Hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis associated with parvovirus B19-induced aplastic crisis in a hereditary spherocytosis patient: A case report and literature review.

Hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (HLH) is a syndrome of pathologic immune activation. It occurs because of severe inflammation due to uncontrolled proliferation of activated lymphocytes and histiocytes, characterized by the production of excessive levels of cytokines. Virus-associated HLH is a well-known entity, and parvovirus B19 is one of the common causes. Parvovirus B19 can also affect blood cell lineages. Therefore, HLH may be accompanied by several diseases such as cytopenia, aplastic anemia, and myelodysplastic syndrome. Herein, we report the case of a patient with hereditary spherocytosis who was diagnosed with parvovirus B19-induced HLH and aplastic crisis. A 7-year-old girl presented to our hospital with fever, pleural effusion, pancytopenia, hepatosplenomegaly, and hypotension. A bone marrow biopsy was performed under the suspicion of HLH, which revealed hemophagocytes. The diagnostic criteria for HLH were met, and prompt chemoimmunotherapy was initiated considering the clinically unstable situation. Her health improved rapidly after initiating treatment. Further study revealed that she had hereditary spherocytosis, and parvovirus B19 had caused aplastic crisis and HLH. The patient's clinical progress was excellent, and chemoimmunotherapy was reduced and discontinued at an early stage. This case shows that aplastic crisis and HLH can coexist with parvovirus B19 infection in patients with hereditary spherocytosis. Although the prognosis was good in this case of HLH caused by parvovirus B19, early detection and active treatment are essential.

Vasculo-toxic and pro-inflammatory action of unbound haemoglobin, haem and iron in transfusion-dependent patients with haemolytic anaemias.

Increasing evidence suggests that free haem and iron exert vasculo-toxic and pro-inflammatory effects by activating endothelial and immune cells. In the present retrospective study, we compared serum samples from transfusion-dependent patients with ß-thalassaemia major and intermedia, hereditary spherocytosis and sickle cell disease (SCD). Haemolysis, transfusions and ineffective erythropoiesis contribute to haem and iron overload in haemolytic patients. In all cohorts we observed increased systemic haem and iron levels associated with scavenger depletion and toxic 'free' species formation. Endothelial dysfunction, oxidative stress and inflammation markers were significantly increased compared to healthy donors. In multivariable logistic regression analysis, oxidative stress markers remained significantly associated with both haem- and iron-related parameters, while soluble vascular cell adhesion molecule 1 (sVCAM-1), soluble endothelial selectin (sE-selectin) and tumour necrosis factor α (TNFα) showed the strongest association with haem-related parameters and soluble intercellular adhesion molecule 1 (sICAM-1), sVCAM-1, interleukin 6 (IL-6) and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) with iron-related parameters. While hereditary spherocytosis was associated with the highest IL-6 and TNFα levels, ß-thalassaemia major showed limited inflammation compared to SCD. The sVCAM1 increase was significantly lower in patients with SCD receiving exchange compared to simple transfusions. The present results support the involvement of free haem/iron species in the pathogenesis of vascular dysfunction and sterile inflammation in haemolytic diseases, irrespective of the underlying haemolytic mechanism, and highlight the potential therapeutic benefit of iron/haem scavenging therapies in these conditions.

[Approach to the Patient with Elevated Serum Ferritin]. / CME: Zufallsbefund Hyperferritinämie.

An increase of the serum ferritin may appear as an incidental finding in asymptomatic patients in the routine laboratory examination. On the one hand, ferritin reflects the iron stores of the body and can therefore indicate an iron overload of various causes. On the other hand, it is an acute phase protein and thus increases in inflammatory and malignant diseases. We aim to describe an approach to the incidental finding hyperferritinemia with possible evaluation strategy and to explain the most important differential diagnoses.

Occurrence of Wilms' tumor in a child with hereditary spherocytosis.

Hereditary spherocytosis (HS) is the most frequent cause of congenital hemolytic anemia. It is an autosomal dominant genetic disorder characterized by cell membrane abnormalities, specifically in red blood cells. Although the association between benign, borderline and malignant tumors and HS is not clear, various tumors such as splenoma, adrenal myolipoma, pancreatic schwannoma, ganglioneuroma, extramedullary hematopoiesis, myeloproliferative disorders, multiple myeloma, B-cell lymphoma and acute lymphoblastic leukemia have been presented in case reports concerning HS patients. Here we describe a 6-year-old boy with HS who presented with a mass in the left kidney. Tru-cut biopsy revealed Wilms' tumor (WT). To the best of our knowledge, this is the first case of WT associated with HS to be reported in the literature.

Hereditary spherocytosis in a patient undergoing coronary artery bypass grafting with cardiopulmonary bypass--a case report.

Hereditary spherocytosis is a genetically determined abnormality of red blood cells. It is the most common cause of inherited haemolysis in Europe and North America within the Caucasian population. We document a patient who underwent an aortocoronary bypass procedure on cardiopulmonary bypass. In view of the uncertain tolerance of the abnormal red cells in hereditary spherocytosis to cardiopulmonary bypass, we reviewed the patient's chart and analyzed recorded values of these parameters: free plasma haemoglobin, renal parameters, cystatin C, bilirubin, liver tests, urine samples. From the results, we can see that slight haemolysis-elevated bilirubin in the blood sample and elevated bilirubin and urobilinogen in the urine sample occurred on the first postoperative day. The levels of these parameters slowly decreased during the next postoperative days. There was no real clinical effect of this haemolysis on renal functions.

The use of erythropoietin-stimulating agents versus supportive care in newborns with hereditary spherocytosis: a single centre's experience.

Hereditary Spherocytosis (HS) is a common haemolytic anaemia in which 75% of cases are autosomal dominant. As most newborns with HS have a family history of disease, haematologists often see these infants before their physiologic haemoglobin nadir, which is exaggerated in comparison with healthy infants. The objective of this study was to evaluate the frequency of implementation and cost of erythropoietin-stimulating agents (EPO) versus transfusion in infants with HS at a single paediatric programme. In the last decade, only 15% of infants with HS at our centre have been treated with EPO, which costs twice that of a single transfusion and EPO treated infants did not always avoid transfusion. Infrequent prescription of EPO therapy to infants with HS at our centre may be related to the incomplete data supporting its use.

Use of capillary blood to diagnose hereditary spherocytosis.

We studied 31 children with hemolytic anemia, or with positive family history for hereditary spherocytosis (HS), to assess the reliability of capillary blood samples for the diagnosis. HS was diagnosed in 20 patients. Cryohemolysis (CH) was positive in 94% and eosin-5'-maleimide flow cytometry in 90% of them, whereas flow cytometric osmotic fragility was positive in 94%. Capillary blood sampling showed to be useful for the diagnosis. Simultaneous use of these three tests allows confirming diagnosis in 100% of patients. The use of very small blood volumes (300 µl) allows an earlier diagnosis in neonates and small infants.

Allo-hematopoietic stem cell transplantation is a potential treatment for a patient with a combined disorder of hereditary spherocytosis.

Both human hereditary spherocytosis (HS) and chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML) are life threatening. Herein we have reported the case of a woman with a combined disorder of HS and CML who underwent the matched sibling allogeneic stem cell transplantation. The complete donor erythroid cells were obtained. The red blood cell counts significantly improved throughout life comparing with pre-hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT). Reticulocyte counts normalized, and BCR-ABL was cleared away. The total bilirubin level was also corrected in this recipient. Our case is a rare example with a combined disorder of HS and CML following allogeneic stem cell transplantation. HS was not a contraindication for patient in the matched sibling transplant setting.

Esferocitosis hereditaria: presentación y evolución en un lactante menor: reporte de un caso / Hereditary spherocytosis: presentation and evolution in an infant: report of a case

Introducción: La esferocitosis hereditaria es la causa más común de anemia hemolítica crónica en Estados Unidos y Europa, con una incidencia de 1 cada 5.000 nacimientos. Se debe a una alteración de la membrana eritrocitaria. Los pacientes afectados pueden permanecer asintomáticos, con una hemólisis mínima, o desarrollar una anemia hemolítica severa. Presentación del caso: Lactante menor de 3 meses, con antecedentes de ictericia neonatal prolongada hasta la fecha de la consulta en policlínico de San Ignacio por regurgitación postprandial. Se realiza hemograma por presentar intensa palidez e ictericia, detectándose anemia severa, signos de hemólisis de eritrocitos e hiperbilirrubinemia de tipo indirecta. Se decide su hospitalización en Hospital Clínico Herminda Martin (HCHM), encontrándose hipoactivo, sin otros síntomas. Se transfunden 50cc de glóbulos rojos, evolucionando favorablemente. Durante la hospitalización se averigua el antecedente de prima que hace 6 años fue esplenectomizada por cuadros de anemia hemolítica recurrente durante 5 años. Se decide alta, tratamiento con ácido fólico e interconsulta con hematólogo. Discusión: Aunque la esferocitosis hereditaria se trata de la anemia hemolítica congénita más frecuente en Chile, su diagnóstico se dificulta de no conocerse antecedentes familiares o si no existe reticulocitosis ni esplenomegalia (como en este caso), lo que lleva a pensar en otras causas de anemia. Por esto, fue de importancia el antecedente familiar conocido tras su ingreso, pues orientó a un diagnóstico que en este caso no tenía una presentación típica.

Introduction: Hereditary spherocytosis is a common cause of hemolytic anemia due to an alteration of the erythrocyte membrane. Affected patients can remain asymptomatic, with a minimum hemolysis, or develop a severe hemolytic anemia. It is transferred as an autosomal dominant disease, less frequent as an autosomal recessive one, or with no medical history in the family. Case report: 3 month-old infant, with a medical history of neonatal ictericy lengthy so far, consultation at San Ignacio polyclinic because of a postprandial regurgitation, a hemogramis carried out by presenting intense paleness and ictericy, detecting severe anemia and indirect hyperbilirubinemia. It is decided to hospitalize him into Herminda Martin Clinic Hospital, being hypoactive, with no other symptoms. 50 cc red corpuscles are transfused, progressing favorably. During hospitalization it is found out the medical history of a cousin who was splenectomized due to hemolytic anemia symptoms recurring for 5 years. It is decided the discharge with a folic acid treatment and an interconsult with a hematologist. Discussion: Although the hereditary spherocytosis is the congenital hemolytic anemia more frequent in Chile, its diagnosis turns more complicated for an unknown medical history in the family, or if it does not present reticulocytosis nor splenomegaly (as in this case), which leads to think of other causes of anemia. Because of that it was very important the medical history of the family known after his admission into the hospital, because it directed towards a diagnosis that in this case did not have a typical presentation.

Microesferocitosis en pediatría / Microespherocytosis in pediatrics

Microespherocitosis is the most common hereditary anemia. Clinically it is characterized for hemolytic anemia, with jaundice and transfusion requirements, symptoms can be more intense in newborn period. With the purpose of review this disease, we studied the patients of the pediatric hematology policlinic in Roberto del Río Hospital, controlled between 1990 to 2005, we check the patient's records and registered the clinic and family background evaluating through the Eber's severity classification the indication of splenectomy in each case. We registered 44 patients. The 68.2 percent) had family background. The 11.3 percent presented symptoms during the newborn period, in which 91.2 percent had jaundice. The 38.6 percent> needed at least one transfusion after the newborn period. The Eber's severity classification was different according to the variable evaluated, which made its application difficult. Only one of the nine splenectomized patient had this indication. From the year 2000, the inquiry of the disease as well as the correct indication of splenectomy has improved. This coincides with the appearance of the Eber's publication about this disease. Conclusion: Microespherocitosis usually appears in the newborn period as jaundice and most patients have familial antecedents. Eber's severity classification and molecular study allows a rational splenectomy indication and predicts the disease evolution.

La microesferocitosis es la anemia hemolítica más frecuente en pediatría. Se caracteriza por asociarse a ictericia y requerir transfusiones, y la sintomatología puede ser más acentuada en período de recién nacido. Objetivo: Caracterizar la Microesferocitosis en una población pediátrica de un Hospital público de Santiago, Chile. Pacientes y Método: Revisión retrospectiva de los casos de Microesferocitosis atendidos en el Policlínico de Hematología Infantil del Hospital Roberto del Río, durante el período 1990-2005. Se registraron los antecedentes clínicos y familiares, la severidad mediante la clasificación de Eber, y la indicación de esplenectomía. Resultados: Se registraron 44 pacientes. El 68,2 por ciento> tenían antecedentes familiares. El 11,3 por ciento presentó síntomas durante el período neonatal de los cuales el 91,2 por ciento correspondió a ictericia. El 38,6 por ciento> requirió de al menos una transfusión después del período neonatal. La clasificación de severidad de Eber fue distinta según la variable a evaluar lo que dificultó su aplicación. Sin embargo, sólo 1 de los 9 esplenectomizados tenían esta indicación. Desde el año 2000 mejoró tanto la pesquisa de esta enfermedad como la correcta indicación de esplenectomía en cada caso lo que coincide con la publicación de Eber sobre este tema. Conclusión: La microesferocitosis se manifiesta habitualmente en el período perinatal y la mayoría tiene antecedentes familiares. La clasificación de severidad y el estudio molecular permiten racionalizar la indicación de esplenectomía y predecir la evolución.

Evaluación a largo plazo de la esplenectomía parcial en pacientes con esferocitosos hereditaria / Long-term assessment of the partial splenectomy in patients with hereditary spherocytosis

Se evaluó la efectividad de la esplenectomía parcial (EP) en 17 pacientes con esferocitosis hereditaria atendidos en el Instituto de Hematología e Inmunología. La edad al diagnóstico fue de 6,71 ± 5,38 meses. Todos presentaron esplenomegalia. Un paciente presentó litiasis vesicular antes de la intervención. Los criterios para indicar la esplenectomía fueron: requerimientos transfusionales (82,4 por ciento), anemia crónica y esplenomegalia (11,7 por ciento) y esplenomegalia (5,9 por ciento). La edad al momento de la EP fue de 7,0 ± 2,6 años. La hemoglobina (Hb) estaba disminuida en el 94,1 por ciento de los enfermos; los reticulocitos aumentados en el 100 por ciento y la bilirrubina total e indirecta elevada en el 76,5 por ciento y 88,2 por ciento, respectivamente. El promedio de edad actual de los pacientes es de 16,24 ± 4,26 años, con un tiempo de evolución de 9,24 ± 4,47 años. Las variables de laboratorio posoperatorio mostraron incremento significativo de la Hb (p= 4 × 10-9) y disminución de los reticulocitos (p= 0,003). La tendencia en el tiempo de la Hb mantuvo estabilidad de los niveles alcanzados luego de la intervención, en todos los pacientes con más de 10 años de operados, no así para los reticulocitos. Dos pacientes presentaron crecimiento del fragmento esplénico; uno se asoció con mala respuesta clínico-hematológica. No se comprobó sepsis ni complicaciones tromboembólicas con posterioridad al proceder.

The effectiveness of partial splenomegalia (PS) was assessed in 17 patients with hereditary spherocytosis seen in the Hematology and Immunology Institute. Age at diagnosis was of 6.71 ± 5.38 months. All of them had splenomegalia. A patient had vesicular lithiasis before intervention. Criteria to presence of splenomegalia were: transfusion requirements (822.4 percent), chronic anemia and splenomegalia (11.7 percent) and splenomegalia (5.9 percent). Age at moment of PS was of( 7.0 ± 2.6 years). Hemoglobin (Hb) was low in the 94,1 percent of patients; reticulocytes increased in the 100 percent and the total and indirect bilirubin was high in the 76,5 percent and the 88,2 percent, respectively. Current mean age of patients is 16,24 ± 4,26 years with a course time of 9,24 ± 4,47 years. Postoperative laboratory variables showed a significant increase of Hb (p= 4 × 10-9) and a decrease of reticulocytes (p= 0.003). Trend in time of Hb remained stable in levels achieved after intervention in all patients with more than 10 years of operated on, but not for reticulocytes. Two patients showed a growing of splenic fragment; one was associated with a poor clinical-hematological response. There not sepsis or thromboembolism complications after procedure.

[Anaemia in adopted children, not always iron deficiency]. / Anemie bij adoptiekinderen, niet altijd ijzergebrek.

Anaemia was diagnosed in four adopted children during a standard screening examination 1-4 weeks after arrival. Further investigation revealed a number of causes which could then be specifically treated. The children were a girl aged 14 months from China with iron-deficiency anaemia, a boy aged 16 months from Nigeria with sickle cell anaemia, a girl aged 5 from Haiti who had alpha-thalassaemia, and a boy aged 7 from Brazil with spherocytosis. Iron deficiency is the most common cause of anaemia in childhood. However, in adopted children from sub-tropical areas other causes of anaemia like haemoglobinopathies or erythrocyte membrane defects should be borne in mind, particularly as a history of disease and family history are often lacking. Additional investigations may be necessary. An incorrect diagnosis of iron deficiency may result in ongoing and unjustified iron supplementation leading to harmful iron accumulation in thalassaemia and a delay in the correct treatment in sickle cell anemia or spherocytosis which could carry considerable risk.