (18,4 / 100.000), Santa Rosa (15,8 / 100 000), Suscal (15,3 / 100 000) y Penipe (14,3 / 100 000) registraron la tasa de mortalidad más alta por cada 100 000 personas. La principal distribución de dicho material volcánico se encuentra dentro de la zona centro-norte de la Sierra y Valle Interandino del Ecuador, debido al análisis de unas 7 394 imágenes satelitales de los últimos 21 años. Conclusiones Concluimos que las áreas con alta vulnerabilidad también son más susceptibles a desarrollar COVID-19. Tales áreas con sus respectivas poblaciones se verán afectadas por encima de la media y estarán protegidas, en particular, dentro del inicio actual durante una posible segunda ola de infección.(AU)

Increased Thyroid Cancer Incidence in Volcanic Areas: A Role of Increased Heavy Metals in the Environment?

Thyroid cancer incidence is significantly increased in volcanic areas, where relevant non-anthropogenic pollution with heavy metals is present in the environment. This review will discuss whether chronic lifelong exposure to slightly increased levels of metals can contribute to the increase in thyroid cancer in the residents of a volcanic area. The influence of metals on living cells depends on the physicochemical properties of the metals and their interaction with the target cell metallostasis network, which includes transporters, intracellular binding proteins, and metal-responsive elements. Very little is known about the carcinogenic potential of slightly increased metal levels on the thyroid, which might be more sensitive to mutagenic damage because of its unique biology related to iodine, which is a very reactive and strongly oxidizing agent. Different mechanisms could explain the specific carcinogenic effect of borderline/high environmental levels of metals on the thyroid, including (a) hormesis, the nonlinear response to chemicals causing important biological effects at low concentrations; (b) metal accumulation in the thyroid relative to other tissues; and (c) the specific effects of a mixture of different metals. Recent evidence related to all of these mechanisms is now available, and the data are compatible with a cause-effect relationship between increased metal levels in the environment and an increase in thyroid cancer incidence.

Risk Factors for Duty-Related Posttraumatic Stress Disorder among Police Officers in the Mt. Ontake Eruption Disaster-Support Task Force.

Mount Ontake in Nagano Prefecture, Japan erupted on 27 September 2014. Many police officers were called in for duty as a disaster-support task force. We investigated the association between the peritraumatic situation and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms in these police officers. In January 2015, a health survey (OHS) on disaster stress related to the Mt. Ontake eruption disaster support work was distributed to all of the police officers and staff involved in the disaster support. We analyzed the 213 participants who had PTSD symptoms following the eruption and no missing OHS data. Logistic regression analyses were conducted to clarify the relationship between the participants' symptom severity and their peritraumatic situation (i.e., stressors and daily support prior to the eruption, disaster-support work duties, and postdisaster stress relief). The symptom severity was associated with 'more than seven cumulative days at work' (odds ratio [OR] = 2.47, 1.21-5.06), 'selecting drinking and/or smoking as stress relief after disaster-support work' (OR = 2.35, 1.09-5.04), and 'female' (OR = 3.58, 1.19-10.77). As disaster-support work, 'supporting the victims' families' (OR = 1.99, 0.95-4.21) tended to be associated with symptom severity. The number of days of disaster-support work, stress-relief behavior, and gender were associated with the severity of PTSD symptoms.

Dictyobacter vulcani sp. nov., belonging to the class Ktedonobacteria, isolated from soil of the Mt Zao volcano.

An aerobic, Gram-stain-positive, mesophilic Ktedonobacteria strain, W12T, was isolated from soil of the Mt Zao volcano in Miyagi, Japan. Cells were filamentous, non-motile, and grew at 20-37 °C (optimally at 30 °C), at pH 5.0-7.0 (optimally at pH 6.0) and with <2 % (w/v) NaCl on 10-fold diluted Reasoner's 2A (R2A) medium. Oval-shaped spores were formed on aerial mycelia. Strain W12T hydrolysed microcrystalline cellulose and xylan very weakly, and used d-glucose as its sole carbon source. The major menaquinone was MK-9, and the major cellular fatty acids were C16 : 1 2-OH, iso-C17 : 0, summed feature 9 (10-methyl C16 : 0 and/or iso-C17 : 1ω9c) and anteiso-C17 : 0. Cell-wall sugars were mannose and xylose, and cell-wall amino acids were d-glutamic acid, glycine, l-serine, d-alanine, l-alanine, ß-alanine and l-ornithine. Polar lipids were phosphatidylinositol, phosphatidylglycerol, diphosphatidylglycerol, an unidentified glycolipid and an unidentified phospholipid. Strain W12T has a genome of 7.42 Mb with 49.7 mol% G+C content. Nine copies of 16S rRNA genes with a maximum dissimilarity of 1.02 % and 13 biosynthetic gene clusters mainly coding for peptide products were predicted in the genome. Phylogenetic analysis based on both 16S rRNA gene and whole genome sequences indicated that strain W12T represents a novel species in the genus Dictyobacter. The most closely related Dictyobacter type strain was Dictyobacter alpinus Uno16T, with 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity and genomic average nucleotide identity of 98.37 % and 80.00 %, respectively. Herein, we propose the name Dictyobacter vulcani sp. nov. for the type strain W12T (=NBRC 113551T=BCRC 81169T) in the bacterial class Ktedonobacteria.

Ocean acidification affects biological activities of seaweeds: A case study of Sargassum vulgare from Ischia volcanic CO2 vents.

We utilized volcanic CO2 vents at Castello Aragonese off Ischia Island as a natural laboratory to investigate the effect of lowered pH/elevated CO2 on the bioactivities of extracts from fleshy brown algae Sargassum vulgare C. Agardh. We analysed the carbohydrate levels, antioxidant capacity, antibacterial, antifungal, antiprotozoal, anticancer properties and antimutagenic potential of the algae growing at the acidified site (pH âˆ¼ 6.7) and those of algae growing at the nearby control site Lacco Ameno (pH∼8.1). The results of the present study show that the levels of polysaccharides fucoidan and alginate were higher in the algal population at acidified site. In general, extracts for the algal population from the acidified site showed a higher antioxidant capacity, antilipidperoxidation, antibacterial, antifungal, antiprotozoal, anticancer activities and antimutagenic potential compared to the control population. The increased bioactivity in acidified population could be due to elevated levels of bioactive compounds of algae and/or associated microbial communities. In this snapshot study, we performed bioactivity assays but did not characterize the chemistry and source of presumptive bioactive compounds. Nevertheless, the observed improvement in the medicinal properties of S. vulgare in the acidified oceans provides a promising basis for future marine drug discovery.

Assessment of the potential for in-plume sulphur dioxide gas-ash interactions to influence the respiratory toxicity of volcanic ash.

BACKGROUND: Volcanic plumes are complex environments composed of gases and ash particles, where chemical and physical processes occur at different temperature and compositional regimes. Commonly, soluble sulphate- and chloride-bearing salts are formed on ash as gases interact with ash surfaces. Exposure to respirable volcanic ash following an eruption is potentially a significant health concern. The impact of such gas-ash interactions on ash toxicity is wholly un-investigated. Here, we study, for the first time, whether the interaction of volcanic particles with sulphur dioxide (SO2) gas, and the resulting presence of sulphate salt deposits on particle surfaces, influences toxicity to the respiratory system, using an advanced in vitro approach. METHODS: To emplace surface sulphate salts on particles, via replication of the physicochemical reactions that occur between pristine ash surfaces and volcanic gas, analogue substrates (powdered synthetic volcanic glass and natural pumice) were exposed to SO2 at 500 °C, in a novel Advanced Gas-Ash Reactor, resulting in salt-laden particles. The solubility of surface salt deposits was then assessed by leaching in water and geochemical modelling. A human multicellular lung model was exposed to aerosolised salt-laden and pristine (salt-free) particles, and incubated for 24 h. Cell cultures were subsequently assessed for biological endpoints, including cytotoxicity (lactate dehydrogenase release), oxidative stress (oxidative stress-related gene expression; heme oxygenase 1 and NAD(P)H dehydrogenase [quinone] 1) and its (pro-)inflammatory response (tumour necrosis factor α, interleukin 8 and interleukin 1ß at gene and protein levels). RESULTS: In the lung cell model no significant effects were observed between the pristine and SO2-exposed particles, indicating that the surface salt deposits, and the underlying alterations to the substrate, do not cause acute adverse effects in vitro. Based on the leachate data, the majority of the sulphate salts from the ash surfaces are likely to dissolve in the lungs prior to cellular uptake. CONCLUSIONS: The findings of this study indicate that interaction of volcanic ash with SO2 during ash generation and transport does not significantly affect the respiratory toxicity of volcanic ash in vitro. Therefore, sulphate salts are unlikely a dominant factor controlling variability in in vitro toxicity assessments observed during previous eruption response efforts.

Taxonomic and functional characterization of a microbial community from a volcanic englacial ecosystem in Deception Island, Antarctica.

Glaciers are populated by a large number of microorganisms including bacteria, archaea and microeukaryotes. Several factors such as solar radiation, nutrient availability and water content greatly determine the diversity and abundance of these microbial populations, the type of metabolism and the biogeochemical cycles. Three ecosystems can be differentiated in glaciers: supraglacial, subglacial and englacial ecosystems. Firstly, the supraglacial ecosystem, sunlit and oxygenated, is predominantly populated by photoautotrophic microorganisms. Secondly, the subglacial ecosystem contains a majority of chemoautotrophs that are fed on the mineral salts of the rocks and basal soil. Lastly, the englacial ecosystem is the least studied and the one that contains the smallest number of microorganisms. However, these unknown englacial microorganisms establish a food web and appear to have an active metabolism. In order to study their metabolic potentials, samples of englacial ice were taken from an Antarctic glacier. Microorganisms were analyzed by a polyphasic approach that combines a set of -omic techniques: 16S rRNA sequencing, culturomics and metaproteomics. This combination provides key information about diversity and functions of microbial populations, especially in rare habitats. Several whole essential proteins and enzymes related to metabolism and energy production, recombination and translation were found that demonstrate the existence of cellular activity at subzero temperatures. In this way it is shown that the englacial microorganisms are not quiescent, but that they maintain an active metabolism and play an important role in the glacial microbial community.

Environmental Risk Assessment of Metals in the Volcanic Soil of Changbai Mountain.

Tianchi volcano is a dormant active volcano with a risk of re-eruption. Volcanic soil and volcanic ash samples were collected around the volcano and the concentrations of 21 metals (major and trace elements) were determined. The spatial distribution of the metals was obtained by inverse distance weight (IDW) interpolation. The metals' sources were identified and their pollution levels were assessed to determine their potential ecological and human health risks. The metal concentrations were higher around Tianchi and at the north to the west of the study area. According to the geo-accumulation index (Igeo), enrichment factor (EF) and contamination factor (CF) calculations, Zn pollution was high in the study area. Pearson's correlation analysis and principal component analysis showed that with the exception of Fe, Mn and As, the metals that were investigated (Al, K, Ca, Na, Mg, Ti, Cu, Pb, Zn, Cr, Ni, Ba, Ga, Li, Co, Cd, Sn, Sr) were mostly naturally derived. A small proportion of Li, Pb and Zn may have come from vehicle traffic. There is no potential ecological risk and non-carcinogenic risk because of the low concentrations of the metals; however, it is necessary to pay attention to the carcinogenic risk of Cr and As in children.

Impacto respiratorio de la exposición aguda a las cenizas volcánicas en la Patagonia Argentina: un estudio transversal / Respiratory impact of acute exposure to volcanic ash in Argentine Patagonia: a cross-sectional study

Antecedentes: Las personas expuestas a cenizas volcánicas presentan incremento de los síntomas respiratorios. La duración de la exposición, las características y concentración de la ceniza son determinantes en el impacto sobre la salud respiratoria. Objetivos: Describir la prevalencia de sibilancias en el último año en la población adulta expuesta a la caída de ceniza volcánica en dos ciudades con diferente nivel de exposición. Secundariamente describir la prevalencia de síntomas oculares y respiratorios en esas poblaciones. Materiales y métodos: Se realizó estudio de corte transversal cinco días después de la erupción del volcán Calbuco, en dos ciudades patagónicas con diferente nivel de exposición (alta y baja exposición). La prevalencia de sibilancias, síntomas respiratorios y oculares, se evaluaron mediante la encuesta telefónica por sistema interactivo de voz. Resultados: La prevalencia de sibilancias fue similar en las ciudades de baja y alta exposición (30.2% vs. 31.0%; p: 0.82). Los síntomas respiratorios y los síntomas oculares fueron 32% y 57% respectivamente (p: NS). Conclusión: Luego de la erupción del volcán Calbuco, una alta proporción de la población expuesta reportó sibilancias, síntomas respiratorios y oculares. No se demostraron diferencias entre las ciudades analizadas. La prevalencia de sibilancias fue mayor en estas ciudades que la reportada a nivel nacional. Síntomas respiratorios, prevalencia de sibilancias en adultos mayor a lo reportado por a nivel nacional.

Impact on the Respiratory Airways of Acute Exposure to Volcanic Ash in the Patagonia: Cross-Sectional Study

History: People exposed to volcanic ash show increased respiratory symptoms. The duration of exposure, the characteristics and ash concentration are determinants of the impact on respiratory health. Objectives: To describe the prevalence of wheezing over the past year within the adult population exposed to volcanic ash spilling in two cities with different levels of exposure. Secondarily, to describe the prevalence of ocular and respiratory symptoms in those populations. Materials and methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted five days after the eruption of the Calbuco volcano in two Patagonian cities with different levels of exposure (high and low levels of exposure). The prevalence of wheezing and respiratory and ocular symptoms was evaluated by means of telephone surveys conducted through an interactive voice response system. Results: The prevalence of wheezing was similar both in cities with low and with high levels of exposure (30.2% vs. 31.0%; p: 0.82). The respiratory and ocular symptoms were 32% and 57%, respectively (p: NS). Conclusion: After the eruption of the Calbuco volcano, a high proportion of the exposed population showed wheezing and respiratory and ocular symptoms. No differences were shown between the analyzed cities. The prevalence of wheezing in these cities was higher than that reported on the national level. The respiratory symptoms and the prevalence of wheezing in adults were higher than those reported on the national level.