The Fresh Frozen Cadaveric Study of Direct Pouch of Douglas Laparoscopic and Robotic Trocar Insertion for Vaginal Natural Orifice Transluminal Endoscopic Surgery.

STUDY OBJECTIVE: To determine the distances and angles that assure a safe entry into the pouch of Douglas (POD) during blind laparoscopic and robotic trocar entry. DESIGN: Trocars were inserted into the POD of 4 intact fresh frozen female pelves. Cadaveric dissection was performed, and the distance from the POD to the sacrum at rest and with maximal pressure to POD with the trocar was measured. In addition, the optimal angle for trocar insertion and entry was evaluated. SETTING: Inova Advanced Simulation and Technology Evaluation Center. PATIENTS: Fresh frozen cadavers with intact reproductive organs. INTERVENTIONS: Vaginal POD trocar insertion. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: Measurements were recorded from the sacrum to the POD at rest and from the sacrum to the hymen with trocar pressure. The dissection demonstrated correct trocar placement in the POD of human cadaveric specimens. The mean distances from the sacrum to the hymen, the sacrum to the POD, and the sacrum to the POD with pressure were 18.75 cm, 9.75 cm, and 7.25 cm, respectively. After the deployment of the trocar, the tip was observed to be 2 cm below the cervix in the POD. The mean trocar angle to clear the sacral promontory and the neurovascular structures without injury to the uterus was 25° to 40° from the horizontal plane and 15° to 30° from the coronal plane. CONCLUSION: A direct trocar entry into the POD has been found to be feasible in fresh frozen cadaveric specimens. This study provided valuable information for the angle of entry into the POD to facilitate vaginal and robotic trocar entry for minimally invasive gynecologic procedures.

Case Report: Molecular Identification of Larval Taenia martis Infection in the Pouch of Douglas.

Taenia martis is a tapeworm dwelling in the intestine of mustelids and a rare zoonotic cysticercosis pathogen in its larval stage. The metacestode is morphologically very similar to more prevalent cysticercosis parasites, such as the larvae of Taenia solium and Taenia crassiceps, and may be indistinguishable from other metacestodes on histological sections. However, the epidemiology of human T. martis infections is different, and for prognosis, prevention, and detection of natural parasite reservoirs, the species should be identified. We here report the molecular identification of a T. martis larva located in the pouch of Douglas in a female German patient who underwent surgery for endometriosis. This case represents the fifth human infection described worldwide; all previous cases were also in European women, involving the eye, brain, and the peritoneum.

Comparison of Laparoscopic Hysterectomy in Patients with Endometriosis with and without an Obliterated Cul-de-sac.

STUDY OBJECTIVE: To determine if intraoperative outcomes for patients undergoing laparoscopic hysterectomy with endometriosis and an obliterated cul-de-sac are different than patients with endometriosis and no obliteration of the cul-de-sac. DESIGN: A retrospective cohort study. SETTING: An academic tertiary care hospital. PATIENTS: Patients undergoing total laparoscopic hysterectomy with endometriosis between 2012 and 2016. INTERVENTIONS: Total laparoscopic hysterectomy, laparoscopic modified radical hysterectomy, and other procedures as indicated. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: A total of 333 patients undergoing hysterectomy were found to have endometriosis at the time of surgery. Ninety-six (29%) patients were found to have stage IV endometriosis as defined by the American Society for Reproductive Medicine staging criteria. Of those, 55 (57%) had an obliterated cul-de-sac, and 41 (43%) did not. The remaining 237 (71%) patients had stage I, II, or III endometriosis. Fifty-one (93%) patients with an obliterated cul-de-sac required laparoscopic modified radical hysterectomy compared with 12 (29%) patients with stage IV endometriosis without obliteration and 60 (25%) patients with stages I through III endometriosis (p < .0001). The median total surgical time in minutes differed among the 3 groups as follows: obliterated cul-de-sac = 159 minutes, stage IV endometriosis without obliteration = 108 minutes, and stages I through III endometriosis = 116 minutes (p <.0001). Additional procedures at the time of hysterectomy were more frequently performed for patients with an obliterated cul-de-sac and included salpingectomy (p = .02), ureterolysis (p <.0001), enterolysis (p <.0001), cystoscopy (p = .0006), ureteral stenting (p <.0001), proctoscopy (p <.0001), oversewing of the bowel (p <.0001), and anterior resection and anastomosis (p = .006). CONCLUSION: Patients with stage IV endometriosis and an obliterated cul-de-sac required laparoscopic modified radical hysterectomy and various other intraoperative procedures more than patients with stage IV endometriosis without obliteration and stages I through III. Patients with obliterated cul-de-sacs who are identified intraoperatively should be referred to minimally invasive gynecologic specialists because of the difficult nature of these procedures and extra training required to perform them safely with limited morbidity.

Predicting Pouch of Douglas Obliteration Using Ultrasound and Laparoscopic Video Sets: An Interobserver and Diagnostic Accuracy Study.

OBJECTIVES: To investigate the diagnostic accuracy and interobserver agreement among sonologists when assessing offline ultrasound (US) video sets of the "sliding sign" and among gynecologic surgeons when assessing corresponding laparoscopic video sets to predict pouch of Douglas (POD) obliteration and to compare the performance of the groups. METHODS: A diagnostic and reproducibility study was conducted, including 15 observers in 4 groups: (1) senior sonologists, (2) junior sonologists, (3) general gynecologists, and (4) advanced laparoscopists. The sonologists viewed 25 offline preoperative US video sets of the sliding sign, and the surgeons viewed the corresponding intraoperative laparoscopic videos of the same patients. Each observer was asked to classify POD obliteration in the video sets and was compared to the reference standard POD state determined at real-time laparoscopy by a single investigator (G.C.). The interobserver correlation and diagnostic accuracy were evaluated among the 15 observers and 4 groups. The Cohen κ coefficient and Fleiss κ coefficient were used for the analysis. RESULTS: The overall accuracy, sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, and negative predictive value for senior sonologists were 93.3%, 100%, 89.6%, 84.4%, and 100%, respectively; for junior sonologists, 70.0%, 88.9%, 59.4%, 55.2%, and 90.5%; for general gynecologists, 75.2%, 88.1%, 78.1%, 69.8%, and 91.9%; and for advanced laparoscopists, 82.4%, 91.9%, 90.8%, 82.9%, and 95.8%. The overall agreement between senior sonologists was almost perfect (Fleiss κ = 0.876); for junior sonologists and general gynecologists, it was moderate (Fleiss κ = 0.589 and 0.528); and for advanced laparoscopists, it was substantial (Fleiss κ = 0.652). CONCLUSIONS: Interobserver agreement was superior among senior sonologists. Prediction of POD obliteration using offline US videos by senior sonologists is comparable to offline assessments of laparoscopic videos by advanced laparoscopists for prediction of POD obliteration.

Inflammatory Myofibroblastic Tumor Arising in the Cul-De-Sac, Mimicking Ectopic Decidua.

Extra-ovarian neoplasms incidentally discovered during cesarean section are very rare. Here we report a case of inflammatory myofibroblastic tumor found during cesarean section of a 30-year-old, full-term woman, forming a mass in her cul-de-sac. Histology revealed an extensively decidualized spindle cell process, positive for anaplastic large cell lymphoma kinase (ALK) through immunohistochemistry and fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH). To the best of our knowledge, this is the first presentation of inflammatory myofibroblastic tumor in this location without concurrent intrauterine component, that additionally demonstrates this degree of decidualization, mimicking ectopic decidua.

Diagnostic Accuracy and Reproducibility of Predicting Cul-de-Sac Obliteration by General Gynaecologists and Minimally Invasive Gynaecologic Surgeons.

OBJECTIVE: Knowledge of rectouterine cul-de-sac state and consistent classification among surgeons are important in the surgical management of women with endometriosis. The objective of this study was to determine the diagnostic accuracy and interobserver and intraobserver agreement among general gynaecologists (GGs) and minimally invasive gynaecologic surgeons (MIGSs) in the prediction of cul-de-sac obliteration at off-line analysis of laparoscopic videos. METHODS: Five GGs and five MIGSs viewed 33 prerecorded laparoscopic video sets off-line to determine cul-de-sac obliteration state (non-obliterated, partially obliterated, or completely obliterated) on two occasions (at least 7days apart). Diagnostic accuracy and interobserver and intraobserver agreement were evaluated. RESULTS: The interobserver agreements for all 10 observers for the description of cul-de-sac state ranged from fair to substantial agreement, with moderate overall agreement. MIGSs had slightly higher within-group interobserver agreement compared with GGs. MIGSs achieved overall almost perfect intraobserver agreement compared with substantial agreement for GGs. The accuracy, sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, and negative predictive value for MIGSs classifying the cul-de-sac state were 83.9%, 88.5%, 88.5%, 89.2%, 92.0%, and 84.7%, respectively, whereas for GGs, they were 79.1%, 79.4%, 88.1%, 89.9%, and 76.1%, respectively. CONCLUSION: Diagnostic accuracy and interobserver and intraobserver agreement for cul-de-sac obliteration state classification is acceptable in both groups. MIGSs had greater diagnostic accuracy and exhibited high interobserver and intraobserver agreement, a finding suggesting that their advanced training makes them more reliable in cul-de-sac obliteration assessment. Partial cul-de-sac obliteration was the most commonly incorrectly diagnosed state, thus implying that partial obliteration is not well understood.

Prediction of Pouch of Douglas Obliteration: Point-of-care Ultrasound Versus Pelvic Examination.

STUDY OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the point-of-care preoperative transvaginal ultrasound (TVUS) sliding sign in comparison with palpation of a nodule on digital pelvic examination for the prediction of pouch of Douglas (POD) obliteration. DESIGN: Analysis of data from a prospective data registry (Canadian Task Force classification II-2). SETTING: A tertiary referral center. PATIENTS: Women with suspected endometriosis who had preoperative pelvic examination and point-of-care TVUS followed by laparoscopic surgery between August 2015 and December 2016. INTERVENTIONS: Women were preoperatively assessed for the prediction of POD obliteration with pelvic examination for a nodule and point-of-care TVUS uterine/cervix sliding sign. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: The study included 269 women, 15.2% (41/269) of whom had POD obliteration at the time of surgery. A preoperative negative sliding sign had a sensitivity of 73.2% (95% confidence interval, 57.1%-85.8%) and a specificity of 93.9% (95% CI, 89.9%-96.6%) in the prediction of POD obliteration compared with preoperative palpation of a nodule on pelvic examination, which had a sensitivity of 24.4% (95% CI, 12.4%-40.3%) and a specificity of 93.4% (95% CI, 89.4%-96.3%). The difference in sensitivity was statistically significant (McNemar test, p <.001). A negative sliding sign was also associated with longer operating times and more difficult surgery including the need for ureterolysis. CONCLUSION: The point-of-care TVUS sliding sign showed significantly improved sensitivity compared with palpation of a nodule on pelvic examination for the prediction of POD obliteration. Therefore, the point-of-care TVUS sliding sign improves the preoperative assessment of POD disease and thus may lead to more optimal surgical planning in women with suspected endometriosis.

Low grade Mullerian adenosarcoma of pouch of Douglas recurring as bilateral ovarian high grade Mullerian adenosarcoma with rhabdomyosarcomatous overgrowth after 11 years.

Mullerian adenosarcoma (MA) of ovary with sarcomatous (rhabdomyoblastic) overgrowth is an extremely rare malignant type of female genital tract neoplasm. These tumours are highly aggressive and presence of heterologous elements is associated with worse prognosis. A 44 year old female presented with lower abdominal pain and distension. She had history of removal of tumour from pouch of Douglas in 2006 for which she did not receive any additional treatment nor did she keep continuous follow up. Current preoperative radiological examination revealed bilateral ovarian masses. She underwent abdominal hysterectomy with bilateral oophorectomy. Microscopic examination revealed biphasic tumours exhibiting sarcomatous overgrowth with rhabdomyoblastic differentiation. Review of the previous biopsy revealed low grade Mullerian adenosarcoma without sarcomatous overgrowth. Hence the current tumour was considered recurrent. This report highlights the aggressive nature of MA even with low grade morphological features and emphasizes the importance of continuous follow up and additional treatment.

Laparoscopic diagnosis and treatment of an isolated epithelioid trophoblastic tumor in recto-uterine pouch.

A 30-year-old Chinese woman with irregular vaginal bleeding was admitted to our department. Serum ß-human chorionic gonadotropin (ß-hCG) was moderately elevated, and ultrasound and magnetic resonance imaging revealed an irregular, retro-uterine lesion without intrauterine pregnancy. Ectopic pregnancy was the primary consideration, with trophoblastic tumor being another possibility. Laparoscopy revealed a 2 × 3 × 3 cm3 irregular, infiltrating, yellow-white lesion in the left recto-uterine pouch, which was completely resected without rectal damage. Final pathological/immunohistochemical analyses revealed an epithelial trophoblastic tumor (ETT) (Ki-67 reactive index~45%). Postoperative recovery was smooth, and the patient received three chemotherapy courses (etoposide, methotrexate and actinomycin, alternating weekly with cyclophosphamide and vincristine) beginning 6 days postsurgery (ß-hCG = 46.4 mIU/mL). ß-hCG returned to an undetectable level after one chemotherapy course. Herein, we describe a rare case of isolated ETT that was difficult to differentiate from other pregnancy-related diseases. Laparoscopy could be an effective, safe diagnostic method in select patients.

Accuracy of preoperative real-time dynamic transvaginal ultrasound sliding sign in prediction of pelvic adhesions in women with previous abdominopelvic surgery: prospective, multicenter, double-blind study.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the role of the transvaginal sonographic (TVS) sliding sign in predicting pelvic adhesions in women with previous abdominopelvic surgery. METHODS: This was a multicenter, prospective, interventional, double-blind study of patients with a history of abdominopelvic surgery who were undergoing laparoscopy or laparotomy during the 6-month period from March to August 2016 in one of three academic obstetrics and gynecology departments. Prior to surgery, patients were examined by TVS to assess the vesicouterine pouch, uterus, ovaries and pouch of Douglas, using the TVS pelvic sliding sign. Ultrasound findings and medical and surgical data were recorded. We assessed the accuracy of the preoperative TVS sliding sign in the prediction of pelvic adhesions overall and in each compartment separately. RESULTS: During the study period, complete TVS sliding sign and laparoscopic or laparotomic data were available for 107 women. Their mean age was 44.0 (95% CI, 41.6-46.4; range, 20-79) years. Their mean parity was 2.0 (95% CI, 1.7-2.3; range, 0-9) and the mean number of previous abdominal surgical procedures per patient was 1.3 (95% CI, 1.2-1.5; range, 1-4). Adhesions were noted in 27/107 (25.2%) patients. The TVS sliding sign had a sensitivity of 96.3% and specificity of 92.6% in predicting pelvic adhesions. There was a significant relationship between adhesions in each compartment and the TVS sliding sign (P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: The TVS sliding sign is an effective means to detect preoperatively pelvic adhesions in patients with previous abdominopelvic surgery. Use of such a non-invasive and well-tolerated technique could help in the planning of laparoscopy or laparotomy and counseling of these patients. Copyright © 2017 ISUOG. Published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.

Ten Principles for Safe Surgical Treatment of Ovarian Endometriosis.

STUDY OBJECTIVE: To show a step-by-step laparoscopic approach for excision of an ovarian endometrioma following surgical principles for safety and maximal preservation of ovarian function. DESIGN: Video. Medical management of ovarian endometriomas is not recommended. Operative laparoscopy is the treatment of choice. Although considered a simple procedure, ovarian cystectomy requires a precise and correct technique in order to preserve ovarian function. SETTING: A private hospital. PATIENT: An asymptomatic, 27-year-old woman with ultrasound imaging suggesting a 6.2 × 5.4 cm left endometrioma. Additional findings of endometriotic implants were noted in the posterior aspect of the left broad ligament, retrocervical region, Douglas pouch, and left round ligament. INTERVENTIONS: After trocar insertion, standard inspection of the pelvic cavity with identification of endometriosis lesions and adhesions was performed. The endometrioma was drained with direct trocar puncture to avoid spillage of the endometriotic contents. Cyst aspiration and saline cleaning were executed. After drainage, a cold cut was performed at the puncture site for better identification of the cyst capsule. Through gentle traction and countertraction, the capsule was peeled from the ovarian cortex, preserving as much ovarian tissue as possible followed by careful hemostasis with a bipolar instrument. The ovary is fixed, anatomy re-established, and concomitant pelvic endometriosis resected. We aim for complete surgical excision in order to avoid leaving disease behind. The ovarian edges were reapproximated using simple interrupted stitches. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: The total procedure time was 40 minutes. CONCLUSION: Laparoscopic endometrioma stripping offers an effective option for ovarian endometriosis treatment, reducing recurrence and being reproducible by gynecologic surgeons after proper training.

Rectovaginal Splenosis: An Unexpected Cause of Dyspareunia Approached by Laparoscopy.

STUDY OBJECTIVE: To demonstrate the technique of laparoscopic approach in a rare case of rectovaginal splenosis with severe dyspareunia and dyschesia. DESIGN: A step-by-step explanation of the patient's condition, diagnosis, surgical technique, and postoperative results (Canadian Task Force classification II-3). SETTING: Splenosis consists of ectopic functioning splenic tissue that can be located anywhere within the abdomen or pelvis. Fragments are often multiple and range in diameter from a few millimeters to a few centimeters. They are reddish-blue and are sessile or pedunculated. Their appearance can mimic that of neoplasms or endometriosis, which are the main differential diagnoses. Trauma and subsequent splenectomy is the cause in most cases. Splenosis is a benign condition usually found incidentally and is usually asymptomatic. The need for therapy is controversial, and treatment is suggested only in symptomatic cases, primarily those related to pelvic or abdominal lesions, as in our patient. The diagnosis of splenosis in a woman complaining of pelvic pain may present diagnostic difficulties. The splenic tissue has the macroscopic appearance of endometriosis, and its position in the pelvis also may suggest this diagnosis. Where excision of splenosis is considered necessary, the approach should be laparoscopic, unless this is considered too risky owing to the proximity of vital structures. INTERVENTION: A 40-year-old woman was referred to our department for severe dyspareunia and dyschezia. The gynecologic examination revealed a painfull nodularity on the posterior vaginal cul de sac. Further evaluation with 2- and 3-dimensional ultrasound and magnetic resonance imaging revealed several soft tissue nodules in the pouch of Douglas (POD), which were enhanced on contrast administration. She had undergone a splenectomy 15 years earlier after a car accident. A laparoscopic approach to a rectovaginal nodularity was performed. Under general anesthesia, the patient was placed in the dorsal decubitus position with her arms alongside her body and her legs in abduction. Pneumoperitoneum was achieved using a Veres needle placed at the umbilicus. Four trocars were placed: a 10-mm trocar at the umbilicus for the 0-degree laparoscope; a 5-mm trocar at the right anterosuperior iliac spine; a 5-mm trocar in the midline between the umbilicus and the pubic symphysis, approximately 8 to 10 cm inferior to the umbilical trocar; and a 5-mm trocar at the left anterosuperior iliac spine. The entire pelvis was inspected for endometriotic lesions. In the pelvis, hypervascular and bluish nodules were visible with extension from the POD into the deep rectovaginal space. The macroscopic appearance was atypical for endometriotic implants. The nodularities were carefully dissected and excised, and histological assessment revealed splenic tissue. At the time of this report, the patient had been asymptomatic for 6 months after surgery. CONCLUSION: Rectovaginal splenosis may mimic endometriosis. The laparoscopic approach to rectovaginal splenosis avoids an abdominal incision, with its associated pain and possible adhesion formation. It also provides a better view for dissection. In this patient, the splenosis was removed by laparoscopy, with no postoperative dyspareunia or dyschesia.

Techniques in minimally invasive surgery for advanced endometriosis.

PURPOSE OF REVIEW: Surgery can be an important treatment option for women with symptomatic endometriosis. This review summarizes the recommended preoperative work up and techniques in minimally invasive surgery for treatment of deeply infiltrating endometriosis (DIE) involving the obliterated posterior cul-de-sac, bowel, urinary tract, and extrapelvic locations. RECENT FINDINGS: Surgical management of DIE can pose a challenge to the gynecologic surgeon given that an extensive dissection is usually necessary. Given the high risk of recurrence, it is vital that an adequate excision is performed. With improved imaging modalities, preoperative counseling and surgical planning can be optimized. It is essential to execute meticulous surgical technique and include a multidisciplinary surgical team when indicated for optimal results. SUMMARY: Advanced laparoscopic skills are often necessary to completely excise DIE. A thorough preoperative work up is essential to provide correct patient counseling and incorporation of the preferred surgical team to decrease complications and optimize surgical outcomes. Surgical management of endometriosis is aimed at ameliorating symptoms and preventing recurrence.

Laparoscopic excision of rectosigmoid endometriotic plaque and cul de sac obliteration in deeply infiltrating endometriosis: a case report.

Endometriosis represents a main cause of infertility and pelvic pain affecting 3-43% among reproductive age women. Deep pelvic endometriosis is defined as subperitoneal infiltration of endometrial implants in the uterosacral ligaments, rectum, rectovaginal septum, vagina or bladder. The authors present a case of a 29-year-old patient who underwent laparoscopic excision of extensive endometriotic plaque in rectovaginal septum accompanied with deeply infiltrating endometriosis (DIE) and chronic pelvic pain (CPP).

Lesions of the Pouch of Douglas: A Review.

The pouch of Douglas may become occupied by a variety of mass-like lesions, which may be challenging to providers who treat women. These lesions may initially be thought to arise from the uterus or adnexa. We conducted a literature review using a Medline search of the terms "Douglas' pouch," "pouch of Douglas," "cul-de-sac," and "rectouterine pouch." A review of the scope of pouch of Douglas lesions is presented to assist in developing a differential diagnosis if a patient with such a lesion is encountered.

Cellular fibroma in the Douglas cavity, mimicking a malignant neoplasia: fibroma, fibrosarcoma or mitotically active cellular fibroma?

INTRODUCTION: Ovarian fibroma is a benign stromal tumour composed of spindle/ovoid fibroblastic cells producing collagen. Approximally 10% of fibromas are densely cellular with small amount of collagen. In these cases, if mild nuclear atypia is present, they are best addressed as cellular fibroma. However cellular fibroma may show a greater mitotic activity and therefore they should be referred as mitotically active cellular fibromas. Mostly benign, it is necessary to differentiate them from malignant tumours such as fibrosarcomas. METHODS: We report a case of an unusual presentation of mitotically active cellular fibroma, detected in the Douglas cavity of a young woman, with normal appearing ovaries and uterus, mimicking a malignant neoplasia clinically and on imaging. In fact abdominal mass may be associated with acute pain, resulting in clinical emergency, really difficult to distinguish from a frank malignancy, before surgical procedure. RESULTS: We described the clinical, radiological and pathological characteristics of our case and we make a comparison of what previously described in literature. DISCUSSION: The differential diagnosis among those entities is based on the microscopic features such as atypia and the number of mitoses. However, according to their dimensions, it may be necessary to generously sample these tumours and sometimes, to perform a panel of immunohistochemical markers, in order to make a correct diagnosis, establish the best treatment and the right follow-up. In fact, the prognosis is not certain, due to the possible recurrence, especially if not completely excised.

Can we improve the prediction of pouch of Douglas obliteration in women with suspected endometriosis using ultrasound-based models? A multicenter prospective observational study.

INTRODUCTION: A negative "sliding sign" during transvaginal sonography (TVS) is associated with pouch of Douglas (POD) obliteration at laparoscopy in women with suspected endometriosis. The aim of the current study was to develop and validate mathematical ultrasound models to determine whether a combination of TVS markers could improve the prediction of POD obliteration as compared with the TVS "sliding sign" alone. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Multicenter prospective observational study. In all, 189 women (100 in the training set and 89 in the test set) with suspected endometriosis underwent pre-operative TVS and laparoscopy. More than 50 historical, clinical and TVS end points were recorded for analysis. Univariate/multivariate analysis was performed to determine significant TVS variables associated with POD obliteration at laparoscopy. Two logistic regression models were developed on a training set: POD1 - posterior compartment deep infiltrating endometriosis, right ovarian fixation, negative "sliding sign" (i.e. POD obliteration); and POD2 model - unilateral ovarian fixation, unilateral endometrioma, negative "sliding sign." The two models were then applied to a test set to predict POD obliteration. POD1/POD2 performance was evaluated using receiver operating characteristic curves (probability cut-off value at 0.5) and compared with "sliding sign" alone for prediction of POD obliteration. RESULTS: Respective values for POD1 vs. POD2 vs. "sliding sign" alone for training/test sets: accuracy - 96/96% vs. 93/97% vs. 93/97%; sensitivity - 93/88% vs. 83/88% vs. 83/88%; specificity - 97/97% vs. 97/99% vs. 97/99%; positive predictive value - 93/88% vs. 93/94% vs. 93/94%; negative predictive ratio - 97/97% vs. 93/97% vs. 93/97%; positive likelihood ratio - 32.7/32.2 vs. 29.2/63.5 vs. 29.2/63.5; negative likelihood ratio - 0.07/0.12 vs. 0.17/0.12 vs. 0.17/0.12. CONCLUSIONS: Incorporation of TVS markers such as bowel endometriosis, endometrioma and ovarian fixation into mathematical models does not appear to improve the prediction of POD obliteration as compared with the TVS "sliding sign" alone.

Growing Teratoma Syndrome: A Report of 2 Cases and Review of the Literature.

We report 2 cases of growing teratoma syndrome (GTS) in patients who had been treated with surgery and chemotherapy for immature ovarian teratoma. One of the patients presented with probable paraneoplastic encephalitis. Resection of "recurrences" in both patients showed deposits of mature teratoma and extensive gliomatosis peritonei. It is important for both pathologists and clinicians to be aware of this uncommon entity to avoid misdiagnosis of GTS as recurrence of immature teratoma and disease progression, and to avert unnecessary continuation of chemotherapy. GTS may occur several years after diagnosis of the primary tumor, and rarely develop in treated patients who have become pregnant. Surgical debulking is the optimal modality of treatment as GTS is not chemosensitive. If surgical debulking of GTS is incomplete, long-term follow-up with imaging is required to avoid complications such as bowel obstruction and the sequelae of pressure effects (such as vascular thrombosis, fistula formation, etc.) from bulky deposits of mature teratoma/GTS and gliomatosis peritonei.

Selected Case From the Arkadi M. Rywlin International Pathology Slide Club: Polypoid Endometriosis in the Pouch of Douglas in a Perimenopausal Woman.

A 50-year-old female had a hysterectomy and bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy for adenomyosis, uterine leiomyomas, ovarian and cervical endometriosis. Nine months later, organ imaging revealed a 43×74×52 mm, apparently malignant extraperitoneal mass lying between the vagina and rectum. The patient had been receiving a progestogen. Preoperative needle biopsies were interpreted as recurrent endometriosis. The mass was easily excised and sections were interpreted as polypoid endometriosis with a decidual reaction and foci of necrosis. Slides circulated to the club were from the excised specimen. The majority agreed with this diagnosis although a minority favored a Mullerian adenosarcoma. One club member commented that pseudosarcomatous change, including periglandular stromal cuffing and condensation, may occur in patients on hormones, especially tamoxifen. The patient was well with no recurrence 15 months after surgery.

[Transvaginal ultrasound-guided core needle biopsy for residual potentially malignant ovarian tumors in cases with severe peritoneal adhesion and frozen pelvis requiring polysurgery].

A multiparous woman in her 40s had advanced peritoneal adhesions and frozen pelvis from 3 previous surgeries. Endometrial ovarian cysts also remained. After the last surgery, imaging showed cysts with a septum and enhanced moieties in the Douglas pouch. Highly invasive surgery was anticipated, and the patient underwent a transvaginal ultrasound-guided core needle biopsy(TVCNB, 16-gauge needle)with full awareness of the risks involved. The histopathological diagnosis was adenocarcinoma. We inserted a ureteral stent and performed an S-shaped colon resection and standard ovarian cancer surgery after preoperative chemotherapy. TVCNB in this case was less invasive and easier to perform than other exploratory procedures, and has a low risk of iatrogenic intraperitoneal dissemination even if the tumor is malignant. Chemotherapy can be administered before surgery if malignancy is detected. In summary, TVCNB is a useful alternative method for conducting exploratory operations.