Ten years from propagule to mature plant of Butia purpurascens Glassman (Arecaceae): an endemic and endangered palm of the Brazilian Cerrado / Dez anos entre o propágulo e a planta madura de Butia purpurascens Glassman (Arecaceae): uma palmeira endêmica e ameaçada de extinção do Cerrado brasileiro

With occurrence mainly in the southwest Goiás, Butia purpurascens has fruits and leaves widely extracted by the regional population. Coexists with exotic grasses, frequent burnings and cattle's grazing and trampling. Young individuals are rarely seen. We aim to provide information about propagules, seedling formation and the monitoring of saplings of B. purpurascens until adults in reproductive phase. Fruits were selected, measured and benefited after harvest. Of 6,000 fruits collected 3,112 were discarded for being perforated by Conotrachelus weevils. The experiment divided 2,600 fruits into 13 treatments, distributed in ripe and immature fruits, with and without pulp. In addition, we adopt mechanical and chemical break dormancy mechanisms, different storage periods and seeding depths. After sixteen months of monitoring, the formation of eleven seedlings was obtained without distinction of any treatment. Seedlings and saplings developed slowly, taking two years to emit the first metaphyll. Over time, ten individuals died, most from fungal attack. After ten years, the only surviving palm generated two inflorescences, which produced fruit. The inefficient seedling production and the slow development of saplings, combined with the impact of the extractivism and the high rate of predation of the pyrenes, suggest the low recruitment rate of the species observed, in natural conditions. This type of data is one of the important tools for creating guidelines for the species conservation. Therefore, we suggest considering the reclassification of B. purpurascens as a Critically Endangered species in the Official List of Threatened Brazilian Species of Extinction.

Com ocorrência concentrada no sudoeste goiano, Butia purpurascens tem frutos e folhas amplamente extraídos pela população regional. Coexiste com gramíneas exóticas, queimadas frequentes, além do pastejo e pisoteamento por gado. Os indivíduos jovens raramente são vistos. Este trabalho teve como objetivo fornecer informações sobre propágulos, formação de plântulas e monitoramento de indivíduos jovens de B. purpurascens até adultos em fase reprodutiva. Os frutos foram selecionados, medidos e beneficiados após a colheita. Dos 6.000 frutos coletados, 3.112 foram descartados por estarem perfurados por gorgulhos do gênero Conotrachelus. O experimento dividiu 2.600 frutos em 13 tratamentos, distribuídos em frutos maduros e imaturos, com polpa e despolpados. Além da adoção de mecanismos mecânicos e químicos de quebra de dormência, períodos de armazenamento e profundidades de plantio diferentes. Após 16 meses de monitoramento, a formação de 11 plântulas foi obtida sem distinção de qualquer tratamento. Plântulas e indivíduos jovens se desenvolveram lentamente, levando dois anos para emitir o primeiro metáfilo. Ao longo do tempo, dez indivíduos morreram, a maioria, por ataque fúngico. Após dez anos, a única planta sobrevivente gerou duas inflorescências, as quais produziram frutos. A capacidade de produção de plântulas ineficiente e o lento desenvolvimento das mudas, combinados com o impacto do extrativismo e a alta taxa de predação dos pirênios, sugerem a baixa taxa de recrutamento da espécie observada, em condições naturais. Esse tipo de dado é uma das ferramentas importantes para a criação de diretrizes para a conservação de espécies. Portanto, sugerimos considerar a reclassificação de B. purpurascens como espécie Criticamente Ameaçada na Lista Nacional Oficial de Espécies da Flora Brasileira Ameaçadas de Extinção.

Species identification from seized animal oil: a case study of suspected Gangetic dolphin (Platanista gangetica).

Poaching of South Asian river dolphins is considered one of the main reasons for the rapid decline of their natural populations. To curb the escalated rate of poaching, high numbers of oil and meat seizures are recovered with subsequent convictions by the law enforcement agencies. In this connection, we report a case where suspected animal oil was confiscated by the forest official of West Bengal. We extracted DNA and successfully amplified partial fragments of Cytb and 16S rRNA mitochondrial genes. The generated sequences identified that the seized oil belonged to the Ganges river dolphin (Platanista gangetica) which is protected as Schedule I under the Wildlife (Protection) Act, 1972 of India and listed as "Endangered" under IUCN and APPENDIX I in CITES. In routine case work analysis, oil samples are not preferred for forensic DNA investigation due to low DNA yield and presence of inhibitors or contaminants leading to high failure rate. However, the present study generates hope for identifying species from seized animal oil and supports law enforcement in successful prosecution of the case.

Assessing the risks of pesticides to threatened and endangered species using population modeling: A critical review and recommendations for future work.

United States legislation requires the US Environmental Protection Agency to ensure that pesticide use does not cause unreasonable adverse effects on the environment, including species listed under the Endangered Species Act (ESA; hereafter referred to as listed species). Despite a long history of population models used in conservation biology and resource management and a 2013 report from the US National Research Council recommending their use, application of population models for pesticide risk assessments under the ESA has been minimal. The pertinent literature published from 2004 to 2014 was reviewed to explore the availability of population models and their frequency of use in listed species risk assessments. The models were categorized in terms of structure, taxonomic coverage, purpose, inputs and outputs, and whether the models included density dependence, stochasticity, or risk estimates, or were spatially explicit. Despite the widespread availability of models and an extensive literature documenting their use in other management contexts, only 2 of the approximately 400 studies reviewed used population models to assess the risks of pesticides to listed species. This result suggests that there is an untapped potential to adapt existing models for pesticide risk assessments under the ESA, but also that there are some challenges to do so for listed species. Key conclusions from the analysis are summarized, and priorities are recommended for future work to increase the usefulness of population models as tools for pesticide risk assessments. Environ Toxicol Chem 2016;35:1904-1913. © 2016 SETAC.

Delincuencia organizada ambiental en México, una nueva manifestación criminal del tráfico de especies / Delinquência organizada ambiental no México, uma nova manifestação penal do tráfico de espécies / Organized environmental crime in Mexico: a new criminal manifestation of species traffic

El estudio arroja la presencia de grupos delictivos organizados en el territorio mexicano, que trafican con especies de fauna protegidas, valiéndose de las mismas rutas que utiliza el narcotráfico y, en muchas ocasiones, mediante la diversificación de actividades criminales, por lo que lo mismo trafican con personas, armas y drogas que con ejemplares de vida silvestre, y obtienen ganancias calculadas solo por debajo del tráfico ilícito de drogas. No obstante estas características, en la legislación mexicana no existe la regulación del tráfico de especies como una figura cometida por la delincuencia organizada, razón por la cual toda la gama de instrumentos excepcionales de investigación creados para investigar, perseguir y sancionar al crimen organizado no pueden emplearse para esta manifestación criminal del tráfico de ejemplares de vida silvestre. Se ha utilizado el método de análisis de contenidos referido a libros, revistas especializadas, notas periodísticas y documentos de Naciones Unidas, poniendo énfasis en los datos que arroja la comisión de delitos ambientales, mediante grupos delictivos organizados.

This study shows the existence of organized criminal groups in the Mexican territory engaged in the traffic of protected species by taking advantage of the same routes used by drug traffickers and, in many occasions, through the diversification of illegal trafficking activities whether of humans, arms, drugs, or wild animals. They usually obtain profits exceeded only by the illegal drug business. Despite these facts, no regulation exists in Mexican legislation for wildlife species trafficking seen as an offense committed by organized crime; therefore, all the range of exceptional instruments created to investigate, persecute and punish this kind of criminals cannot be used in these cases. The content analysis method referred to books, specialized journals and magazines, journalistic notes and United Nations documents have been used, with an emphasis on data produced by the environmental crime committee about the actions of organized crime groups.

O estudo produz a presença de grupos criminosos organizados em território mexicano, que traficam com espécies da fauna protegidas, usando as mesmas rotas usadas pelo tráfico de drogas e, muitas vezes, através da diversificação das atividades criminosas. Assim mesmo traficam com pessoas, armas e drogas com espécimes da vida selvagem e obtêm lucro calculado só por debaixo do tráfico ilícito de droga. No entanto essas características, na legislação mexicana não existe regulamentação do tráfego de espécies como uma figura comprometida pelo crime organizado, razão pela qual a gama de instrumentos de pesquisa excepcionais criados para pesquisa, perseguir e punir o crime organizado não pode ser usado para esta manifestação criminosa do tráfico de animais selvagens. O método de análise de conteúdo referido a livros, revistas especializadas, artigos e documentos das Nações Unidas foi utilizado. Tem ênfase em dados que produz a comissão de crimes ambientais por grupos criminosos organizados.