Mortality in the United States - Provisional Data, 2023.

Final annual mortality data from the National Vital Statistics System for a given year are typically released 11 months after the end of the calendar year. Provisional data, which are based on preliminary death certificate data, provide an early estimate of deaths before the release of final data. In 2023, a provisional total of 3,090,582 deaths occurred in the United States. The age-adjusted death rate per 100,000 population was 884.2 among males and 632.8 among females; the overall rate, 750.4, was 6.1% lower than in 2022 (798.8). The overall rate decreased for all age groups. Overall age-adjusted death rates in 2023 were lowest among non-Hispanic multiracial (352.1) and highest among non-Hispanic Black or African American persons (924.3). The leading causes of death were heart disease, cancer, and unintentional injury. The number of deaths from COVID-19 (76,446) was 68.9% lower than in 2022 (245,614). Provisional death estimates provide an early signal about shifts in mortality trends. Timely and actionable data can guide public health policies and interventions for populations experiencing higher mortality.

Risk Factors for Heart Failure and Coronary Artery Disease Mortality Based on the National Vital Statistics During a 25-Year Follow-up in Japan　- NIPPON DATA90.

BACKGROUND: Prevention of heart failure (HF) is a public health issue. Using the National Vital Statistics, we explored risk factors for HF and coronary artery disease (CAD) mortality. METHODS AND RESULTS: Altogether, 7,556 Japanese individuals aged ≥30 years in 1990 were followed over 25 years; of these, 139 and 154 died from HF and CAD, respectively. In multivariable Cox proportional hazard analysis, common risk factors for CAD and HF mortality were hypertension (hazard ratio [HR] 1.48 [95% confidence interval {CI} 1.00-2.20] and 2.31 [95% CI 1.48-3.61], respectively), diabetes (HR 2.52 [95% CI 1.63-3.90] and 2.07 [95% CI 1.23-3.50], respectively), and current smoking (HR 2.05 [95% CI 1.27-3.31) and 1.86 [95% CI 1.10-3.15], respectively). Specific risk factors for CAD were male sex, chronic kidney disease, history of cardiovascular disease, and both abnormal T and Q waves, with HRs (95% CIs) of 1.75 (1.05-2.92), 1.78 (1.19-2.66), 2.50 (1.62-3.88), and 11.4 (3.64-36.0), respectively. Specific factors for HF were current drinking (HR 0.43; 95% CI 0.24-0.78) and non-high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (non-HDL-C; HR 0.81; 95% CI 0.67-0.98). There was an inverse association between non-HDL-C and HF in those aged ≥65 years (HR 0.71; 95% CI 0.56-0.90), but not in those aged <65 years. CONCLUSIONS: We identified common risk factors for HF and CAD deaths; a history of cardiovascular disease was a specific risk for CAD.

Desigualdades regionais na enumeração dos registros de óbitos fetais nos sistemas de informações sobre estatísticas vitais no Brasil / Regional inequalities in the enumeration of stillbirth records in information systems on vital statistics in Brazil / Desigualdades regionales en la enumeración de los registros de muertes fetales en los sistemas de información sobre estadísticas vitales en Brasil

Resumo Este estudo tem por objetivo analisar a variação do número de óbitos fetais informados entre o Sistema de Estatísticas Vitais do Registro Civil (RC) e o Sistema de Informações sobre Mortalidade (SIM) e comparar a tendência da taxa de mortalidade fetal (TMF) de ambos os sistemas no Brasil, para o período 2009-2019. A variação percentual (VP) foi analisada por meio da comparação entre as fontes de dados para os óbitos fetais precoces (<28 semanas) e tardios (≥28 semanas). Os clusters de unidades da federação foram obtidos pelo método k-means. Aplicou-se a regressão linear generalizada de Prais-Winsten na análise da tendência da TMF. O SIM demonstrou percentual de captação 27,7% superior ao RC no período estudado. Houve maior número de óbitos fetais informados no SIM para o Brasil e regiões, em ambos os estratos de óbitos. As regiões Norte e Nordeste apresentaram as maiores VP em oposição às regiões mais desenvolvidas do país, Sudeste e Sul, onde verificou-se uma convergência de 95%. Apesar da redução da VP na década analisada, as estimativas de tendência da TMF permaneceram subestimadas no RC. Conclui-se que a captação dos óbitos fetais foi maior no SIM, sobretudo nas regiões Norte e Nordeste, reconhecidas como as mais vulneráveis do país.

Abstract This study aimed to analyze the variation in the number of stillbirths reported between the vital statistics system of the Civil Registry (RC) and the Mortality Information System (SIM) as well as to compare the trend in stillbirth rates (SBR) in both systems in Brazil between 2009 and 2019. Percent change (PC) was analyzed by comparing data sources for early (<28 weeks) and late (≥28 weeks) stillbirths. Clusters of Federation Units were obtained using the k-means method. Prais-Winsten generalized linear regression was applied in the analysis of the SBR trend. The SIM showed a percentage of uptake 27.7% higher than RC in the period. A higher number of fetal deaths were reported on the SIM for Brazil and its regions, in both death strata. The North and Northeast regions presented the highest PC, as opposed to the most developed regions of the country, Southeast and South, where there was a convergence of 95%. Despite the reduction in PC in the decade analyzed, the SBR trend estimates remained underestimated in the RC. The conclusion, that the capture of fetal deaths was higher in the SIM, demonstrates the need for improvements in civilian registration of stillbirths, especially in the North and Northeast regions, recognized as the most vulnerable in the country.

Resumen Este estudio tuvo como objetivo analizar la variación en el número de muertes fetales notificadas entre el sistema de estadísticas vitales del Registro Civil (RC) y el Sistema de Información de Mortalidad (SIM) y comparar la tendencia de la Tasa de Mortalidad Fetal (TMF) de ambos sistemas en Brasil entre 2009 y 2019. El cambio porcentual (CP) se analizó comparando fuentes de datos para muertes fetales tempranas (< 28 semanas) y tardías (≥ 28 semanas). Los conglomerados de unidades de la federación se obtuvieron mediante el método de k-means. Se aplicó la regresión lineal generalizada Prais-Winsten en el análisis de la tendencia TMF. El SIM mostró un porcentaje de captación 27,7 % superior al del RC en el período. Hubo mayor número de muertes fetales reportadas en el SIM para Brasil y regiones, en ambos estratos de muerte. Las regiones Norte y Noreste tuvieron el CP más alto en comparación con las regiones más desarrolladas del país, Sudeste y Sur, donde hubo convergencia del 95 %. A pesar de la reducción del CP en la década analizada, las estimaciones de tendencia de la TMF permanecieron subestimadas en el RC. Se concluye que la captura de las defunciones fetales fue mayor en el SIM, demostrando la necesidad de mejoras en el registro civil de las defunciones fetales, especialmente en las regiones Norte y Nordeste, reconocidas como las más vulnerables del país.

Interaction between smoking during pregnancy and gestational diabetes mellitus and the risk of cesarean delivery: evidence from the National Vital Statistics System 2019.

OBJECTIVE: To explore the interaction between smoking during pregnancy (SDP) and gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) on the risk of cesarean delivery. METHODS: This retrospective cohort study utilized data from the National Vital Statistics System (NVSS) 2019. The NVSS database provides data on births and deaths as well as maternal characteristics in the United States. The duration of follow-up was 38.74 ± 2.12 weeks. The outcome was the method of delivery, including vaginal and cesarean delivery. The multivariate logistic regression model was adopted to assess the associations of SDP and GDM with the method of delivery. The interaction between SDP and GDM was examined via calculating the relative excess risk of interaction (RERI), the attributable proportion of interaction (API) and the synergy index (S). Subgroup analyses were conducted based on age, race, prepregnancy body mass index (BMI), and primiparity. RESULTS: The study included 3352615 puerperae. Compared with women who did not smoke during pregnancy, those who smoked during pregnancy had a significantly higher risk of cesarean delivery [odds ratio (OR)=1.07, 95% confidence intervals (CI): 1.05-1.10, p < 0.001]; women with GDM had a significantly greater risk of cesarean delivery than those without (OR = 1.31, 95%CI: 1.30-1.33, p < 0.001). In contrast to women who did not smoke during pregnancy and did not have GDM, those who smoked during pregnancy and had GDM exhibited an increased risk of a cesarean section (OR = 1.47, 95%CI: 1.40-1.54, p < 0.001). RERI was 0.08 (95%CI: 0.01-0.15), API was 0.06 (95%CI: 0.01-0.10), and S was 1.21 (95%CI: 1.04-1.40) suggested that there was an interaction between SDP and GDM, and it was a synergistic effect. There was a synergism between SDP and GDM in women of non-advanced age (RERI = 0.07, 95%CI: 0.001-0.15; API = 0.05, 95%CI: 0.003-0.10; S = 1.17, 95%CI: 1.001-1.36), in white women (RERI = 0.08, 95%CI: 0.004-0.16; API = 0.05, 95%CI: 0.01-0.10; S = 1.19, 95%CI: 1.02-1.39), in women who were overweight before pregnancy (RERI = 0.13, 95%CI: 0.05-0.21; API = 0.08, 95%CI: 0.04-0.13; S = 1.33, 95%CI: 1.14-1.55), and in primiparae (RERI = 0.20, 95%CI: 0.08-0.31; API = 0.12, 95%CI: 0.06-0.19; S = 1.50, 95%CI: 1.23-1.84). CONCLUSION: SDP and GDM were associated with an increased risk of cesarean delivery, and a synergistic effect existed between SDP and GDM on the risk of cesarean delivery, especially in women of non-advanced age, white women, women who were overweight before pregnancy, and primiparae.

Feasibility of measuring comorbidity indices based on clinical breast cancer records.

Background: Comorbidities have a significant impact on the treatment and outcome of breast cancer. However, data on such comorbidities from low-income countries are limited. Aim: To evaluate the feasibility and accuracy of comorbidity data extracted from medical records for estimating the prevalence of comorbidities among patients registered in the clinical breast cancer registry of the Islamic Republic of Iran. Methods: We collected data from the medical records of 400 patients on 30 comorbidities included in the Charlson Comorbidity Index (CCI) and Elixhauser Comorbidity Index (ECI). The sensitivity and specificity of comorbidity data extracted from medical records were calculated using data from interviews with 97 randomly selected patients. We studied the prevalence of comorbidities using the CCI and ECI. Data were analysed using SPSS version 24. Results: The mean age of patients was 51.69 SD 12.28 years. The sensitivity and specificity of medical records for detecting any comorbidity data contained in CCI versus non-comorbidity were 93.2% and 69.8%, respectively. However, for the comorbidity data included in ECI, both sensitivity (86.9%) and specificity (44.4%) were lower than in CCI. Hypertension (n = 144, 36.0%) and diabetes without chronic complications (n = 77, 19.3%) were the most prevalent comorbidities. A higher proportion of patients had no comorbidity with CCI (72.2%) than with ECI (44.8%). Conclusion: It is feasible to construct a comorbidity index using medical records with high accuracy, especially when we extract comorbidities using the CCI. Further studies are needed to understand the association between comorbidity index and breast cancer survival among Iranian patients.

Evolução da completude das informações sobre suicídios no estado de Pernambuco, Brasil, 1996 a 2015 / Evolution of the information completeness on suicides in the state of Pernambuco, Brazil, from 1996 to 2015

Resumo Introdução O suicídio representa um importante problema de saúde pública no mundo. Considerado um fenômeno complexo, está associado a fatores sociais, biológicos e demográficos. A qualidade dos dados registrados na declaração de óbito é fundamental para conhecer a magnitude deste problema e subsidiar a construção de indicadores epidemiológicos que contribuem para a eficiência da gestão em saúde. Objetivo Analisar a evolução da completude dos registros de suicídio do Sistema de Informações sobre Mortalidade (SIM) no estado de Pernambuco, entre 1996 e 2015. Métodos Calculou-se a proporção de completude das variáveis da Declaração de Óbito. Para análise da tendência da completude, empregou-se o modelo de regressão Joinpoint. Resultados Houve tendência de aumento de completude das variáveis analisadas, com destaque para "raça/cor", "estado civil" e "escolaridade", com aumento superior a 60,0%. Conclusão A análise de tendência temporal mostrou melhoria no preenchimento dos dados sobre suicídio no SIM, porém, ainda figura o desafio de alcançar menos de 5,0% de incompletude para todas as variáveis. A avaliação da completude dos registros de suicídio contribui com o sistema de vigilância e com o aprimoramento das estatísticas vitais relacionadas às causas externas.

Abstract Background Suicide represents an important public health problem in the world. Considered a complex phenomenon it is associated with social, biological and demographic factors. The quality of the data registered in the Death Certificate is fundamental to know the magnitude of this problem and subsidizes the construction of epidemiological indicators that contribute to the efficiency of health management. Objective To analyze the evolution of the completeness of suicide records in the mortality information system (SIM) of the state of Pernambuco, between 1996 and 2015. Method The proportion of completeness of the death certificate variables was calculated. For the analysis of the completeness trend, the Joinpoint Regression model was used. Results There was a tendency to increase the completeness of the variables analyzed, with an emphasis on "race/color", "marital status", and "education level", with an increase of more than 60%. Conclusion Analysis of temporal trends showed an improvement in the filling of suicide data into the SIM. However, the challenge remains to reach less than 5% incompleteness across all variables. The assessment of the completeness of suicide records in the SIM is relevant for contributing to the suicide surveillance system and for the improvement of vital statistics related to external causes.

Atuação da psicologia em unidade neonatal no contexto da pandemia da covid-19 / The work of psychology in a neonatal unit in the covid-19 pandemic / Actuación de la psicología en una unidad neonatal en el contexto de la pandemia de la covid-19

A pandemia de covid-19 provocou intensas mudanças no contexto do cuidado neonatal, exigindo dos profissionais de saúde a reformulação de práticas e o desenvolvimento de novas estratégias para a manutenção da atenção integral e humanizada ao recém-nascido. O objetivo deste artigo é relatar a atuação da Psicologia nas Unidades Neonatais de um hospital público de Fortaleza (CE), Brasil, durante o período de distanciamento físico da pandemia de covid-19. Trata-se de estudo descritivo, do tipo relato de experiência, que ocorreu no período de março a agosto de 2020. No contexto pandêmico, o serviço de Psicologia desenvolveu novas condutas assistenciais para atender às demandas emergentes do momento, como: atendimento remoto; registro e envio on-line de imagens do recém-nascido a seus familiares; visitas virtuais; e reprodução de mensagens de áudio da família para o neonato. Apesar dos desafios encontrados, as ações contribuíram para a manutenção do cuidado centrado no recém-nascido e sua família, o que demonstra a potencialidade do fazer psicológico.(AU)

The COVID-19 pandemic brought intense changes to neonatal care and required health professionals to reformulate practices and develop new strategies to ensure comprehensive and humanized care for newborn. This study aims to report the experience of the Psychology Service in the Neonatal Units of a public hospital in Fortaleza, in the state of Ceará, Brazil, during the social distancing period of the COVID-19 pandemic. This descriptive experience report study was conducted from March to August 2020. During the pandemic, the Psychology Service developed new care practices to meet the emerging demands of that moment, such as remote care, recordings and online submission of newborns' pictures and video images for their family, virtual tours, and reproduction of family audio messages for the newborns. Despite the challenges, the actions contributed to the maintenance of a care that is centered on the newborns and their families, which shows the potential of psychological practices.(AU)

La pandemia de la COVID-19 ha traído cambios intensos en el contexto de la atención neonatal, que requieren de los profesionales de la salud una reformulación de sus prácticas y el desarrollo de nuevas estrategias para asegurar una atención integral y humanizada al recién nacido. El objetivo de este artículo es reportar la experiencia del Servicio de Psicología en las Unidades Neonatales de un hospital público de Fortaleza, en Ceará, Brasil, durante el periodo de distanciamiento físico en la pandemia de la COVID-19. Se trata de un estudio descriptivo, un reporte de experiencia, que se llevó a cabo de marzo a agosto de 2020. En el contexto pandémico, el servicio de Psicología desarrolló nuevas conductas asistenciales para atender a las demandas emergentes del momento, tales como: atención remota; grabación y envío em línea de imágenes del recién nacido; visitas virtuales; y reproducción de mensajes de audio de la familia para el recién nacido. A pesar de los desafíos encontrados, las acciones contribuyeron al mantenimiento de la atención centrada en el recién nacido y su familia, lo que demuestra el potencial de la práctica psicológica.(AU)

Maternal mortality committee and death surveillance in Recife in improving information: ex-ante and ex-post evaluation / Comitê de mortalidade materna e a vigilância do óbito em Recife no aprimoramento das informações: avaliação ex-ante e ex-post

Abstract Objectives: to evaluate the contribution of the Maternal Mortality and Death Surveillance Committee for women of childbearing age (WCA) and maternal mortality in the magnitude of maternal mortality and in the qualification of the causes of death in Recife, Brazil. Methods: ex ante/ex post evaluation, ecological, of the annual indicators of mortality of WCA, maternal and case study of declared maternal deaths according to causes of death before and after surveillance. Deaths of WCA (2010 and 2017) were analyzed. The percentage of investigation of deaths of WCA was calculated; their rates and maternal mortality ratio (MMR) were estimated; the groups of causes of death, classification of death, the moment of death, the proportional variation before and after surveillance, and the relocation of the causes after this process were described. Results: 4.327 (97.0%) of deaths of WCA were investigated (increase of 40.7% of maternal deaths) and MMR of 62.9/100 thousand live births. Improved notifications of immediate/late (75.0%) and remote (300.0%) postpartum; there was a difference in direct obstetric causes, total maternal deaths and late maternal death (p<0.001). Conclusion: the surveillance and the Maternal Mortality Committee showed potential in identifying the magnitude and qualification of causes of maternal death in order to propose the interventions directed to obstetric care.

Resumo Objetivos: avaliar a contribuição do Comitê de Mortalidade Materna e da Vigilância do Óbito de mulheres em idade fértil (MIF) e materno na magnitude da mortalidade materna e na qualificação das causas dos óbitos no Recife, Brasil. Métodos: avaliação ex ante/ex post, ecológico, dos indicadores anuais de mortalidade de MIF, materna e estudo de caso de óbitos maternos declarados segundo causas de morte antes e após a vigilância. Analisaram-se óbitos de MIF (2010-2017) e calculou-se o percentual de investigação; estimaram-se suas taxas e a razão de mortalidade materna (RMM); descreveram-se: grupos de causa, classificação e momento do óbito, variação proporcional antes e após a vigilância/análise do comitê e a realocação das causas após esse processo. Resultados: investigou-se 4.327 (97,0%) dos óbitos de MIF (incremento de 40,7% das mortes maternas), e RMM de 62,9/100 mil nascidos vivos; melhoraram as notificações do puerpério imediato/ tardio (75,0%) e remoto (300,0%); houve diferença nas causas obstétricas diretas, total de óbitos maternos e morte materna tardia (p<0,001). Conclusão: mostrou-se o potencial da vigilância e do Comitê de Mortalidade Materna na identificação da magnitude e qualificação das causas de morte materna para proposição de medidas direcionadas aos cuidados obstétricos.

BR-EMS 2021 life table for the Brazilian insured population / Tábuas de mortalidade BR-EMS 2021 do mercado segurador brasileiro / Tabla de vida BR-EMS 2021 para la población asegurada brasileña

Abstract This article presents the Brazilian private insurance market's actuarial life tables, BR- EMS 2021. Using Bayesian inference on the parameters of the Heligman- Pollard law of mortality and data from 23 insurance groups over 15 years, totaling 3.5 billion registers, the data were corrected through a two hidden-layer neural network. The resulting tables show that the insured population exhibits lower mortality rates than the general Brazilian population, even lower than the national populations of well-developed countries such as the USA. Moreover, besides the expected gender gap in mortality rates, there is a clear distance between the death and survivorship insurance coverage groups. Likewise, the insured population characteristics mitigate well-known regional structural discrepancies in the Brazilian population, indicating that being part of the selected population of insured individuals is thus associated with a more effective protection against death than other outstanding factors such as geographic region of residence.

Resumo Este artigo apresenta as tábuas de vida do mercado de seguros privados brasileiro, BR-EMS 2021. Os dados obtidos de 23 grupos seguradores ao longo de 15 anos, totalizando 3,5 bilhões de registros, foram corrigidos por meio de rede neural com duas camadas ocultas. Usando a inferência bayesiana para estimar os parâmetros sob a lei de mortalidade Heligman-Pollard, as tábuas obtidas mostram que a população segurada apresenta probabilidades de morte mais baixas do que a população brasileira em geral e até mesmo em relação a populações nacionais de países desenvolvidos, como os EUA. Além da esperada diferença de gênero nas taxas de mortalidade, há uma clara distância entre as probabilidades de morte dos grupos de cobertura de risco e cobertura de sobrevivência. Da mesma forma, é demonstrado que as tábuas regionais da população segurada não apresentam as discrepâncias regionais conhecidas no Brasil, indicando que fazer parte da população selecionada de segurados está associado a um fator de proteção mais eficaz do que outros fatores, como a região geográfica de residência.

Resumen Este artículo presenta las tablas de vida del mercado de seguros privados brasileño, BR-EMS 2021. Los datos, obtenidos de 23 grupos de seguros a lo largo de 15 años, totalizando 3,5 mil millones de registros, fueron corregidos usando una red neuronal con dos capas ocultas. Mediante la inferencia bayesiana para estimar los parámetros bajo la ley de mortalidad de Heligman-Pollard, las tablas obtenidas muestran que la población asegurada tiene tasas de mortalidad más bajas que la población general brasileña e incluso más bajas que las poblaciones nacionales de países desarrollados, como los Estados Unidos de Norteamérica. Además de la diferencia de género esperada en las tasas de mortalidad, hay una clara distinción entre las tablas de grupos de cobertura de riesgo y cobertura de sobrevivientes. Asimismo, se demuestra que las tablas regionales de población asegurada no presentan las conocidas discrepancias estructurales regionales en Brasil, lo que indica que participar de la población de asegurados está asociado con una protección contra la muerte más efectiva que otros factores como la región geográfica de residencia.

Violência sexual e aborto legal: possibilidades e desafios da atuação psicológica / Sexual offence and legal abortion: opportunities and challenges from psychological working / Violencia sexual y aborto legal: posibilidades y desafíos de la atención psicológica

A violência sexual e o aborto legal são temas tabus em nossa sociedade. No campo da saúde, a(o) psicóloga(o) atua em fases distintas, seja na avaliação psicológica do pedido pelo aborto legal, que culminará ou não em sua aquiescência; seja no momento posterior à solicitação, no atendimento em enfermarias ou ambulatorial. Partindo de relato de experiência, este artigo tem como objetivo refletir sobre as possibilidades e desafios da atuação psicológica no atendimento em saúde para pessoas em situação de gestação decorrente de violência sexual e que buscam pelo aborto legal. Para tanto, dividimos o artigo em três momentos. No primeiro deles, será possível encontrar dados conceituais, estatísticos e históricos sobre ambos os temas, trazendo recortes nacionais e internacionais. No segundo, trazemos apontamentos sobre o que chamamos de "eixos norteadores", ou seja, dialogamos com aspectos fundamentais para o trabalho nesta seara, sendo eles gênero, família, sexualidade e trauma. Por fim, no terceiro, aprofundamos a reflexão sobre o atendimento psicológico atrelado aos conceitos já discutidos, analisando de forma crítica principalmente um dos pontos mais espinhosos da atuação: a avaliação para aprovação (ou recusa) do pedido pelo aborto. Apoiamo-nos no referencial psicanalítico e defendemos que esta atuação psicológica é primordialmente uma oferta de cuidado, comprometido com as demandas das pessoas atendidas e com a promoção de saúde mental, e consideramos que o papel da psicologia é essencial para o reconhecimento do sofrimento e dos efeitos do abandono socioinstitucional na vida do público atendido.(AU)

Sexual abuse and legal abortion are taboo subjects in our society. On the health area, the psychologist works on different fields, such as psychological evaluation from the request of legal abortion, that will end or not on its approval, and also in a further moment, either the care on wards or ambulatorial treatment. Relying on a case report, this article aims to contemplate the possibilities and challenges from psychological work on healthcare to pregnant women from sexual violence and seek legal abortion. For this purpose, we divide this article in three moments. On the first, it will find definitions, statistics, and historical data about both issues, including national and international information. On the second, we bring notes called 'guiding pillar,' that is, we interact with fundamental aspects from this area, such as gender, family, sexuality, and trauma. On the third one, in-depth discussions we dwell on psychological care tied to the concepts previously addressed, critically analyzing one of the hardest moments of working in this area: the evaluation to approve (or refuse) the request for abortion. We lean over psychoanalytic thoughts and argue that this psychological work is primarily an offer of care, committed to the needs from those who seek us and to promoting good mental health and, also, we consider that psychology is essential to acknowledge the suffering and the effects of social and institutional neglect on the lives of the people seen.(AU)

La violencia sexual y el aborto son temas tabús en nuestra sociedad. En el campo de la salud, el(la) psicólogo(a) actúa en diferentes fases: en la evaluación psicológica de la solicitud del aborto legal, que culminará o no en su obtención, y/o en el momento posterior a la solicitud en la atención en enfermería o ambulatorio. Desde un reporte de experiencia, este artículo pretende reflexionar sobre las posibilidades y los desafíos de la Psicología en la atención en salud para personas en estado de embarazo producto de violencia sexual y que buscan un aborto legal. Para ello, este artículo está dividido en tres momentos. En el primer, presenta datos conceptuales, estadísticos e históricos sobre los dos temas, trayendo recortes nacionales e internacionales. En el segundo, comenta los llamados "ejes temáticos", es decir, se establece un diálogo con aspectos fundamentales para el trabajo en este ámbito, como género, familia, sexualidad y trauma. Por último, en el tercer, profundiza en la reflexión sobre la atención psicológica asociada a los conceptos discutidos, analizando de forma crítica uno de los puntos más espinosos de la actuación: la evaluación para la aprobación (o negativa) de la solicitud de aborto. Se utilizó el referencial psicoanalítico y se argumenta que esta atención psicológica es sobre todo una forma de cuidado, comprometida con las demandas de las personas atendidas y la promoción de la salud mental, y el papel de la Psicología es esencial para reconocer el sufrimiento y los efectos del abandono socioinstitucional en la vida del público atendido.(AU)

COVID-19 and Other Underlying Causes of Cancer Deaths - United States, January 2018-July 2022.

Cancer survivors (persons who have received a diagnosis of cancer, from the time of diagnosis throughout their lifespan)* have increased risk for severe COVID-19 illness and mortality (1). This report describes characteristics of deaths reported to CDC's National Vital Statistics System (NVSS), for which cancer was listed as the underlying or a contributing cause (cancer deaths) during January 1, 2018-July 2, 2022. The underlying causes of death, including cancer and COVID-19, were examined by week, age, sex, race and ethnicity, and cancer type. Among an average of approximately 13,000 weekly cancer deaths, the percentage with cancer as the underlying cause was 90% in 2018 and 2019, 88% in 2020, and 87% in 2021. The percentage of cancer deaths with COVID-19 as the underlying cause differed by time (2.0% overall in 2020 and 2.4% in 2021, ranging from 0.2% to 7.2% by week), with higher percentages during peaks in the COVID-19 pandemic. The percentage of cancer deaths with COVID-19 as the underlying cause also differed by the characteristics examined, with higher percentages observed in 2021 among persons aged ≥65 years (2.4% among persons aged 65-74 years, 2.6% among persons aged 75-84 years, and 2.4% among persons aged ≥85 years); males (2.6%); persons categorized as non-Hispanic American Indian or Alaska Native (AI/AN) (3.4%), Hispanic or Latino (Hispanic) (3.2%), or non-Hispanic Black or African American (Black) (2.5%); and persons with hematologic cancers, including leukemia (7.4%), lymphoma (7.3%), and myeloma (5.8%). This report found differences by age, sex, race and ethnicity, and cancer type in the percentage of cancer deaths with COVID-19 as the underlying cause. These results might guide multicomponent COVID-19 prevention interventions and ongoing, cross-cutting efforts to reduce health disparities and address structural and social determinants of health among cancer survivors, which might help protect those at disproportionate and increased risk for death from COVID-19.

Tendencias en la mortalidad por neumonía en adultos en Chile, 2000-2016 / Trends in adult pneumonia mortality in Chile, 2000-2016

Objetivo: Analizar y modelar los cambios en la tendencia de la mortalidad por neumonía en la población mayor de 15 años de Chile, entre los años 2000 y 2016. Métodos: Estudio epidemiológico basado en información de bases de datos públicas de estadísticas vitales del Departamento de Estadística e Información en Salud (DEIS) y del Instituto Nacional de Estadística (INE) del Ministerio de Salud (MINSAL) de Chile. Los casos fueron identificados por los códigos CIE-10 J12-J18. Se calculó la tasa de mortalidad estandarizada por edad, según sexo y grupo etario. Se utilizó el análisis de regresión Joinpoint para modelar la mortalidad y estimar el porcentaje de cambio anual (CPA) en las tasas e identificar cambios significativos en las tendencias. Se utilizó el cambio del CPA como medida de resumen. Resultados: Durante el período de estudio, la tasa de mortalidad por neumonía en Chile disminuyó significativamente en un 61,9%, desde 56,3 muertes por 100.000 habitantes el año 2000 a 21,7 muertes por 100.000 habitantes en el año 2016, con un CPA de −4,2%, (p < 0,05). El 90% de los fallecidos tenían más de 65 años. Conclusiones: Las tasas de mortalidad por neumonía en Chile en mayores de 15 años muestran una tendencia a la disminución sostenida significativa en el período comprendido entre los años 2000 y 2016.

Objective: To analyze and model changes in the pneumonia mortality trend in the population over 15 years old of Chile, between 2000 and 2016. Methods: Epidemiological study based on information from public databases of vital statistics of the Department of Health Statistics and Information (DEIS) and the National Institute of Statistics (INE) of the Ministry of Health (MINSAL) of Chile. The cases were identified by the codes ICD-10 J12-J18. We calculated age-standardized overall mortality, according to sex and age group. Joinpoint regression analysis was used to model mortality and estimate the annual percentage of change (APC) in rates and identify significant changes in trends. APC was used as a summary measure. Results: During the period studied, the pneumonia mortality rate in Chile decreased significantly by 61.9%. Mortality rate diminished from 56.3 deaths per 100,000 inhabitants in 2000 to 21.7 deaths per 100,000 inhabitants in 2016 with an APC of −4.2%, (p < 0.05). Almost 90% of the deceased were over 65 years old. Conclusions: Mortality rates for pneumonia in Chile in people over 15 years of age show a significant sustained decreasing trend in the period between 2000 and 2016.

Análise espaçotemporal da mortalidade nas primeiras 24 horas de vida e sua evitabilidade no estado de Pernambuco, 2000-2019 / Spatio-temporal analysis of mortality in the first 24 hours of life and its preventability in the state of Pernambuco, 2000-2019 / Análisis espaciotemporal sobre la mortalidad en las primeras 24 horas de vida y su prevención en el estado de Pernambuco entre 2000 y 2019

O objetivo deste estudo é analisar os padrões espaçotemporais da mortalidade nas primeiras 24 horas de vida e sua evitabilidade no estado de Pernambuco no período de 2000 a 2019. Trata-se de estudo ecológico misto, tendo os trimestres e os municípios como unidades de análise. Constituíram-se como fontes de dados os sistemas de Informações sobre Mortalidade e Nascidos Vivos. Foram incluídos todos os óbitos no estado nas primeiras 24 horas de vida e por causas evitáveis, caracterizados conforme fatores de riscos proximais, intermediários e distais. A análise de evitabilidade dos óbitos utilizou a Lista Brasileira de Causas de Mortes Evitáveis por Intervenções do Sistema Único de Saúde. Foram calculadas as taxas de mortalidade e de evitabilidade nas primeiras 24 horas de vida. A análise espacial foi conduzida por meio da estatística scan, e a temporal, segundo o Modelo Autorregressivo Integrado de Médias Móveis. No período de 2000 a 2019, foram registrados 13.601 óbitos nas primeiras 24 horas de vida, sendo 10.497 (77,19%) por causas evitáveis. Destes, 5.513 (40,53%) foram classificados como reduzíveis por adequada atenção à mulher na gestação. As variáveis do nível proximal idade gestacional < 22 semanas (RA = 855,01) e peso ao nascer < 1.500 gramas (RA = 204,03) representam uma parcela importante dos óbitos ocorridos nas primeiras 24 horas de vida. As variáveis idade gestacional, sexo, peso ao nascer, tipo de gravidez, tipo de parto, idade da mãe e escolaridade materna foram estatisticamente significantes (p < 0,01). A varredura espacial identificou o aumento de clusters para ambas as taxas. A análise temporal evidenciou que a taxa de mortalidade e a taxa de mortalidade por causas evitáveis apresentaram padrão estacionário no período e a previsão revelou tendência crescente. Os resultados mostraram que a mortalidade nas primeiras 24 horas de vida e por causas evitáveis se configura como um problema de saúde pública no estado. Áreas de maior risco de óbito foram apontadas e a previsão revelou um aumento nas taxas.

This study aims to analyze the spatio-temporal patterns of mortality in the first 24 hours of life and its preventability in the state of Pernambuco from 2000 to 2019. This is a mixed ecological study with the quarters and the municipalities as units of analysis. The information systems on Mortality and Live Births constituted the data sources. All deaths in the state in the first 24 hours of life and from preventable causes were included, characterized according to proximal, intermediate, and distal risk factors. The analysis of preventability of deaths used the Brazilian List of Preventable Causes of Death by Interventions of the Brazilian National Health System. Mortality and preventability rates in the first 24 hours of life were calculated. Spatial analysis was conducted using scan and temporal statistics according to the Autoregressive Integrated Moving Averages Model. In the period from 2000 to 2019, 13,601 deaths were recorded in the first 24 of life, of which 10,497 (77.19%) were due to preventable causes. Of these, 5,513 (40.53%) were classified as reducible due to adequate care for women during pregnancy. The variables at the proximal level: gestational age < 22 weeks (AR = 855.01) and birth weight < 1,500 grams (AR = 204.03) represent an important part of the deaths that occurred in the first 24 hours of life. The variables gestational age, sex, birth weight, type of pregnancy, type of delivery, mother's age and maternal education were statistically significant (p < 0.01). Spatial scanning identified the increase in clusters for both rates. The temporal analysis showed that the mortality rate and the mortality rate from preventable causes presented a stationary pattern in the period and the forecast reveals a growing trend. The results show that mortality in the first 24 hours of life and from preventable causes is configured as a public health problem in the state. Areas of greater risk of death were identified and the forecast reveals an increase in the rates.

El objetivo de este estudio es analizar los patrones espaciotemporales de mortalidad en las primeras 24 horas de vida y su prevención en el estado de Pernambuco (Brasil) en el periodo de 2000 a 2019. Se trata de un estudio ecológico mixto, con los trimestres y los municipios como unidades de análisis. Los sistemas de información sobre Mortalidad y Nacidos Vivos fueron las fuentes de datos. Se incluyeron todas las muertes en las primeras 24 horas de vida y por causas prevenibles en el estado y se caracterizaron según factores de riesgo proximal, intermedio y distal. El análisis de la prevención de las muertes utilizó la Lista Brasileña de Causas de Muerte Prevenibles por Intervenciones del Sistema Único de Salud. Se calcularon las tasas de mortalidad y de prevención en las primeras 24 horas de vida. El análisis espacial se llevó a cabo usando estadísticas de escaneo y análisis temporal de acuerdo con el modelo de promedios móviles integrados autorregresivos. En el período de 2000 a 2019 se registraron 13.601 muertes en las primeras 24 de vida, de las cuales 10.497 (77,19%) se debieron a causas evitables. De estas, 5.513 (40,53%) fueron clasificadas como reducibles por atención adecuada a la mujer durante el embarazo. Las variables a nivel proximal edad gestacional < 22 semanas (RA = 855,01) y peso al nacer < 1.500 gramos (RA = 204,03) representan parte importante de las muertes ocurridas en las primeras 24 horas de vida. Las variables edad gestacional, sexo, peso al nacer, tipo de embarazo, tipo de parto, edad de la madre y escolaridad materna fueron estadísticamente significativas (p < 0,01). El escaneo espacial identificó un aumento de conglomerados para ambas tasas. El análisis temporal mostró que la tasa de mortalidad y la tasa de mortalidad por causas evitables presentaron un patrón estacionario en el periodo, y el pronóstico revela una tendencia creciente. Los resultados muestran que la mortalidad en las primeras 24 horas de vida y por causas prevenibles se configura como un problema de salud pública en el estado. Se identificaron áreas de mayor riesgo de muerte, y el pronóstico revela un aumento en las tasas.

Incidencia, mortalidad y supervivencia por cáncer de endometrio en Manizales, Colombia 2003-2017 / Incidence, mortality and survival of endometrial cancer in Manizales, Colombia 2003-2017

RESUMEN Objetivo. Estimar la incidencia, mortalidad y supervivencia a cinco años por carcinoma endometrial en Manizales, para el periodo 2003-2017. Materiales y métodos. Estudio observacional, retrospectivo, de base poblacional, con alcance descriptivo. Se ajustaron tasas de incidencia y mortalidad mediante el método directo usando la población mundial Segi como referencia. Se realizó seguimiento pasivo y activo de los casos hasta completar 60 meses o hasta la fecha de cierre de seguimiento. La supervivencia fue estimada mediante funciones de Kaplan-Meier y modelos de regresión de Cox. Resultados. Se observaron 210 casos incidentes en una población de 214 928 mujeres. La edad promedio al diagnóstico fue de 61 años. El tipo histológico más frecuente fue el endometrioide, bien diferenciado. La mayoría de las pacientes estaban afiliadas al régimen contributivo y pertenecían al nivel socioeconómico medio. La tasa de incidencia ajustada por edad fue de 5,7 casos nuevos por cada 100 000 mujeres-año. Se identificaron 75 defunciones con mayor mortalidad entre los 64 y los 79 años. La supervivencia global fue de 95,1% a los 12 meses y de 83,8% a los 60 meses. Se encontraron diferencias estadísticamente significativas en la supervivencia a favor de la histología epitelial, los estadios tempranos al momento del diagnóstico y la edad al diagnóstico menor a 60 años. Conclusiones. La mortalidad es similar a la reportada en otros países de la región. En Manizales, la sobrevida al cáncer de endometrio fue mayor en pacientes con diagnóstico temprano, con edad menor de 60 años y con histología endometrioide.

ABSTRACT Objective. To estimate the incidence, mortality and five-year survival of endometrial carcinoma in Manizales for the period 2003-2017. Materials and methods. Observational, retrospective, population-based study, descriptive in scope. Incidence and mortality rates were adjusted by the direct method using the Segi world population as reference. Passive and active follow-up of the cases was carried out until completing 60 months or until the follow-up closing date. Survival was estimated using Kaplan-Meier functions and Cox models. Results. 210 incident cases were observed in a population of 214.928 women. The average age at diagnosis was 61 years. The most frequent histological type was endometrioid, well differentiated. Most of the patients were affiliated to the contributory health insurance scheme and belonged to the middle socioeconomic level. The age-adjusted incidence rate was 5.7 new cases per 100,000 woman-years. Seventy-five deaths were identified, with greater mortality between 65-69 and 75-79 age groups. Overall survival was 95.1% at 12 months and 83.8% at 60 months. Statistically significant differences were found in survival in favor of epithelial histology, early stages at the time of diagnosis, and age at diagnosis less than 60 years. Conclusions. Manizales follows the global pattern of rise in the age-adjusted incidence rate. Mortality is like that reported in other countries in the region. In Manizales, endometrial cancer survival was higher in patients with early diagnosis, less than 60 years of age, and with endometrioid histology.

Tendencia de la mortalidad por fibrosis pulmonar idiopática en Chile / Trend in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis in Chile

INTRODUCCIÓN: La Fibrosis Pulmonar Idiopática (FPI) es una de las enfermedades respiratorias crónicas del adulto de mayor impacto y letalidad, diversos estudios epidemiológicos muestran tendencias progresivas al aumento de las tasas de mortalidad por FPI. En Chile no existen reportes sobre las tendencias de las tasas de mortalidad por FPI. El objetivo del presente estudio es determinar las tendencias de la mortalidad por FPI en Chile entre los años 2002 y 2015. MÉTODO: Estudio descriptivo de diseño ecológico, a partir de la información de bases de datos secundarias de libre disposición de las estadísticas vitales del Departamento de Estadísticas e Información de Salud (DEIS) y del Instituto Nacional de Estadísticas (INE) de Ministerio de Salud de Chile entre los años 2002 y 2015 se obtuvieron las tasas crudas de mortalidad por fibrosis pulmonar idiopática en población de 45 años y más en ambos sexos y las tasas ajustadas por sexo y edad por regiones, se calculó también la frecuencia mensual de las muertes por FPI y se compararon las tasas medias de mortalidad por regiones. RESULTADOS: Se observó un incremento progresivo de la tasa nacional cruda de mortalidad por FPI entre los años 2002 a 2015, la que fue de 18,5 fallecidos por 100.000 habitantes en el año 2002 hasta 24,6 fallecidos por 100.000 habitantes en el año 2015 con una pendiente de ascenso por año de +0,27 por 100.000 habitantes (p = 0,013). En las mujeres las tasas fueron más altas que en los hombres, pero las pendientes de ascenso no presentaron diferencias entre sexos. En la gran mayoría de las regiones las tasas ajustadas presentaron tendencias significativas al ascenso y las tasas medias más altas se presentaron en las regiones del norte de Chile. Se observó un comportamiento estacional de las muertes siendo las frecuencias más altas en los meses de invierno. CONCLUSIONES: Las tasas de mortalidad por FPI en Chile presentan una tendencia progresiva al aumento, con marcadas diferencias regionales lo que lleva a considerar, entre otros factores, influencia ambiental y contaminación del aire y de suelos que se debieran investigar para poder realizar intervenciones de salud pública que permitan reducir la mortalidad de esta enfermedad en nuestro país.

BACKGROUND: Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis (IPF) is one of the chronic respiratory diseases in adults with the greatest impact and high case fatality rate. Various epidemiological studies show progressive trends towards increasing IPF mortality rates. In Chile there are no national reports on country and regional trends in IPF mortality rates. The objective of this study is to determine trends in mortality due to IPF in Chile from year 2002 to 2015. METHOD: Epidemiological study of ecological design based on information from public databases of vital statistics of the Department of Health Statistics and Information (DEIS) and the National Institute of Statistics (INE) of the Ministry of Health of Chile. Crude mortality rates due to IPF in the population aged 45 years and over in both sexes were obtained from years 2002 to 2015. Besides the adjusted mortality rates for sex and age by region, the monthly frequency of IPF deaths during the same period and the average mortality rates by Chilean regions were calculated. RESULTS: A progressive increasing trend in the crude national IPF mortality rate was observed between years 2002 to 2015, which went from 18.5 deaths per 100,000 inhabitants in 2002 to 24.6 deaths per 100,000 inhabitants in 2015 with a slope of ascent per year of +0.27 per 100,000 inhabitants (p = 0.013); female rates were higher than men rates, but without differences in the slopes between sexes; in the vast majority of the regions the rates showed significant upward trends with the higher ones in the northern regions of Chile. A seasonal behavior of the death's frequency was observed being the highest in the winter term. CONCLUSIONS: Mortality rates due to IPF in Chile show a progressive upward trend, with marked regional differences which leads to consider, among other factors, environmental influence and air and soil contamination that should be investigated to carry out public health interventions that allow reducing the mortality of this disease in our country.

Spatial patterns of fetal mortality: scenario before and after the implementation of surveillance / Padrões espaciais da mortalidade fetal: cenário anterior e posterior à implantação da vigilância

Abstract Objectives: to analyze the spatial distribution of fetal deaths before and after implementation of surveillance for this event in the city of Recife, in the Northeast Region of Brazil. Methods: an ecological study whose spatial analysis unit was the 94 neighborhoods. The gross fetal mortality rates were calculated and the local empirical Bayesian estimator was adopted to smooth out random fluctuations of such rates. To analyze the spatial autocorrelation, the Global Moran's Index was used, and spatial clusters were located by the Local Moran's Index. Results: during the period before implementation of death surveillance, 1,356 fetal deaths were reported, a coefficient of 9.9 deaths per thousand births. During the second period, 1,325 fetal deaths occurred, a coefficient of 9.6 deaths per thousand births. The Global Moran's Indexes (I) were I=0.6 and I=0.4 for the first and second periods, respectively, with statistical significance (p<0.05). For both periods analyzed, spatial clusters of high-risk neighborhoods were identified in the northern and eastern regions of the city. Conclusion: the spatial analysis indicated areas that persist as priorities for planning surveillance and health assistance actions to reduce fetal mortality.

Resumo Objetivos: analisar a distribuição espacial dos óbitos fetais, antes e após a implantação da vigilância deste evento, na cidade do Recife, Nordeste do Brasil. Métodos: estudo ecológico utilizando os 94 bairros existentes como unidade de análise espacial. Foram calculados os coeficientes de mortalidade fetal brutos e empregado o estimador bayesiano empírico local para a suavização de flutuações aleatórias desses coeficientes. A autocorrelação espacial foi analisada com a utilização do Índice de Moran Global e agregados espaciais foram identificados pelo Moran Local. Resultados: foram registrados 1.356 óbitos fetais (coeficiente de mortalidade de 9,9 óbitos por mil nascimentos) e 1.325 óbitos fetais (coeficiente de 9,6 óbitos por mil nascimentos), nos períodos anterior e posterior à implantação da vigilância do óbito, respectivamente. Houve diferença estatisticamente significante (p<0,05) entre os índices de Moran Global (I) dos períodos anterior (I=0,6) e posterior (I=0,4) à implantação da vigilância. Identificaram-se agregados espaciais nos bairros das regiões Norte e Leste da cidade, como maior risco de mortalidade fetal. Conclusão: a análise espacial apontou áreas que persistem como prioritárias para o planejamento de ações de vigilância e assistência à saúde para a redução da mortalidade fetal.

Deaths: Leading Causes for 2018.

Objectives-This report presents final 2018 data on the 10 leading causes of death in the United States by age, sex, race, and Hispanic origin. Leading causes of infant, neonatal, and postneonatal death are also presented. This report supplements "Deaths: Final Data for 2018," the National Center for Health Statistics' annual report of final mortality statistics. Methods-Data in this report are based on information from all death certificates filed in the 50 states and the District of Columbia in 2018. Causes of death classified by the International Classification of Diseases, 10th Revision (ICD-10) are ranked according to the number of deaths assigned to rankable causes. Cause-of-death statistics are based on the underlying cause of death. Race and Hispanic-origin data are based on the Office of Management and Budget's 1997 standards for reporting race and Hispanic origin. Results-In 2018, the 10 leading causes of death were, in rank order: Diseases of heart; Malignant neoplasms; Accidents (unintentional injuries); Chronic lower respiratory diseases; Cerebrovascular diseases; Alzheimer disease; Diabetes mellitus; Influenza and pneumonia; Nephritis, nephrotic syndrome and nephrosis; and Intentional self-harm (suicide). They accounted for 73.8% of all deaths occurring in the United States. Differences in the rankings are evident by age, sex, race, and Hispanic origin. Leading causes of infant death for 2018 were, in rank order: Congenital malformations, deformations and chromosomal abnormalities; Disorders related to short gestation and low birth weight, not elsewhere classified; Newborn affected by maternal complications of pregnancy; Sudden infant death syndrome; Accidents (unintentional injuries); Newborn affected by complications of placenta, cord and membranes; Bacterial sepsis of newborn; Diseases of the circulatory system; Respiratory distress of newborn; and Neonatal hemorrhage. Variations in the leading causes of infant death are noted for the neonatal and postneonatal periods.

Provisional Mortality Data - United States, 2020.

CDC's National Vital Statistics System (NVSS) collects and reports annual mortality statistics using data from U.S. death certificates. Because of the time needed to investigate certain causes of death and to process and review data, final annual mortality data for a given year are typically released 11 months after the end of the calendar year. Daily totals reported by CDC COVID-19 case surveillance are timely but can underestimate numbers of deaths because of incomplete or delayed reporting. As a result of improvements in timeliness and the pressing need for updated, quality data during the global COVID-19 pandemic, NVSS expanded provisional data releases to produce near real-time U.S. mortality data.* This report presents an overview of provisional U.S. mortality data for 2020, including the first ranking of leading causes of death. In 2020, approximately 3,358,814 deaths† occurred in the United States. From 2019 to 2020, the estimated age-adjusted death rate increased by 15.9%, from 715.2 to 828.7 deaths per 100,000 population. COVID-19 was reported as the underlying cause of death or a contributing cause of death for an estimated 377,883 (11.3%) of those deaths (91.5 deaths per 100,000). The highest age-adjusted death rates by age, race/ethnicity, and sex occurred among adults aged ≥85 years, non-Hispanic Black or African American (Black) and non-Hispanic American Indian or Alaska Native (AI/AN) persons, and males. COVID-19 death rates were highest among adults aged ≥85 years, AI/AN and Hispanic persons, and males. COVID-19 was the third leading cause of death in 2020, after heart disease and cancer. Provisional death estimates provide an early indication of shifts in mortality trends and can guide public health policies and interventions aimed at reducing numbers of deaths that are directly or indirectly associated with the COVID-19 pandemic.

Post-tuberculosis mortality risk among immigrants to British Columbia, Canada, 1985-2015: a time-dependent Cox regression analysis of linked immigration, public health, and vital statistics data.

OBJECTIVE: To compare non-tuberculosis (non-TB)-cause mortality risk overall and cause-specific mortality risks within the immigrant population of British Columbia (BC) with and without TB diagnosis through time-dependent Cox regressions. METHODS: All people immigrating to BC during 1985-2015 (N = 1,030,873) were included with n = 2435 TB patients, and the remaining as non-TB controls. Outcomes were time-to-mortality for all non-TB causes, respiratory diseases, cardiovascular diseases, cancers, and injuries/poisonings, and were ascertained using ICD-coded vital statistics data. Cox regressions were used, with a time-varying exposure variable for TB diagnosis. RESULTS: The non-TB-cause mortality hazard ratio (HR) was 4.01 (95% CI 3.57-4.51) with covariate-adjusted HR of 1.69 (95% CI 1.50-1.91). Cause-specific covariate-adjusted mortality risk was elevated for respiratory diseases (aHR = 2.96; 95% CI 2.18-4.00), cardiovascular diseases (aHR = 1.63; 95% CI 1.32-2.02), cancers (aHR = 1.40; 95% CI 1.13-1.75), and injuries/poisonings (aHR = 1.85; 95% CI 1.25-2.72). CONCLUSIONS: In any given year, if an immigrant to BC was diagnosed with TB, their risk of non-TB mortality was 69% higher than if they were not diagnosed with TB. Healthcare providers should consider multiple potential threats to the long-term health of TB patients during and after TB treatment. TB guidelines in high-income settings should address TB survivor health.

RéSUMé: OBJECTIF: Au moyen de régressions de Cox avec une covariable temporalisée, comparer le risque global de mortalité non due à la tuberculose et les risques de mortalité par cause au sein de la population immigrante de la Colombie-Britannique (C.-B.) avec et sans diagnostic de tuberculose. MéTHODE: Toutes les personnes ayant immigré en C.-B. entre 1985 et 2015 (N = 1 030 873) ont été incluses, dont n = 2 435 patients tuberculeux, le reste étant des témoins non tuberculeux. Nos résultats incluaient le temps jusqu'à la mortalité de toute cause autre que la tuberculose, soit les maladies respiratoires, les maladies cardiovasculaires, les cancers et les blessures/empoisonnements, déterminé à l'aide des statistiques de l'état civil codées selon la CIM. Nous avons utilisé des régressions de Cox avec une variable d'exposition temporalisée pour le diagnostic de tuberculose. RéSULTATS: Le coefficient de danger (CD) de mortalité non due à la tuberculose était de 4,01 (IC de 95 % : 3,57-4,51) avec un CD ajusté selon la covariable de 1,69 (IC de 95 % : 1,50-1,91). Le risque de mortalité par cause ajusté selon la covariable était élevé pour : les maladies respiratoires (CDa = 2,96; IC de 95 % : 2,18-4,00), les maladies cardiovasculaires (CDa = 1,63; IC de 95 % : 1,32-2,02), les cancers (CDa = 1,40; IC de 95 % : 1,13-1,75) et les blessures/empoisonnements (CDa = 1,85; IC de 95 % : 1,25-2,72). CONCLUSIONS: Chaque année, si une personne ayant immigré en C.-B. avait un diagnostic de tuberculose, son risque de mortalité non due à la tuberculose était supérieur de 69 % à celui d'une personne sans diagnostic de tuberculose. Les professionnels de santé devraient tenir compte des multiples menaces possibles à la santé à long terme de leurs patients tuberculeux pendant et après le traitement de la tuberculose. Les lignes directrices sur la tuberculose dans les milieux à revenu élevé devraient tenir compte de la santé des survivants de la tuberculose.

Análisis regional del proceso de compresión de la mortalidad en Argentina / Análise regional do processo de compressão da mortalidade na Argentina / Regional analysis of the mortality compression process in Argentina

El objetivo de este trabajo es analizar las características de la evolución de la mortalidad en los últimos veinte años en Argentina, a partir del estudio del proceso de compresión de la mortalidad, según sexo y región geográfica. Se analizó la compresión de la mortalidad, según la metodología propuesta por Kannisto (2000), a través del análisis de las curvas de sobrevivencia y de las muertes en tablas de vida. Se construyeron tablas de vida para los últimos tres períodos censales disponibles. Para suavizarlas, se elaboraron a partir del promedio de defunciones trianuales: 1990-1992, 2000-2002, 2009-2011. Los resultados indican que, tanto en hombres como en mujeres de las diversas regiones de Argentina, existe una tendencia a la convergencia en la compresión de la mortalidad, aunque todavía es atrasada en la región Noreste. Estos datos indicarían una tendencia a la convergencia en el proceso de compresión de la mortalidad al interior del país, aunque persisten diferencias en algunas regiones.

O objetivo deste trabalho é analisar as características da evolução da mortalidade nos últimos 20 anos na Argentina, a partir de um estudo do processo de compressão da mortalidade, segundo sexo e região geográfica. A compressão da mortalidade foi analisada de acordo com a metodologia proposta por Kannisto (2000), por meio da análise de curvas de sobrevivência e óbitos por tábuas de vida. As tábuas de vida foram construídas para os três últimos períodos censitários disponíveis. Para suavizá-las, elas foram produzidas com base na média de mortes em três anos: 1990-1992, 2000-2002, 2009-2011. Os resultados indicam que, tanto para homens quanto para mulheres das diversas regiões da Argentina, há uma tendência de convergência na compressão da mortalidade, embora ainda defasada na região Nordeste. Esses dados indicariam que existe uma tendência de convergência no processo de compressão da mortalidade no país, embora as diferenças persistam em algumas regiões.

The aim of this work is to analyze the characteristics of the evolution of mortality in the last 20 years in Argentina, based on the study of the process of compression of mortality, according to sex and geographic region. Compression of mortality was analyzed, according to the methodology proposed by Kannisto (2000) through the analysis of survival curves and deaths from life tables. Life tables were constructed for the last three census periods available. To soften them, they were based on the average of three-year deaths: 1990-1992, 2000-2002, 2009-2011. The results indicate that, in men and women in the various regions of Argentina, there is a trend to convergence in compression of mortality, although it is still late in the Northeast region. These data would indicate that there is a tendency towards convergence in the process of compression of mortality inside the country, although differences persist in some regions.